1
|
Zhou Y, Roseli RB, Hungerford NL, Fletcher MT, Ouwerkerk D, Gilbert RA, Krenske EH. Binding of the plant-derived toxin simplexin to bovine protein kinase C: insights from molecular dynamics. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2863-2876. [PMID: 38525790 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00065j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Pimelea poisoning of cattle is toxicologically linked to the activation of bovine protein kinase C (PKC) by the plant-derived toxin simplexin. To understand the affinity of PKC for simplexin, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) studies of simplexin, simplexin analogues, and several other activators of PKC. Binding enthalpy calculations indicated that simplexin had the strongest affinity for PKCα-C1B among the activators studied. Key to simplexin's affinity is its ability to form more hydrogen bonds to PKC, compared to the other activators. The C-3 carbonyl group and C-20 hydroxyl group of simplexin were identified as especially important for stabilizing the PKC binding interaction. The hydrophobic alkyl chain of simplexin induces deep membrane embedding of the PKC-simplexin complex, enhancing the protein-ligand hydrogen bonding. Our findings align with previous experiments on structure-activity relationships (SAR) for simplexin analogues, and provide insights that may guide the development of interventions or treatments for Pimelea poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ras Baizureen Roseli
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Natasha L Hungerford
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Diane Ouwerkerk
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rosalind A Gilbert
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hungerford NL, Zawawi N, Zhu T(E, Carter SJ, Melksham KJ, Fletcher MT. Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Stingless Bee Honey and Identification of a Botanical Source as Ageratum conyzoides. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:40. [PMID: 38251258 PMCID: PMC10819179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Stingless bee honeys (SBHs) from Australian and Malaysian species were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and the corresponding N-oxides (PANOs) due to the potential for such hepatotoxic alkaloids to contaminate honey as a result of bees foraging on plants containing these alkaloids. Low levels of alkaloids were found in these SBHs when assessed against certified PA standards in targeted analysis. However, certain isomers were identified using untargeted analysis in a subset of honeys of Heterotrigona itama which resulted in the identification of a PA weed species (Ageratum conyzoides) near the hives. The evaluation of this weed provided a PA profile matching that of the SBH of H. itama produced nearby, and included supinine, supinine N-oxide (or isomers) and acetylated derivatives. These PAs lacking a hydroxyl group at C7 are thought to be less hepatoxic. However, high levels were also observed in SBH (and in A. conyzoides) of a potentially more toxic diester PA corresponding to an echimidine isomer. Intermedine, the C7 hydroxy equivalent of supinine, was also observed. Species differences in nectar collection were evident as the same alkaloids were not identified in SBH of G. thoracica from the same location. This study highlights that not all PAs and PANOs are identified using available standards in targeted analyses and confirms the need for producers of all types of honey to be aware of nearby potential PA sources, particularly weeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L. Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia or (N.Z.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Norhasnida Zawawi
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia or (N.Z.); (M.T.F.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Tianqi (Evonne) Zhu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia or (N.Z.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Steve J. Carter
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (S.J.C.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Kevin J. Melksham
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (S.J.C.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia or (N.Z.); (M.T.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Danladi MMA, Ogbonna CIC, Ogbonna AI, Giles C, Fletcher MT, Akinsanmi OA. Fungal composition, quantification of mycotoxins, and enzyme activity in processed Solanum tuberosum Linn (potato) products stored at different relative humidity. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad266. [PMID: 37968133 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Postharvest loss of potatoes at the peak of harvest is of global concern. This study aimed to determine the quality of stored processed potato products based on fungal composition, mycotoxin contamination, and fungal enzyme activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Potato products from three cultivars (Caruso, Marabel, and Nicola) were grouped as peeled or unpeeled, oven- or sun-dried, and all samples were in flour form. Samples were incubated separately for 6 weeks at 25%, 74%, and 87% relative humidities (RH) at 25°C. The pH, moisture content (MC), visible deterioration, mycotoxin, fungal identity by DNA sequencing, and enzyme activity were determined. RESULTS Results of grouped products (based on variety, drying, and peeling method) revealed that MC increased in the oven-dried samples and the pH value reduced after incubation. About 26% of the products at 87% RH showed visible deterioration, low amounts of fumonisin were detected in fermented potato product and nine fungal genera were identified across the three RH levels. Enzyme activities by Aspergillus niger, Fusarium circinatum, and Rhizopus stolonifer isolates were confirmed. CONCLUSION RH influenced deterioration and fungal activities in some stored processed potato products. Low levels of fumonisin were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M A Danladi
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Nigeria
| | - Chike I C Ogbonna
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Nigeria
| | - Abigail I Ogbonna
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Nigeria
| | - Cindy Giles
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Chemical Residue Laboratory, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Olufemi A Akinsanmi
- Centre for Horticultural Science, QAAFI, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Loh ZH, Hungerford NL, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, Fletcher MT. Identification of Acid Hydrolysis Metabolites of the Pimelea Toxin Simplexin for Targeted UPLC-MS/MS Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:551. [PMID: 37755977 PMCID: PMC10535249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pimelea poisoning of cattle is a unique Australian toxic condition caused by the daphnane orthoester simplexin present in native Pimelea pasture plants. Rumen microorganisms have been proposed to metabolise simplexin by enzymatic reactions, likely at the orthoester and epoxide moieties of simplexin, but a metabolic pathway has not been confirmed. This study aimed to investigate this metabolic pathway through the analysis of putative simplexin metabolites. Purified simplexin was hydrolysed with aqueous hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid to produce target metabolites for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of fermentation fluid samples, bacterial isolate samples, and other biological samples. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified predicted hydrolysed products from both acid hydrolysis procedures with MS breakdown of these putative products sharing high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) fragmentation ions with simplexin. However, targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of the biological samples failed to detect the H2SO4 degradation products, suggesting that the rumen microorganisms were unable to produce similar simplexin degradation products at detectable levels, or that metabolites, once formed, were further metabolised. Overall, in vitro acid hydrolysis was able to hydrolyse simplexin at the orthoester and epoxide functionalities, but targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of biological samples did not detect any of the identified simplexin hydrolysis products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hung Loh
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Natasha L. Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Diane Ouwerkerk
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Athol V. Klieve
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saleem R, Bajwa AA, Campbell S, Fletcher MT, Kalaipandian S, Adkins SW. Poisonous Plants of the Genus Pimelea: A Menace for the Australian Livestock Industry. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:374. [PMID: 37368675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pimelea is a genus of about 140 plant species, some of which are well-known for causing animal poisoning resulting in significant economic losses to the Australian livestock industry. The main poisonous species/subspecies include Pimelea simplex (subsp. simplex and subsp. continua), P. trichostachya and P. elongata (generally referred to as Pimelea). These plants contain a diterpenoid orthoester toxin, called simplexin. Pimelea poisoning is known to cause the death of cattle (Bos taurus and B. indicus) or weaken surviving animals. Pimelea species are well-adapted native plants, and their diaspores (single seeded fruits) possess variable degrees of dormancy. Hence, the diaspores do not generally germinate in the same recruitment event, which makes management difficult, necessitating the development of integrated management strategies based on infestation circumstances (e.g., size and density). For example, the integration of herbicides with physical control techniques, competitive pasture establishment and tactical grazing could be effective in some situations. However, such options have not been widely adopted at the field level to mitigate ongoing management challenges. This systematic review provides a valuable synthesis of the current knowledge on the biology, ecology, and management of poisonous Pimelea species with a focus on the Australian livestock industry while identifying potential avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Ali Ahsan Bajwa
- Weed Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Steve W Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saleem R, Campbell S, Fletcher MT, Kalaipandian S, Adkins S. Factors Affecting the Germination Ecology of Pimelea trichostachya and Its Relationship to Field Emergence. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12112112. [PMID: 37299091 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pimelea trichostachya Lindl is a little-understood Australian native plant, with irregular field emergence, causing significant poisoning to grazing livestock. The study aims to examine the form of dormancy exhibited by P. trichostachya and determine how key environmental conditions, such as alternating temperature and light conditions, moisture availability, substrate pH and burial depth, affect its germination and emergence. The study concludes that P. trichostachya has a complex dormancy mechanism. This comprises a physical component that can be partly removed by fruit scarification, a metabolic dormancy that can be overcome by gibberellic acid (GA3), and a suspected third mechanism based on a water-soluble germination inhibitor. The results showed that scarified single seeded fruit (hereafter seed) with GA3 treatment gave the highest germination percentage (86 ± 3%) at 25/15 °C, with good germination rates at other temperature regimes. Light exposure stimulated germination, but a significant proportion of seeds still germinated in the dark. The study also found that seeds could germinate under water-limited conditions and a wide range of pH levels (4 to 8). Seedling emergence was inhibited when seeds were buried below 3 cm in soil. Pimelea trichostachya emergence in the field commonly occurs from Autumn to Spring. Understanding its dormancy mechanism and recognizing its triggers for germination will enable better prediction of outbreaks. This can help landholders prepare for emergence and help manage seedbank build-up in pastures and crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture Innovation, University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | | | - Steve Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silva LFP, Hegarty RS, Meale SJ, Costa DAF, Fletcher MT. Using the natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes to identify cattle with greater efficiency in protein-limiting diets. Animal 2022; 16 Suppl 3:100551. [PMID: 35688653 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty in selecting cattle for higher feed and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important factor contributing to poor growth and reproductive performance in dry-tropics rangelands. Therefore, the objectives were to examine the cattle variation in retaining nitrogen in a protein-deficient diet and the natural abundance of stable isotopes in body tissues as a practical alternative for the detection of more efficient cattle. In experiment 1, feed efficiency parameters were determined in 89 Brahman steers fed a protein-limiting diet for 70 days, followed by 7 days in metabolism crates for total collection of urine and faeces and calculation of nitrogen retention and NUE. The diet-animal fractionation of nitrogen isotopes (Δ15N) was quantified in tail hair and plasma proteins using isotope-ratio MS. There was a large variation in growth performance, feed efficiency and nitrogen losses among steers. Quantifying Δ15N in tail hair (Δ15Ntail hair) resulted in stronger correlations with feed efficiency and nitrogen metabolism parameters than when quantified in plasma proteins. Δ15Ntail hair was positively correlated with nitrogen losses in urine (r = 0.31, P < 0.01) and faeces (r = 0.25, P = 0.04), leading to a negative correlation with NUE (r = -0.40, P < 0.01). The group of steers with lower Δ15Ntail hair had greater feed efficiency, lower nitrogen losses, and greater NUE. In experiment 2, for evaluation of isotope fraction as a predictor of reproductive performance, 630 Brahman-crossed cows were classified for reproductive performance for 2 years. From this group, 25 cows with poor reproductive performance and 25 cows with good reproductive performance were selected. Tail hair representing 7 months of growth were segmented and analysed for carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope enrichment. Reproductive performance was not associated with diet selection, as there was no difference in tail hair δ13C between groups. However, more productive cows had lower (P < 0.05) tail hair δ15N during the dry season, indicating differences in N metabolism and possibly lower N losses. In addition, cows with better reproductive performance and, therefore, greater nutrient demands, had similar body condition scores and a tendency (P = 0.09) for higher live weight at the end of the trial. In conclusion, the findings of the present study confirm that nitrogen isotope fractionation in tail hair can be used as a predictor of nitrogen losses, NUE, and reproductive performance of Brahman cattle on low-protein diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F P Silva
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia.
| | - R S Hegarty
- The University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, Australia
| | - S J Meale
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Australia
| | - D A F Costa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - M T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Hungerford NL, Yates HSA, Smith TJ, Fletcher MT. How is Trehalulose Formed by Australian Stingless Bees? - An Intermolecular Displacement of Nectar Sucrose. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:6530-6539. [PMID: 35584080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trehalulose, a rare sucrose isomer, is a dominant sugar in stingless bee honey, with traces of the trisaccharide erlose. Incubating sucrose solutions with macerated stingless bee parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) from Tetragonula carbonaria, we observed that sucrose isomerization occurs predominantly in the head incubations, with trehalulose constituting 76.2-80.0% of total detected sugar. By contrast, sucrose hydrolysis occurred in stingless bee abdomen incubations, with glucose and fructose observed as 48.6-51.7% and 48.3-49.7%, respectively, of total detected sugar. Incubating glucose/fructose (1:1) solutions with any bee part did not result in trehalulose formation. In addition, by tracing the 13C isotope-labeled monosaccharide moieties throughout the isomerization from sucrose to trehalulose and erlose, for the first time, the mechanism was established as an enzymatic double displacement reaction. Sucrose acts as a glucose donor giving a β-d-glucosyl enzyme intermediate with fructose release as demonstrated by mixed isotope products. Glucosylation of fructose (inter- or intramolecularly) with isomerization forms trehalulose (favorable), while glucosylation of sucrose forms erlose (less favorable).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Natasha L Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Hans S A Yates
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Tobias J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hungerford NL, Zhang J, Smith TJ, Yates HSA, Chowdhury SA, Carter JF, Carpinelli de Jesus M, Fletcher MT. Feeding Sugars to Stingless Bees: Identifying the Origin of Trehalulose-Rich Honey Composition. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:10292-10300. [PMID: 34382780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial disaccharide, trehalulose, is a feature of stingless bee honey, while not dominant in any other foods. By experimentally feeding sugar solutions to confined colonies of the Australian stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria, the origin of trehalulose has now been established. Complete conversion of fed sucrose was observed, by analysis of the honey, forming trehalulose (64-72%) with lesser erlose (18-23%), fructose (9-12%), and minor glucose detected. Remarkably, feeding solutions of glucose/fructose (1:1) mixtures did not result in trehalulose/erlose formation. Hence, stingless bees with natural access to floral nectar high in sucrose will produce honey high in trehalulose, with its associated beneficial properties. Any temptation to artificially increase trehalulose content by feeding sucrose to stingless bees would produce "fake" honey lacking key natural phytochemicals available to the foraging bee. The sucrose-fed fake and natural honey were however readily distinguished via isotope ratio mass spectrometry δ13C values, to combat such potential indirect adulteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tobias J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hans S A Yates
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Sadia A Chowdhury
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - James F Carter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | | | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hungerford NL, Fletcher MT, Tsai HH, Hnatko D, Swann LJ, Kelly CL, Anuj SR, Tinggi U, Webber DC, Were ST, Tan BLL. Occurrence of environmental contaminants (pesticides, herbicides, PAHs) in Australian/Queensland Apis mellifera honey. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2021; 14:193-205. [PMID: 34096475 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1914743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Honey is a popular agricultural product containing mostly sugars and water, but due to its nutritious components and natural production by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from floral nectar, it is marketed as a premium health food item. As environmental monitors, honeybees can potentially transfer environmental contaminants to honey. Whilst pesticides can have ubiquitous presence in agricultural and urban areas, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be more prevalent in higher density urban/industrial environments. Australian beehives are customarily located in rural areas/forests, but it is increasingly popular to keep hives in urban areas. This study assessed the levels of environmental contaminants in honeys (n = 212) from Queensland/Australian sources including rural, peri-urban and urban areas. Honey samples were analysed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS for 53 herbicides, 83 pesticides, 18 breakdown products (for certain pesticides/herbicides) and 33 PAHs and showed low/negligible pesticide, herbicide and PAHs contamination, consistent regardless of honey origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Heng Hang Tsai
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Darina Hnatko
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Lorinda J Swann
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Kelly
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Shalona R Anuj
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Ujang Tinggi
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Dennis C Webber
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Stephen T Were
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Benjamin L L Tan
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gilbert RA, Netzel G, Chandra K, Ouwerkerk D, Fletcher MT. Degradation of the Indospicine Toxin from Indigofera spicata by a Mixed Population of Rumen Bacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060389. [PMID: 34071579 PMCID: PMC8226729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The leguminous plant species, Indigofera linnaei and Indigofera spicata are distributed throughout the rangeland regions of Australia and the compound indospicine (L-2-amino-6-amidinohexanoic acid) found in these palatable forage plants acts as a hepatotoxin and can accumulate in the meat of ruminant livestock and wild camels. In this study, bovine rumen fluid was cultivated in an in vitro fermentation system provided with Indigofera spicata plant material and the ability of the resulting mixed microbial populations to degrade indospicine was determined using UPLC–MS/MS over a 14 day time period. The microbial populations of the fermentation system were determined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and showed distinct, time-related changes occurring as the rumen-derived microbes adapted to the fermentation conditions and the nutritional substrates provided by the Indigofera plant material. Within eight days of commencement, indospicine was completely degraded by the microbes cultivated within the fermenter, forming the degradation products 2-aminopimelamic acid and 2-aminopimelic acid within a 24 h time period. The in vitro fermentation approach enabled the development of a specifically adapted, mixed microbial population which has the potential to be used as a rumen drench for reducing the toxic side-effects and toxin accumulation associated with ingestion of Indigofera plant material by grazing ruminant livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind A. Gilbert
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.C.); (D.O.)
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.N.); (M.T.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriele Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.N.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Kerri Chandra
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.C.); (D.O.)
| | - Diane Ouwerkerk
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.C.); (D.O.)
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.N.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.N.); (M.T.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Almutairi B, Turner MS, Fletcher MT, Sultanbawa Y. The impact of commercial prebiotics on the growth, survival and nisin production by Lactococcus lactis 537 in milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
13
|
Temba BA, Darnell RE, Gichangi A, Lwezaura D, Pardey PG, Harvey JJ, Karanja J, Massomo SMS, Ota N, Wainaina JM, Fletcher MT, Kriticos DJ. The Influence of Weather on the Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 in Harvested Maize from Kenya and Tanzania. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020216. [PMID: 33494323 PMCID: PMC7911846 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted using maize samples collected from different agroecological zones of Kenya (n = 471) and Tanzania (n = 100) during the 2013 maize harvest season to estimate a relationship between aflatoxin B1 concentration and occurrence with weather conditions during the growing season. The toxins were analysed by the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Aflatoxin B1 incidence ranged between 0-100% of samples in different regions with an average value of 29.4% and aflatoxin concentrations of up to 6075 µg/kg recorded in one sample. Several regression techniques were explored. Random forests achieved the highest overall accuracy of 80%, while the accuracy of a logistic regression model was 65%. Low rainfall occurring during the early stage of the maize plant maturing combined with high temperatures leading up to full maturity provide warning signs of aflatoxin contamination. Risk maps for the two countries for the 2013 season were generated using both random forests and logistic regression models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benigni A. Temba
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania;
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Ross E. Darnell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne Gichangi
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; (A.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Deogratias Lwezaura
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute, Arusha Road, P.O. Box 1571, Dodoma, Tanzania;
| | - Philip G. Pardey
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Ave, 248 Ruttan Hall, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Jagger J. Harvey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - James Karanja
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; (A.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Said M. S. Massomo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environmental Studies, The Open University of Tanzania, P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Noboru Ota
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 100, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (N.O.); (D.J.K.)
| | - James M. Wainaina
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA;
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Darren J. Kriticos
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 100, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (N.O.); (D.J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hungerford NL, Tinggi U, Tan BLL, Farrell M, Fletcher MT. Mineral and Trace Element Analysis of Australian/Queensland Apis mellifera Honey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E6304. [PMID: 32872537 PMCID: PMC7503739 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Honey is an extensively utilized sweetener containing sugars and water, together with small quantities of vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids and proteins. Naturally produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from floral nectar, honey is increasingly sold as a health food product due to its nutritious features. Certain honeys are retailed as premium, trendy products. Honeybees are regarded as environmental monitors, but few reports examine the impact of environment on Australian honey trace elements and minerals. In higher density urban and industrial environments, heavy metals can be common, while minerals and trace elements can have ubiquitous presence in both agricultural and urban areas. Honey hives are traditionally placed in rural and forested areas, but increasingly the trend is to keep hives in more urban areas. This study aimed to determine the levels of 26 minerals and trace elements and assess elemental differences between honeys from various regional Queensland and Australian sources. Honey samples (n = 212) were acquired from markets, shops and supermarkets in Queensland while urban honeys were purchased online. The honey samples were classified into four groups according to their regional sources: urban, rural, peri-urban and blend honey. Elemental analyses of honey were performed using ICP-MS and ICP-OES after microwave and hot block digestion. Considerable variations of essential trace elements (Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn) and mineral levels (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) were found in honeys surveyed. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between urban and rural honey samples for B, Na, P, Mn, K, Ca and Cu. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also found between blend and urban honey samples for K, Cu, P, Mn, Sr, Ni, B and Na. Peri-urban versus urban honeys showed significant differences in P, K and Mn. For rural and peri-urban honeys, the only significant difference (p < 0.05) was for Na. Toxic heavy metals were detected at relatively low levels in honey products. The study revealed that the Queensland/Australian honey studied is a good source of K and Zn and would constitute a good nutritional source of these elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L. Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Ujang Tinggi
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (U.T.); (B.L.L.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Benjamin L. L. Tan
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (U.T.); (B.L.L.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Madeleine Farrell
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (U.T.); (B.L.L.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gordon RJ, Hungerford NL, Laycock B, Fletcher MT. A review on Pimelea poisoning of livestock. Toxicon 2020; 186:46-57. [PMID: 32730770 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pimelea poisoning of cattle, historically known as St. George Disease or Marree Disease, is a prevailing issue in arid grazing regions of inland Australia. Ingestion of the toxic native Pimelea species that contain the secondary metabolite simplexin, a diterpene orthoester with potent protein kinase C activity, induces diarrhoea, characteristic oedema and potentially fatal right-sided heart failure in cattle. Outbreaks of toxic Pimelea in the grazing field depend on seasonal prevalence. However, all stages of the plant carry the toxin, from seeds, juvenile plants to dead plant material. Livestock generally avoid consuming green Pimelea plants and only consume toxic Pimelea when pasture is minimal or where Pimelea growing through grass tussocks results in inadvertent ingestion. Our knowledge base of Pimelea poisoning has greatly improved with past research, yet the health hazards for livestock grazing in Pimelea affected pastures remains a significant issue whilst the ongoing search to develop effective strategies to mitigate poisoning continues. The goal of this review is to collate historical and recent research giving an overview of the current understandings of Pimelea poisoning, the toxin, its toxic effects and progress made towards remedies to alleviate the effects of Pimelea intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Gordon
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Natasha L Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Health and Food Science Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fletcher MT, Hungerford NL, Webber D, Carpinelli de Jesus M, Zhang J, Stone ISJ, Blanchfield JT, Zawawi N. Stingless bee honey, a novel source of trehalulose: a biologically active disaccharide with health benefits. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12128. [PMID: 32699353 PMCID: PMC7376065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stingless bee (Meliponini) honey has long been considered a high-value functional food, but the perceived therapeutic value has lacked attribution to specific bioactive components. Examination of honey from five different stingless bee species across Neotropical and Indo-Australian regions has enabled for the first time the identification of the unusual disaccharide trehalulose as a major component representing between 13 and 44 g per 100 g of each of these honeys. Trehalulose is an isomer of sucrose with an unusual α-(1 → 1) glucose-fructose glycosidic linkage and known acariogenic and low glycemic index properties. NMR and UPLC-MS/MS analysis unambiguously confirmed the identity of trehalulose isolated from stingless bee honeys sourced across three continents, from Tetragonula carbonaria and Tetragonula hockingsi species in Australia, from Geniotrigona thoracica and Heterotrigona itama in Malaysia and from Tetragonisca angustula in Brazil. The previously unrecognised abundance of trehalulose in stingless bee honeys is concrete evidence that supports some of the reported health attributes of this product. This is the first identification of trehalulose as a major component within a food commodity. This study allows the exploration of the expanded use of stingless bee honey in foods and identifies a bioactive marker for authentication of this honey in associated food standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Natasha L Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dennis Webber
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | | | - Jiali Zhang
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Isobella S J Stone
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, 4108, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joanne T Blanchfield
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Norhasnida Zawawi
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tan ET, Ng JC, Al Jassim R, D'Arcy BR, Netzel G, Fletcher MT. Emerging food safety risk of hepatotoxic indospicine in feral Australian camel meat. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Shuvayeva GY, Bobak YP, Vovk OI, Kunz-Schughart LA, Fletcher MT, Stasyk OV. Indospicine combined with arginine deprivation triggers cancer cell death via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:518-527. [PMID: 32068315 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-deprivation therapy is a rapidly developing metabolic anticancer approach. To overcome the resistance of some cancer cells to this monotherapy, rationally designed combination modalities are needed. In this report, we evaluated for the first time indospicine, an arginine analogue of Indigofera plant genus origin, as potential enhancer compound for the metabolic therapy that utilizes recombinant human arginase I. We demonstrate that indospicine at low micromolar concentrations is selectively toxic for human colorectal cancer cells only in the absence of arginine. In arginine-deprived cancer cells indospicine deregulates some prosurvival pathways (PI3K-Akt and MAPK) and activates mammalian target of rapamycin, exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis, which is reversed by the exposure to translation inhibitors. Simultaneously, indospicine is not degraded by recombinant human arginase I and does not inhibit this arginine-degrading enzyme at its effective dose. The obtained results emphasize the potential of arginine structural analogues as efficient components for combinatorial metabolic targeting of malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galyna Y Shuvayeva
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav P Bobak
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Olena I Vovk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Leoni A Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstr 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden (NCT), Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, PO Box 156 Archerfield, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Oleh V Stasyk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Camp A, Croxford AE, Ford CS, Baumann U, Clements PR, Hiendleder S, Woolford L, Netzel G, Boardman WSJ, Fletcher MT, Wilkinson MJ. Dual-locus DNA metabarcoding reveals southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons Owen) have a summer diet dominated by toxic invasive plants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229390. [PMID: 32142513 PMCID: PMC7059939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat degradation and summer droughts severely restrict feeding options for the endangered southern hairy-nosed wombat (SHNW; Lasiorhinus latifrons). We reconstructed SHNW summer diets by DNA metabarcoding from feces. We initially validated rbcL and ndhJ diet reconstructions using autopsied and captive animals. Subsequent diet reconstructions of wild wombats broadly reflected vegetative ground cover, implying local rather than long-range foraging. Diets were all dominated by alien invasives. Chemical analysis of alien food revealed Carrichtera annua contains high levels of glucosinolates. Clinical examination (7 animals) and autopsy (12 animals) revealed that the most degraded site also contained most individuals showing signs of glucosinolate poisoning. We infer that dietary poisoning through the ingestion of alien invasives may have contributed to the recent population crashes in the region. In floristically diverse sites, individuals appear to be able to manage glucosinolate intake by avoidance or episodic feeding but this strategy is less tractable in the most degraded sites. We conclude that recovery of the most affected populations may require effective Carrichtera management and interim supplementary feeding. More generally, we argue that protection against population decline by poisoning in territorial herbivores requires knowledge of their diet and of those food plants containing toxic principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Camp
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Adam E. Croxford
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Ute Baumann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter R. Clements
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stefan Hiendleder
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Netzel
- Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne S. J. Boardman
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mike J. Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hungerford NL, Carter SJ, Anuj SR, Tan BLL, Hnatko D, Martin CL, Sharma E, Yin M, Nguyen TTP, Melksham KJ, Fletcher MT. Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Queensland Honey: Using Low Temperature Chromatography to Resolve Stereoisomers and Identify Botanical Sources by UHPLC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E726. [PMID: 31835836 PMCID: PMC6950414 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with known varied toxicity. Consumption of 1,2-unsaturated PAs has been linked to acute and chronic liver damage, carcinogenicity and death, in livestock and humans, making their presence in food of concern to food regulators in Australia and internationally. In this survey, honey samples sourced from markets and shops in Queensland (Australia), were analysed by high-resolution Orbitrap UHPLC-MS/MS for 30 common PAs. Relationships between the occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and the botanical origin of the honey are essential as pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination at up to 3300 ng/g were detected. In this study, the predominant alkaloids detected were isomeric PAs, lycopsamine, indicine and intermedine, exhibiting identical MS/MS spectra, along with lesser amounts of each of their N-oxides. Crucially, chromatographic UHPLC conditions were optimised by operation at low temperature (5 °C) to resolve these key isomeric PAs. Such separation of these isomers by UHPLC, enabled the relative proportions of these PAs present in honey to be compared to alkaloid levels in suspect source plants. Overall plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid profiles were compared to those found in honey samples to help identify the most important plants responsible for honey contamination. The native Australian vines of Parsonsia spp. are proposed as a likely contributor to high levels of lycopsamine in many of the honeys surveyed. Botanical origin information such as this, gained via low temperature chromatographic resolution of isomeric PAs, will be very valuable in identifying region of origin for honey samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L. Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.M.); (E.S.); (M.Y.); (T.T.P.N.)
| | - Steve J. Carter
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; (S.J.C.); (S.R.A.); (B.L.L.T.); (D.H.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Shalona R. Anuj
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; (S.J.C.); (S.R.A.); (B.L.L.T.); (D.H.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Benjamin L. L. Tan
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; (S.J.C.); (S.R.A.); (B.L.L.T.); (D.H.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Darina Hnatko
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; (S.J.C.); (S.R.A.); (B.L.L.T.); (D.H.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Christopher L. Martin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.M.); (E.S.); (M.Y.); (T.T.P.N.)
| | - Elipsha Sharma
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.M.); (E.S.); (M.Y.); (T.T.P.N.)
| | - Mukan Yin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.M.); (E.S.); (M.Y.); (T.T.P.N.)
| | - Thao T. P. Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.M.); (E.S.); (M.Y.); (T.T.P.N.)
| | - Kevin J. Melksham
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; (S.J.C.); (S.R.A.); (B.L.L.T.); (D.H.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.M.); (E.S.); (M.Y.); (T.T.P.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carpinelli de Jesus M, Hungerford NL, Carter SJ, Anuj SR, Blanchfield JT, De Voss JJ, Fletcher MT. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids of Blue Heliotrope ( Heliotropium amplexicaule) and Their Presence in Australian Honey. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:7995-8006. [PMID: 31145604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blue heliotrope (Heliotropium amplexicaule) is an invasive environmental weed that is widely naturalized in eastern Australia and has been implicated as a source of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) poisoning in livestock. Less well-documented is the potential of such carcinogenic alkaloids to contaminate honey from bees foraging on this plant species. In this study, the PA profile of H. amplexicaule plant material, determined by HRAM LC-MS/MS, revealed the presence of nine PAs and PA-N-oxides, including several PAs and PA-N-oxides of the indicine class, which have not previously been reported. The predominant alkaloid, indicine, represents 84% of the reduced PA content, with minor alkaloids identified as intermedine and the newly reported helioamplexine, constituting 7 and 9%, respectively. NMR analysis confirmed the identity of helioamplexine as a previously unreported indicine homologue. This is the first report of the isolation of intermedine, helioamplexine, and 3'-O-angelylindicine from H. amplexicaule. Also described is the identification of N-chloromethyl analogues of the major alkaloids as isolation-derived artifacts from reactions with dichloromethane. Analysis of regional-market honey samples revealed a number of honey samples with PA profiles analogous to that seen in H. amplexicaule, with measured PA contents of up to 2.0 μg of PAs per gram of honey. These results confirm the need for honey producers to be aware of H. amplexicaule as a potential PA source, most particularly in products where honey is sourced from a single location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve J Carter
- Forensic and Scientific Services , Queensland Health , Brisbane , Queensland 4108 , Australia
| | - Shalona R Anuj
- Forensic and Scientific Services , Queensland Health , Brisbane , Queensland 4108 , Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Akter S, Addepalli R, Netzel ME, Tinggi U, Fletcher MT, Sultanbawa Y, Osborne SA. Antioxidant-Rich Extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana Interfere with Estimation of Cell Viability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060191. [PMID: 31234479 PMCID: PMC6616874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of plant extracts and phytochemicals on in vitro cell viability is usually assessed by employing cell viability assays dependent upon the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes. The CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (CellTiter) was used to measure cell viability in response to antioxidant-rich extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruits. Conflicting results were obtained from this assay whereby higher concentrations of extracts significantly increased cell viability compared to lower concentrations. Intrinsic reductive potential was observed in a cell-free system when extracts were added directly to the CellTiter assay reagent. To confirm this effect in a similar cell proliferation assay, we employed the CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability Assay and again observed increased viability with increased concentrations of the extracts and direct reduction of the assay reagent by the extracts in cell-free systems. In the search for a cell proliferation assay that would not be directly affected by the plant extracts, we identified the CyQUANT® NF Cell Proliferation Assay that is based on the estimation of DNA content in viable cells. Cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of the extracts. Accordingly, the results of the present study indicated that cell viability assays reliant upon dehydrogenase activity may lead to false positive results when testing antioxidant-rich plant extracts with intrinsic reductive potential, and alternative cell viability assays should be used to measure the cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Akter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Rama Addepalli
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Michael E Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Ujang Tinggi
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia.
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Simone A Osborne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Netzel G, Tan ETT, Yin M, Giles C, Yong KWL, Al Jassim R, Fletcher MT. Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030169. [PMID: 30893830 PMCID: PMC6468780 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro experiments have demonstrated that camel foregut-fluid has the capacity to metabolize indospicine, a natural toxin which causes hepatotoxicosis, but such metabolism is in competition with absorption and outflow of indospicine from the different segments of the digestive system. Six young camels were fed Indigofera spicata (337 µg indospicine/kg BW/day) for 32 days, at which time three camels were euthanized. The remaining camels were monitored for a further 100 days after cessation of this indospicine diet. In a retrospective investigation, relative levels of indospicine foregut-metabolism products were examined by UHPLC-MS/MS in plasma, collected during both accumulation and depletion stages of this experiment. The metabolite 2-aminopimelamic acid could be detected at low levels in almost all plasma samples, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid could not be detected. In the euthanized camels, 2-aminopimelamic acid could be found in all tissues except muscle, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid was only found in the kidney, pancreas, and liver tissues. The clearance rate for these metabolites was considerably greater than for indospicine, which was still present in plasma of the remaining camels 100 days after cessation of Indigofera consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Eddie T T Tan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
- Alliance of Research and Innovation for Food (ARIF), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah Campus, Negeri Sembilan 72000, Malaysia.
| | - Mukan Yin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Cindy Giles
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Ken W L Yong
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Rafat Al Jassim
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Netzel G, Palmer DG, Masters AM, Tai SY, Allen JG, Fletcher MT. Assessing the risk of residues of the toxin indospicine in bovine muscle and liver from north-west Australia. Toxicon 2019; 163:48-58. [PMID: 30880189 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Indospicine is a natural toxin occurring only in Indigofera plant species, including the Australian native species I. linnaei. These perennial legumes are resistant to drought and palatable to grazing livestock including cattle. Indospicine accumulates in the tissues (including muscle) of animals grazing Indigofera and these residues persist for several months after exposure. Dogs are particularly sensitive to indospicine with reports in past decades of hepatotoxicosis and mortalities in dogs after dietary exposure to indospicine-contaminated horse and camel meat. The risk for human consumption is not known, and the current study was undertaken to assess indospicine levels in cattle going to slaughter from divergent regions of Western Australia, and to predict the likelihood of significant residues being present. Muscle and corresponding liver samples from 776 cattle originating from the Kimberley and Pilbara Regions in the tropical north of the state, where I. linnaei is prevalent, and 640 cattle from the South West and South Coast Regions in the temperate south west of the state, where the plant is not known to occur, were collected at abattoirs over four seasons in 2015-2017. Indospicine levels were measured by LC-MS/MS and ranged from below detection to 3.63 mg/kg. No indospicine residues were detected in any of the animals originating from the South West and South Coast Regions. Prevalence of indospicine residues in cattle from the Kimberley Region was as high as 33% in spring and 91% in autumn, with positive animals being present in most consignments and on most properties. The average prevalence of indospicine residues from the Kimberley and Pilbara Regions throughout the survey period was 63%. @Risk best fit probability distributions showed ninety-fifth percentile (P95) indospicine concentrations of 0.54 mg/kg for muscle and 0.77 mg/kg for liver in cattle originating from the Kimberley and Pilbara Regions during the survey period. When considered with average Australian meat consumption data, the estimated consumer exposure from this P95 muscle was 0.32 μg indospicine/kg bw/day, which compared favourably with our calculated provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of 1.3 μg indospicine/kg bw/day. However canine exposure is of potential concern, with active working dog exposure calculated to exceed this PTDI by a factor of 25, based on a P95 indospicine concentration of 0.54 mg/kg in muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, 4108, QLD, Australia
| | - Dieter G Palmer
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, 6151, WA, Australia
| | - Anne M Masters
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, 6151, WA, Australia
| | - Samantha Y Tai
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, 6151, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremy G Allen
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, 6151, WA, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, 4108, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sultan S, Osborne SA, Addepalli R, Netzel G, Netzel ME, Fletcher MT. Indospicine cytotoxicity and transport in human cell lines. Food Chem 2018; 267:119-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
Sultan S, Giles C, Netzel G, Osborne SA, Netzel ME, Fletcher MT. Release of Indospicine from Contaminated Camel Meat following Cooking and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion: Implications for Human Consumption. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090356. [PMID: 30177604 PMCID: PMC6162627 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Indospicine, a hepatotoxic arginine analog, occurs in leguminous plants of the Indigofera genus and accumulates in the tissues of grazing animals that consume these plants. Furthermore, indospicine has caused toxicity in dogs following consumption of indospicine-contaminated meat; however, the potential impact on human health is unknown. The present study was designed to determine the effect of simulated human gastrointestinal digestion on the release and degradation of indospicine from contaminated camel meat following microwave cooking. Results showed no significant (p > 0.05) indospicine degradation during cooking or in vitro digestion. However, approximately 70% indospicine was released from the meat matrix into the liquid digesta during the gastric phase (in the presence of pepsin) and increased to >90% in the intestinal phase (with pancreatic enzymes). Following human consumption of contaminated meat, this soluble and more bioaccessible fraction of intact indospicine could be readily available for absorption by the small intestine, potentially circulating indospicine throughout the human body to tissues where it could accumulate and cause detrimental toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Sultan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Cindy Giles
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Gabriele Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Simone A Osborne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Michael E Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Akter S, Netzel ME, Fletcher MT, Tinggi U, Sultanbawa Y. Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu Plum) Kernels: A Novel Nutrition Source. Foods 2018; 7:foods7040060. [PMID: 29649154 PMCID: PMC5920425 DOI: 10.3390/foods7040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is a native Australian fruit. Industrial processing of T. ferdinandiana fruits into puree generates seeds as a by-product, which are generally discarded. The aim of our present study was to process the seed to separate the kernel and determine its nutritional composition. The proximate, mineral and fatty acid compositions were analysed in this study. Kernels are composed of 35% fat, while proteins account for 32% dry weight (DW). The energy content and fiber were 2065 kJ/100 g and 21.2% DW, respectively. Furthermore, the study showed that kernels were a very rich source of minerals and trace elements, such as potassium (6693 mg/kg), calcium (5385 mg/kg), iron (61 mg/kg) and zinc (60 mg/kg) DW, and had low levels of heavy metals. The fatty acid composition of the kernels consisted of omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid (50.2%), monounsaturated oleic acid (29.3%) and two saturated fatty acids namely palmitic acid (12.0%) and stearic acid (7.2%). The results indicate that T. ferdinandiana kernels have the potential to be utilized as a novel protein source for dietary purposes and non-conventional supply of linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Akter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd Coopers Plains, P.O. Box 156, Archerfield BC, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Michael E Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd Coopers Plains, P.O. Box 156, Archerfield BC, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd Coopers Plains, P.O. Box 156, Archerfield BC, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Ujang Tinggi
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield BC, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd Coopers Plains, P.O. Box 156, Archerfield BC, QLD 4108, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fletcher MT, Reichmann KG, Ossedryver SM, McKenzie RA, Carter PD, Blaney BJ. Accumulation and depletion of indospicine in calves (Bos taurus) fed creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata). Anim Prod Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged consumption of Indigofera pasture plants can cause both hepatotoxicosis and reproductive losses in grazing animals with the responsible toxin indospicine forming persistent tissue residues. Separate accumulation and depletion feeding trials were undertaken in calves fed Indigofera spicata (3 mg indospicine/kg bodyweight) to ascertain the appearance and elimination of indospicine from various tissues. In the accumulation trial indospicine concentrations increased throughout the 42-day feeding period with maximum levels of 15 mg/L in plasma and 19 and 33 mg/kg in liver and muscle, respectively. In the depletion trial, calves were fed I. spicata for 35 days, after which the plant was withdrawn from the diet. The rate of elimination was relatively slow with estimates of half-life being 31, 25 and 20 days for muscle, liver and plasma, respectively. Indospicine levels measured in bovine tissues in this trial are comparable with levels in horsemeat and camel meat reported to cause fatal hepatoxicity in dogs, a species known to be susceptible to this toxin. The persistence of indospicine residues in bovine tissues and the widespread distribution of Indigofera species in tropical and sub-tropical grazing lands warrant further investigation, as indospicine has been established as causing reproductive losses and likely contributes to calf losses in these regions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the value of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a diagnostic tool for aflatoxin contamination, specifically to rapidly predict levels of aflatoxin, either quantitatively or qualitatively, in ground maize. Maize was collected from inoculated field trials conducted across four sites in Kenya. Inoculated and uninoculated maize ears were harvested, milled, and prepared for NIRS scanning and wet chemistry-based aflatoxin quantification. Several statistical and machine learning techniques were compared. Absorbance at a single bandwidth explained 34 % of the variation in levels of aflatoxin using a regression model while a partial least-squares (PLS) method showed that NIR measurements could explain 42 % of the variation in aflatoxin levels. To compare various methods for their ability to classify samples with high (>100 ppb) levels of aflatoxin, various additional procedures were applied. The k-nearest neighbour classification method yielded sensitivity and specificity values of 0.75 and 0.52 respectively, compared with the support vector machine method with estimates of 0.81 and 0.68, whereas PLS could achieve values of 0.82 and 0.72 respectively. The corresponding false positive and false negative values are still unacceptable for NIRS to be used with confidence, as ~18 % of contaminated ground maize samples would be accepted and 28 % of good maize would be discarded or declared contaminated or downgraded. However, such calibrations could be useful in breeding programs without access to wet chemistry analysis, seeking to rank entries semiquantitatively.
Collapse
|
31
|
Tan ETT, Al Jassim R, D'Arcy BR, Fletcher MT. In Vitro Biodegradation of Hepatotoxic Indospicine in Indigofera spicata and Its Degradation Derivatives by Camel Foregut and Cattle Rumen Fluids. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:7528-7534. [PMID: 28787565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The known accumulation of the hepatotoxin indospicine in tissues of camels and cattle grazing Indigofera pasture plants is unusual in that free amino acids would normally be expected to be degraded during the fermentation processes in these foregut fermenters. In this study, in vitro experiments were carried out to examine the degradability of indospicine of Indigofera spicata by camel and cattle foregut microbiota. In the first experiment, a 48 h in vitro incubation was carried out using foregut fluid samples that were collected from 15 feral camels and also a fistulated cow. Degradability of indospicine ranged between 97% and 99%, with the higher value of 99% for camels. A pooled sample of foregut fluids from three camels that were on a roughage diet was used in a second experiment to examine the time-dependent degradation of indospicine present in the plant materials. Results indicated that camels' foregut fluids have the ability to biodegrade ∼99% of the indospicine in I. spicata within 48 h of incubation and produced 2-aminopimelamic acid and 2-aminopimelic acid. The time-dependent degradation analysis showed rapid indospicine degradation (65 nmol/h) during the first 8-18 h of incubation followed by a slower degradation rate (12 nmol/h) between 18 and 48 h. Indospicine degradation products were also degraded toward the end of the experiment. The results of these in vitro degradation studies suggest that dietary indospicine may undergo extensive degradation in the foregut of the camel, resulting in trace levels after 48 h. The retention time for plant material in the camel foregut varies depending on feed quality, and the results of this study together with the observed accumulation of indospicine in camel tissues suggest that, although indospicine can be degraded by foregut fermentation, this degradation is not complete before the passage of the digesta into the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie T T Tan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- Food Technology Programme, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA , 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rafat Al Jassim
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Bruce R D'Arcy
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland , Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Temba BA, Sultanbawa Y, Kriticos DJ, Fox GP, Harvey JJW, Fletcher MT. Tools for Defusing a Major Global Food and Feed Safety Risk: Nonbiological Postharvest Procedures To Decontaminate Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8959-8972. [PMID: 27933870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of foods and animal feeds is a worldwide problem for human and animal health. Controlling mycotoxin contamination has drawn the attention of scientists and other food and feed stakeholders all over the world. Despite best efforts targeting field and storage preventive measures, environmental conditions can still lead to mycotoxin contamination. This raises a need for developing decontamination methods to inactivate or remove the toxins from contaminated products. At present, decontamination methods applied include an array of both biological and nonbiological methods. The targeted use of nonbiological methods spans from the latter half of last century, when ammoniation and ozonation were first used to inactivate mycotoxins in animal feeds, to the novel techniques being developed today such as photosensitization. Effectiveness and drawbacks of different nonbiological methods have been reported in the literature, and this review examines the utility of these methods in addressing food safety. Particular consideration is given to the application of such methods in the developing world, where mycotoxin contamination is a serious food safety issue in staple crops such as maize and rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benigni A Temba
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Sokoine University of Agriculture , P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Darren J Kriticos
- CSIRO , GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen P Fox
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jagger J W Harvey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub , Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for the Reduction of Post-Harvest Loss, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tan ETT, Yong KWL, Wong SH, D'Arcy BR, Al Jassim R, De Voss JJ, Fletcher MT. Thermo-alkaline Treatment as a Practical Degradation Strategy To Reduce Indospicine Contamination in Camel Meat. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8447-8453. [PMID: 27737547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of indospicine-contaminated camel and horse meat has caused fatal liver injury to dogs in Australia, and it is currently not known if such contaminated meat may pose a human health risk upon dietary exposure. To date, indospicine-related research has tended to focus on analytical aspects, with little information on post-harvest management of indospicine-contaminated meat. In this study, indospicine degradation was investigated in both aqueous solution and also contaminated meat, under a range of conditions. Aqueous solutions of indospicine and indospicine-contaminated camel meat were microwaved (180 °C) or autoclaved (121 °C) with the addition of food-grade additives [0.05% (v/v) acetic acid or 0.05% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate] for 0, 15, 30, and 60 min. An aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution demonstrated the greatest efficacy in degrading indospicine, with complete degradation after 15 min of heating in a microwave or autoclave; concomitant formation of indospicine degradation products, namely, 2-aminopimelamic and 2-aminopimelic acids, was observed. Similar treatment of indospicine-contaminated camel meat with aqueous sodium bicarbonate resulted in 50% degradation after 15 min of heating in an autoclave and 100% degradation after 15 min of heating in a microwave. The results suggest that thermo-alkaline aqueous treatment has potential as a pragmatic post-harvest handling technique in reducing indospicine levels in indospicine-contaminated meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie T T Tan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA , 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ken W L Yong
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | | | - Bruce R D'Arcy
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Rafat Al Jassim
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | | | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tan ETT, Al Jassim R, D'Arcy BR, Fletcher MT. Level of natural hepatotoxin (Indospicine) contamination in Australian camel meat. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1587-1595. [PMID: 27575484 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1224932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Camel meat production for human consumption and pet food manufacture accounts for a relatively small part of overall red meat production in Australia. Reliable statistical data for the Australian production and consumption of camel meat are not available; however, it is estimated that 300,000 feral camels roam within the desert of central Australia, with an annual usage of more than 3000 camels for human consumption, 2000 for pet food manufacture and a smaller number for live export. Despite a small Australian camel meat production level, the usage of camel meat for pet food has been restricted in recent years due to reports of serious liver disease and death in dogs consuming camel meat. This camel meat was found to contain residues of indospicine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain Indigofera spp., and associated with mild to severe liver disease in diverse animals after dietary exposure to this hepatotoxin. The extent of indospicine-contaminated Australian camel meat was previously unknown, and this study ascertains the prevalence of such residue in Australian camel meat. In this study, indospicine levels in ex situ (95 samples collected from an abattoir in Queensland) and in situ (197 samples collected from camels after field culling in central Australia) camel meat samples were quantitated using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The quantitation results showed 46.7% of the in situ- and 20.0% of the ex situ-collected camel meat samples were contaminated by indospicine (more than the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 mg kg-1 fresh weight). The overall indospicine concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in the in situ-collected samples. Indospicine levels detected in the present study are considered to be low; however, a degree of caution must still be exercised, since the tolerable daily intake for indospicine is currently not available for risk estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie T T Tan
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia.,c Food Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences , Universiti Teknologi MARA , Shah Alam , Malaysia
| | - Rafat Al Jassim
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia
| | - Bruce R D'Arcy
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia.,b School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science , The University of Queensland , Gatton , Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tan ETT, Materne CM, Silcock RG, D'Arcy BR, Al Jassim R, Fletcher MT. Seasonal and Species Variation of the Hepatotoxin Indospicine in Australian Indigofera Legumes As Measured by UPLC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:6613-6621. [PMID: 27509381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Livestock industries have maintained a keen interest in pasture legumes because of the high protein content and nutritive value. Leguminous Indigofera plant species have been considered as having high feeding values to be utilized as pasture, but the occurrence of the toxic constituent indospicine in some species has restricted this utility. Indospicine has caused both primary and secondary hepatotoxicosis and also reproductive losses, but has only previously been determined in a small number of Indigofera species. This paper validates a high-throughput ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the indospicine content of various Indigofera species found in Australian pasture. Twelve species of Indigofera together with Indigastrum parviflorum plants were collected and analyzed. Of the 84 samples analyzed, *I. spicata (the asterisk indicates a naturalized species) contained the highest indospicine level (1003 ± 328 mg/kg DM, n = 4) followed by I. linnaei (755 ± 490 mg/kg DM, n = 51). Indospicine was not detected in 9 of the remaining 11 species and at only low levels (<10 mg/kg DM) in 2 of 8 I. colutea specimens and in 1 of 5 I. linifolia specimens. Indospicine concentrations were below quantitation levels for other Indigofera spp. (I. adesmiifolia, I. georgei, I. hirsuta, I. leucotricha, *I. oblongifolia, I. australis, and I. trita) and Indigastrum parviflorum. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that the indospicine content of I. linnaei is highly variable (from 159 to 2128 mg/kg DM, n = 51) and differs across both regions and seasons. Its first regrowth after spring rain has a higher (p < 0.01) indospicine content than growth following more substantial summer rain. The species collected include the predominant Indigofera in Australia pasture, and of these, only *I. spicata and I. linnaei contain high enough levels of indospicine to pose a potential toxic threat to grazing herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie T T Tan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA , 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christopher M Materne
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries , Arid Zone Research Institute, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia
| | - Richard G Silcock
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries , Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Bruce R D'Arcy
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland , Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Rafat Al Jassim
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tan ETT, Al Jassim R, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Ossedryver SM, D'Arcy BR, Fletcher MT. Accumulation, Persistence, and Effects of Indospicine Residues in Camels Fed Indigofera Plant. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:6622-6629. [PMID: 27477889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indospicine (l-2-amino-6-amidinohexanoic acid) is a natural hepatotoxin found in all parts of some Indigofera plants such as Indigofera linnaei and Indigofera spicata. Several studies have documented a susceptibility to this hepatotoxin in different species of animals, including cattle, sheep, dogs, and rats, which are associated with mild to severe liver disease after prolonged ingestion. However, there is little published data on the effects of this hepatotoxin in camels, even though Indigofera plants are known to be palatable to camels in central Australia. The secondary poisoning of dogs after prolonged dietary exposure to residual indospicine in camel muscle has raised additional food safety concerns. In this study, a feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the in vivo accumulation, excretion, distribution, and histopathological effects of dietary indospicine on camels. Six young camels (2-4 years old), weighing 270-390 kg, were fed daily a roughage diet consisting of Rhodes grass hay and lucerne chaff, supplemented with Indigofera and steam-flaked barley. Indigofera (I. spicata) was offered at 597 mg DM/kg body weight (bw)/day, designed to deliver 337 μg indospicine/kg bw/day, and fed for a period of 32 days. Blood and muscle biopsies were collected over the period of the study. Concentrations of indospicine in the plasma and muscle biopsy samples were quantitated by validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The highest concentrations in plasma (1.01 mg/L) and muscle (2.63 mg/kg fresh weight (fw)) were found at necropsy (day 33). Other tissues were also collected at necropsy, and analysis showed ubiquitous distribution of indospicine, with the highest indospicine accumulation detected in the pancreas (4.86 ± 0.56 mg/kg fw) and liver (3.60 ± 1.34 mg/kg fw), followed by the muscle, heart, and kidney. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed multiple small foci of predominantly mononuclear inflammatory cells. After cessation of Indigofera intake, indospicine present in plasma in the remaining three camels had a longer terminal elimination half-life (18.6 days) than muscle (15.9 days), and both demonstrated monoexponential decreases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie T T Tan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
- Food Technology Programme, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA , Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rafat Al Jassim
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - A Judy Cawdell-Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Selina M Ossedryver
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce R D'Arcy
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Falade TDO, Syed Mohdhamdan SH, Sultanbawa Y, Fletcher MT, Harvey JJW, Chaliha M, Fox GP. In vitro experimental environments lacking or containing soil disparately affect competition experiments of Aspergillus flavus and co-occurring fungi in maize grains. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1241-53. [PMID: 27264786 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1198048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In vitro experimental environments are used to study interactions between microorganisms, and to predict dynamics in natural ecosystems. This study highlights that experimental in vitro environments should be selected to match closely the natural environment of interest during in vitro studies to strengthen extrapolations about aflatoxin production by Aspergillus and competing organisms. Fungal competition and aflatoxin accumulation were studied in soil, cotton wool or tube (water-only) environments, for Aspergillus flavus competition with Penicillium purpurogenum, Fusarium oxysporum or Sarocladium zeae within maize grains. Inoculated grains were incubated in each environment at two temperature regimes (25 and 30°C). Competition experiments showed interaction between the main effects of aflatoxin accumulation and the environment at 25°C, but not so at 30°C. However, competition experiments showed fungal populations were always interacting with their environments. Fungal survival differed after the 72-h incubation in different experimental environments. Whereas all fungi incubated within the soil environment survived, in the cotton wool environment none of the competitors of A. flavus survived at 30°C. With aflatoxin accumulation, F. oxysporum was the only fungus able to interdict aflatoxin production at both temperatures. This occurred only in the soil environment and fumonisins accumulated instead. Smallholder farmers in developing countries face serious mycotoxin contamination of their grains, and soil is a natural reservoir for the associated fungal propagules, and a drying and storage surface for grains on these farms. Studying fungal dynamics in the soil environment and other environments in vitro can provide insights into aflatoxin accumulation post-harvest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titilayo D O Falade
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | | | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Jagger J W Harvey
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia.,c Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa , International Livestock Research Institute Hub , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Mridusmita Chaliha
- d Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Glen P Fox
- a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shar ZH, Fletcher MT, Sumbal GA, Sherazi STH, Giles C, Bhanger MI, Nizamani SM. Banana peel: an effective biosorbent for aflatoxins. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:849-60. [PMID: 27052947 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1175155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the application of banana peel as a novel bioadsorbent for in vitro removal of five mycotoxins (aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) and ochratoxin A). The effect of operational parameters including initial pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature were studied in batch adsorption experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and point of zero charge (pHpzc) analysis were used to characterise the adsorbent material. Aflatoxins' adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 15 min, with highest adsorption at alkaline pH (6-8), while ochratoxin has not shown any significant adsorption due to surface charge repulsion. The experimental equilibrium data were tested by Langmuir, Freundlich and Hill isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm was found to be the best fitted model for aflatoxins, and the maximum monolayer coverage (Q0) was determined to be 8.4, 9.5, 0.4 and 1.1 ng mg(-1) for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 respectively. Thermodynamic parameters including changes in free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) were determined for the four aflatoxins. Free energy change and enthalpy change demonstrated that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Adsorption and desorption study at different pH further demonstrated that the sorption of toxins was strong enough to sustain pH changes that would be experienced in the gastrointestinal tract. This study suggests that biosorption of aflatoxins by dried banana peel may be an effective low-cost decontamination method for incorporation in animal feed diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain Shar
- a Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- b Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI) , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Gul Amer Sumbal
- c National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry , University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | | | - Cindy Giles
- d Department of Agriculture and Fisheries , Biosecurity Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | | | - Shafi Muhammad Nizamani
- c National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry , University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lang CS, Wong SH, Chow S, Challinor VL, Yong KWL, Fletcher MT, Arthur DM, Ng JC, De Voss JJ. Synthesis of l-indospicine, [5,5,6-2H3]-l-indospicine and l-norindospicine. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6826-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indospicine is a non-proteogenic amino acid that accumulates as the free amino acid in livestock grazing Indigofera plant species and causes both reproductive losses and hepatotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shan Lang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Siew-Hoon Wong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Sharon Chow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Victoria L. Challinor
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Ken W. L. Yong
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - Dionne M. Arthur
- National Research Centre for Environmental and Toxicology
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - Jack C. Ng
- National Research Centre for Environmental and Toxicology
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - James J. De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Temba BA, Fletcher MT, Fox GP, Harvey JJ, Sultanbawa Y. Inactivation of Aspergillus flavus spores by curcumin-mediated photosensitization. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
41
|
Fletcher MT, Chow S, Ossedryver SM. Effect of increasing low-dose simplexin exposure in cattle consuming Pimelea trichostachya. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:7402-7406. [PMID: 24823868 DOI: 10.1021/jf5005644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pimelea species (or desert riceflower) are small native plants endemic to the drier inland pastoral regions of Australia, which cause a unique syndrome in grazing cattle characterized by submandibular edema and edema in the brisket area as a result of right-sided heart failure attributed to the toxin simplexin, 1. Field evidence suggests that poisoning can occur through minor, inadvertent consumption of Pimelea plant material, but the minimum simplexin intake required to induce Pimelea poisoning is not known. In this study, mild Pimelea poisoning was induced at a daily dose of 12.5 mg Pimelea/kg body weight per day, equivalent to 2.5 μg simplexin/kg body weight per day, demonstrating the high potential toxicity of these plant species. Effects in all animals diminished with prolonged low-dose feeding, and it is postulated that these animals developed mechanisms for detoxifying simplexin, 1, possibly through rumen microbial adaptation or activation of liver enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , P.O. Box 156, Archerfield, QLD 4108, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Woolford L, Fletcher MT, Boardman WSJ. Suspected pyrrolizidine alkaloid hepatotoxicosis in wild southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:7413-7418. [PMID: 24708262 DOI: 10.1021/jf405811n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) inhabiting degraded habitat in South Australia were recently identified with extensive hair loss and dermatitis and were in thin to emaciated body condition. Pathological and clinicopathological investigations on affected juvenile wombats identified a toxic hepatopathy suggestive of plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, accompanied by photosensitive dermatitis. Hepatic disease was suspected in additional wombats on the basis of serum biochemical analysis. Preliminary toxicological analysis performed on scats and gastrointestinal contents from wombats found in this degraded habitat identified a number of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids consistent with ingestion of Heliotropeum europaeum. Although unpalatable, ingestion may occur by young animals due to decreased availability of preferred forages in degraded habitats and the emergence of weeds around the time of weaning of naive animals. Habitat degradation leading to malnutrition and ingestion of toxic weed species is a significant welfare issue in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, 5371 South Australia, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tan ETT, Fletcher MT, Yong KWL, D'Arcy BR, Al Jassim R. Determination of hepatotoxic indospicine in Australian camel meat by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:1974-1979. [PMID: 24433171 DOI: 10.1021/jf4052495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Indospicine is a hepatotoxic amino acid found in Indigofera plant spp. and is unusual in that it is not incorporated into protein but accumulates as the free amino acid in the tissues (including muscle) of animals consuming these plants. Dogs are particularly sensitive to indospicine, and secondary poisoning of dogs has occurred from the ingestion of indospicine-contaminated horse meat and more recently camel meat. In central Australia, feral camels are known to consume native Indigofera species, but the prevalence of indospicine residues in their tissues has not previously been investigated. In this study, a method was developed and validated with the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine the level of indospicine in camel meat samples using isotopically labeled indospicine as an internal standard. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the method is reproducible, with high recovery efficiency and a quantitation limit of 0.1 mg/kg. Camel meat samples from the Simpson Desert were largely contaminated (≈50%) by indospicine with levels up to 3.73 mg/kg (fresh weight) determined. However, the majority of samples (95%) contained less than 1 mg/kg indospicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie T T Tan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct , Coopers Plains, QLD 4108 Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Perkins MV, Fletcher MT, Kitching W, Drew RA, Moore CJ. Chemical studies of rectal gland secretions of some species ofBactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (diptera: Tephritidae). J Chem Ecol 2013; 16:2475-87. [PMID: 24264212 DOI: 10.1007/bf01017470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/1989] [Accepted: 02/26/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Male-produced rectal gland secretions of a number of species now considered to be members of theBactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies have been examined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The structures of a number of previously unreported compounds have been confirmed by synthesis and Chromatographic comparisons. Compounds identified in these secretions include fatty acids, esters, amides, keto alcohols, diols and spiroacetals. These chemical findings are in agreement with taxonomic revisions based on other criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, 4067, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ossedryver SM, Baldwin GI, Stone BM, McKenzie RA, van Eps AW, Murray S, Fletcher MT. Indigofera spicata(creeping indigo) poisoning of three ponies. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:143-9. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SM Ossedryver
- Biosecurity Queensland; Animal Research Institute; Yeerongpilly; QLD; Australia
| | - GI Baldwin
- Eagle Farm Equine Veterinary Hospital; Hendra; QLD; Australia
| | - BM Stone
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; St Lucia; QLD; Australia
| | - RA McKenzie
- Biosecurity Queensland; Animal Research Institute; Yeerongpilly; QLD; Australia
| | - AW van Eps
- Eagle Farm Equine Veterinary Hospital; Hendra; QLD; Australia
| | - S Murray
- Eagle Farm Equine Veterinary Hospital; Hendra; QLD; Australia
| | - MT Fletcher
- Biosecurity Queensland; Animal Research Institute; Yeerongpilly; QLD; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fletcher MT, Hayes PY, Somerville MJ, De Voss JJ. Crotalaria medicaginea associated with horse deaths in northern Australia: new pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:11888-11892. [PMID: 21899365 DOI: 10.1021/jf203147x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Crotalaria medicaginea has been implicated in horse poisoning in grazing regions of central-west Queensland, which resulted in the deaths of more than 35 horses from hepatotoxicosis in 2010. Liver pathology was suggestive of pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis, and we report here the isolation of two previously uncharacterized pyrrolizidine alkaloids from C. medicaginea plant specimens collected from pastures where the horses died. The first alkaloid was shown by mass spectometric and NMR analyses to be 1β,2β-epoxy-7β-hydroxy-1α-methoxymethyl-8α-pyrrolizidine, which, like other alkaloids previously isolated from C. medicaginea, lacks the requisite functionality for hepatotoxcity. The second alkaloid isolated in this investigation was a new macrocyclic diester of otonecine, which we have named cromedine. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of cromedine were fully assigned by 2D NMR techniques and allowed the constitution of the macrocyclic diester to be assigned unambiguously. C. medicaginea specimens implicated in this investigation do not belong to any of the three recognized Australian varieties (C. medicaginea var. neglecta, C. medicaginea var. medicaginea, and C. medicaginea var. linearis) and appear to be a local variant or form, referred to here as C. medicaginea (chemotype cromedine).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Fletcher
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fletcher MT, Reichmann KG, Brock IJ, McKenzie RA, Blaney BJ. Residue potential of norsesquiterpene glycosides in tissues of cattle fed Austral bracken (Pteridium esculentum). J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:8518-8523. [PMID: 21726089 DOI: 10.1021/jf201342t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Austral bracken, Pteridium esculentum , occurs widely in Australian grazing lands and contains both the known carcinogen ptaquiloside and its hydroxy analogue, ptesculentoside, with untested carcinogenic potential. Calves were fed a diet containing 19% P. esculentum that delivered 1.8 mg of ptaquiloside and 4.0 mg of ptesculentoside per kilogram of body weight (bw) per day to explore the carcass residue potential of these compounds. Concentrations of ptaquiloside and ptesculentoside in the liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, and blood of these calves were determined as their respective elimination products, pterosin B and pterosin G, by HPLC-UV analysis. Plasma concentrations of up to 0.97 μg/mL ptaquiloside and 1.30 μg/mL ptesculentoside were found, but were shown to deplete to <10% of these values within 24 h of bracken consumption. Both glycosides were also detected in all tissues assayed, with ptesculentoside appearing to be more residual than ptaquiloside. Up to 0.42 and 0.32 μg/g ptesculentoside was present in skeletal muscle and liver, respectively, 15 days after bracken consumption ended. This detection of residual glycosides in tissues of cattle feeding on Austral bracken raises health concerns for consumers and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Fletcher
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fletcher MT, Brock IJ, Reichmann KG, McKenzie RA, Blaney BJ. Norsesquiterpene glycosides in bracken ferns (Pteridium esculentum and Pteridium aquilinum subsp. wightianum) from Eastern Australia: reassessed poisoning risk to animals. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:5133-5138. [PMID: 21456622 DOI: 10.1021/jf104267c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Austral bracken Pteridium esculentum contains three unstable norsesquiterpene glycosides: ptaquiloside, ptesculentoside, and caudatoside, in variable proportions. The concentration of each of the glycosides was determined in this study as their respective degradation products, pterosin B, pterosin G and pterosin A, by HPLC-UV analysis. Samples of P. esculentum collected from six sites in eastern Australia contained up to 17 mg of total glycoside/g DW, with both ptaquiloside and ptesculentoside present as major components accompanied by smaller amounts of caudatoside. Ratios of ptaquiloside to ptesculentoside varied from 1:3 to 4:3, but in all Australian samples ptesculentoside was a significant component. This profile differed substantially from that of P. esculentum from New Zealand, which contained only small amounts of both ptesculentoside and caudatoside, with ptaquiloside as the dominant component. A similar profile with ptaquiloside as the dominant glycoside was obtained for Pteridium aquilinum subsp. wightianum (previously P. revolutum ) from northern Queensland and also P. aquilinum from European sources. Ptesculentoside has chemical reactivity similar to that of ptaquiloside and presumably biological activity similar to that of this potent carcinogen. The presence of this additional reactive glycoside in Australian P. esculentum implies greater toxicity for consuming animals than previously estimated from ptaquiloside content alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Fletcher
- Animal Research Institute, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Yeerongpilly, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
FitzGerald LM, Fletcher MT, Paul AEH, Mansfield CS, O'Hara AJ. Hepatotoxicosis in dogs consuming a diet of camel meat contaminated with indospicine. Aust Vet J 2011; 89:95-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
50
|
Hayes PY, Chow S, Somerville MJ, Fletcher MT, De Voss JJ. Daphnane- and tigliane-type diterpenoid esters and orthoesters from Pimelea elongata. J Nat Prod 2010; 73:1907-1913. [PMID: 21049973 DOI: 10.1021/np1005746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of Pimelea elongata ("Lakebed Pimelea") afforded 18 tigliane- and daphnane-type diterpenes (1-18). Eight of these were new compounds: four (1-3, 5) tigliane esters and four (7, 8, 10, 11) daphnane orthoesters. The 10 known compounds were 12-O-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (4), P. simplex subtoxin B (6), wikstroelide E (9), pimelotides A and B (12, 13), gnidiglaucin (14), simplexin (15), huratoxin (16), kirkinine D (17), and 12-β-acetoxyhuratoxin (18). The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies in combination with MS analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Y Hayes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|