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Akbarimotlagh M, Azizi A, Shams-Bakhsh M, Jafari M, Ghasemzadeh A, Palukaitis P. Critical points for the design and application of RNA silencing constructs for plant virus resistance. Adv Virus Res 2023; 115:159-203. [PMID: 37173065 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Control of plant virus diseases is a big challenge in agriculture as is resistance in plant lines to infection by viruses. Recent progress using advanced technologies has provided fast and durable alternatives. One of the most promising techniques against plant viruses that is cost-effective and environmentally safe is RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi), a technology that could be used alone or along with other control methods. To achieve the goals of fast and durable resistance, the expressed and target RNAs have been examined in many studies, with regard to the variability in silencing efficiency, which is regulated by various factors such as target sequences, target accessibility, RNA secondary structures, sequence variation in matching positions, and other intrinsic characteristics of various small RNAs. Developing a comprehensive and applicable toolbox for the prediction and construction of RNAi helps researchers to achieve the acceptable performance level of silencing elements. Although the attainment of complete prediction of RNAi robustness is not possible, as it also depends on the cellular genetic background and the nature of the target sequences, some important critical points have been discerned. Thus, the efficiency and robustness of RNA silencing against viruses can be improved by considering the various parameters of the target sequence and the construct design. In this review, we provide a comprehensive treatise regarding past, present and future prospective developments toward designing and applying RNAi constructs for resistance to plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Akbarimotlagh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolbaset Azizi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari
- Department of Plant Protection, Higher Education Complex of Saravan, Saravan, Iran
| | - Aysan Ghasemzadeh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dawson J, Pandey S, Yu Q, Schaub P, Wüst F, Moradi AB, Dovzhenko O, Palme K, Welsch R. Determination of protoplast growth properties using quantitative single-cell tracking analysis. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:64. [PMID: 35585602 PMCID: PMC9118701 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although quantitative single-cell analysis is frequently applied in animal systems, e.g. to identify novel drugs, similar applications on plant single cells are largely missing. We have exploited the applicability of high-throughput microscopic image analysis on plant single cells using tobacco leaf protoplasts, cell-wall free single cells isolated by lytic digestion. Protoplasts regenerate their cell wall within several days after isolation and have the potential to expand and proliferate, generating microcalli and finally whole plants after the application of suitable regeneration conditions. RESULTS High-throughput automated microscopy coupled with the development of image processing pipelines allowed to quantify various developmental properties of thousands of protoplasts during the initial days following cultivation by immobilization in multi-well-plates. The focus on early protoplast responses allowed to study cell expansion prior to the initiation of proliferation and without the effects of shape-compromising cell walls. We compared growth parameters of wild-type tobacco cells with cells expressing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2-associated athanogene 4 from Arabidopsis (AtBAG4). CONCLUSIONS AtBAG4-expressing protoplasts showed a higher proportion of cells responding with positive area increases than the wild type and showed increased growth rates as well as increased proliferation rates upon continued cultivation. These features are associated with reported observations on a BAG4-mediated increased resilience to various stress responses and improved cellular survival rates following transformation approaches. Moreover, our single-cell expansion results suggest a BAG4-mediated, cell-independent increase of potassium channel abundance which was hitherto reported for guard cells only. The possibility to explain plant phenotypes with single-cell properties, extracted with the single-cell processing and analysis pipeline developed, allows to envision novel biotechnological screening strategies able to determine improved plant properties via single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dawson
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Augusta University, 1201 Goss Ln, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qiuju Yu
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wüst
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amir Bahram Moradi
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Dovzhenko
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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Anjanappa RB, Gruissem W. Current progress and challenges in crop genetic transformation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 261:153411. [PMID: 33872932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant transformation remains the most sought-after technology for functional genomics and crop genetic improvement, especially for introducing specific new traits and to modify or recombine already existing traits. Along with many other agricultural technologies, the global production of genetically engineered crops has steadily grown since they were first introduced 25 years ago. Since the first transfer of DNA into plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, different transformation methods have enabled rapid advances in molecular breeding approaches to bring crop varieties with novel traits to the market that would be difficult or not possible to achieve with conventional breeding methods. Today, transformation to produce genetically engineered crops is the fastest and most widely adopted technology in agriculture. The rapidly increasing number of sequenced plant genomes and information from functional genomics data to understand gene function, together with novel gene cloning and tissue culture methods, is further accelerating crop improvement and trait development. These advances are welcome and needed to make crops more resilient to climate change and to secure their yield for feeding the increasing human population. Despite the success, transformation remains a bottleneck because many plant species and crop genotypes are recalcitrant to established tissue culture and regeneration conditions, or they show poor transformability. Improvements are possible using morphogenetic transcriptional regulators, but their broader applicability remains to be tested. Advances in genome editing techniques and direct, non-tissue culture-based transformation methods offer alternative approaches to enhance varietal development in other recalcitrant crops. Here, we review recent developments in plant transformation and regeneration, and discuss opportunities for new breeding technologies in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi B Anjanappa
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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Sunisha C, Sowmya HD, Usharani TR, Umesha M, Gopalkrishna HR, Sriram S. Induction of Ced9 mediated anti-apoptosis in commercial banana cultivar Rasthali for stable resistance against Fusarium wilt. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:371. [PMID: 32832331 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic gene Ced-9 enhanced resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) in the susceptible banana cultivar Rasthali by arresting tissue necrosis. The embryogenic cell suspension of banana cultivar Rasthali was stably transformed with Ced-9 gene and transformed lines were regenerated independently. The putative transgenic lines were analyzed with PCR using gene primers and further subjected to Southern blot to estimate copy number. The root-challenge bioassay with Foc showed 17-51% Vascular Discoloration Index in independent transformants compared to untransformed banana cv Rasthali (98% VDI). Four transgenic events showed a higher level of resistance over a period of 6 months. Overcoming tissue necrosis is the most ideal method to avoid Fusarium multiplication and spread in banana. Oxidative stress-induced cell necrosis is prevented by the activation of antiapoptotic pathways by Ced-9 and is proving to be an effective method to control this dreaded disease. This is the first report from India on the generation of transgenic banana cultivar Rasthali expressing antiapoptotic Ced-9 gene for resistance to Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sunisha
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, 560 089 India
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Centre for Postgraduate Studies, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - H D Sowmya
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, 560 089 India
| | - T R Usharani
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, 560 089 India
| | - M Umesha
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, 560 089 India
| | - H R Gopalkrishna
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, 560 089 India
| | - S Sriram
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, 560 089 India
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Abd-Aziz N, Tan BC, Rejab NA, Othman RY, Khalid N. A New Plant Expression System for Producing Pharmaceutical Proteins. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:240-251. [PMID: 32108286 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, interest in the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants has tremendously progressed because plants do not harbor mammalian viruses, are economically competitive, easily scalable, and capable of carrying out complex post-translational modifications required for recombinant pharmaceutical proteins. Mucuna bracteata is an essential perennial cover crop species widely planted as an underground cover in oil palm and rubber plantations. As a legume, they have high biomass, thrive in its habitat, and can fix nitrogen. Thus, M. bracteata is a cost-efficient crop that shows ideal characteristics as a platform for mass production of recombinant protein. In this study, we established a new platform for the transient production of a recombinant protein in M. bracteata via vacuum-assisted agro-infiltration. Five-week-old M. bracteata plants were vacuum infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a plasmid that encodes for an anti-toxoplasma immunoglobulin (IgG) under different parameters, including trifoliate leaf positional effects, days to harvest post-infiltration, and the Agrobacterium strain used. Our results showed that vacuum infiltration of M. bracteata plant with A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 produced the highest concentration of heterologous protein in its bottom trifoliate leaf at 2 days post-infiltration. The purified anti-toxoplasma IgG was then analyzed using Western blot and ELISA. It was demonstrated that, while structural heterogeneity existed in the purified anti-toxoplasma IgG from M. bracteata, its transient expression level was two-fold higher than the model platform, Nicotiana benthamiana. This study has laid the foundation towards establishing M. bracteata as a potential platform for the production of recombinant pharmaceutical protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrin Abd-Aziz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Chin Tan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ardiyana Rejab
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rofina Yasmin Othman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norzulaani Khalid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Efficient silencing gene construct for resistance to multiple common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) viruses. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:278. [PMID: 32537378 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One promising strategy to engineer plants that are resistant to plant pathogens involves transforming plants with RNA silencing constructs for resistance to multiple pathogens. Garden bean is significantly damaged by bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). In this study, we prepared constructs producing sense, antisense and hairpin RNA (hpRNA) structures to target single as well as multiple viruses. Silencing efficiency of these constructions was analyzed using Agrobacterium (GV3101) transient expression in Nicothinia bethamiana and Phaseolus vulgaris plants. The results showed significantly reduced disease symptoms and virus accumulation in N. bethamiana plants. Generally, the efficiency of the prepared constructs was hairpin, antisense and sense, respectively, and also, there was a significant difference between mono-gene and multiple-gene constructs for reducng virus accumulation and the multiple-gene constructs showed higher effectiveness. Experiments in this study showed that using Agrobacterium harboring binary constructs containing a Caenorhabditis elegans gene, Ced-9, or a plant gene, AtBag-4, anti-apoptosis gene as a mix suspension with an Agrobacterium containing pFGC-BNC.h, a plasmid containing multiple gene fragments consisting of BCMV-CP, BCMNV-HC-Pro and CMV-2b, improved the efficiency of pFGC-BNC.h transformation. We showed reduced virus accumulation in these transgenic bean plans.
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Norkunas K, Harding R, Dale J, Dugdale B. Improving agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:71. [PMID: 30159002 PMCID: PMC6109318 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agroinfiltration is a simple and effective method of delivering transgenes into plant cells for the rapid production of recombinant proteins and has become the preferred transient expression platform to manufacture biologics in plants. Despite its popularity, few studies have sought to improve the efficiency of agroinfiltration to further increase protein yields. This study aimed to increase agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana by improving all levels of transgenesis. RESULTS Using the benchmark pEAQ-HT deconstructed virus vector system and the GUS reporter enzyme, physical, chemical, and molecular features were independently assessed for their ability to enhance Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and improve protein production capacities. Optimal Agrobacterium strain, cell culture density and co-cultivation time for maximal transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression were established. The effects of chemical additives in the liquid infiltration media were investigated and acetosyringone (500 μM), the antioxidant lipoic acid (5 μM), and a surfactant Pluronic F-68 (0.002%) were all shown to significantly increase transgene expression. Gene products known to suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing, activate cell cycle progression and confer stress tolerance were also assessed by co-expression. A simple 37 °C heat shock to plants, 1-2 days post infiltration, was shown to dramatically increase GUS reporter levels. By combining the most effective features, a dual vector delivery system was developed that provided approximately 3.5-fold higher levels of absolute GUS protein compared to the pEAQ-HT platform. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, different strategies were assessed and optimised with the aim of increasing plant-made protein capacities in Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration. Chemical additives, heat shock and the co-expression of genes known to suppress stress and gene silencing or stimulate cell cycle progression were all proven to increase agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression. By combining the most effective of these elements a novel expression platform was developed capable of producing plant-made protein at a significantly higher level than a benchmark hyper-expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlah Norkunas
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Robert Harding
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - James Dale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Benjamin Dugdale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
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Liu J, Gao P, Sun X, Zhang J, Sun P, Wang J, Jia C, Zhang J, Hu W, Xu B, Jin Z. Efficient regeneration and genetic transformation platform applicable to five Musa varieties. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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9
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Gaguancela OA, Zúñiga LP, Arias AV, Halterman D, Flores FJ, Johansen IE, Wang A, Yamaji Y, Verchot J. The IRE1/bZIP60 Pathway and Bax Inhibitor 1 Suppress Systemic Accumulation of Potyviruses and Potexviruses in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:750-766. [PMID: 27578623 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-16-0147-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The inositol requiring enzyme (IRE1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor. When activated, it splices the bZIP60 mRNA, producing a truncated transcription factor that upregulates genes involved in the unfolded protein response. Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1) is another ER stress sensor that regulates cell death in response to environmental assaults. The potyvirus 6K2 and potexvirus TGB3 proteins are known to reside in the ER, serving, respectively, as anchors for the viral replicase and movement protein complex. This study used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Potato virus X (PVX) to determine that the IRE1/bZIP60 pathway and BI-1 machinery are induced early in virus infection in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Solanum tuberosum. Agrodelivery of only the potyvirus 6K2 or TGB3 genes into plant cells activated bZIP60 and BI-1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana, N. benthamiana, and S. tuberosum. Homozygous ire1a-2, ire1b-4, and ire1a-2/ire1b-4 mutant Arabidopsis plants were inoculated with TuMV-GFP or PlAMV-GFP. PlAMV accumulates to a higher level in ire1a-2 or ire1a-2/ire1b-4 mutant plants than in ire1b-4 or wild-type plants. TuMV-GFP accumulates to a higher level in ire1a-2, ire1b-4, or ire1a-2/ire1b-4 compared with wild-type plants, suggesting that both isoforms contribute to TuMV-GFP infection. Gene silencing was used to knock down bZIP60 and BI-1 expression in N. benthamiana. PVX-GFP and PVY-GFP accumulation was significantly elevated in these silenced plants compared with control plants. This study demonstrates that two ER stress pathways, namely IRE1/bZIP60 and the BI-1 pathway, limit systemic accumulation of potyvirus and potexvirus infection. Silencing BI-1 expression also resulted in systemic necrosis. These data suggest that ER stress-activated pathways, led by IRE1 and BI-1, respond to invading potyvirus and potexviruses to restrict virus infection and enable physiological changes enabling plants to tolerate virus assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Arias Gaguancela
- 1 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| | - Lizbeth Peña Zúñiga
- 1 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| | - Alexis Vela Arias
- 2 Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Dennis Halterman
- 3 Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture ARS, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Francisco Javier Flores
- 2 Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Ida Elisabeth Johansen
- 4 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Aiming Wang
- 5 Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, AAFC, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada; and
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- 6 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- 1 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
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Abstract
Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the world's most important fruits. In 2011, 145 million metric tons, worth an estimated $44 billion, were produced in over 130 countries. Fusarium wilt (also known as Panama disease) is one of the most destructive diseases of this crop. It devastated the 'Gros Michel'-based export trades before the mid-1900s, and threatens the Cavendish cultivars that were used to replace it; in total, the latter cultivars are now responsible for approximately 45% of all production. An overview of the disease and its causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is presented below. Despite a substantial positive literature on biological, chemical, or cultural measures, management is largely restricted to excluding F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense from noninfested areas and using resistant cultivars where the pathogen has established. Resistance to Fusarium wilt is poor in several breeding targets, including important dessert and cooking cultivars. Better resistance to this and other diseases is needed. The history and impact of Fusarium wilt is summarized with an emphasis on tropical race 4 (TR4), a 'Cavendish'-killing variant of the pathogen that has spread dramatically in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy C Ploetz
- University of Florida, Tropical Research & Education Center, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead 33031-3314
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Shu H, Xu L, Li Z, Li J, Jin Z, Chang S. Tobacco arabinogalactan protein NtEPc can promote banana (Musa AAA) somatic embryogenesis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2818-26. [PMID: 25227688 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Banana is an important tropical fruit worldwide. Parthenocarpy and female sterility made it impossible to improve banana varieties through common hybridization. Genetic transformation for banana improvement is imperative. But the low rate that banana embryogenic callus was induced made the transformation cannot be performed in many laboratories. Finding ways to promote banana somatic embryogenesis is critical for banana genetic transformation. After tobacco arabinogalactan protein gene NtEPc was transformed into Escherichia coli (DE3), the recombinant protein was purified and filter-sterilized. A series of the sterilized protein was added into tissue culture medium. It was found that the number of banana immature male flowers developing embryogenic calli increased significantly in the presence of NtEPc protein compared with the effect of the control medium. Among the treatments, explants cultured on medium containing 10 mg/l of NtEPc protein had the highest chance to develop embryogenic calli. The percentage of lines that developed embryogenic calli on this medium was about 12.5 %. These demonstrated that NtEPc protein can be used to promote banana embryogenesis. This is the first paper that reported that foreign arabinogalactan protein (AGP) could be used to improve banana somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shu
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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Nyaboga E, Tripathi JN, Manoharan R, Tripathi L. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of yam (Dioscorea rotundata): an important tool for functional study of genes and crop improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:463. [PMID: 25309562 PMCID: PMC4164099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although genetic transformation of clonally propagated crops has been widely studied as a tool for crop improvement and as a vital part of the development of functional genomics resources, there has been no report of any existing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of yam (Dioscorea spp.) with evidence of stable integration of T-DNA. Yam is an important crop in the tropics and subtropics providing food security and income to over 300 million people. However, yam production remains constrained by increasing levels of field and storage pests and diseases. A major constraint to the development of biotechnological approaches for yam improvement has been the lack of an efficient and robust transformation and regeneration system. In this study, we developed an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Dioscorea rotundata using axillary buds as explants. Two cultivars of D. rotundata were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the binary vectors containing selectable marker and reporter genes. After selection with appropriate concentrations of antibiotic, shoots were developed on shoot induction and elongation medium. The elongated antibiotic-resistant shoots were subsequently rooted on medium supplemented with selection agent. Successful transformation was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot analysis, and reporter genes assay. Expression of gusA gene in transgenic plants was also verified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Transformation efficiency varied from 9.4 to 18.2% depending on the cultivars, selectable marker genes, and the Agrobacterium strain used for transformation. It took 3-4 months from Agro-infection to regeneration of complete transgenic plant. Here we report an efficient, fast and reproducible protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of D. rotundata using axillary buds as explants, which provides a useful platform for future genetic engineering studies in this economically important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobi, Kenya
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Stergiopoulos I, Cordovez V, Okmen B, Beenen HG, Kema GHJ, de Wit PJGM. Positive selection and intragenic recombination contribute to high allelic diversity in effector genes of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of the black leaf streak disease of banana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:447-60. [PMID: 24245940 PMCID: PMC6638713 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have determined the nonhost-mediated recognition of the MfAvr4 and MfEcp2 effector proteins from the banana pathogen Mycosphaerella fijiensis in tomato, by the cognate Cf-4 and Cf-Ecp2 resistance proteins, respectively. These two resistance proteins could thus mediate resistance against M. fijiensis if genetically transformed into banana (Musa spp.). However, disease resistance controlled by single dominant genes can be overcome by mutated effector alleles, whose products are not recognized by the cognate resistance proteins. Here, we surveyed the allelic variation within the MfAvr4, MfEcp2, MfEcp2-2 and MfEcp2-3 effector genes of M. fijiensis in a global population of the pathogen, and assayed its impact on recognition by the tomato Cf-4 and Cf-Ecp2 resistance proteins, respectively. We identified a large number of polymorphisms that could reflect a co-evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. The analysis of nucleotide substitution patterns suggests that both positive selection and intragenic recombination have shaped the evolution of M. fijiensis effectors. Clear differences in allelic diversity were observed between strains originating from South-East Asia relative to strains from other banana-producing continents, consistent with the hypothesis that M. fijiensis originated in the Asian-Pacific region. Furthermore, transient co-expression of the MfAvr4 effector alleles and the tomato Cf-4 resistance gene, as well as of MfEcp2, MfEcp2-2 and MfEcp2-3 and the putative Cf-Ecp2 resistance gene, indicated that effector alleles able to overcome these resistance genes are already present in natural populations of the pathogen, thus questioning the durability of resistance that can be provided by these genes in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8751, USA; Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands; Centre for BioSystems Genomics, PO Box 98, Wageningen, 6700 AB, the Netherlands
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14
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Bhagwat B, Chi M, Su L, Tang H, Tang G, Xiang Y. An in vivo transient expression system can be applied for rapid and effective selection of artificial microRNA constructs for plant stable genetic transformation. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:261-70. [PMID: 23706301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The utility of artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) to induce loss of gene function has been reported for many plant species, but expression efficiency of the different amiRNA constructs in different transgenic plants was less predictable. In this study, expressions of amiRNAs through the gene backbone of Arabidopsis miR168a were examined by both Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and stable plant genetic transformation. A corresponding trend in expression of amiRNAs by the same amiRNA constructs between the transient and the stable expression systems was observed in the experiments. Plant genetic transformation of the constructs that were highly expressible in amiRNAs in the transient agro-infiltration assays resulted in generation of transgenic lines with high level of amiRNAs. This provides a simple method for rapid and effective selection of amiRNA constructs used for a time-consuming genetic transformation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basdeo Bhagwat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
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15
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Ye CM, Chen S, Payton M, Dickman MB, Verchot J. TGBp3 triggers the unfolded protein response and SKP1-dependent programmed cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:241-55. [PMID: 23458484 PMCID: PMC6638746 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Potato virus X (PVX) triple gene block protein 3 (TGBp3), an 8-kDa membrane binding protein, aids virus movement and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) during PVX infection. TGBp3 was expressed from the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genome (TMV-p3), and we noted the up-regulation of SKP1 and several endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperones, including the ER luminal binding protein (BiP), protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), calreticulin (CRT) and calmodulin (CAM). Local lesions were seen on leaves inoculated with TMV-p3, but not TMV or PVX. Such lesions were the result of TGBp3-elicited programmed cell death (PCD), as shown by an increase in reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation and induction of SKP1 expression. UPR-related gene expression occurred within 8 h of TMV-p3 inoculation and declined before the onset of PCD. TGBp3-mediated cell death was suppressed in plants that overexpressed BiP, indicating that UPR induction by TGBp3 is a pro-survival mechanism. Anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xl, CED-9 and Op-IAP were expressed in transgenic plants and suppressed N gene-mediated resistance to TMV, but failed to alleviate TGBp3-induced PCD. However, TGBp3-mediated cell death was reduced in SKP1-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The combined data suggest that TGBp3 triggers the UPR and elicits PCD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Ye
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Ye CM, Chen S, Payton M, Dickman MB, Verchot J. TGBp3 triggers the unfolded protein response and SKP1-dependent programmed cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23458484 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12000 [epub ahead of print]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Potato virus X (PVX) triple gene block protein 3 (TGBp3), an 8-kDa membrane binding protein, aids virus movement and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) during PVX infection. TGBp3 was expressed from the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genome (TMV-p3), and we noted the up-regulation of SKP1 and several endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperones, including the ER luminal binding protein (BiP), protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), calreticulin (CRT) and calmodulin (CAM). Local lesions were seen on leaves inoculated with TMV-p3, but not TMV or PVX. Such lesions were the result of TGBp3-elicited programmed cell death (PCD), as shown by an increase in reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation and induction of SKP1 expression. UPR-related gene expression occurred within 8 h of TMV-p3 inoculation and declined before the onset of PCD. TGBp3-mediated cell death was suppressed in plants that overexpressed BiP, indicating that UPR induction by TGBp3 is a pro-survival mechanism. Anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xl, CED-9 and Op-IAP were expressed in transgenic plants and suppressed N gene-mediated resistance to TMV, but failed to alleviate TGBp3-induced PCD. However, TGBp3-mediated cell death was reduced in SKP1-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The combined data suggest that TGBp3 triggers the UPR and elicits PCD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Ye
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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17
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Chetty VJ, Ceballos N, Garcia D, Narváez-Vásquez J, Lopez W, Orozco-Cárdenas ML. Evaluation of four Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains for the genetic transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar Micro-Tom. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:239-47. [PMID: 23099543 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains differ not only in their ability to transform tomato Micro-Tom, but also in the number of transgene copies that the strains integrate in the genome. The transformation efficiency of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Micro-Tom with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains AGL1, EHA105, GV3101, and MP90, harboring the plasmid pBI121 was compared. The presence of the nptII and/or uidA transgenes in regenerated T(0) plants was determined by PCR, Southern blotting, and/or GUS histochemical analyses. In addition, a rapid and reliable duplex, qPCR TaqMan assay was standardized to estimate transgene copy number. The highest transformation rate (65 %) was obtained with the Agrobacterium strain GV3101, followed by EHA105 (40 %), AGL1 (35 %), and MP90 (15 %). The mortality rate of cotyledons due to Agrobacterium overgrowth was the lowest with the strain GV3101. The Agrobacterium strain EHA105 was more efficient than GV3101 in the transfer of single T-DNA insertions of nptII and uidA transgenes into the tomato genome. Even though Agrobacterium strain MP90 had the lowest transformation rate of 15 %, the qPCR analysis showed that the strain MP90 was the most efficient in the transfer of single transgene insertions, and none of the transgenic plants produced with this strain had more than two insertion events in their genome. The combination of higher transformation efficiency and fewer transgene insertions in plants transformed using EHA105 makes this Agrobacterium strain optimal for functional genomics and biotechnological applications in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Chetty
- Plant Transformation Research Center, University of California Riverside, CA, Riverside, USA
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18
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Tie W, Zhou F, Wang L, Xie W, Chen H, Li X, Lin Y. Reasons for lower transformation efficiency in indica rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation: lessons from transformation assays and genome-wide expression profiling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 78:1-18. [PMID: 22089972 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation has been routinely used in rice for more than a decade. However, the transformation efficiency of the indica rice variety is still unsatisfactory and much lower than that of japonica cultivars. Further improvement on the transformation efficiency lies in the genetic manipulation of the plant itself, which requires a better understanding of the underlying process accounting for the susceptibility of plant cells to Agrobacterium infection as well as the identification of plant genes involved in the transformation process. In this study, transient and stable transformation assays using different japonica and indica cultivars showed that the lower transformation efficiency in indica rice was mainly due to the low efficiency in T-DNA integration into the plant genome. Analyses of the global gene expression patterns across the transformation process in different varieties revealed major differences in the expression of genes responding to Agrobacterium within the first 6 h after infection and more differentially expressed genes were observed in the indica cultivar Zhenshan 97 (ZS), with a number of genes repressed early during infection. Microarray analysis revealed an important effect of plant defense response on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. It has been shown that some genes which may be necessary for the transformation process were down-regulated in the indica cultivar ZS. This dataset provided a versatile resource for plant genomic research to understand the regulatory network of transformation process, and showed great promise for improving indica rice transformation using genetic manipulation of the rice genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Tie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Paul JY, Becker DK, Dickman MB, Harding RM, Khanna HK, Dale JL. Apoptosis-related genes confer resistance to Fusarium wilt in transgenic 'Lady Finger' bananas. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:1141-1148. [PMID: 21819535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is one of the most devastating diseases of banana (Musa spp.). Apart from resistant cultivars, there are no effective control measures for the disease. We investigated whether the transgenic expression of apoptosis-inhibition-related genes in banana could be used to confer disease resistance. Embryogenic cell suspensions of the banana cultivar, 'Lady Finger', were stably transformed with animal genes that negatively regulate apoptosis, namely Bcl-xL, Ced-9 and Bcl-2 3' UTR, and independently transformed plant lines were regenerated for testing. Following a 12-week exposure to Foc race 1 in small-plant glasshouse bioassays, seven transgenic lines (2 × Bcl-xL, 3 × Ced-9 and 2 × Bcl-2 3' UTR) showed significantly less internal and external disease symptoms than the wild-type susceptible 'Lady Finger' banana plants used as positive controls. Of these, one Bcl-2 3' UTR line showed resistance that was equivalent to that of wild-type Cavendish bananas that were included as resistant negative controls. Further, the resistance of this line continued for 23-week postinoculation at which time the experiment was terminated. Using TUNEL assays, Foc race 1 was shown to induce apoptosis-like features in the roots of wild-type 'Lady Finger' plants consistent with a necrotrophic phase in the life cycle of this pathogen. This was further supported by the observed reduction in these effects in the roots of the resistant Bcl-2 3' UTR-transgenic line. This is the first report on the generation of transgenic banana plants with resistance to Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Paul
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Chovelon V, Restier V, Giovinazzo N, Dogimont C, Aarrouf J. Histological study of organogenesis in Cucumis melo L. after genetic transformation: why is it difficult to obtain transgenic plants? PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2001-11. [PMID: 21706229 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is widely considered as a recalcitrant species for genetic transformation. In this study, we developed different regeneration and transformation protocols and we examined the regeneration process at different steps by histological studies. The highest regeneration rate (1.13 ± 0.02 plants per explant) was obtained using cotyledon explants of the 'Védrantais' genotype on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.2 mg/l dimethylallylaminopurine (2-iP). Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformations with the uidA reporter gene were realized on cotyledon explants cultivated in these conditions: 70-90% of explants expressed a transient GUS activity during the early stages of regeneration, however, only few transgenic plants were obtained (1.8-4.5% of stable transformation with the GV2260pBI101 strain). These results revealed a low capacity of melon GUS-positive cells to regenerate transgenic plants. To evaluate the influence of the Agrobacterium infection on plant regeneration, histological analyses were conducted on explants 2, 7, 15, and 28 days after co-culture with the GV2260pBI101 strain. Genetic transformation occurred in epidermal and sub-epidermal cells and reached the meristematic structures expressing a high level of GUS activity during 14 days of culture; but after this period, most of the meristematic structures showed premature cell vacuolization and disorganization. This disruption of the GUS-positive meristematic areas could be responsible of the difficulties encountered to regenerate melon plants after genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chovelon
- INRA Avignon, UR1052, Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, BP 94, 84143, Montfavet Cedex, France.
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Saika H, Toki S. Mature seed-derived callus of the model indica rice variety Kasalath is highly competent in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1351-64. [PMID: 20853107 PMCID: PMC2978894 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously established an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system using primary calli derived from mature seeds of the model japonica rice variety Nipponbare. We expected that the shortened tissue culture period would reduce callus browning--a common problem with the indica transformation system during prolonged tissue culture in the undifferentiated state. In this study, we successfully applied our efficient transformation system to Kasalath--a model variety of indica rice. The Luc reporter system is sensitive enough to allow quantitative analysis of the competency of rice callus for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We unexpectedly discovered that primary callus of Kasalath exhibits a remarkably high competency for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation compared to Nipponbare. Southern blot analysis and Luc luminescence showed that independent transformation events in primary callus of Kasalath occurred successfully at ca. tenfold higher frequency than in Nipponbare, and single copy T-DNA integration was observed in ~40% of these events. We also compared the competency of secondary callus of Nipponbare and Kasalath and again found superior competency in Kasalath, although the identification and subsequent observation of independent transformation events in secondary callus is difficult due to the vigorous growth of both transformed and non-transformed cells. An efficient transformation system in Kasalath could facilitate the identification of QTL genes, since many QTL genes are analyzed in a Nipponbare × Kasalath genetic background. The higher transformation competency of Kasalath could be a useful trait in the establishment of highly efficient systems involving new transformation technologies such as gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saika
- Plant Genetic Engineering Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
| | - Seiichi Toki
- Plant Genetic Engineering Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Yokohama, 244-0813 Japan
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Kiggundu A, Muchwezi J, Van der Vyver C, Viljoen A, Vorster J, Schlüter U, Kunert K, Michaud D. Deleterious effects of plant cystatins against the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 73:87-105. [PMID: 20035549 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The general potential of plant cystatins for the development of insect-resistant transgenic plants still remains to be established given the natural ability of several insects to compensate for the loss of digestive cysteine protease activities. Here we assessed the potential of cystatins for the development of banana lines resistant to the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus, a major pest of banana and plantain in Africa. Protease inhibitory assays were conducted with protein and methylcoumarin (MCA) peptide substrates to measure the inhibitory efficiency of different cystatins in vitro, followed by a diet assay with cystatin-infiltrated banana stem disks to monitor the impact of two plant cystatins, oryzacystatin I (OC-I, or OsCYS1) and papaya cystatin (CpCYS1), on the overall growth rate of weevil larvae. As observed earlier for other Coleoptera, banana weevils produce a variety of proteases for dietary protein digestion, including in particular Z-Phe-Arg-MCA-hydrolyzing (cathepsin L-like) and Z-Arg-Arg-MCA-hydrolyzing (cathepsin B-like) proteases active in mildly acidic conditions. Both enzyme populations were sensitive to the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 and to different plant cystatins including OsCYS1. In line with the broad inhibitory effects of cystatins, OsCYS1 and CpCYS1 caused an important growth delay in young larvae developing for 10 days in cystatin-infiltrated banana stem disks. These promising results, which illustrate the susceptibility of C. sordidus to plant cystatins, are discussed in the light of recent hypotheses suggesting a key role for cathepsin B-like enzymes as a determinant for resistance or susceptibility to plant cystatins in Coleoptera.
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McLellan H, Gilroy EM, Yun BW, Birch PRJ, Loake GJ. Functional redundancy in the Arabidopsis Cathepsin B gene family contributes to basal defence, the hypersensitive response and senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:408-418. [PMID: 19453434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases are required for programmed cell death (PCD) in animals. Recent work in Nicotiana benthamiana has implicated cathepsin B-like cysteine proteases in the hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, a form of PCD involved in disease resistance. Here, we investigate the function and regulation of Cathepsin B (CathB) genes in plant defence, and in both pathogen-inducible and developmental forms of PCD. Single, double and triple knockout mutants were isolated for the three Arabidopsis thaliana AtCathB genes. AtCathB genes were redundantly required for full basal resistance against the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. By contrast, AtCathB genes were not required for R gene-mediated resistance to Pst DC3000 expressing AvrB or AvrRps4. Neither did they contribute to PCD triggered by AvrRps4, although they were crucial for the full development of PCD during HR triggered by AvrB. Cathepsin B has also been proposed to play a positive regulatory role in senescence. Atcathb triple mutants showed a delay in senescence and a seven-fold decrease in accumulation of senescence marker gene SAG12. Our results demonstrate a redundant function for AtCathB genes in basal defence as well as a potential regulatory role in distinct forms of plant PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel McLellan
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
- Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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