1
|
Giulietti S, Bigini V, Savatin DV. ROS and RNS production, subcellular localization, and signaling triggered by immunogenic danger signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4512-4534. [PMID: 37950493 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously monitor the environment to detect changing conditions and to properly respond, avoiding deleterious effects on their fitness and survival. An enormous number of cell surface and intracellular immune receptors are deployed to perceive danger signals associated with microbial infections. Ligand binding by cognate receptors represents the first essential event in triggering plant immunity and determining the outcome of the tissue invasion attempt. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are secondary messengers rapidly produced in different subcellular localizations upon the perception of immunogenic signals. Danger signal transduction inside the plant cells involves cytoskeletal rearrangements as well as several organelles and interactions between them to activate key immune signaling modules. Such immune processes depend on ROS and RNS accumulation, highlighting their role as key regulators in the execution of the immune cellular program. In fact, ROS and RNS are synergic and interdependent intracellular signals required for decoding danger signals and for the modulation of defense-related responses. Here we summarize current knowledge on ROS/RNS production, compartmentalization, and signaling in plant cells that have perceived immunogenic danger signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Giulietti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Ye X, Zhou C, Zhou Y. Regulation of Nicotiana benthamiana cell death induced by citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus-RepA protein by WRKY 1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1164416. [PMID: 37180388 PMCID: PMC10167294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1164416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV) is a Citlodavirus species in the Geminiviridae family that causes tremendous economic loss to the citrus industry in China. Some proteins encoded by geminiviruses are crucial for the interaction between the virus and its host plant. However, the exact functions of CCDaV-encoded proteins such as CCDaV-RepA have not been investigated. This study presents evidence that CCDaV-RepA elicits a hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana that was accompanied by the production of H2O2 and ion leakage, which suggested that CCDaV-RepA is a potential recognition target for inducing host defense responses. Furthermore, the rolling-circle replication motifs of CCDaV-RepA are associated with triggering HR-like cell death in N. benthamiana. Confocal microscopy and deletion mutagenesis assays showed that CCDaV-RepA was located in the nucleus, while the first eight amino acids (aa) at the N terminus and two regions located between aa residues 122-263 and 220-264 of RepA were not associated with nuclear localization. Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing of the key signaling cascade components revealed that HR-like cell death induced by RepA was inhibited in WRKY1-silenced N. benthamiana. Moreover, WRKY1 expression was upregulated in RepA-GFP infiltrated Overall, the results suggest that NbWRKY1 positively regulated CCDaV-RepA -induced cell death in N. benthamiana. These findings provide novel information for further research on the interactions between CCDaV and the host plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang H, Cheng X, Yin D, Chen D, Luo C, Liu H, Huang C. Advances in the Research on Plant WRKY Transcription Factors Responsive to External Stresses. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2861-2880. [PMID: 37185711 PMCID: PMC10136515 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factors are a class of transcriptional regulators that are ubiquitous in plants, wherein they play key roles in various physiological activities, including responses to stress. Specifically, WRKY transcription factors mediate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses through the binding of their conserved domain to the W-box element of the target gene promoter and the subsequent activation or inhibition of transcription (self-regulation or cross-regulation). In this review, the progress in the research on the regulatory effects of WRKY transcription factors on plant responses to external stresses is summarized, with a particular focus on the structural characteristics, classifications, biological functions, effects on plant secondary metabolism, regulatory networks, and other aspects of WRKY transcription factors. Future research and prospects in this field are also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wang
- College of Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dongmei Yin
- College of Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun S, Ren Y, Wang D, Farooq T, He Z, Zhang C, Li S, Yang X, Zhou X. A group I WRKY transcription factor regulates mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:237-253. [PMID: 34738705 PMCID: PMC8743015 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses constitute the largest group of known plant viruses and cause devastating losses to a wide range of crops and woody plants globally. Mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus (MMDaV), identified from Chinese mulberry trees via small RNA-based deep sequencing, is a divergent monopartite geminivirus belonging to the genus Mulcrilevirus of the family Geminiviridae. Previous studies have shown that plants employ multiple layers of defence to protect themselves from geminivirus infection. The interplay between plant and MMDaV is nevertheless less studied. This study presents evidence that MMDaV triggers hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated antiviral defence in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We show that the RepA protein of MMDaV is engaged in HR-type cell death induction. We find that the RepA mutants with compromised nuclear localization ability impair their capabilities of cell death induction. Virus-induced gene silencing of the key components of the R protein-mediated signalling pathway reveals that down-regulation of the nucleus-targeting NbWRKY1 alleviates the cell death induction activity of RepA. We further demonstrate that RepA up-regulates the transcript level of NbWRKY1. Furthermore, expression of RepA in N. benthamiana confers plant resistance against two begomoviruses. We propose that plant resistance against RepA can be potentially used to improve plant defence against geminiviruses in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dongxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tahir Farooq
- Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Zhang H. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as mediators in plant hypersensitive response and stomatal closure. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1985860. [PMID: 34668846 PMCID: PMC9208772 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1985860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have attracted considerable interest from plant pathologists since they regulate plant defenses via the hypersensitive response (HR) and stomatal closure. Here, we introduce the regulatory mechanisms of NO and ROS bursts and discuss the role of such bursts in HR and stomatal closure. It showed that epidermal sections of leaves respond to pathogens by the rapid and intense production of intracellular ROS and NO. Oxidative stress and H2O2 induce stomatal closure. Catalase and peroxidase-deficient plants are also hyperresponsive to pathogen invasion, suggesting a role for H2O2 in HR-mediated cell death. The analysis reveals that ROS and NO play important roles in stomatal closure and HR that involves multiple pathways. Therefore, multi-disciplinary and multi-omics combined analysis is crucial to the advancement of ROS and NO research and their role in plant defense mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li C, Wang K, Huang Y, Lei C, Cao S, Qiu L, Xu F, Jiang Y, Zou Y, Zheng Y. Activation of the BABA-induced priming defence through redox homeostasis and the modules of TGA1 and MAPKK5 in postharvest peach fruit. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1624-1640. [PMID: 34498365 PMCID: PMC8578844 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The priming of defence responses in pathogen-challenged model plants undergoes a preparation phase and an expression phase for defence function. However, the priming response in postharvest fruits has not been elucidated. Here, we found that 50 mM β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) treatment could induce two distinct pathways linked with TGA1-related systemic acquired resistance (SAR), resulting in the alleviation of Rhizopus rot in postharvest peach fruit. The first priming phase was elicited by BABA alone, leading to the enhanced transcription of redox-regulated genes and posttranslational modification of PpTGA1. The second phase was activated by an H2 O2 burst via up-regulation of PpRBOH genes and stimulation of the MAPK cascade on pathogen invasion, resulting in a robust defence. In the MAPK cascade, PpMAPKK5 was identified as a shortcut interacting protein of PpTGA1 and increased the DNA binding activity of PpTGA1 for the activation of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive PR genes. The overexpression of PpMAPKK5 in Arabidopsis caused the constitutive transcription of SA-dependent PR genes and as a result conferred resistance against the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer. Hence, we suggest that the BABA-induced priming defence in peaches is activated by redox homeostasis with an elicitor-induced reductive signalling and a pathogen-stimulated H2 O2 burst, which is accompanied by the possible phosphorylation of PpTGA1 by PpMAPKK5 for signal amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Li
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kaituo Wang
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yixiao Huang
- College of Art and ScienceUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFloridaUSA
| | - Changyi Lei
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental SciencesZhejiang Wanli UniversityNingboChina
| | - Linglan Qiu
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical SciencesNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yongbo Jiang
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yanyu Zou
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yonghua Zheng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu X, Liu Z, Liao W. The involvement of gaseous signaling molecules in plant MAPK cascades: function and signal transduction. PLANTA 2021; 254:127. [PMID: 34812934 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the interaction of gaseous signaling molecules and MAPK cascade components, which further reveals the specific mechanism of the crosstalk between MAPK cascade components and gaseous signaling molecules. Plants have evolved complex and sophisticated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades that are engaged in response to environmental stress. There is currently compelling experimental evidence that gaseous signaling molecules are involved in MAPK cascades. During stress, nitric oxide (NO) activates MAPK cascades to transmit stimulus signals, and MAPK cascades also regulate NO biosynthesis to mediate NO-dependent physiological processes. Activated MAPK cascades lead to phosphorylation of specific sites of aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase to regulate the ethylene biosynthesis-signaling pathway. Hydrogen sulfide functions upstream of MAPKs and regulates the MAPK signaling pathway at the transcriptional level. Here, we describe the function and signal transduction of gaseous signaling molecules involved in MAPK cascades and focus on introducing and discussing the recent data obtained in this field concerning the interaction of gaseous signaling molecules and MAPK cascades. In addition, this article outlines the direction and challenges of future work and further reveals the specific mechanism of the crosstalk between MAPK cascade components and gaseous signaling molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiya Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen JB, Bao SW, Fang YL, Wei LY, Zhu WS, Peng YL, Fan J. An LRR-only protein promotes NLP-triggered cell death and disease susceptibility by facilitating oligomerization of NLP in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1808-1822. [PMID: 34403491 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) constitute a superfamily of proteins toxic to dicot plants, but the molecular basis of this toxicity remains obscure. Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis we investigated the genetic variation underlying ion leakage in Arabidopsis plants elicited with MoNLP1 derived from Magnaporthe oryzae. The QTL conditioning MoNLP1 toxicity was positionally cloned and further characterized to elucidate its mode of action. MoNLP1-triggered cell death varied significantly across > 250 Arabidopsis accessions and three QTLs were identified conferring the observed variation. The QTL on chromosome 4 was uncovered to encode a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-only protein designated as NTCD4, which shares high sequence identity with a set of nucleotide-binding LRR proteins. NTCD4 was secreted into the apoplast and physically interacted with multiple NLPs. Apoplastic NTCD4 facilitated the oligomerization of NLP, which was closely associated with toxicity in planta. The natural genetic variation causing D3N change in NTCD4 reduced the secretion efficiency of NTCD4 and the infection of Botrytis cinerea on Arabidopsis plants. These observations demonstrate that the plant-derived NTCD4 is recruited by NLPs to promote toxicity via facilitating their oligomerization, which extends our understanding of a key step in the toxic mode of action of NLPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wen Bao
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yang Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vieira P, Vicente CSL, Branco J, Buchan G, Mota M, Nemchinov LG. The Root Lesion Nematode Effector Ppen10370 Is Essential for Parasitism of Pratylenchus penetrans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:645-657. [PMID: 33400561 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0267-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans is a migratory species that attacks a broad range of crops. Like other plant pathogens, P. penetrans deploys a battery of secreted protein effectors to manipulate plant hosts and induce disease. Although several candidate effectors of P. penetrans have been identified, detailed mechanisms of their functions and particularly their host targets remain largely unexplored. In this study, a repertoire of candidate genes encoding pioneer effectors of P. penetrans was amplified from mixed life stages of the nematode, and candidate effectors were cloned and subjected to transient expression in a heterologous host, Nicotiana benthamiana, using potato virus X-based gene vector. Among seven analyzed genes, the candidate effector designated as Ppen10370 triggered pleiotropic phenotypes substantially different from those produced by wild type infection. Transcriptome analysis of plants expressing Ppen10370 demonstrated that observed phenotypic changes were likely related to disruption of core biological processes in the plant due to effector-originated activities. Cross-species comparative analysis of Ppen10370 identified homolog gene sequences in five other Pratylenchus species, and their transcripts were found to be localized specifically in the nematode esophageal glands by in situ hybridization. RNA silencing of the Ppen10370 resulted in a significant reduction of nematode reproduction and development, demonstrating an important role of the esophageal gland effector for parasitism.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, U.S.A
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | - Cláudia S L Vicente
- NemaLab, MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- INIAV, I.P.-Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jordana Branco
- NemaLab, MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Gary Buchan
- Electron & Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab, MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Lev G Nemchinov
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song Z, Zhang C, Chen L, Jin P, Tetteh C, Zhou X, Gao Z, Zhang H. The Arabidopsis small G-protein AtRAN1 is a positive regulator in chitin-induced stomatal closure and disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:92-107. [PMID: 33191557 PMCID: PMC7749754 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a fungal microbial-associated molecular pattern, triggers various defence responses in several plant systems. Although it induces stomatal closure, the molecular mechanisms of its interactions with guard cell signalling pathways are unclear. Based on screening of public microarray data obtained from the ATH1 Affymetrix and Arabidopsis eFP browser, we isolated a cDNA encoding a Ras-related nuclear protein 1 AtRAN1. AtRAN1 expression was enriched in guard cells in a manner consistent with involvement in the control of the stomatal movement. AtRAN1 mutation impaired chitin-induced stomatal closure and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in guard cells. In addition, Atran1 mutant plants exhibited compromised chitin-enhanced plant resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens due to changes in defence-related genes. Furthermore, Atran1 mutant plants were hypersensitive to drought stress compared to Col-0 plants, and had lower levels of stress-responsive genes. These data demonstrate a previously uncharacterized signalling role for AtRAN1, mediating chitin-induced signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Pinyuan Jin
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Charles Tetteh
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Han Y, Qu M, Chen J, Chen X, Geng X, Wang Z, Chen S. Apoplastic Cell Death-Inducing Proteins of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Roles in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32676100 PMCID: PMC7333776 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes and fungi, secrete a remarkable diversity of apoplastic effector proteins to facilitate infection, many of which are able to induce cell death in plants. Over the past decades, over 177 apoplastic cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) have been identified in filamentous oomycetes and fungi. An emerging number of studies have demonstrated the role of many apoplastic CDIPs as essential virulence factors. At the same time, apoplastic CDIPs have been documented to be recognized by plant cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recent findings of extracellular recognition of apoplastic CDIPs by plant leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) have greatly advanced our understanding of how plants detect them and mount a defense response. This review summarizes the latest advances in identifying apoplastic CDIPs of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, and our current understanding of the dual roles of apoplastic CDIPs in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Z, Shi L, Weng Y, Zou H, Li X, Yang S, Qiu S, Huang X, Huang J, Hussain A, Zhang K, Guan D, He S. ChiIV3 Acts as a Novel Target of WRKY40 to Mediate Pepper Immunity Against Ralstonia solanacearum Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1121-1133. [PMID: 31039081 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0313-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ChiIV3, a chitinase of pepper (Capsicum annuum), stimulates cell death in pepper plants. However, there are only scarce reports on its role in resistance against bacterial wilt disease such as that caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and their transcriptional regulation. In this study, the silencing of ChiIV3 in pepper plants significantly reduced the resistance to R. solanacearum. The transcript of ChiIV3 was induced by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) as well as exogenous application of methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that the ChiIV3 promoter consists of multiple stress-related cis elements, including six W-boxes and one MYB1AT. With the 5' deletion assay in the ChiIV3 promoter, the W4-box located from -640 to -635 bp was identified as the cis element that is required for the response to RSI. In addition, the W4-box element was shown to be essential for the binding of the ChiIV3 promoter by the WRKY40 transcription factor, which is known to positively regulate the defense response to R. solanacearum. Site-directed mutagenesis in the W4-box sequence impaired the binding of WRKY40 to the ChiIV3 promoter. Subsequently, the transcription of ChiIV3 decreased in WRKY40-silenced pepper plants. These results demonstrated that the expression of the defense gene ChiIV3 is controlled through multiple modes of regulation, and WRKY40 directly binds to the W4-box element of the ChiIV3 promoter region for its transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Lanping Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Yahong Weng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Huasong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Xia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Sheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Xueying Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Kan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Deyi Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Shuilin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu L, Huang Z, Li X, Ma L, Gu Q, Wu H, Liu J, Borriss R, Wu Z, Gao X. Stomatal Closure and SA-, JA/ET-Signaling Pathways Are Essential for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 to Restrict Leaf Disease Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:847. [PMID: 29755447 PMCID: PMC5934478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that induces resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study analyzed the mechanism by which FZB42 restricts leaf disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in Nicotiana benthamiana. The oomycete foliar pathogen P. nicotianae is able to reopen stomata which had been closed by the plant innate immune response to initiate penetration and infection. Here, we showed that root colonization by B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 restricted pathogen-mediated stomatal reopening in N. benthamiana. Abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated pathways mediated FZB42-induced stomatal closure after pathogen infection. Moreover, the defense-related genes PR-1a, LOX, and ERF1, involved in the SA and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signaling pathways, respectively, were overexpressed, and levels of the hormones SA, JA, and ET increased in the leaves of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42-treated wild type plants. Disruption of one of these three pathways in N. benthamiana plants increased susceptibility to the pathogen. These suggest that SA- and JA/ET-dependent signaling pathways were important in plant defenses against the pathogen. Our data thus explain a biocontrol mechanism of soil rhizobacteria in a plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Liumin Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Forestry & Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, China
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Nord Reet UG, Greifswald, Germany.,Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Institut für Agrar-und Gartenbauwissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Patel A, Dey N, Chaudhuri S, Pal A. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a Vigna mungo MAP kinase associated with Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus infection and deciphering its role in restricting the virus multiplication. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:127-140. [PMID: 28716408 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow Mosaic Disease caused by the begomovirus Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) severely affects many economically important legumes. Recent investigations in Vigna mungo - MYMIV incompatible interaction identified a MAPK homolog in the defense signaling pathway. An important branch of immunity involves phosphorylation by evolutionary conserved Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) that transduce signals of pathogen invasion to downstream molecules leading to diverse immune responses. However, most of the knowledge of MAPKs is derived from model crops, and functions of these versatile kinases are little explored in legumes. Here we report characterization of a MAP kinase (VmMAPK1), which was induced upon MYMIV-inoculation in resistant V. mungo. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VmMAPK1 is closely related to other plant-stress-responsive MAPKs. Both mRNA and protein of VmMAPK1 were accumulated upon MYMIV infection. The VmMAPK1 protein localized in the nucleus as well as cytoplasm and possessed phosphorylation activity in vitro. A detailed biochemical characterization of purified recombinant VmMAPK1 demonstrated an intramolecular mechanism of autophosphorylation and self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation on both threonine and tyrosine residues. The Vmax and Km values of recombinant VmMAPK1 for ATP were 6.292nmol/mg/min and 0.7978μM, respectively. Furthermore, the ability of VmMAPK1 to restrict MYMIV multiplication was validated by its ectopic expression in transgenic tobacco. Importantly, overexpression of VmMAPK1 resulted in the considerable upregulation of defense-responsive marker PR genes. Thus, the present data suggests the critical role of VmMAPK1 in suppressing MYMIV multiplication presumably through SA-mediated signaling pathway and inducing PR genes establishing the significant implications in understanding MAP kinase gene function during Vigna-MYMIV interaction; and hence paves the way for introgression of resistance in leguminous crops susceptible to MYMIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Patel
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Shubho Chaudhuri
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Amita Pal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sharpee W, Oh Y, Yi M, Franck W, Eyre A, Okagaki LH, Valent B, Dean RA. Identification and characterization of suppressors of plant cell death (SPD) effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:850-863. [PMID: 27301772 PMCID: PMC6638229 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic microorganisms, including the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, secrete a myriad of effector proteins to facilitate infection. Utilizing the transient expression of candidate effectors in the leaves of the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified 11 suppressors of plant cell death (SPD) effectors from M. oryzae that were able to block the host cell death reaction induced by Nep1. Ten of these 11 were also able to suppress BAX-mediated plant cell death. Five of the 11 SPD genes have been identified previously as either essential for the pathogenicity of M. oryzae, secreted into the plant during disease development, or as suppressors or homologues of other characterized suppressors. In addition, of the remaining six, we showed that SPD8 (previously identified as BAS162) was localized to the rice cytoplasm in invaded and surrounding uninvaded cells during biotrophic invasion. Sequence analysis of the 11 SPD genes across 43 re-sequenced M. oryzae genomes revealed that SPD2, SPD4 and SPD7 have nucleotide polymorphisms amongst the isolates. SPD4 exhibited the highest level of nucleotide diversity of any currently known effector from M. oryzae in addition to the presence/absence polymorphisms, suggesting that this gene is potentially undergoing selection to avoid recognition by the host. Taken together, we have identified a series of effectors, some of which were previously unknown or whose function was unknown, that probably act at different stages of the infection process and contribute to the virulence of M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Sharpee
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27606USA
| | - Yeonyee Oh
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27606USA
| | - Mihwa Yi
- Department of Plant PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKS66506USA
- Present address:
Noble FoundationArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - William Franck
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27606USA
- Present address:
USDA‐ARS Northern Plains Agricultural Research ServiceSidneyMT59270USA
| | - Alex Eyre
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27606USA
| | - Laura H. Okagaki
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27606USA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMN55455USA
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant PathologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKS66506USA
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27606USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiang J, Li X, Yin L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Qu J, Lu J. A candidate RxLR effector from Plasmopara viticola can elicit immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:75. [PMID: 28410577 PMCID: PMC5391559 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse plant pathogens deliver effectors into plant cells to alter host processes. Oomycete pathogen encodes a large number of putative RxLR effectors which are likely to play a role in manipulating plant defense responses. The secretome of Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew of grapevine) contains at least 162 candidate RxLR effectors discovered in our recent studies, but their roles in infection and pathogenicity remain to be determined. Here, we characterize in depth one of the putative RxLR effectors, PvRxLR16, which has been reported to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana in our previous study. RESULTS The nuclear localization, W/Y/L motifs, and a putative N-glycosylation site in C-terminal of PvRxLR16 were essential for cell death-inducing activity. Suppressor of G-two allele of Skp1 (SGT1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and required for Mla12 resistance (RAR1), but not somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3), were required for the cell death response triggered by PvRxLR16 in N. benthamiana. Some mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors were also involved in the perception of PvRxLR16 by N. benthamiana. PvRxLR16 could also significantly enhance plant resistance to Phytophthora capsici and the nuclear localization was required for this ability. However, some other PvRxLR effectors could suppress defense responses and disease resistance induced by PvRxLR16, suggesting that it may not trigger host cell death or immune responses during physiological infection under natural conditions. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that PvRxLR16 may be recognized by endogenous proteins in nucleus to trigger immune responses in N. benthamiana, which in turn can be suppressed by other PvRxLR effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Qu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang J, Ma S, Ye N, Jiang M, Cao J, Zhang J. WRKY transcription factors in plant responses to stresses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:86-101. [PMID: 27995748 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The WRKY gene family is among the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in higher plants. By regulating the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, these TFs play critical roles in some plant processes in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Various bodies of research have demonstrated the important biological functions of WRKY TFs in plant response to different kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses and working mechanisms. However, very little summarization has been done to review their research progress. Not just important TFs function in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, WRKY also participates in carbohydrate synthesis, senescence, development, and secondary metabolites synthesis. WRKY proteins can bind to W-box (TGACC (A/T)) in the promoter of its target genes and activate or repress the expression of downstream genes to regulate their stress response. Moreover, WRKY proteins can interact with other TFs to regulate plant defensive responses. In the present review, we focus on the structural characteristics of WRKY TFs and the research progress on their functions in plant responses to a variety of stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shenghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Ecology Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu Y, He C. A review of redox signaling and the control of MAP kinase pathway in plants. Redox Biol 2016; 11:192-204. [PMID: 27984790 PMCID: PMC5157795 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved modules among eukaryotic species that range from yeast, plants, flies to mammals. In eukaryotic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) has both physiological and toxic effects. Both MAPK cascades and ROS signaling are involved in plant response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. It has been observed that not only can ROS induce MAPK activation, but also that disturbing MAPK cascades can modulate ROS production and responses. This review will discuss the potential mechanisms by which ROS may activate and/or regulate MAPK cascades in plants. The role of MAPK cascades and ROS signaling in regulating gene expression, stomatal function, and programmed cell death (PCD) is also discussed. In addition, the relationship between Rboh-dependent ROS production and MAPK activation in PAMP-triggered immunity will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengzhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang H, Zhao T, Zhuang P, Song Z, Du H, Tang Z, Gao Z. NbCZF1, a Novel C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, as a New Regulator of SsCut-Induced Plant Immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2472-2484. [PMID: 27649734 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
SsCut, which functions as an elicitor, can induce plant immunity. In this study, we utilized Nicotiana benthamiana and virus-induced gene silencing to decrease the expression of > 2,500 genes individually. Using this forward genetics approach, several genes were identified that, when silenced, compromised SsCut-triggered cell death based on a cell death assay. A C2H2-type zinc finger gene was isolated from N. benthamiana Sequence analysis indicated that the gene encodes a 27 kDa protein with 253 amino acids containing two typical C2H2-type zinc finger domains; this gene was named NbCZF1 We found that SsCut-induced cell death could be inhibited by virus-induced gene silencing of NbCZF1 in N. benthamiana In addition, SsCut induces stomatal closure, accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by NADPH oxidases and nitric oxide (NO) production. NbCZF1-silenced plants showed impaired SsCut-induced stomatal closure, decreased SsCut-induced production of ROS and NO in guard cells and reduced SsCut-induced resistance against Phytophthora nicotianae Taken together, these results demonstrate that the NbCZF1-ROS-NO pathway mediates multiple SsCut-triggered responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive responses and defense-related gene expression. This is the first report describing the function of a C2H2-type zinc finger protein in N. benthamiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tongyao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peitong Zhuang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhaozhao Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang M, Mo H, Sun W, Guo Y, Li J. Systematic Isolation and Characterization of Cadmium Tolerant Genes in Tobacco: A cDNA Library Construction and Screening Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161147. [PMID: 27579677 PMCID: PMC5007098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a major limiting factor that severely affects plant growth worldwide, and the accumulation of heavy metal in the plant may be hazardous to human health. To identify the processes involved in cadmium detoxification, we constructed a cDNA library of tobacco roots acclimated to cadmium (Cd) stress. According to the results of functional screening cDNA library with a yeast Cd-sensitive mutant, ycf1Δ, we obtained a series of candidate genes that were involved in Cd response. Sequence analysis and yeast functional complementation of 24 positive cDNA clones revealed that, in addition to antioxidant genes, genes implicated in abiotic and biotic stress defenses, cellular metabolism, and signal transduction showed Cd detoxification effects in yeast. The real time RT-PCR analyses revealed that some Cd tolerance/ detoxification genes may be able to anticipate in other stresses such as biotic defense and water balance in tobacco. Taken together, our data suggest that plants' acclimation to Cd stress is a highly complex process associated with broad gene functions. Moreover, our results provide insights into the Cd detoxification mechanisms along with the antioxidant system, defense gene induction, and calcium signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hui Mo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mogga V, Delventhal R, Weidenbach D, Langer S, Bertram PM, Andresen K, Thines E, Kroj T, Schaffrath U. Magnaporthe oryzae effectors MoHEG13 and MoHEG16 interfere with host infection and MoHEG13 counteracts cell death caused by Magnaporthe-NLPs in tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1169-85. [PMID: 26883226 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Adapted pathogens are able to modulate cell responses of their hosts most likely due to the activity of secreted effector molecules thereby enabling colonisation by ostensible nonhost pathogens. It is postulated that host and nonhost pathogens of a given plant species differ in their repertoire of secreted effector molecules that are able to suppress plant resistance. We pursued the strategy of identifying novel effectors of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease, by comparing the infection process of closely related host vs. nonhost Magnaporthe species on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). When both types of pathogen simultaneously attacked the same cell, the nonhost isolate became a successful pathogen possibly due to potent effectors secreted by the host isolate. Microarray studies led to a set of M. oryzae Hypothetical Effector Genes (MoHEGs) which were classified as Early- and LateMoHEGs according to the maximal transcript abundance during colonization of barley. Interestingly, orthologs of these MoHEGs from a nonhost pathogen were similarly regulated when investigated in a host situation, suggesting evolutionary conserved functions. Knockout mutants of MoHEG16 from the group of EarlyMoHEGs were less virulent on barley and microscopic studies revealed an attenuated transition from epidermal to mesophyll colonization. MoHEG13, a LateMoHEG, was shown to antagonize cell death induced by M. oryzae Necrosis-and ethylene-inducing-protein-1 (Nep1)-like proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. MoHEG13 has a virulence function as a knockout mutant showed attenuated disease progression when inoculated on barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Mogga
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rhoda Delventhal
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Denise Weidenbach
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Samantha Langer
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp M Bertram
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karsten Andresen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 56, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 56, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Biotechnology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Kroj
- INRA, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nitric oxide in fungi: is there NO light at the end of the tunnel? Curr Genet 2016; 62:513-8. [PMID: 26886232 PMCID: PMC4929157 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a remarkable gaseous molecule with multiple and important roles in different organisms, including fungi. However, the study of the biology of NO in fungi has been hindered by the lack of a complete knowledge on the different metabolic routes that allow a proper NO balance, and the regulation of these routes. Fungi have developed NO detoxification mechanisms to combat nitrosative stress, which have been mainly characterized by their connection to pathogenesis or nitrogen metabolism. However, the progress on the studies of NO anabolic routes in fungi has been hampered by efforts to disrupt candidate genes that gave no conclusive data until recently. This review summarizes the different roles of NO in fungal biology and pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the alternatives to explain fungal NO production and the recent findings on the involvement of nitrate reductase in the synthesis of NO and its regulation during fungal development.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang H, Teng W, Liang J, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zheng X. MADS1, a novel MADS-box protein, is involved in the response of Nicotiana benthamiana to bacterial harpin(Xoo). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:131-41. [PMID: 26466663 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box transcription factor genes are well known for their role in floral organ and seed development. In this study, a novel MADS-box-containing gene, designated NbMADS1, was isolated from leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The full-length cDNA was 666 bp and encoded a putative polypeptide of 221 aa with a mass of 24.3 kDa. To assess the role of NbMADS1 in the defence response to bacterial harpin(Xoo), an elicitor of the hypersensitive response, a loss-of-function experiment was performed in N. benthamiana plants using virus-induced gene silencing. Analyses of electrolyte leakage revealed more extensive cell death in the control plants than in NbMADS1-silenced plants. The NbMADS1-silenced plants showed impaired harpin(Xoo)-induced stomatal closure, decreased harpin(Xoo)-induced production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells, and reduced harpin(Xoo)-induced resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae. The compromised stomatal closure observed in the NbMADS1-silenced plants was inhibited by the application of H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor). Taken together, these results demonstrate that the NbMADS1-H2O2-NO pathway mediates multiple harpin(Xoo)-triggered responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive cell death, and defence-related gene expression, suggesting that NbMADS1 plays an important role in regulating the response to harpin(Xoo) in N. benthamiana plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Wenjun Teng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jingang Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yan Y, Jia H, Wang F, Wang C, Liu S, Guo X. Overexpression of GhWRKY27a reduces tolerance to drought stress and resistance to Rhizoctonia solani infection in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Physiol 2015; 6:265. [PMID: 26483697 PMCID: PMC4586331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY proteins constitute transcriptional regulators involved in various biological processes, especially in coping with diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, in contrast to other well-characterized WRKY groups, the functions of group III WRKY transcription factors are poorly understood in the economically important crop cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). In this study, a group III WRKY gene from cotton, GhWRKY27a, was isolated and characterized. Our data indicated that GhWRKY27a localized to the nucleus and that GhWRKY27a expression could be strongly induced by abiotic stresses, pathogen infection, and multiple defense-related signaling molecules. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhWRKY27a enhanced tolerance to drought stress in cotton. In contrast, GhWRKY27a overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana markedly reduced plant tolerance to drought stress, as determined through physiological analyses of leaf water loss, survival rates, and the stomatal aperture. This susceptibility was coupled with reduced stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid and decreased expression of stress-related genes. In addition, GhWRKY27a-overexpressing plants exhibited reduced resistance to Rhizoctonia solani infection, mainly demonstrated by the transgenic lines exhibiting more severe disease symptoms, accompanied by attenuated expression of defense-related genes in N. benthamiana. Taken together, these findings indicated that GhWRKY27a functions in negative responses to drought tolerance and in resistance to R. solani infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Haihong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Shuchang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Le Roux C, Huet G, Jauneau A, Camborde L, Trémousaygue D, Kraut A, Zhou B, Levaillant M, Adachi H, Yoshioka H, Raffaele S, Berthomé R, Couté Y, Parker JE, Deslandes L. A receptor pair with an integrated decoy converts pathogen disabling of transcription factors to immunity. Cell 2015; 161:1074-1088. [PMID: 26000483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens infect host cells by delivering virulence factors (effectors) that interfere with defenses. In plants, intracellular nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) detect specific effector interference and trigger immunity by an unknown mechanism. The Arabidopsis-interacting NLR pair, RRS1-R with RPS4, confers resistance to different pathogens, including Ralstonia solanacearum bacteria expressing the acetyltransferase effector PopP2. We show that PopP2 directly acetylates a key lysine within an additional C-terminal WRKY transcription factor domain of RRS1-R that binds DNA. This disrupts RRS1-R DNA association and activates RPS4-dependent immunity. PopP2 uses the same lysine acetylation strategy to target multiple defense-promoting WRKY transcription factors, causing loss of WRKY-DNA binding and transactivating functions needed for defense gene expression and disease resistance. Thus, RRS1-R integrates an effector target with an NLR complex at the DNA to switch a potent bacterial virulence activity into defense gene activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Le Roux
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, Köln 50829, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Huet
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Laurent Camborde
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, BP 42617 Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Dominique Trémousaygue
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, Grenoble 38000, France; CEA, iRTSV-BGE, Grenoble 38000, France; INSERM, BGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Binbin Zhou
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Marie Levaillant
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, Grenoble 38000, France; CEA, iRTSV-BGE, Grenoble 38000, France; INSERM, BGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, Köln 50829, Germany
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ouyang Z, Li X, Huang L, Hong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li D, Song F. Elicitin-like proteins Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 from Pythium oligandrum trigger hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana and induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:238-50. [PMID: 25047132 PMCID: PMC6638515 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum and its elicitin-like proteins oligandrins have been shown to induce disease resistance in a range of plants. In the present study, the ability of two oligandrins, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2, to induce an immune response and the possible molecular mechanism regulating the defence responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato were investigated. Infiltration of recombinant Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 proteins induced a typical immune response in N. benthamiana including the induction of a hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of reactive oxygen species and production of autofluorescence. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays revealed that full-length Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were required for full HR-inducing activity in N. benthamiana, and virus-induced gene silencing-mediated knockdown of some of the signalling regulatory genes demonstrated that NbSGT1 and NbNPR1 were required for Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 to induce HR in N. benthamiana. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were targeted to the plasma membrane of N. benthamiana. When infiltrated or transiently expressed in leaves, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato and activated the expression of a set of genes involved in the jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)-mediated signalling pathway. Our results demonstrate that Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 are effective elicitors capable of inducing immune responses in plants, probably through the JA/ET-mediated signalling pathway, and that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 have potential for the development of bioactive formulae for crop disease control in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang H, Wu Q, Cao S, Zhao T, Chen L, Zhuang P, Zhou X, Gao Z. A novel protein elicitor (SsCut) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum induces multiple defense responses in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:495-511. [PMID: 25149470 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the cloning of the SsCut gene encoding cutinase from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We isolated a 609-bp cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 202 amino acids with a molecular weight of 20.4 kDa. Heterologous expression of SsCut in Escherichia coli (His-SsCut) caused the formation of lesions in tobacco that closely resembled hypersensitive response lesions. Mutational analysis identified the C-terminal-half peptide and the same amino acids indispensable for both enzyme and elicitor activity. His-SsCut was caused cell death in Arabidopsis, soybean (Glycine max), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum), indicating that both dicot and monocot species are responsive to the elicitor. Furthermore, the elicitation of tobacco was effective in the induction of the activities of hydrogen peroxide, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxides, and polyphenol oxidase. His-SsCut-treated plants exhibited enhanced resistance as indicated by a significant reduction in the number and size of S. sclerotiorum, Phytophthora sojae, and P. nicotianae lesions on leaves relative to controls. Real-time PCR results indicated that the expression of defense-related genes and genes involved in signal transduction were induced by His-SsCut. Our results demonstrate that SsCut is an elicitor that triggers defense responses in plants and will help to clarify its relationship to downstream signaling pathways that induce defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Teng W, Zhang H, Wang W, Li D, Wang M, Liu J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. ALY proteins participate in multifaceted Nep1Mo-triggered responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2483-94. [PMID: 24723400 PMCID: PMC4036512 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it was found that Nep1Mo (a Nep1-like protein from Magnaporthe oryzae) could trigger a variety of plant responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive cell death (HCD), and defence-related gene expression, in Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, it was found that Nep1Mo-induced cell death could be inhibited by the virus-induced gene silencing of NbALY916 in N. benthamiana. NbALY916-silenced plants showed impaired Nep1Mo-induced stomatal closure, decreased Nep1Mo-induced production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells, and reduced Nep1Mo-induced resistance against Phytophthora nicotianae. It also found that the deletion of AtALY4, an orthologue of NbALY916 in Arabidopsis thaliana, impaired Nep1Mo-triggered stomatal closure, HCD, and defence-related gene expression. The compromised stomatal closure observed in the NbALY916-silenced plants and AtALY4 mutants was inhibited by the application of H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor), and both Nep1Mo and H2O2 stimulated guard cell NO synthesis. Conversely, NO-induced stomatal closure was found not to require H2O2 synthesis; and NO treatment did not induce H2O2 production in guard cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the NbAlY916/AtAlY4-H2O2-NO pathway mediates multiple Nep1Mo-triggered responses, including stomatal closure, HCD, and defence-related gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Teng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Deqing Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiewen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu W, Liu J, Ning Y, Ding B, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang GL. Recent progress in understanding PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:605-20. [PMID: 23340743 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice worldwide. The rice-M. oryzae pathosystem has become a model in the study of plant-fungal interactions because of its scientific advancement and economic importance. Recent studies have identified a number of new pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors from the blast fungus that trigger rice immune responses upon perception. Interaction analyses between avirulence effectors and their cognate resistance proteins have provided new insights into the molecular basis of plant-fungal interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research on the characterization of those genes in both M. oryzae and rice that are important for the PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity recognition and signaling processes. We also discuss future directions for research that will further our understanding of this pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Šamajová O, Komis G, Šamaj J. Emerging topics in the cell biology of mitogen-activated protein kinases. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:140-8. [PMID: 23291243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades is organized in complex interconnected subcellular networks. Upon MAPK activation, signals are transferred to targets in different subcellular compartments able to regulate various cellular processes. Therefore, subcellular dissection of individual MAPK modules is vital to understand how a single MAPK can simultaneously mediate many tasks and how a single stimulus can direct different MAPK modules to separated tasks. In this opinion article, we present a subcellular localization prediction of all members of Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK modules validated wherever possible with experimental data. Furthermore, we propose, that at least in part, the complexity of plant MAPK signaling can be explained by unique strategies of subcellular targeting, which will be worth investigating in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Department of Cell Biology, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bellin D, Asai S, Delledonne M, Yoshioka H. Nitric oxide as a mediator for defense responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:271-7. [PMID: 23151172 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0214-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequential recognition of invading microbes and rapid induction of plant immune responses comprise at least two recognition systems. Early basal defenses are initiated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the plasma membrane. Pathogens produce effectors to suppress defense but plants, in turn, can sense such effectors by dominant plant resistance (R) gene products. Plant PRR and R proteins modulate signaling networks for defense responses that rely on rapid production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent research has shown that nitric oxide (NO) mainly mediates biological function through chemical reactions between locally controlled accumulation of RNS and proteins leading to potential alteration of protein function. Many proteins specifically regulated by NO and participating in signaling during plant defense response have been identified, highlighting the physiological relevance of these modifications in plant immunity. ROS function independently or in cooperation with NO during defense, modulating the RNS signaling functions through the entire process. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about regulatory mechanisms for NO burst and signaling, and crosstalk with ROS in response to pathogen attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bellin
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|