1
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Stevens DM, Moreno-Pérez A, Weisberg AJ, Ramsing C, Fliegmann J, Zhang N, Madrigal M, Martin G, Steinbrenner A, Felix G, Coaker G. Natural variation of immune epitopes reveals intrabacterial antagonism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319499121. [PMID: 38814867 PMCID: PMC11161748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319499121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants and animals detect biomolecules termed microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and induce immunity. Agricultural production is severely impacted by pathogens which can be controlled by transferring immune receptors. However, most studies use a single MAMP epitope and the impact of diverse multicopy MAMPs on immune induction is unknown. Here, we characterized the epitope landscape from five proteinaceous MAMPs across 4,228 plant-associated bacterial genomes. Despite the diversity sampled, natural variation was constrained and experimentally testable. Immune perception in both Arabidopsis and tomato depended on both epitope sequence and copy number variation. For example, Elongation Factor Tu is predominantly single copy, and 92% of its epitopes are immunogenic. Conversely, 99.9% of bacterial genomes contain multiple cold shock proteins, and 46% carry a nonimmunogenic form. We uncovered a mechanism for immune evasion, intrabacterial antagonism, where a nonimmunogenic cold shock protein blocks perception of immunogenic forms encoded in the same genome. These data will lay the foundation for immune receptor deployment and engineering based on natural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Stevens
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Alba Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Alexandra J. Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR97331
| | - Charis Ramsing
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72074, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY14853
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Melanie Madrigal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Gregory Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY14853
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | | | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72074, Germany
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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2
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Chen C, van der Hoorn RAL, Buscaill P. Releasing hidden MAMPs from precursor proteins in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:428-436. [PMID: 37945394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogens by plants at the cell surface is crucial for activating plant immunity. Plants employ pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, our knowledge of the release of peptide MAMPs from their precursor proteins is very limited. Here, we explore seven protein precursors of well-known MAMP peptides and discuss the likelihood of processing being required for their recognition based on structural models and public knowledge. This analysis indicates the existence of multiple extracellular events that are likely pivotal for pathogen perception but remain to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China; The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Stevens DM, Moreno-Pérez A, Weisberg AJ, Ramsing C, Fliegmann J, Zhang N, Madrigal M, Martin G, Steinbrenner A, Felix G, Coaker G. Natural variation of immune epitopes reveals intrabacterial antagonism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.21.558511. [PMID: 37790530 PMCID: PMC10543004 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animals detect biomolecules termed Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) and induce immunity. Agricultural production is severely impacted by pathogens which can be controlled by transferring immune receptors. However, most studies use a single MAMP epitope and the impact of diverse multi-copy MAMPs on immune induction is unknown. Here we characterized the epitope landscape from five proteinaceous MAMPs across 4,228 plant-associated bacterial genomes. Despite the diversity sampled, natural variation was constrained and experimentally testable. Immune perception in both Arabidopsis and tomato depended on both epitope sequence and copy number variation. For example, Elongation Factor Tu is predominantly single copy and 92% of its epitopes are immunogenic. Conversely, 99.9% of bacterial genomes contain multiple Cold Shock Proteins and 46% carry a non-immunogenic form. We uncovered a new mechanism for immune evasion, intrabacterial antagonism, where a non-immunogenic Cold Shock Protein blocks perception of immunogenic forms encoded in the same genome. These data will lay the foundation for immune receptor deployment and engineering based on natural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Stevens
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Alba Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA
| | - Charis Ramsing
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca NY, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Melanie Madrigal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Gregory Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca NY, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Adam Steinbrenner
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Box 351800, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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5
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Zhang L, Hua C, Janocha D, Fliegmann J, Nürnberger T. Plant cell surface immune receptors-Novel insights into function and evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102384. [PMID: 37276832 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants use surface resident and intracellular immune receptors to provide robust immunity against microbial infections. The contribution of the two receptor types to plant immunity differs spatially and temporally. The ongoing identification of new plant cell surface immune receptors and their microbial-derived immunogenic ligands reveal a previously unexpected complexity of plant surface sensors involved in the detection of specific microbial species. Comparative analyses of the plant species distribution of cell surface immune receptors indicate that plants harbor larger sets of genus- or species-specific surface receptors in addition to very few widespread pattern sensors. Leucine-rich repeat surface and intracellular immune sensors emerge as two polymorphic receptor classes whose evolutionary trajectories appear to be linked. This is consistent with their functional cooperativity in providing full plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denis Janocha
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa.
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6
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Andrade MDO, da Silva JC, Soprano AS, Shimo HM, Leme AFP, Benedetti CE. Suppression of citrus canker disease mediated by flagellin perception. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:331-345. [PMID: 36691963 PMCID: PMC10013774 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrus cancer, caused by strains of Xanthomonas citri (Xc) and Xanthomonas aurantifolii (Xa), is one of the most economically important citrus diseases. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying citrus canker development has advanced remarkably in recent years, exactly how citrus plants fight against these pathogens remains largely unclear. Using a Xa pathotype C strain that infects Mexican lime only and sweet oranges as a pathosystem to study the immune response triggered by this bacterium in these hosts, we herein report that the Xa flagellin C protein (XaFliC) acts as a potent defence elicitor in sweet oranges. Just as Xa blocked canker formation when coinfiltrated with Xc in sweet orange leaves, two polymorphic XaFliC peptides designated flgIII-20 and flgIII-27, not related to flg22 or flgII-28 but found in many Xanthomonas species, were sufficient to protect sweet orange plants from Xc infection. Accordingly, ectopic expression of XaFliC in a Xc FliC-defective mutant completely abolished the ability of this mutant to grow and cause canker in sweet orange but not Mexican lime plants. Because XaFliC and flgIII-27 also specifically induced the expression of several defence-related genes, our data suggest that XaFliC acts as a main immune response determinant in sweet orange plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxuel de Oliveira Andrade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Jaqueline Cristina da Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Santos Soprano
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Hugo Massayoshi Shimo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
| | - Celso Eduardo Benedetti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasBrazil
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7
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Sanguankiattichai N, Buscaill P, Preston GM. How bacteria overcome flagellin pattern recognition in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102224. [PMID: 35533494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient plant immune responses depend on the ability to recognise an invading microbe. The 22-amino acids in the N-terminal domain and the 28-amino acids in the central region of the bacterial flagellin, called flg22 and flgII-28, respectively, are important elicitors of plant immunity. Plant immunity is activated after flg22 or flgII-28 recognition by the plant transmembrane receptors FLS2 or FLS3, respectively. There is strong selective pressure on many plant pathogenic and endophytic bacteria to overcome flagellin-triggered immunity. Here we provide an overview of recent developments in our understanding of the evasion and suppression of flagellin pattern recognition by plant-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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8
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Murakami T, Katsuragi Y, Hirai H, Wataya K, Kondo M, Che FS. Distribution of flagellin CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 recognition systems in plant species and regulation of plant immune responses through these recognition systems. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:490-501. [PMID: 35040954 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of active plant immunity relies upon the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and the induction of PTI. Flagellin is the major protein component of the bacterial flagellum. Flagellin-derived peptide fragments such as CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 function as PAMPs in most higher plants. To determine the distribution of CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 recognition systems within plant species, the inducibility of PTI by CD2-1, flg22, and flgII-28 in 8 plant species, including monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, was investigated. CD2-1 caused PTI responses in Oryza sativa, Brachypodium distachyon, and Asparagus persicus; flg22 caused PTI responses in Phyllostachys nigra, A. persicus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum lycopersicum, and Lotus japonicus; and flgII-28 caused PTI responses only in S. lycopersicum. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of FLS2 receptor revealed that the responsiveness of flg22 in plants was dependent on the expression level of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Murakami
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuya Katsuragi
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Koki Wataya
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Machiko Kondo
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Fang-Sik Che
- Graduate School of Biosciences, N a gahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan.,Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan.,Genome Editing Research Institute, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
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9
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Rhizospheric microbiome: Bio-based emerging strategies for sustainable agriculture development and future perspectives. Microbiol Res 2021; 254:126901. [PMID: 34700186 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the light of intensification of cropping practices and changing climatic conditions, nourishing a growing global population requires optimizing environmental sustainability and reducing ecosystem impacts of food production. The use of microbiological systems to ameliorate the agricultural production in a sustainable and eco-friendly way is widespread accepted as a future key-technology. However, the multitude of interaction possibilities between the numerous beneficial microbes and plants in their habitat calls for systematic analysis and management of the rhizospheric microbiome. This review exploits present and future strategies for rhizospheric microbiome management with the aim to generate a comprehensive understanding of the known tools and techniques. Significant information on the structure and dynamics of rhizospheric microbiota of isolated microbial communities is now available. These microbial communities have beneficial effects including increased plant growth, essential nutrient acquisition, pathogens tolerance, and increased abiotic as well as biotic stress tolerance such as drought, temperature, salinity and antagonistic activities against the phyto-pathogens. A better and comprehensive understanding of the various effects and microbial interactions can be gained by application of molecular approaches as extraction of DNA/RNA and other biochemical markers to analyze microbial soil diversity. Novel techniques like interactome network analysis and split-ubiquitin system framework will enable to gain more insight into communication and interactions between the proteins from microbes and plants. The aim of the analysis tasks leads to the novel approach of Rhizosphere microbiome engineering. The capability of forming the rhizospheric microbiome in a defined way will allow combining several microbes (e.g. bacteria and fungi) for a given environment (soil type and climatic zone) in order to exert beneficial influences on specific plants. This integration will require a large-scale effort among academic researchers, industry researchers and farmers to understand and manage interactions of plant-microbiomes within modern farming systems, and is clearly a multi-domain approach and can be mastered only jointly by microbiology, mathematics and information technology. These innovations will open up a new avenue for designing and implementing intensive farming microbiome management approaches to maximize resource productivity and stress tolerance of agro-ecosystems, which in return will create value to the increasing worldwide population, for both food production and consumption.
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10
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Zhang L, Hua C, Pruitt RN, Qin S, Wang L, Albert I, Albert M, van Kan JAL, Nürnberger T. Distinct immune sensor systems for fungal endopolygalacturonases in closely related Brassicaceae. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1254-1263. [PMID: 34326531 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) facilitate recognition of microbial patterns and mediate activation of plant immunity. Arabidopsis thaliana RLP42 senses fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs) and triggers plant defence through complex formation with SOBIR1 and SERK co-receptors. Here, we show that a conserved 9-amino-acid fragment pg9(At) within PGs is sufficient to activate RLP42-dependent plant immunity. Structure-function analysis reveals essential roles of amino acid residues within the RLP42 leucine-rich repeat and island domains for ligand binding and PRR complex assembly. Sensitivity to pg9(At), which is restricted to A. thaliana and exhibits scattered accession specificity, is unusual for known PRRs. Arabidopsis arenosa and Brassica rapa, two Brassicaceae species closely related to A. thaliana, respectively perceive immunogenic PG fragments pg20(Aa) and pg36(Bra), which are structurally distinct from pg9(At). Our study provides evidence for rapid evolution of polymorphic PG sensors with distinct pattern specificities within a single plant family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Isabell Albert
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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11
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Molecular Characterization, Gene Evolution and Expression Analysis of the F-Box Gene Family in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030417. [PMID: 33799396 PMCID: PMC7998346 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box genes play an important role in the growth and development of plants, but there are few studies on its role in a plant’s response to abiotic stresses. In order to further study the functions of F-box genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Sl), a total of 139 F-box genes were identified in the whole genome of tomato using bioinformatics methods, and the basic information, transcript structure, conserved motif, cis-elements, chromosomal location, gene evolution, phylogenetic relationship, expression patterns and the expression under cold stress, drought stress, jasmonic acid (JA) treatment and salicylic acid (SA) treatment were analyzed. The results showed that SlFBX genes were distributed on 12 chromosomes of tomato and were prone to TD (tandem duplication) at the ends of chromosomes. WGD (whole genome duplication), TD, PD (proximal duplication) and TRD (transposed duplication) modes seem play an important role in the expansion and evolution of tomato SlFBX genes. The most recent divergence occurred 1.3042 million years ago, between SlFBX89 and SlFBX103. The cis-elements in SlFBX genes’ promoter regions were mainly responded to phytohormone and abiotic stress. Expression analysis based on transcriptome data and qRT-PCR (Real-time quantitative PCR) analysis of SlFBX genes showed that most SlFBX genes were differentially expressed under abiotic stress. SlFBX24 was significantly up-regulated at 12 h under cold stress. This study reported the SlFBX gene family of tomato for the first time, providing a theoretical basis for the detailed study of SlFBX genes in the future, especially the function of SlFBX genes under abiotic stress.
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12
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Kawaguchi T, Nakamura M, Hirai H, Furukawa T, Kondo M, Che FS. AKSF1 Isolated From the Rice-Virulent Strain Acidovorax avenae K1 Is a Novel Effector That Suppresses PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:186-197. [PMID: 33135963 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress plant immune responses and modulate host metabolism in order to support infection processes. We sought to determine if the Acidovorax avenae rice-virulent K1 strain can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by flagellin isolated from the rice-avirulent N1141 strain. The flagellin-triggered PTI, including H2O2 generation, callose deposition, and expression of several immune-related genes were strongly suppressed in K1 preinoculated cultured rice cells in a type III secretion system (T3SS)-dependent manner. By screening 4,562 transposon-tagged mutants based on their suppression ability, we found that 156 transposon-tagged K1 mutants lost the ability to suppress PTI induction. Mutant sequence analysis, comprehensive expression analysis using RNA sequencing, and the prediction of secretion through T3SS showed that a protein named A. avenae K1 suppression factor 1 (AKSF1) suppresses flagellin-triggered PTI in rice. Translocation of AKSF1 protein into rice cells is dependent on the T3SS during infection, an AKSF1-disruption mutant lost the ability to suppress PTI responses, and expression of AKSF1 in the AKSF1-disruption mutant complemented the suppression activity. When AKSF1-disruption mutants were inoculated into the host rice plant, reduction of the disease symptoms and suppression of bacterial growth were observed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AKSF1 is a novel effector that can suppress the PTI in a host rice plant.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Kawaguchi
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Minami Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Takehito Furukawa
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Machiko Kondo
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Fang-Sik Che
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- Genome Editing Research Institute, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1281-8, Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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13
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Rice transcription factor WRKY114 directly regulates the expression of OsPR1a and Chitinase to enhance resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1262-1268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Hassani MA, Özkurt E, Seybold H, Dagan T, Stukenbrock EH. Interactions and Coadaptation in Plant Metaorganisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:483-503. [PMID: 31348865 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants associate with a wide diversity of microorganisms. Some microorganisms engage in intimate associations with the plant host, collectively forming a metaorganism. Such close coexistence with plants requires specific adaptations that allow microorganisms to overcome plant defenses and inhabit plant tissues during growth and reproduction. New data suggest that the plant immune system has a broader role beyond pathogen recognition and also plays an important role in the community assembly of the associated microorganism. We propose that core microorganisms undergo coadaptation with their plant host, notably in response to the plant immune system allowing them to persist and propagate in their host. Microorganisms, which are vertically transmitted from generation to generation via plant seeds, putatively compose highly adapted species and may have plant-beneficial functions. The extent to which plant domestication has impacted the underlying genetics of plant-microbe associations remains poorly understood. We propose that the ability of domesticated plants to select and maintain advantageous microbial partners may have been affected. In this review, we discuss factors that impact plant metaorganism assembly and function. We underline the importance of microbe-microbe interactions in plant tissues, as they are still poorly studied but may have a great impact on plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amine Hassani
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany;
- Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ezgi Özkurt
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany;
- Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Heike Seybold
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany;
- Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tal Dagan
- Institute of Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany;
- Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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15
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Wan WL, Fröhlich K, Pruitt RN, Nürnberger T, Zhang L. Plant cell surface immune receptor complex signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:18-28. [PMID: 30878771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane pattern recognition receptors are key to microbe sensing and activation of immunity to microbial invasion. Plants employ several types of such receptors that differ mainly in the structure of their ectodomains and the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic protein kinase domain. Plant immune receptors do not function as single entities, but form larger complexes which undergo compositional changes in a ligand-dependent manner. Here, we highlight current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying receptor complex dynamics and regulation, and cover early signaling networks implicated in the activation of generic plant immune responses. We further discuss how an increasingly comprehensive set of immune receptors may be employed to engineer crop plants with enhanced, durable resistance to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Fröhlich
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Rodriguez PA, Rothballer M, Chowdhury SP, Nussbaumer T, Gutjahr C, Falter-Braun P. Systems Biology of Plant-Microbiome Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:804-821. [PMID: 31128275 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, plants are exposed to diverse microbiota that they interact with in complex ways. While plant-pathogen interactions have been intensely studied to understand defense mechanisms in plants, many microbes and microbial communities can have substantial beneficial effects on their plant host. Such beneficial effects include improved acquisition of nutrients, accelerated growth, resilience against pathogens, and improved resistance against abiotic stress conditions such as heat, drought, and salinity. However, the beneficial effects of bacterial strains or consortia on their host are often cultivar and species specific, posing an obstacle to their general application. Remarkably, many of the signals that trigger plant immune responses are molecularly highly similar and often identical in pathogenic and beneficial microbes. Thus, it is unclear what determines the outcome of a particular microbe-host interaction and which factors enable plants to distinguish beneficials from pathogens. To unravel the complex network of genetic, microbial, and metabolic interactions, including the signaling events mediating microbe-host interactions, comprehensive quantitative systems biology approaches will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Rodriguez
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Soumitra Paul Chowdhury
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine (IEM), UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Microbe-Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Buscaill P, Chandrasekar B, Sanguankiattichai N, Kourelis J, Kaschani F, Thomas EL, Morimoto K, Kaiser M, Preston GM, Ichinose Y, van der Hoorn RAL. Glycosidase and glycan polymorphism control hydrolytic release of immunogenic flagellin peptides. Science 2019; 364:eaav0748. [PMID: 30975858 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plants and animals recognize conserved flagellin fragments as a signature of bacterial invasion. These immunogenic elicitor peptides are embedded in the flagellin polymer and require hydrolytic release before they can activate cell surface receptors. Although much of flagellin signaling is understood, little is known about the release of immunogenic fragments. We discovered that plant-secreted β-galactosidase 1 (BGAL1) of Nicotiana benthamiana promotes hydrolytic elicitor release and acts in immunity against pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae strains only when they carry a terminal modified viosamine (mVio) in the flagellin O-glycan. In counter defense, P. syringae pathovars evade host immunity by using BGAL1-resistant O-glycans or by producing a BGAL1 inhibitor. Polymorphic glycans on flagella are common to plant and animal pathogenic bacteria and represent an important determinant of host immunity to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Buscaill
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Farnusch Kaschani
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Emma L Thomas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kyoko Morimoto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Kaiser
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- The Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Japan
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18
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Evolution of Disease Defense Genes and Their Regulators in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020335. [PMID: 30650550 PMCID: PMC6358896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotic stresses do damage to the growth and development of plants, and yield losses for some crops. Confronted with microbial infections, plants have evolved multiple defense mechanisms, which play important roles in the never-ending molecular arms race of plant–pathogen interactions. The complicated defense systems include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI), effector triggered immunity (ETI), and the exosome-mediated cross-kingdom RNA interference (CKRI) system. Furthermore, plants have evolved a classical regulation system mediated by miRNAs to regulate these defense genes. Most of the genes/small RNAs or their regulators that involve in the defense pathways can have very rapid evolutionary rates in the longitudinal and horizontal co-evolution with pathogens. According to these internal defense mechanisms, some strategies such as molecular switch for the disease resistance genes, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and the new generation of RNA-based fungicides, have been developed to control multiple plant diseases. These broadly applicable new strategies by transgene or spraying ds/sRNA may lead to reduced application of pesticides and improved crop yield.
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19
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Xu M, Liu CL, Luo J, Qi Z, Yan Z, Fu Y, Wei SS, Tang H. Transcriptomic de novo analysis of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) canker disease caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:10. [PMID: 30616517 PMCID: PMC6323817 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canker disease caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is the most serious disease that attacks the pitaya industry. One pathogenic fungus, referred to as ND8, was isolated from the wild-type red-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) of Hainan Province. In the early stages of this disease, stems show little spots and a loss of green color. These spots then gradually spread until the stems became rotten due to infection by various strains. Canker disease caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum poses a significant threat to pitaya commercial plantations with the growth of stems and the yields, quality of pitaya fruits. However, a lack of transcriptomic and genomic information hinders our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pitaya defense response. RESULTS We investigated the host responses of red-fleshed pitaya (H. polyrhizus) cultivars against N. dimidiatum using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. Significant expression profiles of 23 defense-related genes were further analyzed by qRT-PCR. The total read length based on RNA-Seq was 25,010,007; mean length was 744, the N50 was 1206, and the guanine-cytosine content was 44.48%. Our investigation evaluated 33,584 unigenes, of which 6209 (18.49%) and 27,375 (81.51%) were contigs and singlets, respectively. These unigenes shared a similarity of 16.62% with Vitis vinifera, 7.48% with Theobroma cacao, 6.6% with Nelumbo nucifera and 5.35% with Jatropha curcas. The assembled unigenes were annotated into non-redundant (NR, 25161 unigenes), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG, 17895 unigenes), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG, 10475 unigenes), InterPro (19,045 unigenes), and Swiss-Prot public protein databases (16,458 unigenes). In addition, 24 differentially expressed genes, which were mainly associated with plant pathology pathways, were analyzed in-depth. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a basis for further in-depth research on the protein function of the annotated unigene assembly with cDNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Li Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Luo
- University of Sanya, No.191 Yingbin Avenue Xueyuan Road, Sanya, 572000 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Qi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Tang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228 Hainan People’s Republic of China
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20
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Wei Y, Caceres‐Moreno C, Jimenez‐Gongora T, Wang K, Sang Y, Lozano‐Duran R, Macho AP. The Ralstonia solanacearum csp22 peptide, but not flagellin-derived peptides, is perceived by plants from the Solanaceae family. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1349-1362. [PMID: 29265643 PMCID: PMC5999195 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease, is considered one of the most destructive bacterial pathogens due to its lethality, unusually wide host range, persistence and broad geographical distribution. In spite of the extensive research on plant immunity over the last years, the perception of molecular patterns from R. solanacearum that activate immunity in plants is still poorly understood, which hinders the development of strategies to generate resistance against bacterial wilt disease. The perception of a conserved peptide of bacterial flagellin, flg22, is regarded as paradigm of plant perception of invading bacteria; however, no elicitor activity has been detected for R. solanacearum flg22. Recent reports have shown that other epitopes from flagellin are able to elicit immune responses in specific species from the Solanaceae family, yet our results show that these plants do not perceive any epitope from R. solanacearum flagellin. Searching for elicitor peptides from R. solanacearum, we found several protein sequences similar to the consensus of the elicitor peptide csp22, reported to elicit immunity in specific Solanaceae plants. A R. solanacearum csp22 peptide (csp22Rsol ) was indeed able to trigger immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato, but not in Arabidopsis thaliana. Additionally, csp22Rsol treatment conferred increased resistance to R. solanacearum in tomato. Transgenic A. thaliana plants expressing the tomato csp22 receptor (SlCORE) gained the ability to respond to csp22Rsol and became more resistant to R. solanacearum infection. Our results shed light on the mechanisms for perception of R. solanacearum by plants, paving the way for improving current approaches to generate resistance against R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Carlos Caceres‐Moreno
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tamara Jimenez‐Gongora
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Keke Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yuying Sang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Rosa Lozano‐Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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21
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Desaki Y, Kouzai Y, Ninomiya Y, Iwase R, Shimizu Y, Seko K, Molinaro A, Minami E, Shibuya N, Kaku H, Nishizawa Y. OsCERK1 plays a crucial role in the lipopolysaccharide-induced immune response of rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1042-1049. [PMID: 29194635 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) mediate the signals from microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that induce immune responses. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is a common MAMP perceived by animals and plants; however, the plant receptors/co-receptors are unknown except for LORE, a bulb-type lectin S-domain RLK (B-lectin SD1-RLK) in Arabidopsis. OsCERK1 is a multifunctional RLK in rice that contains lysin motifs (LysMs) and is essential for the perception of chitin, a fungal MAMP, and peptidoglycan, a bacterial MAMP. Here, we analyzed the relevance of OsCERK1 to LPS perception in rice. Using OsCERK1-knockout mutants (oscerk1), we evaluated hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production and gene expression after LPS treatment. We also examined the LPS response in knockout mutants for the B-lectin SD1-RLK genes in rice and for all LysM-protein genes in Arabidopsis. Compared with wild-type rice cells, LPS responses in oscerk1 cells were mostly diminished. By contrast, rice lines mutated in either of three B-lectin SD1-RLK genes and Arabidopsis lines mutated in the LysM-protein genes responded normally to LPS. From these results, we conclude that OsCERK1 is an LPS receptor/co-receptor and that the LPS perception systems of rice and Arabidopsis are significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kouzai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ninomiya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Iwase
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yumi Shimizu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Keito Seko
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI, Yasuda S. Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:592-613. [PMID: 29266555 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe- and host damage-associated molecular patterns leads to the first layer of inducible defenses, termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) described to date are all membrane-associated receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins, reflecting the prevalence of apoplastic colonization of plant-infecting microbes. An increasing inventory of elicitor-active patterns and PRRs indicates that a large number of them are limited to a certain range of plant groups/species, pointing to dynamic and convergent evolution of pattern recognition specificities. In addition to common molecular principles of PRR signaling, recent studies have revealed substantial diversification between PRRs in their functions and regulatory mechanisms. This serves to confer robustness and plasticity to the whole PTI system in natural infections, wherein different PRRs are simultaneously engaged and faced with microbial assaults. We review the functional significance and molecular basis of PRR-mediated pathogen recognition and disease resistance, and also an emerging role for PRRs in homeostatic association with beneficial or commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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23
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Desaki Y, Miyata K, Suzuki M, Shibuya N, Kaku H. Plant immunity and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors. Innate Immun 2017; 24:92-100. [PMID: 29105533 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917738885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess the ability to recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and PAMPs through the PRRs, and initiate pattern-triggered immunity. MAMPs are derived from cell-envelope components, secreted materials and cytosolic proteins from bacteria, oomycetes or fungi, and some MAMPs play a similar function in the innate immunity in mammals. Chitin is a representative fungal MAMP and triggers defense signaling in a wide range of plant species. The chitin receptors CEBiP and CERK1 on the plasma membrane have LysM (lysin motif) in their ectodomains. These molecules play an important role for the defense responses in rice and Arabidopsis, strictly recognizing the size and acetylated form of chitin oligosaccharides. However, related LysM receptors also play major roles for the signaling in root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of the defense and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors, including the activation steps of chitin-induced defense signaling downstream of LysM receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Desaki
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kana Miyata
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maruya Suzuki
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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24
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Boutrot F, Zipfel C. Function, Discovery, and Exploitation of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors for Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:257-286. [PMID: 28617654 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to would-be pathogens and pests, and thus have a sophisticated immune system to ward off these threats, which otherwise can have devastating ecological and economic consequences on ecosystems and agriculture. Plants employ receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to monitor their apoplastic environment and detect non-self and damaged-self patterns as signs of potential danger. Plant PRRs contribute to both basal and non-host resistances, and treatment with pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by plant PRRs induces both local and systemic immunity. Here, we comprehensively review known PAMPs/DAMPs recognized by plants as well as the plant PRRs described to date. In particular, we describe the different methods that can be used to identify PAMPs/DAMPs and PRRs. Finally, we emphasize the emerging biotechnological potential use of PRRs to improve broad-spectrum, and potentially durable, disease resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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Kondo M, Hirai H, Furukawa T, Yoshida Y, Suzuki A, Kawaguchi T, Che FS. Frameshift Mutation Confers Function as Virulence Factor to Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein from Acidovorax avenae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1988. [PMID: 28101092 PMCID: PMC5209373 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many plant pathogens inject type III (T3SS) effectors into host cells to suppress host immunity and promote successful infection. The bacterial pathogen Acidovorax avenae causes brown stripe symptom in many species of monocotyledonous plants; however, individual strains of each pathogen infect only one host species. T3SS-deleted mutants of A. avenae K1 (virulent to rice) or N1141 (virulent to finger millet) caused no symptom in each host plant, suggesting that T3SS effectors are involved in the symptom formation. To identify T3SS effectors as virulence factors, we performed whole-genome and predictive analyses. Although the nucleotide sequence of the novel leucine-rich repeat protein (Lrp) gene of N1141 had high sequence identity with K1 Lrp, the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins were quite different due to a 1-bp insertion within the K1 Lrp gene. An Lrp-deleted K1 strain (KΔLrp) did not cause brown stripe symptom in rice (host plant for K1); by contrast, the analogous mutation in N1141 (NΔLrp) did not interfere with infection of finger millet. In addition, NΔLrp retained the ability to induce effector-triggered immunity (ETI), including hypersensitive response cell death and expression of ETI-related genes. These data indicated that K1 Lrp functions as a virulence factor in rice, whereas N1141 Lrp does not play a similar role in finger millet. Yeast two-hybrid screening revealed that K1 Lrp interacts with oryzain α, a pathogenesis-related protein of the cysteine protease family, whereas N1141 Lrp, which contains LRR domains, does not. This specific interaction between K1 Lrp and oryzain α was confirmed by Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay in rice cells. Thus, K1 Lrp protein may have acquired its function as virulence factor in rice due to a frameshift mutation.
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Čerekovic N, Poltronieri P. Plant signaling pathways activating defence response and interfering mechanisms by pathogen effectors, protein decoys and bodyguards. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017; 4:370-388. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.3.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Akamatsu A, Shimamoto K, Kawano Y. Crosstalk of Signaling Mechanisms Involved in Host Defense and Symbiosis Against Microorganisms in Rice. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:297-307. [PMID: 27499679 PMCID: PMC4955034 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160331201602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important food crops, feeding about half population in the world. Rice pathogens cause enormous damage to rice production worldwide. In plant immunity research, considerable progress has recently been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity. Using genome sequencing and molecular techniques, a number of new MAMPs and their receptors have been identified in the past two decades. Notably, the mechanisms for chitin perception via the lysine motif (LysM) domain-containing receptor OsCERK1, as well as the mechanisms for bacterial MAMP (e.g. flg22, elf18) perception via the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain-containing receptors FLS2 and EFR, have been clarified in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. In chitin signaling in rice, two direct substrates of OsCERK1, Rac/ROP GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor OsRacGEF1 and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsRLCK185, have been identified as components of the OsCERK1 complex and are rapidly phosphorylated by OsCERK1 in response to chitin. Interestingly, OsCERK1 also participates in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in rice and plays a role in the recognition of short-chitin molecules (CO4/5), which are symbiotic signatures included in AMF germinated spore exudates and induced by synthetic strigolactone. Thus, OsCERK1 contributes to both immunity and symbiotic responses. In this review, we describe recent studies on pathways involved in rice immunity and symbiotic signaling triggered by interactions with microorganisms. In addition, we describe recent advances in genetic engineering by using plant immune receptors and symbiotic microorganisms to enhance disease resistance of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara,Japan;; Present address: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich,United Kingdom
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara,Japan
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara,Japan;; Present address: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai,P.R. China;; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama,Japan
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Hirai H, Furukawa T, Katsuragi Y, Che FS. Purification of Flagellin from Acidovorax avenae and Analysis of Plant Immune Responses Induced by the Purified Flagellin. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Transgenic expression of the dicotyledonous pattern recognition receptor EFR in rice leads to ligand-dependent activation of defense responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004809. [PMID: 25821973 PMCID: PMC4379099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect extracellular pathogen-associated molecules. PRRs such as Arabidopsis EFR and rice XA21 are taxonomically restricted and are absent from most plant genomes. Here we show that rice plants expressing EFR or the chimeric receptor EFR::XA21, containing the EFR ectodomain and the XA21 intracellular domain, sense both Escherichia coli- and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)-derived elf18 peptides at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Treatment of EFR and EFR::XA21 rice leaf tissue with elf18 leads to MAP kinase activation, reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression. Although expression of EFR does not lead to robust enhanced resistance to fully virulent Xoo isolates, it does lead to quantitatively enhanced resistance to weakly virulent Xoo isolates. EFR interacts with OsSERK2 and the XA21 binding protein 24 (XB24), two key components of the rice XA21-mediated immune response. Rice-EFR plants silenced for OsSERK2, or overexpressing rice XB24 are compromised in elf18-induced reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression indicating that these proteins are also important for EFR-mediated signaling in transgenic rice. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential feasibility of enhancing disease resistance in rice and possibly other monocotyledonous crop species by expression of dicotyledonous PRRs. Our results also suggest that Arabidopsis EFR utilizes at least a subset of the known endogenous rice XA21 signaling components. Plants possess multi-layered immune recognition systems. Early in the infection process, plants use receptor proteins to recognize pathogen molecules. Some of these receptors are present in only in a subset of plant species. Transfer of these taxonomically restricted immune receptors between plant species by genetic engineering is a promising approach for boosting the plant immune system. Here we show the successful transfer of an immune receptor from a species in the mustard family, called EFR, to rice. Rice plants expressing EFR are able to sense the bacterial ligand of EFR and elicit an immune response. We show that the EFR receptor is able to use components of the rice immune signaling pathway for its function. Under laboratory conditions, this leads to an enhanced resistance response to two weakly virulent isolates of an economically important bacterial disease of rice.
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Cook DE, Mesarich CH, Thomma BPHJ. Understanding plant immunity as a surveillance system to detect invasion. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:541-63. [PMID: 26047564 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Various conceptual models to describe the plant immune system have been presented. The most recent paradigm to gain wide acceptance in the field is often referred to as the zigzag model, which reconciles the previously formulated gene-for-gene hypothesis with the recognition of general elicitors in a single model. This review focuses on the limitations of the current paradigm of molecular plant-microbe interactions and how it too narrowly defines the plant immune system. As such, we discuss an alternative view of plant innate immunity as a system that evolves to detect invasion. This view accommodates the range from mutualistic to parasitic symbioses that plants form with diverse organisms, as well as the spectrum of ligands that the plant immune system perceives. Finally, how this view can contribute to the current practice of resistance breeding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Cook
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; ,
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Trdá L, Boutrot F, Claverie J, Brulé D, Dorey S, Poinssot B. Perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:219. [PMID: 25904927 PMCID: PMC4389352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. Plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs) which are microorganism molecular signatures. Located at the plant plasma membrane, the PRRs are generally receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins (RLPs). MAMP detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). In this review, we overview the RLKs and RLPs that assure early recognition and control of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria. We also highlight the crucial function of PRRs during plant-microbe interactions, with a special emphasis on the receptors of the bacterial flagellin and peptidoglycan. In addition, we discuss the multiple strategies used by bacteria to evade PRR-mediated recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Trdá
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, UK
| | - Justine Claverie
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Stephan Dorey
- Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, URVVC EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes - ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot, Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA – uB – Agrosup, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
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