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Martinez-Chavez LM, Roberts JM, Karley AJ, Shaw B, Pope TW. The clip cage conundrum: Assessing the interplay of confinement method and aphid genotype in fitness studies. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:1591-1602. [PMID: 38227545 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Behavior and fitness are important ecological traits frequently measured in insect bioassays. A common method to measure them in soft-bodied herbivorous insects involves confining individuals to plant leaves using clip cages. Although studies have previously highlighted the negative effects of clip cages on leaf physiology, little is known about the impact that using this confinement method has on insect fitness. The responses of different aphid genotypes/clones to different containment methods have not previously been investigated. Here we measured key fitness traits (intrinsic rate of natural increase, mean relative growth rate, time to reach reproductive adulthood and population doubling time) in the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Hemiptera: Aphididae), when confined to plants using two methods: (1) clip cages to confine aphids to individual strawberry leaves and (2) a mesh bag to confine aphids to whole strawberry plants. Our study identified a strong negative impact on all the measured aphid fitness traits when using clip cages instead of mesh bags. We also identified genotype-specific differences in response to confinement method, where clip cage confinement differentially affected the fitness of a given aphid genotype compared to the same genotype on whole plants. These results suggest that clip cage use should be carefully considered when experiments seek to quantify insect fitness and that whole plants should be used wherever possible. Given the prevalence of clip cage use in insect bioassays, our results highlight the need for caution when interpreting the existing literature as confinement method significantly impacts aphid fitness depending on their genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marcela Martinez-Chavez
- Centre for Crop and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - Joe M Roberts
- Centre for Crop and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - Alison J Karley
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Bethan Shaw
- Pest and Pathogen Ecology, NIAB, East Malling, Kent, UK
| | - Tom W Pope
- Centre for Crop and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, UK
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2
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Yao Y, Lin HT, Chen YH, Chen LL, Zhang HL, Fu HY, Gao SJ, Wang R, Feng HL, Wang JD. Salivary Protein Sfapyrase of Spodoptera frugiperda Stimulates Plant Defence Response. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39262278 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Plants have developed various resistance mechanisms against herbivorous insects through prolonged coevolution. Plant defence responses can be triggered by specific compounds present in insect saliva. Apyrase, a known enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and inorganic phosphorus, has recently been identified in some herbivorous insects. However, whether insect salivary apyrase induces or inhibits plant responses remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified an apyrase-like protein in the salivary proteome of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, named Sfapyrase. Sfapyrase was primarily expressed in the salivary gland and secreted into plants during insect feeding. Transient expression of Sfapyrase in tobacco and maize enhanced plant resistance and resulted in decreased insect feeding. Knockdown of Sfapyrase through RNA interference led to increased growth and feeding of S. frugiperda. Furthermore, we showed that Sfapyrase activates the jasmonic acid signalling pathway and promotes the synthesis of secondary metabolites, especially benzoxazinoids, thereby enhancing resistance to S. frugiperda. In summary, our findings demonstrated that Sfapyrase acts as a salivary elicitor, inducing maize jasmonic acid defence responses and the production of insect-resistant benzoxazinoids. This study provides valuable insights into plant-insect interactions and offers potential targets for developing innovative insect pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huan-Tai Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yao-Hui Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Lan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Li Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fu
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Lin Feng
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jin-da Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Chongtham R, Sharma M, Shukla RN, Joshi G, Kumar A, Goel S, Agarwal M, Jagannath A. De Novo Transcriptome Profiling of Mustard Aphid ( Lipaphis erysimi) and Differential Expression of Transcripts Associated with Feeding and Non-Feeding Conditions and Developmental Stages. INSECTS 2024; 15:682. [PMID: 39336650 PMCID: PMC11432475 DOI: 10.3390/insects15090682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Lipaphis erysimi is a specialist aphid of the Indian subcontinent that causes significant yield losses in oilseed Brassicas. Several aphid genes have been used as preferred targets in RNAi-based transgenic plants for aphid resistance. In order to enhance the repertoire of potential target genes for aphid control and to identify the genes associated with aphid feeding and development, we performed a two-way comparative study of differential gene expression profiles between (i) feeding and non-feeding adults and (ii) adult and nymph developmental stages of L. erysimi. De novo RNA-seq of aphids using Illumina technology generated a final transcriptome comprising 52,652 transcripts. Potential transcripts for host selection, detoxification, salivary proteins and effectors, molecular chaperones and developmental genes were identified. Differential gene expression studies identified variations in the expression of 1502 transcripts between feeding and non-feeding adults and 906 transcripts between nymphs and adults. These data were used to identify novel target genes for RNAi-based aphid control and facilitate further studies on the molecular basis of aphid feeding and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Chongtham
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110019, India
| | - Manvi Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | - Gopal Joshi
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amar Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Shailendra Goel
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Arun Jagannath
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Feng H, Jander G. Serine proteinase inhibitors from Nicotiana benthamiana, a nonpreferred host plant, inhibit the growth of Myzus persicae (green peach aphid). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4470-4481. [PMID: 38666388 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is a severe agricultural crop pest that has developed resistance to most current control methods, requiring the urgent development of novel strategies. Plant proteinase inhibitors (PINs) are small proteins that protect plants against pathogens and/or herbivores, likely by preventing efficient protein digestion. RESULTS We identified 67 protease genes in the transcriptomes of three M. persicae lineages (USDA-Red, G002 and G006). Comparison of gene expression levels in aphid guts and whole aphids showed that several proteases, including a highly expressed serine protease, are significantly overexpressed in the guts. Furthermore, we identified three genes encoding serine protease inhibitors (SerPIN-II1, 2 and 3) in Nicotiana benthamiana, which is a nonpreferred host for M. persicae. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) with a tobacco rattle virus (TRV) vector and overexpression with a turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) vector, we demonstrated that N. benthamiana SerPIN-II1 and SerPIN-II2 cause reduced survival and growth, but do not affect aphid protein content. Likewise, SerPIN-II3 overexpression reduced survival and growth, and serpin-II3 knockout mutations, which we generated using CRISPR/Cas9, increased survival and growth. Protein content was significantly increased in aphids fed on SerPIN-II3 overexpressing plants, yet it was decreased in aphids fed on serpin-II3 mutants. CONCLUSION Our results show that three PIN-IIs from N. benthamiana, a nonpreferred host plant, effectively inhibit M. persicae survival and growth, thereby representing a new resource for the development of aphid-resistant crop plants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Feng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Yu L, Chen Y, Zeng X, Lou Y, Baldwin IT, Li R. Brown planthoppers manipulate rice sugar transporters to benefit their own feeding. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2990-2996.e4. [PMID: 38870934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The feeding of piercing-sucking insect herbivores often elicits changes in their host plants that benefit the insect.1 In addition to thwarting a host's defense responses, these phloem-feeding insects may manipulate source-sink signaling so as to increase resources consumed.2,3 To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying herbivore-induced resource reallocation remain less investigated. Brown planthopper (BPH), an important rice pest, feeds on the phloem and oviposits into leaf sheaths. BPH herbivory increases sugar accumulations 5-fold in the phloem sap of leaf sheaths and concurrently induces the expression of two clade III SWEET genes, SWEET13 and SWEET14, in leaf tissues, but not in leaf sheaths of attacked rice plants. Mutations of both genes by genome editing attenuate resistance to BPH without alterations of known chemical and physical defense responses. Moreover, BPH-elicited sugar levels in the phloem sap were significantly reduced in sweet13/14 mutants, which is likely to attenuate BPH feeding behavior on sweet13/14 mutants. In one of the two field seasons tested, the sweet13/14 mutants showed comparable yield to wild types, and in the other season, the mutants demonstrated stronger BPH resistance. These preliminary results suggested that the mutations in these SWEET transporters could enhance BPH resistance without yield penalties. Given that sweet13/14 mutants also exhibit resistance to bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, these SWEET genes could serve as excellent molecular targets for the breeding of resistant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Pavithran S, Murugan M, Mannu J, Sathyaseelan C, Balasubramani V, Harish S, Natesan S. Salivary gland transcriptomics of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and comparative analysis with other sap-sucking insects. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 116:e22123. [PMID: 38860775 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Aphids are sap-sucking insects responsible for crop losses and a severe threat to crop production. Proteins in the aphid saliva are integral in establishing an interaction between aphids and plants and are responsible for host plant adaptation. The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major pest of Gossypium hirsutum. Despite extensive studies of the salivary proteins of various aphid species, the components of A. gossypii salivary glands are unknown. In this study, we identified 123,008 transcripts from the salivary gland of A. gossypii. Among those, 2933 proteins have signal peptides with no transmembrane domain known to be secreted from the cell upon feeding. The transcriptome includes proteins with more comprehensive functions such as digestion, detoxification, regulating host defenses, regulation of salivary glands, and a large set of uncharacterized proteins. Comparative analysis of salivary proteins of different aphids and other insects with A. gossypii revealed that 183 and 88 orthologous clusters were common in the Aphididae and non-Aphididae groups, respectively. The structure prediction for highly expressed salivary proteins indicated that most possess an intrinsically disordered region. These results provide valuable reference data for exploring novel functions of salivary proteins in A. gossypii with their host interactions. The identified proteins may help develop a sustainable way to manage aphid pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugasundram Pavithran
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Marimuthu Murugan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jayakanthan Mannu
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Chakkarai Sathyaseelan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Venkatasamy Balasubramani
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sankarasubramanian Harish
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ding T, Chen J. Salivary Protein Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-like from Grain Aphid Sitobion avenae Suppresses Wheat Defense Response and Enhances Aphid Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4579. [PMID: 38731798 PMCID: PMC11083452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphids are insect pests that suck phloem sap and introduce salivary proteins into plant tissues through saliva secretion. The effector of salivary proteins plays a key role in the modulation of host plant defense responses and enhancing aphid host adaptation. Based on previous transcriptome sequencing results, a candidate effector cyclin-dependent kinase-like (CDK) was identified from the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. In this study, the function of SaCDK in wheat defense response and the adaptation of S. avenae was investigated. Our results showed that the transient overexpression of SaCDK in tobacco Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed cell death triggered by mouse pro-apoptotic protein-BAX or Phytophthora infestans PAMP-INF1. SaCDK, delivered into wheat cells through a Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated bacterial type III secretion system, suppressed callose deposition in wheat seedlings, and the overexpression of SaCDK in wheat significantly decreased the expression levels of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathway-related genes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), pathogenesis-related 1 protein (PR1), lipoxygenase (LOX) and Ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD). In addition, aphid bioassay results showed that the survival and fecundity of S. avenae were significantly increased while feeding on the wheat plants carrying SaCDK. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the salivary protein SaCDK is involved in inhibiting host defense response and improving its host adaptation, which lays the foundation to uncover the mechanism of the interaction of cereal aphids and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tianbo Ding
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
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Choi MS, Lee J, Kim JM, Kim SG, Joo Y. Girdling behavior of the longhorn beetle modulates the host plant to enhance larval performance. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 38637737 PMCID: PMC11025245 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preingestive behavioral modulations of herbivorous insects on the host plant are abundant over insect taxa. Those behaviors are suspected to have functions such as deactivation of host plant defenses, nutrient accumulation, or modulating plant-mediated herbivore interactions. To understand the functional consequence of behavioral modulation of insect herbivore, we studied the girdling behavior of Phytoecia rufiventris Gautier (Lamiinae; Cerambycidae) on its host plant Erigeron annuus L. (Asteraceae) that is performed before endophytic oviposition in the stem. RESULTS The girdling behavior significantly increased the larval performance in both field monitoring and lab experiment. The upper part of the girdled stem exhibited lack of jasmonic acid induction upon larval attack, lowered protease inhibitor activity, and accumulated sugars and amino acids in compared to non-girdled stem. The girdling behavior had no effect on the larval performance of a non-girdling longhorn beetle Agapanthia amurensis, which also feeds on the stem of E. annuus during larval phase. However, the girdling behavior decreased the preference of A. amurensis females for oviposition, which enabled P. rufiventris larvae to avoid competition with A. amurensis larvae. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the girdling behavior modulates plant physiology and morphology to provide a modulated food source for larva and hide it from the competitor. Our study implies that the insect behavior modulations can have multiple functions, providing insights into adaptation of insect behavior in context of plant-herbivore interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 00826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 34141, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, 28644, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 00826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, 28644, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 34141, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngsung Joo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 00826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, 28644, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Li C, Nong W, Boncan DAT, So WL, Yip HY, Swale T, Jia Q, Vicentin IG, Chung G, Bendena WG, Ngo JCK, Chan TF, Lam HM, Hui JHL. Elucidating the ecophysiology of soybean pod-sucking stinkbug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) based on de novo genome assembly and transcriptome analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:327. [PMID: 38565997 PMCID: PMC10985886 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Food security is important for the ever-growing global population. Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., is cultivated worldwide providing a key source of food, protein and oil. Hence, it is imperative to maintain or to increase its yield under different conditions including challenges caused by abiotic and biotic stresses. In recent years, the soybean pod-sucking stinkbug Riptortus pedestris has emerged as an important agricultural insect pest in East, South and Southeast Asia. Here, we present a genomics resource for R. pedestris including its genome assembly, messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) transcriptomes at different developmental stages and from different organs. As insect hormone biosynthesis genes (genes involved in metamorphosis) and their regulators such as miRNAs are potential targets for pest control, we analyzed the sesquiterpenoid (juvenile) and ecdysteroid (molting) hormone biosynthesis pathway genes including their miRNAs and relevant neuropeptides. Temporal gene expression changes of these insect hormone biosynthesis pathways were observed at different developmental stages. Similarly, a diet-specific response in gene expression was also observed in both head and salivary glands. Furthermore, we observed that microRNAs (bantam, miR-14, miR-316, and miR-263) of R. pedestris fed with different types of soybeans were differentially expressed in the salivary glands indicating a diet-specific response. Interestingly, the opposite arms of miR-281 (-5p and -3p), a miRNA involved in regulating development, were predicted to target Hmgs genes of R. pedestris and soybean, respectively. These observations among others highlight stinkbug's responses as a function of its interaction with soybean. In brief, the results of this study not only present salient findings that could be of potential use in pest management and mitigation but also provide an invaluable resource for R. pedestris as an insect model to facilitate studies on plant-pest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chade Li
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shat-in, HKSAR, China
| | - Wenyan Nong
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shat-in, HKSAR, China
| | - Delbert Almerick T Boncan
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai Lok So
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shat-in, HKSAR, China
| | - Ho Yin Yip
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shat-in, HKSAR, China
| | | | - Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Ignacio G Vicentin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Avenida Rivadavia, Ciudad de Buenos, 1439, Argentina
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Korea
| | - William G Bendena
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacky C K Ngo
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China.
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China.
- Institute of Environment, Institute of Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China.
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China.
- Institute of Environment, Institute of Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China.
| | - Jerome H L Hui
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China.
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shat-in, HKSAR, China.
- Institute of Environment, Institute of Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China.
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van Kleeff PJM, Mastop M, Sun P, Dangol S, van Doore E, Dekker HL, Kramer G, Lee S, Ryu CM, de Vos M, Schuurink RC. Discovery of Three Bemisia tabaci Effectors and Their Effect on Gene Expression in Planta. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:380-395. [PMID: 38114195 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0044-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (whitefly) is a polyphagous agroeconomic pest species complex. Two members of this species complex, Mediterranean (MED) and Middle-East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), have a worldwide distribution and have been shown to manipulate plant defenses through effectors. In this study, we used three different strategies to identify three MEAM1 proteins that can act as effectors. Effector B1 was identified using a bioinformatics-driven effector-mining strategy, whereas effectors S1 and P1 were identified in the saliva of whiteflies collected from artificial diet and in phloem exudate of tomato on which nymphs were feeding, respectively. These three effectors were B. tabaci specific and able to increase whitefly fecundity when transiently expressed in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). Moreover, they reduced growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci in Nicotiana benthamiana. All three effectors changed gene expression in planta, and B1 and S1 also changed phytohormone levels. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis pinpointed plant-pathogen interaction and photosynthesis as the main enriched pathways for all three effectors. Our data thus show the discovery and validation of three new B. tabaci MEAM1 effectors that increase whitefly fecundity and modulate plant immunity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J M van Kleeff
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Pulu Sun
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Doore
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Henk L Dekker
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | | | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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11
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Bleau JR, Gaur N, Fu Y, Bos JIB. Unveiling the Slippery Secrets of Saliva: Effector Proteins of Phloem-Feeding Insects. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:211-219. [PMID: 38148271 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0167-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Phloem-feeding insects include many important agricultural pests that cause crop damage globally, either through feeding-related damage or upon transmission of viruses and microbes that cause plant diseases. With genetic crop resistances being limited to most of these pests, control relies on insecticides, which are costly and damaging to the environment and to which insects can develop resistance. Like other plant parasites, phloem-feeding insects deliver effectors inside their host plants to promote susceptibility, most likely by a combination of suppressing immunity and promoting nutrient availability. The recent emergence of the effector paradigm in plant-insect interactions is highlighted by increasing availability of effector repertoires for a range of species and a broadening of our knowledge concerning effector functions. Here, we focus on recent progress made toward identification of effector repertoires from phloem-feeding insects and developments in effector biology that will advance functional characterization studies. Importantly, identification of effector activities from herbivorous insects promises to provide new avenues toward development of crop protection strategies. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade R Bleau
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Namami Gaur
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Yao Fu
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K
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12
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Waksman T, Astin E, Fisher SR, Hunter WN, Bos JIB. Computational Prediction of Structure, Function, and Interaction of Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid) Salivary Effector Proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:338-346. [PMID: 38171380 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0154-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Similar to plant pathogens, phloem-feeding insects such as aphids deliver effector proteins inside their hosts that act to promote host susceptibility and enable feeding and infestation. Despite exciting progress toward identifying and characterizing effector proteins from these insects, their functions remain largely unknown. The recent groundbreaking development in protein structure prediction algorithms, combined with the availability of proteomics and transcriptomic datasets for agriculturally important pests, provides new opportunities to explore the structural and functional diversity of effector repertoires. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the infection strategy used by the Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) by predicting and analyzing the structures of a set of 71 effector candidate proteins. We used two protein structure prediction methods, AlphaFold and OmegaFold, that produced mutually consistent results. We observed a wide continuous spectrum of structures among the effector candidates, from disordered proteins to globular enzymes. We made use of the structural information and state-of-the-art computational methods to predict M. persicae effector protein properties, including function and interaction with host plant proteins. Overall, our investigation provides novel insights into prediction of structure, function, and interaction of M. persicae effector proteins and will guide the necessary experimental characterization to address new hypotheses. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Waksman
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Edmund Astin
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - S Ronan Fisher
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - William N Hunter
- Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K
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Pavithran S, Murugan M, Mannu J, Yogendra K, Balasubramani V, Sanivarapu H, Harish S, Natesan S. Identification of salivary proteins of the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora by transcriptome and LC-MS/MS analyses. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 165:104060. [PMID: 38123026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aphid salivary proteins mediate the interaction between aphids and their host plants. Moreover, these proteins facilitate digestion, detoxification of secondary metabolites, as well as activation and suppression of plant defenses. The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, is an important sucking pest of leguminous crops worldwide. Although aphid saliva plays an important role in aphid plant interactions, knowledge of the cowpea aphid salivary proteins is limited. In this study, we performed transcriptomic and LC-MS/MS analyses to identify the proteins present in the salivary glands and saliva of A. craccivora. A total of 1,08,275 assembled transcripts were identified in the salivary glands of aphids. Of all these assembled transcripts, 53,714 (49.11%) and 53,577 (49.48%) transcripts showed high similarity to known proteins in the Nr and UniProt databases, respectively. A total of 2159 proteins were predicted as secretory proteins from the salivary gland transcriptome dataset, which contain digestive enzymes, detoxification enzymes, previously known effectors and elicitors, and potential proteins whose functions have yet to be determined. The proteomic analysis of aphid saliva resulted in the identification of 171 proteins. Tissue-specific expression of selected genes using RT-PCR showed that three genes were expressed only in the salivary glands. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive repertoire of cowpea aphid salivary proteins from the salivary gland and saliva, which will be a good resource for future effector functional studies and might also be useful for sustainable aphid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugasundram Pavithran
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Marimuthu Murugan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
| | - Jayakanthan Mannu
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Venkatasamy Balasubramani
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Hemalatha Sanivarapu
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Sankarasubramanian Harish
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
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An X, Gu Q, Wang J, Chang T, Zhang W, Wang JJ, Niu J. Insect-specific RNA virus affects the stylet penetration activity of brown citrus aphid (Aphis citricidus) to facilitate its transmission. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:255-270. [PMID: 37358052 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects often transmit plant viruses but also carry insect viruses, which infect insects but not plants. The impact of such insect viruses on insect host biology and ecology is largely unknown. Here, we identified a novel insect-specific virus carried by brown citrus aphid (Aphis citricidus), which we tentatively named Aphis citricidus picornavirus (AcPV). Phylogenetic analysis discovered a monophyletic cluster with AcPV and other unassigned viruses, suggesting that these viruses represent a new family in order Picornavirales. Systemic infection with AcPV triggered aphid antiviral immunity mediated by RNA interference, resulting in asymptomatic tolerance. Importantly, we found that AcPV was transmitted horizontally by secretion of the salivary gland into the feeding sites of plants. AcPV influenced aphid stylet behavior during feeding and increased the time required for intercellular penetration, thus promoting its transmission among aphids with plants as an intermediate site. The gene expression results suggested that this mechanism was linked with transcription of salivary protein genes and plant defense hormone signaling. Together, our results show that the horizontal transmission of AcPV in brown citrus aphids evolved in a manner similar to that of the circulative transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors, thus providing a new ecological perspective on the activity of insect-specific viruses found in aphids and improving the understanding of insect virus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin An
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoying Gu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tengyu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Meijer D, Hopkoper S, Weldegergis BT, Westende WV, Gort G, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Effects of far-red light on the behaviour and reproduction of the zoophytophagous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus and its interaction with a whitefly herbivore. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:187-196. [PMID: 37705240 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect neighbouring plants through a reduction in the ratio between red and far-red light (R:FR). This provides a signal of plant-plant competition and induces rapid plant growth while inhibiting defence against biotic stress, two interlinked responses designated as the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Consequently, the SAS can influence plant-herbivore interactions that could cascade to higher trophic levels. However, little is known about how the expression of the SAS can influence tritrophic interactions. We investigated whether changes in R:FR affect the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), and whether these changes influence the attraction of the zoophytophagous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. We also studied how the expression of the SAS and subsequent inhibition of plant defences affects the reproduction of M. pygmaeus in both the presence and absence of the greenhouse whitefly (WF) (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) as arthropod prey. The results show that changes in R:FR have little effect on HIPV emissions and predator attraction. However, a reduction in R:FR leads to increased reproduction of both the predator and the WFs. We discuss that shade avoidance responses can increase the population development of M. pygmaeus through a combination of reduced plant defences and increased herbivore densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Meijer
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Syb Hopkoper
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wendy Van't Westende
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Yang L, Qin CY, Chen Y, Wang ZG, Chen RY, Niu J, Wang JJ. Fusion dsRNA in targeting salivary protein genes enhance the RNAi-based aphid control. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105645. [PMID: 38072520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising tool for pest control and relies on sequence-specific gene silencing. Salivary proteins are cooperatively secreted into plants to guarantee the feeding of aphids; thus they have potential to develop as selective targets for RNAi-based pest control strategy. For this purpose, we firstly analyzed 18 salivary proteomes of various aphid species, and these salivary proteins can be mainly categorized into seven functional groups. Secondly, we created a work-flow for fusion dsRNA design that can target multiple genes but were selectively safe to beneficial insects. Based on this approach, seven fusion dsRNAs were designed to feed the green peach aphid, which induced a significant reduction in aphid fitness. Among them, ingestion of dsperoxidase induced the highest mortality in aphids, which was also significantly higher than that of traditional dsRNAs in targeting three peroxidases separately. In addition, dsperoxidase-fed green peach aphids triggered the highest H2O2 content of host plants as well as the attraction to natural enemies (ladybeetle and parasitic wasp) but repellent to other control aphids. Our results indicate that the fusion dsRNA design approach can improve aphid control capacity, and the fusion dsRNA targeting salivary protein-encoding genes can enhance the direct and indirect defenses of host plants, thus providing a new strategy for RNAi-based aphid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cong-Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zi-Guo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Gao H, Lin X, Yuan X, Zou J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu Z. The salivary chaperone protein NlDNAJB9 of Nilaparvata lugens activates plant immune responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6874-6888. [PMID: 37103882 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a main pest on rice. It secretes saliva to regulate plant defense responses, when penetrating rice plant and sucking phloem sap through its stylet. However, the molecular mechanisms of BPH salivary proteins regulating plant defense responses remain poorly understood. A N. lugens DNAJ protein (NlDNAJB9) gene was highly expressed in salivary glands, and the knock down of NlDNAJB9 significantly enhanced honeydew excretion and fecundity of the BPH. NlDNAJB9 could induce plant cell death, and the overexpression of NlDNAJB9 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana induced calcium signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, jasmonic acid (JA) hormone signaling and callose deposition. The results from different NlDNAJB9 deletion mutants indicated that the nuclear localization of NlDNAJB9 was not necessary to induce cell death. The DNAJ domain was the key region to induce cell death, and the overexpression of DNAJ domain in N. benthamiana significantly inhibited insect feeding and pathogenic infection. NlDNAJB9 might interact indirectly with NlHSC70-3 to regulate plant defense responses. NlDNAJB9 and its orthologs were highly conserved in three planthopper species, and could induce ROS burst and cell death in plants. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Gao
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xumin Lin
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaowei Yuan
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianzheng Zou
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhang Y, Fu Y, Liu X, Francis F, Fan J, Liu H, Wang Q, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Chen J. SmCSP4 from aphid saliva stimulates salicylic acid-mediated defence responses in wheat by interacting with transcription factor TaWKRY76. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2389-2407. [PMID: 37540474 PMCID: PMC10579719 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphid salivary proteins are critical in modulating plant defence responses. Grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi is an important wheat pest worldwide. However, the molecular basis for the regulation of the plant resistance to cereal aphids remains largely unknown. Here, we show that SmCSP4, a chemosensory protein from S. miscanthi saliva, is secreted into wheat plants during aphid feeding. Delivery of SmCSP4 into wheat leaves activates salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defence responses and subsequently reduces aphid performance by deterring aphid feeding behaviour. In contrast, silencing SmCSP4 gene via nanocarrier-mediated RNAi significantly decreases the ability of aphids to activate SA defence pathway. Protein-protein interaction assays showed that SmCSP4 directly interacts with wheat transcriptional factor TaWRKY76 in plant nucleus. Furthermore, TaWRKY76 directly binds to the promoter of SA degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6) and regulates its gene expression as transcriptional activator. SmCSP4 secreted by aphids reduces the transcriptional activation activity of TaWRKY76 on DMR6 gene expression, which is proposed to result in increases of SA accumulation and enhanced plant immunity. This study demonstrated that SmCSP4 acts as salivary elicitor that is involved in activating SA signalling defence pathway of wheat by interacting with TaWRKY76, which provide novel insights into aphid-cereal crops interactions and the molecular mechanism on induced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu Fu
- PHIM Plant Health InstituteUniv Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Jia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Gao J, Tao T, Arthurs SP, Hussain M, Ye F, Mao R. Saliva-Mediated Contrasting Effects of Two Citrus Aphid Species on Asian Citrus Psyllid Feeding Behavior and Plant Jasmonic Acid Pathway. INSECTS 2023; 14:672. [PMID: 37623382 PMCID: PMC10455628 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
While herbivorous insect saliva plays a crucial role in the interaction between plants and insects, its role in the inter-specific interactions between herbivorous insects has received little attention. Pre-infestation of citrus plants with Aphis spiraecola Patch and Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) exhibited positive and negative effects on the performance (feeding and reproduction) of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. We explored the role of saliva in this plant-mediated interaction by infiltrating fresh and boiled aphid saliva into plants and detecting D. citri feeding behavior and citrus plant defense response. Leaf infiltration of A. spiraecola saliva disrupted the subsequent feeding of D. citri, indicated by prolonged extracellular stylet pathway duration and decreased phloem sap ingestion duration. By contrast, infiltration of A. citricidus saliva decreased the duration of the extracellular stylet pathway and phloem sap ingestion of D. citri. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed that several salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-pathway-related genes were activated by A. spiraecola saliva infiltration. However, two SA-pathway-related genes were activated and three JA-pathway-related genes were suppressed following A. citricidus saliva infiltration. Treatment with boiled saliva did not similarly impact D. citri feeding behavior or plant defense response. This study suggests that salivary components (those that can be inactivated by heating) from two citrus aphid species differently affect plant defenses and that they were responsible for the contrasting plant-mediated effects of two citrus aphids on the feeding behavior of D. citri. This study indicates a novel three-way citrus aphid-plant-citrus psyllid interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Tonglai Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | | | - Mubasher Hussain
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fengxian Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Runqian Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (J.G.); (T.T.); (M.H.); (F.Y.)
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He MJ, Zuo DP, Zhang ZY, Wang Y, Han CG. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of Myzus persicae Carrying Brassica Yellows Virus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:908. [PMID: 37508340 PMCID: PMC10376434 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses in the genus Polerovirus infect a wide range of crop plants and cause severe economic crop losses. BrYV belongs to the genus Polerovirus and is transmitted by Myzus persicae. However, the changes in transcriptome and proteome profiles of M. persicae during viral infection are unclear. Here, RNA-Seq and TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis were performed to compare the differences between viruliferous and nonviruliferous aphids. In total, 1266 DEGs were identified at the level of transcription with 980 DEGs being upregulated and 286 downregulated in viruliferous aphids. At the protein level, among the 18 DEPs identified, the number of upregulated proteins in viruliferous aphids was twice that of the downregulated DEPs. Enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs and DEPs were mainly involved in epidermal protein synthesis, phosphorylation, and various metabolic processes. Interestingly, the expressions of a number of cuticle proteins and tubulins were upregulated in viruliferous aphids. Taken together, our study revealed the complex regulatory network between BrYV and its vector M. persicae from the perspective of omics. These findings should be of great benefit to screening key factors involved in the process of virus circulation in aphids and provide new insights for BrYV prevention via vector control in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deng-Pan Zuo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zong-Ying Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng-Gui Han
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang H, Shi S, Hua W. Advances of herbivore-secreted elicitors and effectors in plant-insect interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1176048. [PMID: 37404545 PMCID: PMC10317074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants. When plants are exposed to insects, elicitors induce plant defenses, and complex physiological and biochemical processes are triggered, such as the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways, Ca2+ flux, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and other responses. For better adaptation, insects secrete a large number of effectors to interfere with plant defenses on multiple levels. In plants, resistance (R) proteins have evolved to recognize effectors and trigger stronger defense responses. However, only a few effectors recognized by R proteins have been identified until now. Multi-omics approaches for high-throughput elicitor/effector identification and functional characterization have been developed. In this review, we mainly highlight the recent advances in the identification of the elicitors and effectors secreted by insects and their target proteins in plants and discuss their underlying molecular mechanisms, which will provide new inspiration for controlling these insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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22
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Shan S, Huang Y, Guo C, Hu B, Zhang H, Li Y, Chen J, Wei Z, Sun Z. A salivary secretory protein from Riptortus pedestris facilitates pest infestation and soybean staygreen syndrome. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:560-569. [PMID: 36916884 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bean bug (Riptortus pedestris), one of the most important pests of soybean, causes staygreen syndrome, delaying plant maturation and affecting pod development, resulting in severe crop yield loss. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism of this pest. In this study, we found that a salivary secretory protein, Rp614, induced cell death in nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. NbSGT1 and NbNDR1 are involved in Rp614-induced cell death. Tissue specificity analysis showed that Rp614 is mainly present in salivary glands and is highly induced during pest feeding. RNA interference experiments showed that staygreen syndrome caused by R. pedestris was significantly attenuated when Rp614 was silenced. Together, our results indicate that Rp614 plays an essential role in R. pedestris infestation and provide a promising RNA interference target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Biao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Feng H, Chen W, Hussain S, Shakir S, Tzin V, Adegbayi F, Ugine T, Fei Z, Jander G. Horizontally transferred genes as RNA interference targets for aphid and whitefly control. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:754-768. [PMID: 36577653 PMCID: PMC10037149 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based technologies are starting to be commercialized as a new approach for agricultural pest control. Horizontally transferred genes (HTGs), which have been transferred into insect genomes from viruses, bacteria, fungi or plants, are attractive targets for RNAi-mediated pest control. HTGs are often unique to a specific insect family or even genus, making it unlikely that RNAi constructs targeting such genes will have negative effects on ladybugs, lacewings and other beneficial predatory insect species. In this study, we sequenced the genome of a red, tobacco-adapted isolate of Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and bioinformatically identified 30 HTGs. We then used plant-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to show that several HTGs of bacterial and plant origin are important for aphid growth and/or survival. Silencing the expression of fungal-origin HTGs did not affect aphid survivorship but decreased aphid reproduction. Importantly, although there was uptake of plant-expressed RNA by Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spotted ladybugs) via the aphids that they consumed, we did not observe negative effects on ladybugs from aphid-targeted VIGS constructs. To demonstrate that this approach is more broadly applicable, we also targeted five Bemisia tabaci (whitefly) HTGs using VIGS and demonstrated that knockdown of some of these genes affected whitefly survival. As functional HTGs have been identified in the genomes of numerous pest species, we propose that these HTGs should be explored further as efficient and safe targets for control of insect pests using plant-mediated RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Sonia Hussain
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering CollegePakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied SciencesFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Sara Shakir
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech InstituteThe University of LiegeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSede BoqerIsrael
| | - Femi Adegbayi
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Todd Ugine
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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Fu Y, Liu X, Wang Q, Liu H, Cheng Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Chen J. Two salivary proteins Sm10 and SmC002 from grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi modulate wheat defense and enhance aphid performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104275. [PMID: 37056510 PMCID: PMC10086322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi is a serious pest of wheat that causes severe economic damage by sucking phloem sap and transmitting plant viruses. Here, two putative salivary effector homologs from S. miscanthi (Sm10 and SmC002) were selected based on sequence similarity to other characterized aphid candidate effectors. These effectors were then delivered into wheat cells separately via the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas fluorescens to elucidate their functions in the regulation of plant defenses and host fitness. The results showed that the delivery of either Sm10 or SmC002 into wheat plants significantly suppressed callose deposition and affected the transcript levels of callose synthase genes. The expression levels of salicylic acid (SA)-associated defense genes were upregulated significantly in wheat leaves carrying either Sm10 or SmC002. Moreover, LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that wheat SA levels significantly increased after the delivery of the two effectors. The results of aphid bioassays conducted on the wheat plants carrying Sm10 or SmC002 showed significant increases in the survival and fecundity of S. miscanthi. This study demonstrated that the Sm10 and SmC002 salivary effectors of S. miscanthi enhanced host plant susceptibility and benefited S. miscanthi performance by regulating wheat defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs-Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (MARA-CABI) Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 contributes to manipulation of rice plant defenses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:737. [PMID: 36759625 PMCID: PMC9911632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary elicitors secreted by herbivorous insects can be perceived by host plants to trigger plant immunity. However, how insects secrete other salivary components to subsequently attenuate the elicitor-induced plant immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we study the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus salivary sheath protein LsSP1. Using Y2H, BiFC and LUC assays, we show that LsSP1 is secreted into host plants and binds to salivary sheath via mucin-like protein (LsMLP). Rice plants pre-infested with dsLsSP1-treated L. striatellus are less attractive to L. striatellus nymphs than those pre-infected with dsGFP-treated controls. Transgenic rice plants with LsSP1 overexpression rescue the insect feeding defects caused by a deficiency of LsSP1 secretion, consistent with the potential role of LsSP1 in manipulating plant defenses. Our results illustrate the importance of salivary sheath proteins in mediating the interactions between plants and herbivorous insects.
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26
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German L, Yeshvekar R, Benitez‐Alfonso Y. Callose metabolism and the regulation of cell walls and plasmodesmata during plant mutualistic and pathogenic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:391-404. [PMID: 36478232 PMCID: PMC10107507 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are essential for plant growth and development, providing support and protection from external environments. Callose is a glucan that accumulates in specialized cell wall microdomains including around intercellular pores called plasmodesmata. Despite representing a small percentage of the cell wall (~0.3% in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana), callose accumulation regulates important biological processes such as phloem and pollen development, cell division, organ formation, responses to pathogenic invasion and to changes in nutrients and toxic metals in the soil. Callose accumulation modifies cell wall properties and restricts plasmodesmata aperture, affecting the transport of signaling proteins and RNA molecules that regulate plant developmental and environmental responses. Although the importance of callose, at and outside plasmodesmata cell walls, is widely recognized, the underlying mechanisms controlling changes in its synthesis and degradation are still unresolved. In this review, we explore the most recent literature addressing callose metabolism with a focus on the molecular factors affecting callose accumulation in response to mutualistic symbionts and pathogenic elicitors. We discuss commonalities in the signaling pathways, identify research gaps and highlight opportunities to target callose in the improvement of plant responses to beneficial versus pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam German
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Richa Yeshvekar
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Shih PY, Sugio A, Simon JC. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Host Plant Specificity in Aphids. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:431-450. [PMID: 36228134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are serious pests of agricultural and ornamental plants and important model systems for hemipteran-plant interactions. The long evolutionary history of aphids with their host plants has resulted in a variety of systems that provide insight into the different adaptation strategies of aphids to plants and vice versa. In the past, various plant-aphid interactions have been documented, but lack of functional tools has limited molecular studies on the mechanisms of plant-aphid interactions. Recent technological advances have begun to reveal plant-aphid interactions at the molecular level and to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms of aphid adaptation or specialization to different host plants. In this article, we compile and analyze available information on plant-aphid interactions, discuss the limitations of current knowledge, and argue for new research directions. We advocate for more work that takes advantage of natural systems and recently established molecular techniques to obtain a comprehensive view of plant-aphid interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Shih
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
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Zhang J, Li H, Zhong X, Tian J, Segers A, Xia L, Francis F. Silencing an aphid-specific gene SmDSR33 for aphid control through plant-mediated RNAi in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1100394. [PMID: 36699834 PMCID: PMC9868936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grain aphid (Sitobion miscanthi) is one of the most dominant and devastating insect pests in wheat, which causes substantial losses to wheat production each year. Engineering transgenic plants expressing double strand RNA (dsRNA) targeting an insect-specific gene has been demonstrated to provide an alternative environmentally friendly strategy for aphid management through plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi). Here we identified and characterized a novel potential RNAi target gene (SmDSR33) which was a gene encoding a putative salivary protein. We then generated stable transgenic wheat lines expressing dsRNA for targeted silencing of SmDSR33 in grain aphids through plant-mediated RNAi. After feeding on transgenic wheat plants expressing SmDSR33-dsRNA, the attenuated expression levels of SmDSR33 in aphids were observed when compared to aphids feeding on wild-type plants. The decreased SmDSR33 expression levels thus resulted in significantly reduced fecundity and survival, and decreased reproduction of aphids. We also observed altered aphid feeding behaviors such as longer duration of intercellular stylet pathway and shorter duration of passive ingestion in electroneurography assays. Furthermore, both the surviving aphids and their offspring exhibited decreased survival rates and fecundity, indicating that the silencing effect could be persistent and transgenerational in grain aphids. The results demonstrated that SmDSR33 can be selected as an effective RNAi target for wheat aphid control. Silencing of an essential salivary protein gene involved in ingestion through plant-mediated RNAi could be exploited as an effective strategy for aphid control in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Huiyuan Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Xue Zhong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jinfu Tian
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Segers
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lanqin Xia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
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Silva-Sanzana C, Gangas MV, Zavala D, Blanco-Herrera F. A Recipe for Success: Three Key Strategies Used by Aphids and Pseudomonas syringae to Colonize the Phyllosphere. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:1-8. [PMID: 35039905 PMCID: PMC9849291 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aphids and Pseudomonas syringae are a permanent challenge for agriculture, causing severe losses to the crop industry worldwide. Despite the obvious phylogenetic distance between them, both have become predominant colonizers of the plant kingdom. In this study, we reviewed three key steps of spread and colonization that aphids and P. syringae have mastered to successfully colonize the phyllosphere. These steps involve (i) plant-to-plant movement for locating new nutritional sources, (ii) disruption and modification of the apoplast to facilitate nutrient acquisition, and (iii) suppression of host defenses through effector proteins. In addition, we will provide insights about the direct interaction between aphids and P. syringae and how this yet underrated phenomenon could bring new ecological implications for both organisms beyond their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Victoria Gangas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), ANID, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile.
- Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile.
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), ANID, Santiago, Chile.
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Obermeier C, Mason AS, Meiners T, Petschenka G, Rostás M, Will T, Wittkop B, Austel N. Perspectives for integrated insect pest protection in oilseed rape breeding. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3917-3946. [PMID: 35294574 PMCID: PMC9729155 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past, breeding for incorporation of insect pest resistance or tolerance into cultivars for use in integrated pest management schemes in oilseed rape/canola (Brassica napus) production has hardly ever been approached. This has been largely due to the broad availability of insecticides and the complexity of dealing with high-throughput phenotyping of insect performance and plant damage parameters. However, recent changes in the political framework in many countries demand future sustainable crop protection which makes breeding approaches for crop protection as a measure for pest insect control attractive again. At the same time, new camera-based tracking technologies, new knowledge-based genomic technologies and new scientific insights into the ecology of insect-Brassica interactions are becoming available. Here we discuss and prioritise promising breeding strategies and direct and indirect breeding targets, and their time-perspective for future realisation in integrated insect pest protection of oilseed rape. In conclusion, researchers and oilseed rape breeders can nowadays benefit from an array of new technologies which in combination will accelerate the development of improved oilseed rape cultivars with multiple insect pest resistances/tolerances in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Obermeier
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Rostás
- Division of Agricultural Entomology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Will
- Insitute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Insitute, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wittkop
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nadine Austel
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Francis F, Xie H, Fan J, Wang Q, Liu H, Sun Y, Chen J. The salivary effector protein Sg2204 in the greenbug Schizaphis graminum suppresses wheat defence and is essential for enabling aphid feeding on host plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2187-2201. [PMID: 35984895 PMCID: PMC9616526 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphids secrete diverse repertoires of salivary effectors into host plant cells to promote infestation by modulating plant defence. The greenbug Schizaphis graminum is an important cereal aphid worldwide. However, the secreted effectors of S. graminum are still uncharacterized. Here, 76 salivary proteins were identified from the watery saliva of S. graminum using transcriptome and proteome analyses. Among them, a putative salivary effector Sg2204 was significantly up-regulated during aphid feeding stages, and transient overexpression of Sg2204 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited cell death induced by BAX or INF1. Delivering Sg2204 into wheat via the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas fluorescens EtAnH suppressed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated callose deposition. The transcript levels of jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-associated defence genes of wheat were significantly down-regulated, and the contents of both JA and SA were also significantly decreased after delivery of Sg2204 into wheat leaves. Additionally, feeding on wheat expressing Sg2204 significantly increased the weight and fecundity of S. graminum and promoted aphid phloem feeding. Sg2204 was efficiently silenced via spray-based application of the nanocarrier-mediated transdermal dsRNA delivery system. Moreover, Sg2204-silenced aphids induced a stronger wheat defence response and resulted in negative impacts on aphid feeding behaviour, survival and fecundity. Silencing of Sg2204 homologues from four aphid species using nanocarrier-delivered dsRNA also significantly reduced aphid performance on host plants. Thus, our study characterized the salivary effector Sg2204 of S. graminum involved in promoting host susceptibility by suppressing wheat defence, which can also be regarded as a promising RNAi target for aphid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Haicui Xie
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdao CityChina
| | - Jia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of EntomologyCollege of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdao CityChina
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Silva-Sanzana C, Zavala D, Moraga F, Herrera-Vásquez A, Blanco-Herrera F. Oligogalacturonides Enhance Resistance against Aphids through Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Activation of Salicylic Acid Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179753. [PMID: 36077150 PMCID: PMC9456349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable capacity of the generalist aphid Myzus persicae to resist most classes of pesticides, along with the environmental and human health risks associated with these agrochemicals, has necessitated the development of safer and greener solutions to control this agricultural pest. Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are pectin-derived molecules that can be isolated from fruit industry waste. OGs have been shown to efficiently stimulate plant defenses against pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. However, whether OGs confer resistance against phytophagous insects such as aphids remains unknown. Here, we treated Arabidopsis plants with OGs and recorded their effects on the feeding performance and population of M. persicae aphids. We also identified the defense mechanism triggered by OGs in plants through the analysis of gene expression and histological approaches. We found that OG treatments increased their resistance to M. persicae infestation by reducing the offspring number and feeding performance. Furthermore, this enhanced resistance was related to a substantial accumulation of callose and reactive oxygen species and activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Moraga
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-26618319
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Sogatella furcifera Saliva Mucin-like Protein Is Required for Feeding and Induces Rice Defences. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158239. [PMID: 35897828 PMCID: PMC9332473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, is one of the most important piercing-sucking pests of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia. Mucin-like salivary protein (SFMLP) is highly expressed in the salivary glands of WBPH, which plays an important role in WBPH feeding. In this study, WBPH injected with dsSFMLP had difficulty in sucking phloem sap from rice plants, which significantly reduced their food intake, weight, and survival. In contrast, the knockdown of the SFMLP gene had only a marginal effect on the survival of WBPH fed an artificial diet. Further studies showed that silencing SFMLP resulted in the short and single-branched salivary sheaths secretion and less formation of salivary flanges in rice. These data suggest that SFMLP is involved in the formation of the salivary sheath and is essential for feeding in WBPH. Overexpression of the SFMLP gene in rice plants promoted the feeding of WBPH, whereas silencing the gene in rice plants significantly decreased WBPH performance. Additionally, it was found that overexpression of SFMLP in rice plants elicited the signalling pathway of SA (salicylic acid) while suppressing JA (jasmonic acid); in contrast, silencing of the SFMLP gene in rice plants showed the opposite results. This study clarified the function of SFMLP in WBPH feeding as well as mediating rice defences.
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Nicolis VF, Burger NFV, Botha AM. Whole-body transcriptome mining for candidate effectors from Diuraphis noxia. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:493. [PMID: 35799109 PMCID: PMC9264610 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteins within aphid saliva play a crucial role as the molecular interface between aphids and their host plants. These salivary effectors modulate plant responses to favour aphid feeding and facilitate infestation. The identification of effectors from economically important pest species is central in understanding the molecular events during the aphid-plant interaction. The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Kurdjumov) is one such pest that causes devastating losses to wheat and barley yields worldwide. Despite the severe threat to food security posed by D. noxia, the non-model nature of this pest and its host has hindered progress towards understanding this interaction. In this study, in the absence of a salivary gland transcriptome, whole-body transcriptomics data was mined to generate a candidate effector catalogue for D. noxia. Results Mining the transcriptome identified 725 transcripts encoding putatively secreted proteins amongst which were transcripts specific to D. noxia. Six of the seven examined D. noxia putative effectors, termed DnE’s (Diuraphis noxia effectors) exhibited salivary gland-specific expression. A comparative analysis between whole-body D. noxia transcriptome data versus the head and body transcriptomes from three other aphid species allowed us to define a catalogue of transcripts putatively upregulated in D. noxia head tissue. Five of these were selected for RT-qPCR confirmation, and were found to corroborate the differential expression predictions, with a further three confirmed to be highly expressed in D. noxia salivary gland tissue. Conclusions Determining a putative effector catalogue for D. noxia from whole-transcriptome data, particularly the identification of salivary-specific sequences potentially unique to D. noxia, provide the basis for future functional characterisation studies to gain further insight into this aphid-plant interaction. Furthermore, due to a lack of publicly available aphid salivary gland transcriptome data, the capacity to use comparative transcriptomics to compile a list of putative effector candidates from whole-body transcriptomics data will further the study of effectors in various aphid species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08712-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio F Nicolis
- Genetics Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - N Francois V Burger
- Genetics Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anna-Maria Botha
- Genetics Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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Jones AC, Felton GW, Tumlinson JH. The dual function of elicitors and effectors from insects: reviewing the 'arms race' against plant defenses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:427-445. [PMID: 34618284 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview, analysis, and reflection on insect elicitors and effectors (particularly from oral secretions) in the context of the 'arms race' with host plants. Following injury by an insect herbivore, plants rapidly activate induced defenses that may directly or indirectly affect the insect. Such defense pathways are influenced by a multitude of factors; however, cues from the insect's oral secretions are perhaps the most well studied mediators of such plant responses. The relationship between plants and their insect herbivores is often termed an 'evolutionary arms race' of strategies for each organism to either overcome defenses or to avoid attack. However, these compounds that can elicit a plant defense response that is detrimental to the insect may also benefit the physiology or metabolism of an insect species. Indeed, several insect elicitors of plant defenses (such as the fatty acid-amino acid conjugate, volicitin) are known to enhance an insect's ability to obtain nutritionally important compounds from plant tissue. Here we re-examine the well-known elicitors and effectors from chewing insects to demonstrate not only our incomplete understanding of the specific biochemical and molecular cascades involved in these interactions but also to consider the role of these compounds for the insect species itself. Finally, this overview discusses opportunities for research in the field of plant-insect interactions by utilizing tools such as genomics and proteomics to integrate the future study of these interactions through ecological, physiological, and evolutionary disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Jones
- Biological Sciences Department, Virginia Polytechnic State and University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Gary W Felton
- Entomology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Entomology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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36
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Feng H, Acosta-Gamboa L, Kruse LH, Tracy JD, Chung SH, Nava Fereira AR, Shakir S, Xu H, Sunter G, Gore MA, Casteel CL, Moghe GD, Jander G. Acylsugars protect Nicotiana benthamiana against insect herbivory and desiccation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:505-522. [PMID: 34586580 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Nicotiana benthamiana acylsugar acyltransferase (ASAT) is required for protection against desiccation and insect herbivory. Knockout mutations provide a new resource for investigation of plant-aphid and plant-whitefly interactions. Nicotiana benthamiana is used extensively as a transient expression platform for functional analysis of genes from other species. Acylsugars, which are produced in the trichomes, are a hypothesized cause of the relatively high insect resistance that is observed in N. benthamiana. We characterized the N. benthamiana acylsugar profile, bioinformatically identified two acylsugar acyltransferase genes, ASAT1 and ASAT2, and used CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis to produce acylsugar-deficient plants for investigation of insect resistance and foliar water loss. Whereas asat1 mutations reduced accumulation, asat2 mutations caused almost complete depletion of foliar acylsucroses. Three hemipteran and three lepidopteran herbivores survived, gained weight, and/or reproduced significantly better on asat2 mutants than on wildtype N. benthamiana. Both asat1 and asat2 mutations reduced the water content and increased leaf temperature. Our results demonstrate the specific function of two ASAT proteins in N. benthamiana acylsugar biosynthesis, insect resistance, and desiccation tolerance. The improved growth of aphids and whiteflies on asat2 mutants will facilitate the use of N. benthamiana as a transient expression platform for the functional analysis of insect effectors and resistance genes from other plant species. Similarly, the absence of acylsugars in asat2 mutants will enable analysis of acylsugar biosynthesis genes from other Solanaceae by transient expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Feng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lucia Acosta-Gamboa
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lars H Kruse
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jake D Tracy
- Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | | | - Alba Ruth Nava Fereira
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Sara Shakir
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Institute, The University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- College of Life Science, The Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Garry Sunter
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Michael A Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Clare L Casteel
- Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Fu Y, Crespo-Herrera L, Liu H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen J. Salivary Effector Sm9723 of Grain Aphid Sitobion miscanthi Suppresses Plant Defense and Is Essential for Aphid Survival on Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6909. [PMID: 35805913 PMCID: PMC9266898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphid salivary effectors play important roles in modulating plant defense responses. The grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi is one of the most economically important cereal aphids worldwide. However, little information is available on the identification and functional analysis of salivary effectors of S. miscanthi. In this study, a candidate salivary effector Sm9723 was identified, which was specifically expressed in aphid salivary glands and highly induced during the aphid feeding phase. Transient overexpression of Sm9723 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed BAX and INF1-induced cell death. Further, Sm9723 overexpression inhibited N. benthamiana defense responses by reducing pattern-triggered immunity associated callose deposition and expression levels of jasmonic and salicylic acid-associated defense genes. In addition, the salivary effector Sm9723 of S. miscanthi was effectively silenced through nanocarrier-mediated dsRNA delivery system. After silencing Sm9723, fecundity and survival of S. miscanthi decreased significantly, and the aphid feeding behavior was also negatively affected. These results suggest salivary effector Sm9723 is involved in suppressing plant immunity and is essential in enabling aphid virulence, which could be applied as potential target gene for RNAi-mediated pest control of S. miscanthi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
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Twayana M, Girija AM, Mohan V, Shah J. Phloem: At the center of action in plant defense against aphids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153695. [PMID: 35468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The location of the phloem deep inside the plant, the high hydrostatic pressure in the phloem, and the composition of phloem sap, which is rich in sugar with a high C:N ratio, allows phloem sap feeding insects to occupy a unique ecological niche. The anatomy and physiology of aphids, a large group of phytophagous insects that use their mouthparts, which are modified into stylets, to consume large amounts of phloem sap, has allowed aphids to successfully exploit this niche, however, to the detriment of agriculture and horticulture. The ability to reproduce asexually, a short generation time, the development of resistance to commonly used insecticides, and their ability to vector viral diseases makes aphids among the most damaging pests of plants. Here we review how plants utilize their ability to occlude sieve elements and accumulate antibiotic and antinutritive factors in the phloem sap to limit aphid infestation. In addition, we summarize progress on understanding how plants perceive aphids to activate defenses in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Twayana
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Anil M Girija
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
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Du H, Xu HX, Wang F, Qian LX, Liu SS, Wang XW. Armet from whitefly saliva acts as an effector to suppress plant defences by targeting tobacco cystatin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1848-1862. [PMID: 35238409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arginine rich, mutated in early stage of tumours (Armet), is a well-characterized bifunctional protein as an unfolded protein response component intracellularly and a neurotrophic factor extracellularly in mammals. Recently, a new role of Armet as an effector protein mediating insect-plant interactions has been reported; however, its molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of plant defences remain unclear. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying whitefly-secreted Armet-mediated regulation of insect-plant interaction by agrobacterium-mediated transient expression, RNA interference, electrical penetration graph, protein-protein interaction studies, virus-induced gene silencing assay, phytohormone analysis and whitefly bioassays. Armet, secreted by Bemisia tabaci whitefly, is highly expressed in the primary salivary gland and is delivered into tobacco plants during feeding. Overexpression of the BtArmet gene in tobacco enhanced whitefly performance, while silencing the BtArmet gene in whitefly interrupted whitefly feeding and suppressed whitefly performance on tobacco plants. BtArmet was shown to interact with NtCYS6, a cystatin protein essential for tobacco anti-whitefly resistance, and counteract the negative effects of NtCYS6 on whitefly. These results indicate that BtArmet is a salivary effector and acts to promote whitefly performance on tobacco plants through binding to the tobacco cystatin NtCYS6. Our findings provide novel insight into whitefly-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hong-Xing Xu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li-Xin Qian
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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40
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Snoeck S, Guayazán-Palacios N, Steinbrenner AD. Molecular tug-of-war: Plant immune recognition of herbivory. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1497-1513. [PMID: 35026025 PMCID: PMC9048929 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses against insect herbivores are induced through wound-induced signaling and the specific perception of herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). In addition, herbivores can deliver effectors that suppress plant immunity. Here we review plant immune recognition of HAMPs and effectors, and argue that these initial molecular interactions upon a plant-herbivore encounter mediate and structure effective resistance. While the number of distinct HAMPs and effectors from both chewing and piercing-sucking herbivores has expanded rapidly with omics-enabled approaches, paired receptors and targets in the host are still not well characterized. Herbivore-derived effectors may also be recognized as HAMPs depending on the host plant species, potentially through the evolution of novel immune receptor functions. We compile examples of HAMPs and effectors where natural variation between species may inform evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of plant-herbivore interactions. Finally, we discuss the combined effects of wounding and HAMP recognition, and review potential signaling hubs, which may integrate both sensing functions. Understanding the precise mechanisms for plant sensing of herbivores will be critical for engineering resistance in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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41
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Ray S, Casteel CL. Effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1514-1531. [PMID: 35277714 PMCID: PMC9048964 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors, which are primarily viral. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in broadening our understanding of plant-virus-vector interactions, yet on the molecular level, viruses and vectors have typically been studied in isolation of each other until recently. From that work, it is clear that both hemipteran vectors and viruses use effectors to manipulate host physiology and successfully colonize a plant and that co-evolutionary dynamics have resulted in effective host immune responses, as well as diverse mechanisms of counterattack by both challengers. In this review, we focus on advances in effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions and the underlying mechanisms. We propose that molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur in cases where both the virus and vector benefit from the interaction (mutualism). To support this view, we show that mutualisms are common in virus-vector interactions and that virus and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways. Finally, we outline ways to identify true effector synergisms in the future and propose future research directions concerning the roles effectors play in plant-virus-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayamjit Ray
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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42
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Fu J, Shi Y, Wang L, Tian T, Li J, Gong L, Zheng Z, Jing M, Fang J, Ji R. Planthopper-Secreted Salivary Calmodulin Acts as an Effector for Defense Responses in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841378. [PMID: 35295635 PMCID: PMC8918949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) and small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) are major pests of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia. These piercing-sucking insects secrete saliva into the host during feeding. Nevertheless, it is largely unknown how planthoppers use salivary effectors to enable continuous feeding on rice. Here, we screened their salivary proteomes and selected eight salivary proteins conserved between SBPH and BPH as candidate effectors. Silencing calmodulin (CaM) impeded BPH and SBPH from penetrating the phloem. Hence, their food intake, survival, and fecundity on rice plants were reduced. By contrast, CaM silencing had a small effect on the survival rate of BPH and SBPH raised on artificial diet. The CaM amino acid sequences were the same for both BPH and SBPH. CaM was highly expressed in their salivary glands and secreted into the rice plants during feeding. Bacterially expressed recombinant CaM protein exhibited calcium-binding activity. In planta expression disclosed that CaM was localized to the plant cytoplasms and nuclei and suppressed plant defenses such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and callose deposition. CaM-silenced BPH and SBPH nymphs elicited relatively high levels of H2O2 and callose accumulation in rice plants. The foregoing results reveal that CaM is an effector as it enables the planthopper to reach the phloem by suppressing callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhouting Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jichao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
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43
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Luo K, Zhao H, Wang X, Kang Z. Prevalent Pest Management Strategies for Grain Aphids: Opportunities and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:790919. [PMID: 35082813 PMCID: PMC8784848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.790919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cereal plants in natural ecological systems are often either sequentially or simultaneously attacked by different species of aphids, which significantly decreases the quality and quantity of harvested grain. The severity of the damage is potentially aggravated by microbes associated with the aphids or the coexistence of other fungal pathogens. Although chemical control and the use of cultivars with single-gene-based antibiosis resistance could effectively suppress grain aphid populations, this method has accelerated the development of insecticide resistance and resulted in pest resurgence. Therefore, it is important that effective and environmentally friendly pest management measures to control the damage done by grain aphids to cereals in agricultural ecosystems be developed and promoted. In recent decades, extensive studies have typically focused on further understanding the relationship between crops and aphids, which has greatly contributed to the establishment of sustainable pest management approaches. This review discusses recent advances and challenges related to the control of grain aphids in agricultural production. Current knowledge and ongoing research show that the integration of the large-scale cultivation of aphid-resistant wheat cultivars with agricultural and/or other management practices will be the most prevalent and economically important management strategy for wheat aphid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Huiyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiukang Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Kallure GS, Kumari A, Shinde BA, Giri AP. Characterized constituents of insect herbivore oral secretions and their influence on the regulation of plant defenses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113008. [PMID: 34768189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For more than 350 million years, there have been ongoing dynamic interactions between plants and insects. In several cases, insects cause-specific feeding damage with ensuing herbivore-associated molecular patterns that invoke characteristic defense responses. During feeding on plant tissue, insects release oral secretions (OSs) containing a repertoire of molecules affecting plant defense (effectors). Some of these OS components might elicit a defense response to combat insect attacks (elicitors), while some might curb the plant defenses (suppressors). Few reports suggest that the synthesis and function of OS components might depend on the host plant and associated microorganisms. We review these intricate plant-insect interactions, during which there is a continuous exchange of molecules between plants and feeding insects along with the associated microorganisms. We further provide a list of commonly identified inducible plant produced defensive molecules released upon insect attack as well as in response to OS treatments of the plants. Thus, we describe how plants specialized and defense-related metabolism is modulated at innumerable phases by OS during plant-insect interactions. A molecular understanding of these complex interactions will provide a means to design eco-friendly crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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45
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Feng H, Jander G. Rapid Screening of Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid) RNAi Targets Using Tobacco Rattle Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2360:105-117. [PMID: 34495511 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1633-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to reduce the growth of insect pests, including Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), a prolific pest of numerous dicot crop species. In one approach, viruses that have been engineered to carry an aphid gene fragment are used to infect plants and thereby silence target gene expression in the aphids feeding on these plants, a process called virus-induced gene silencing, or VIGS. Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) in the model plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, was the first of many VIGS systems that have been developed for different plant species. In this chapter, we describe a method for silencing M. persicae gene expression using an established TRV-VIGS vector that infects and spreads in N. benthamiana. The two parts of the TRV genome, RNA1 and RNA2, have been cloned into Agrobacterium T-DNA vectors for initiation of plant infections. The RNA2 construct is modified with a Gateway-compatible cloning site to allow insertion of aphid genes. When feeding on TRV-infected N. benthamiana plants, aphids ingest dsRNAs that silence specific target genes. TRV-VIGS of aphid genes allows rapid identification of essential gene targets that can be used for the control of M. persicae by this and other RNAi methods.
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46
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Ali F, Hu X, Wang D, Yang F, Guo H, Wang Y. Plant pathogen-mediated rapid acclimation of a host-specialized aphid to a non-host plant. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15261-15272. [PMID: 34765176 PMCID: PMC8571567 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous aphids often consist of host-specialized lineages, which have greater fitness on their native hosts than on others. The underlying causes are important for understanding of the evolution of diet breadth and host shift of aphids. The cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover is extremely polyphagous with many strict host-specialized lineages. Whether and how the lineage specialized on the primary host hibiscus shifts to the secondary host cucumber remains elusive. We found that the hibiscus-specialized lineage suffered high mortality and gave birth to very few nymphs developing into yellow dwarfs on fresh cucumber leaves, and did not inflict any damage symptoms on cucumber plants. The poor performance did not improve with prolonged exposure to cucumber; however, it did significantly improve when the cucumber leaves were pre-infected with a biotrophic phytopathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis. More importantly, the hibiscus-specialized lineage with two-generation feeding experience on pre-infected cucumber leaves performed as well as the cucumber-specialized lineage did on fresh cucumber leaves, and inflicted typical damage symptoms on intact cucumber plants. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) indicated that the hibiscus-specialized lineage did not ingest phloem sap from fresh cucumber leaves but succeeded in ingesting phloem sap from pre-infected cucumber leaves, which explained the performance improvement of the hibiscus-specialized lineage on pre-infected cucumber leaves. This study revealed a new pathway for the hibiscus-specialized lineage to quickly acclimate to cucumber under the assistance of the phytopathogen. We considered that the short feeding experience on pre-infected cucumber may activate expression of effector genes that are related to specific host utilization. We suggest to identify host-specific effectors by comparing proteomes or/and transcriptomes of the hibiscus-specialized lineage before and after acclimating to cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ali
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Duoqi Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fengying Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hao Guo
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yongmo Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Fu W, Liu X, Rao C, Ji R, Bing X, Li J, Wang Y, Xu H. Screening Candidate Effectors of the Bean Bug Riptortus pedestris by Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.760368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The damage of Riptortus pedestris is exceptional by leading soybean plants to keep green in late autumn. Identification of the salivary proteins is essential to understand how the pest-plant interaction occurs. Here, we have tried to identify them by a combination of proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. The transcriptomes of salivary glands from R. pedestris males, females and nymphs showed about 28,000 unigenes, in which about 40% had open reading frames (ORFs). Therefore, the predicted proteins in the transcriptomes with secretion signals were obtained. Many of the top 1,000 expressed transcripts were involved in protein biosynthesis and transport, suggesting that the salivary glands produce a rich repertoire of proteins. In addition, saliva of R. pedestris males, females and nymphs was collected and proteins inside were identified. In total, 155, 20, and 11 proteins were, respectively, found in their saliva. We have tested the tissue-specific expression of 68 genes that are likely to be effectors, either because they are homologs of reported effectors of other sap-feeding arthropods, or because they are within the top 1,000 expressed genes or found in the salivary proteomes. Their potential functions in regulating plant defenses were discussed. The datasets reported here represent the first step in identifying effectors of R. pedestris.
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48
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Ji R, Fu J, Shi Y, Li J, Jing M, Wang L, Yang S, Tian T, Wang L, Ju J, Guo H, Liu B, Dou D, Hoffmann AA, Zhu-Salzman K, Fang J. Vitellogenin from planthopper oral secretion acts as a novel effector to impair plant defenses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:802-817. [PMID: 34260062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin (Vg) is a well-known nutritious protein involved in reproduction in nearly all oviparous animals, including insects. Recently, Vg has been detected in saliva proteomes of several piercing-sucking herbivorous arthropods, including the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH). Its function, however, remains unexplored. We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying SBPH orally secreted Vg-mediated manipulation of plant-insect interaction by RNA interference, phytohormone and H2 O2 profiling, protein-protein interaction studies and herbivore bioassays. A C-terminal polypeptide of Vg (VgC) in SBPH, when secreted into rice plants, acted as a novel effector to attenuate host rice defenses, which in turn improved insect feeding performance. Silencing Vg reduced insect feeding and survival on rice. Vg-silenced SBPH nymphs consistently elicited higher H2 O2 production, a well-established defense mechanism in rice, whereas expression of VgC in planta significantly hindered hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation and promoted insect performance. VgC interacted directly with the rice transcription factor OsWRKY71, a protein which is involved in induction of H2 O2 accumulation and plant resistance to SBPH. These findings indicate a novel effector function of Vg: when secreted into host rice plants, this protein effectively weakened H2 O2 -mediated plant defense through its association with a plant immunity regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianmei Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shiying Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jiafei Ju
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jichao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
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49
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Chung SH, Jander G. Inhibition of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Corn Leaf Aphid) Growth on Maize by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing with Sugarcane Mosaic Virus. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2360:139-153. [PMID: 34495513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1633-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), a damaging pest of maize (Zea mays), is not controlled by the insecticidal proteins in commercially available transgenic crop varieties. One promising approach is to reduce aphid growth and fecundity by targeting the expression of essential genes using plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi). Here we describe a method whereby Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV), a positive-strand RNA virus in the Potyviridae family, is used for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of gene expression in R. maidis. A segment of the R. maidis target gene is cloned into SCMV, maize plants are infected with the transgenic virus, aphids are placed on the virus-infected plants and, after a few days of feeding, decreases in target gene expression and aphid reproduction are assessed. This VIGS method can be used for rapid screening of suitable RNAi targets for aphid pest control, as well as to study the in vivo function of specific aphid genes.
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50
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Fuentes S, Tongson E, Unnithan RR, Gonzalez Viejo C. Early Detection of Aphid Infestation and Insect-Plant Interaction Assessment in Wheat Using a Low-Cost Electronic Nose (E-Nose), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Modeling. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175948. [PMID: 34502839 PMCID: PMC8434653 DOI: 10.3390/s21175948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in early insect detection have been reported using digital technologies through camera systems, sensor networks, and remote sensing coupled with machine learning (ML) modeling. However, up to date, there is no cost-effective system to monitor insect presence accurately and insect-plant interactions. This paper presents results on the implementation of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and a low-cost electronic nose (e-nose) coupled with machine learning. Several artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed based on classification to detect the level of infestation and regression to predict insect numbers for both e-nose and NIR inputs, and plant physiological response based on e-nose to predict photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs). Results showed high accuracy for classification models ranging within 96.5-99.3% for NIR and between 94.2-99.2% using e-nose data as inputs. For regression models, high correlation coefficients were obtained for physiological parameters (gs, E and A) using e-nose data from all samples as inputs (R = 0.86) and R = 0.94 considering only control plants (no insect presence). Finally, R = 0.97 for NIR and R = 0.99 for e-nose data as inputs were obtained to predict number of insects. Performances for all models developed showed no signs of overfitting. In this paper, a field-based system using unmanned aerial vehicles with the e-nose as payload was proposed and described for deployment of ML models to aid growers in pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigfredo Fuentes
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (E.T.); (C.G.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eden Tongson
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (E.T.); (C.G.V.)
| | - Ranjith R. Unnithan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Claudia Gonzalez Viejo
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (E.T.); (C.G.V.)
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