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Kim WJ, Kim W, Kim Y, Cheong H, Kim SJ. Coordinated recruitment of conserved defense-signaling pathways in PVY O-Infected Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2252972. [PMID: 37655790 PMCID: PMC10478736 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2252972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is an aphid-transmitted potyvirus that affects economically important solanaceous species. In this study, the phenomena and mechanisms following infection with PVY were investigated in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). In tobacco plants, infection with a mild strain of PVY (PVYO) induced stunted growth in the first two leaves at the shoot apex starting 7 days post-infection (dpi), and mosaic symptoms began to appear on newly developing young leaves at 14 dpi. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ultrastructure analysis, we confirmed that viral particles accumulated only in the upper developing leaves of infected plants. We analyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in leaves from the bottom to the top of the plants to investigate whether delayed symptom development in leaves was associated with a defense response to the virus. In addition, the ultrastructural analysis confirmed the increase of ATG4 and ATG8, which are autophagy markers by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the expression of genes involved in viral RNA suppression. Overall, our results suggested that viral RNA silencing and induced autophagy may play a role in the inhibition of viral symptom development in host plants in response to PVYO infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Kim
- Plant Cell Research Institute of BIO-FD&C, Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsook Cheong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Well-Aging Medicare, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Huang YW, Sun CI, Hu CC, Tsai CH, Meng M, Lin NS, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Hsu YH. A viral movement protein co-opts endoplasmic reticulum luminal-binding protein and calreticulin to promote intracellular movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:904-924. [PMID: 36459587 PMCID: PMC9922411 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular movement is an important step for the initial spread of virus in plants during infection. This process requires virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs) and their interaction with host factors. Despite the large number of known host factors involved in the movement of different viruses, little is known about host proteins that interact with one of the MPs encoded by potexviruses, the triple-gene-block protein 3 (TGBp3). The main obstacle lies in the relatively low expression level of potexviral TGBp3 in hosts and the weak or transient nature of interactions. Here, we used TurboID-based proximity labeling to identify the network of proteins directly or indirectly interacting with the TGBp3 of a potexvirus, Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal-binding protein 4 and calreticulin 3 of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbBiP4 and NbCRT3, respectively) associated with the functional TGBp3-containing BaMV movement complexes, but not the movement-defective mutant, TGBp3M. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that TGBp3 colocalizes with NbBiP4 or NbCRT3 and the complexes move together along ER networks to cell periphery in N. benthamiana. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments revealed that NbBiP4 or NbCRT3 is required for the efficient spread and accumulation of BaMV in infected leaves. In addition, overexpression of NbBiP4 or NbCRT3 enhanced the targeting of BaMV TGBp1 to plasmodesmata (PD), indicating that NbBiP4 and NbCRT3 interact with TGBp3 to promote the intracellular transport of virion cargo to PD that facilitates virus cell-to-cell movement. Our findings revealed additional roles for NbBiP4 and NbCRT3 in BaMV intracellular movement through ER networks or ER-derived vesicles to PD, which enhances the spread of BaMV in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chu-I Sun
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Deja-Sikora E, Werner K, Hrynkiewicz K. AMF species do matter: Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae affect healthy and PVY-infected Solanum tuberosum L. in a different way. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1127278. [PMID: 37138600 PMCID: PMC10150075 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1127278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were documented to positively influence plant growth and yield, which is extremely important for the production of many crops including potato. However, the nature of the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant virus that share the same host is not well characterized. In this study, we examined the effect of different AMF, Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae, on healthy and potato virus Y (PVY)-infected Solanum tuberosum L. The analyses conducted included the measurement of potato growth parameters, oxidative stress indicators, and photosynthetic capacity. Additionally, we evaluated both the development of AMF in plant roots and the virus level in mycorrhizal plants. We found that two AMF species colonized plant roots to varying degrees (ca. 38% for R. irregularis vs. 20% for F. mosseae). Rhizophagus irregularis had a more positive effect on potato growth parameters, causing a significant increase in the total fresh and dry weight of tubers, along with virus-challenged plants. Furthermore, this species lowered hydrogen peroxide levels in PVY-infected leaves and positively modulated the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants, i.e., ascorbate and glutathione in leaves and roots. Finally, both fungal species contributed to reduced lipid peroxidation and alleviation of virus-induced oxidative damage in plant organs. We also confirmed an indirect interaction between AMF and PVY inhabiting the same host. The two AMF species seemed to have different abilities to colonize the roots of virus-infected hosts, as R. irregularis showed a stronger drop in mycorrhizal development in the presence of PVY. At the same time, arbuscular mycorrhiza exerted an effect on virus multiplication, causing increased PVY accumulation in plant leaves and a decreased concentration of virus in roots. In conclusion, the effect of AMF-plant interactions may differ depending on the genotypes of both symbiotic partners. Additionally, indirect AMF-PVY interactions occur in host plants, diminishing the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza while changing the distribution of viral particles in plants.
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Pollari M, Sipari N, Poque S, Himanen K, Mäkinen K. Effects of Poty-Potexvirus Synergism on Growth, Photosynthesis and Metabolite Status of Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2022; 15:121. [PMID: 36680161 PMCID: PMC9867248 DOI: 10.3390/v15010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed virus infections threaten crop production because interactions between the host and the pathogen mix may lead to viral synergism. While individual infections by potato virus A (PVA), a potyvirus, and potato virus X (PVX), a potexvirus, can be mild, co-infection leads to synergistic enhancement of PVX and severe symptoms. We combined image-based phenotyping with metabolite analysis of single and mixed PVA and PVX infections and compared their effects on growth, photosynthesis, and metabolites in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viral synergism was evident in symptom severity and impaired growth in the plants. Indicative of stress, the co-infection increased leaf temperature and decreased photosynthetic parameters. In contrast, singly infected plants sustained photosynthetic activity. The host's metabolic response differed significantly between single and mixed infections. Over 200 metabolites were differentially regulated in the mixed infection: especially defense-related metabolites and aromatic and branched-chain amino acids increased compared to the control. Changes in the levels of methionine cycle intermediates and a low S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio suggested a decline in the methylation potential in co-infected plants. The decreased ratio between reduced glutathione, an important scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and its oxidized form, indicated that severe oxidative stress developed during co-infection. Based on the results, infection-associated oxidative stress is successfully controlled in the single infections but not in the synergistic infection, where activated defense pathways are not sufficient to counter the impact of the infections on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pollari
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Poque
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, HiLIFE, Biocenter Finland, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Transgenerational Tolerance to Salt and Osmotic Stresses Induced by Plant Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012497. [PMID: 36293354 PMCID: PMC9604408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following pathogen infection, plants have developed diverse mechanisms that direct their immune systems towards more robust induction of defense responses against recurrent environmental stresses. The induced resistances could be inherited by the progenies, rendering them more tolerant to stressful events. Although within-generational induction of tolerance to abiotic stress is a well-documented phenomenon in virus-infected plants, the transgenerational inheritance of tolerance to abiotic stresses in their progenies has not been explored. Here, we show that infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants by Potato virus X (PVX) and by a chimeric Plum pox virus (PPV) expressing the P25 pathogenicity protein of PVX (PPV-P25), but not by PPV, conferred tolerance to both salt and osmotic stresses to the progeny, which correlated with the level of virulence of the pathogen. This transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stresses in the progeny was partially sustained even if the plants experience a virus-free generation. Moreover, progenies from a Dicer-like3 mutant mimicked the enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress observed in progenies of PVX-infected wild-type plants. This phenotype was shown irrespective of whether Dicer-like3 parents were infected, suggesting the involvement of 24-nt small interfering RNAs in the transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stress induced by virus infection. RNAseq analysis supported the upregulation of genes related to protein folding and response to stress in the progeny of PVX-infected plants. From an environmental point of view, the significance of virus-induced transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stress could be questionable, as its induction was offset by major reproductive costs arising from a detrimental effect on seed production.
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Glushkevich A, Spechenkova N, Fesenko I, Knyazev A, Samarskaya V, Kalinina NO, Taliansky M, Love AJ. Transcriptomic Reprogramming, Alternative Splicing and RNA Methylation in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Plants in Response to Potato Virus Y Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050635. [PMID: 35270104 PMCID: PMC8912425 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant-virus interactions are greatly influenced by environmental factors such as temperatures. In virus-infected plants, enhanced temperature is frequently associated with more severe symptoms and higher virus content. However, the mechanisms involved in controlling the temperature regulation of plant-virus interactions are poorly characterised. To elucidate these further, we analysed the responses of potato plants cv Chicago to infection by potato virus Y (PVY) at normal (22 °C) and elevated temperature (28 °C), the latter of which is known to significantly increase plant susceptibility to PVY. Using RNAseq analysis, we showed that single and combined PVY and heat-stress treatments caused dramatic changes in gene expression, affecting the transcription of both protein-coding and non-coding RNAs. Among the newly identified genes responsive to PVY infection, we found genes encoding enzymes involved in the catalysis of polyamine formation and poly ADP-ribosylation. We also identified a range of novel non-coding RNAs which were differentially produced in response to single or combined PVY and heat stress, that consisted of antisense RNAs and RNAs with miRNA binding sites. Finally, to gain more insights into the potential role of alternative splicing and epitranscriptomic RNA methylation during combined stress conditions, direct RNA nanopore sequencing was performed. Our findings offer insights for future studies of functional links between virus infections and transcriptome reprogramming, RNA methylation and alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glushkevich
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Nadezhda Spechenkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Andrey Knyazev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Viktoriya Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Andrew J. Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
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Grishina A, Sherstneva O, Grinberg M, Zdobnova T, Ageyeva M, Khlopkov A, Sukhov V, Brilkina A, Vodeneev V. Pre-Symptomatic Detection of Viral Infection in Tobacco Leaves Using PAM Fluorometry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2782. [PMID: 34961253 PMCID: PMC8707847 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging was used to study potato virus X (PVX) infection of Nicotiana benthamiana. Infection-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ)) in the non-inoculated leaf were recorded and compared with the spatial distribution of the virus detected by the fluorescence of GFP associated with the virus. We determined infection-related changes at different points of the light-induced chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and at different days after inoculation. A slight change in the light-adapted steady-state values of ΦPSII and NPQ was observed in the infected area of the non-inoculated leaf. In contrast to the steady-state parameters, the dynamics of ΦPSII and NPQ caused by the dark-light transition in healthy and infected areas differed significantly starting from the second day after the detection of the virus in a non-inoculated leaf. The coefficients of correlation between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and virus localization were 0.67 for ΦPSII and 0.76 for NPQ. In general, the results demonstrate the possibility of reliable pre-symptomatic detection of the spread of a viral infection using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona Grishina
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Oksana Sherstneva
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Marina Grinberg
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Tatiana Zdobnova
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Maria Ageyeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrey Khlopkov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Anna Brilkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
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8
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Pagliari L, Tarquini G, Loschi A, Buoso S, Kapun G, Ermacora P, Musetti R. Gimme shelter: three-dimensional architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum, the replication site of grapevine Pinot gris virus. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1074-1085. [PMID: 34462050 DOI: 10.1071/fp21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine leaf mottling and deformation is a novel grapevine disease that has been associated with grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV). The virus was observed exclusively inside membrane-bound structures in the bundle sheath cells of the infected grapevines. As reported widely in the literature, many positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses modify host-cell membranes to form a variety of deformed organelles, which shelter viral genome replication from host antiviral compounds. Morphologically, the GPGV-associated membranous structures resemble the deformed endoplasmic reticulum described in other virus-host interactions. In this study we investigated the GPGV-induced membranous structures observed in the bundle sheath cells of infected plants. The upregulation of different ER stress-related genes was evidenced by RT-qPCR assays, further confirming the involvement of the ER in grapevine/GPGV interaction. Specific labelling of the membranous structures with an antibody against luminal-binding protein identified them as ER. Double-stranded RNA molecules, which are considered intermediates of viral replication, were localised exclusively in the ER-derived structures and indicated that GPGV exploited this organelle to replicate itself in a shelter niche. Novel analyses using focussed ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) were performed in grapevine leaf tissues to detail the three-dimensional organisation of the ER-derived structures and their remodelling due to virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Tarquini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Gregor Kapun
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and Centre of Excellence on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - Nanocenter, Jamova 39, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Ermacora
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy; and Corresponding author.
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9
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Basu S, Singh AK, Singh D, Sahu SK, Chakraborty S. Role of viral suppressors governing asymmetric synergism between tomato-infecting begomoviruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1107-1121. [PMID: 33417040 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixed viral infections are common in fields and frequently exacerbate disease severity via synergistic interactions among individual viral genomic components leading to major crop loss. Two predominant species of tomato-infecting begomoviruses, Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGuV), are known to cause severe leaf curl disease of tomato in India. Previously, we have demonstrated asymmetric synergism between these two distinct begomovirus species during mixed infection in solanaceous hosts. In the present study, we have identified the underlying proteins that positively regulate asymmetric synergism and their effect on plant defense machinery. During co-infection, the AC2 and AV2 of ToLCGuV enhanced ToLCNDV DNA accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana as well as in their natural host, tomato. Furthermore, we found that AC2 and AV2 of ToLCNDV and AV2 of ToLCGuV play a critical role in suppression of post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) machinery. Taken together, AC2 and AV2 encoded proteins of ToLCGuV are the crucial viral factors promoting asymmetric synergism with ToLCNDV. KEY POINTS: • Begomoviral suppressors play vital roles in viral synergism. • AC2 and AV2 of ToLCGuV asymmetrically enhance ToLCNDV accumulation. • AC2 and AV2 of ToLCNDV and ToLCGuV AV2 are major PTGS suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Basu
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Sanjeeb Kumar Sahu
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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10
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Fátyol K, Fekete KA, Ludman M. Double-Stranded-RNA-Binding Protein 2 Participates in Antiviral Defense. J Virol 2020; 94:e00017-20. [PMID: 32213615 PMCID: PMC7269452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00017-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a common pattern formed during the replication of both RNA and DNA viruses. Perception of virus-derived dsRNAs by specialized receptor molecules leads to the activation of various antiviral measures. In plants, these defensive processes include the adaptive RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and innate pattern-triggered immune (PTI) responses. While details of the former process have been well established in recent years, the latter are still only partially understood at the molecular level. Nonetheless, emerging data suggest extensive cross talk between the different antiviral mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that dsRNA-binding protein 2 (DRB2) of Nicotiana benthamiana plays a direct role in potato virus X (PVX)-elicited systemic necrosis. These results establish that DRB2, a known component of RNAi, is also involved in a virus-induced PTI response. In addition, our findings suggest that RNA-dependent polymerase 6 (RDR6)-dependent dsRNAs play an important role in the triggering of PVX-induced systemic necrosis. Based on our data, a model is formulated whereby competition between different DRB proteins for virus-derived dsRNAs helps establish the dominant antiviral pathways that are activated in response to virus infection.IMPORTANCE Plants employ multiple defense mechanisms to restrict viral infections, among which RNA interference is the best understood. The activation of innate immunity often leads to both local and systemic necrotic responses, which confine the virus to the infected cells and can also provide resistance to distal, noninfected parts of the organism. Systemic necrosis, which is regarded as a special form of the local hypersensitive response, results in necrosis of the apical stem region, usually causing the death of the plant. Here, we provide evidence that the dsRNA-binding protein 2 of Nicotiana benthamiana plays an important role in virus-induced systemic necrosis. Our findings are not only compatible with the recent hypothesis that DRB proteins act as viral invasion sensors but also extends it by proposing that DRBs play a critical role in establishing the dominant antiviral measures that are triggered during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Katalin Anna Fekete
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation, Gödöllő, Hungary
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11
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Differential Accumulation of Innate- and Adaptive-Immune-Response-Derived Transcripts during Antagonism between Papaya Ringspot Virus and Papaya Mosaic Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020230. [PMID: 32092910 PMCID: PMC7077339 DOI: 10.3390/v12020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), a common potyvirus infecting papaya plants worldwide, can lead to either antagonism or synergism in mixed infections with Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV), a potexvirus. These two unrelated viruses produce antagonism or synergism depending on their order of infection in the plant. When PRSV is inoculated first or at the same time as PapMV, the viral interaction is synergistic. However, an antagonistic response is observed when PapMV is inoculated before PRSV. In the antagonistic condition, PRSV is deterred from the plant and its drastic effects are overcome. Here, we examine differences in gene expression by high-throughput RNA sequencing, focused on immune system pathways. We present the transcriptomic expression of single and mixed inoculations of PRSV and PapMV leading to synergism and antagonism. Upregulation of dominant and hormone-mediated resistance transcripts suggests that the innate immune system participates in synergism. In antagonism, in addition to innate immunity, upregulation of RNA interference-mediated resistance transcripts suggests that adaptive immunity is involved.
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12
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Baebler Š, Coll A, Gruden K. Plant Molecular Responses to Potato Virus Y: A Continuum of Outcomes from Sensitivity and Tolerance to Resistance. Viruses 2020; 12:E217. [PMID: 32075268 PMCID: PMC7077201 DOI: 10.3390/v12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important virus affecting potato production. PVY manipulates the plant cell machinery in order to successfully complete the infecting cycle. On the other side, the plant activates a sophisticated multilayer immune defense response to combat viral infection. The balance between these mechanisms, depending on the plant genotype and environment, results in a specific outcome that can be resistance, sensitivity, or tolerance. In this review, we summarize and compare the current knowledge on molecular events, leading to different phenotypic outcomes in response to PVY and try to link them with the known molecular mechanisms.
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13
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Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-9996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Aguilar E, del Toro FJ, Figueira-Galán D, Hou W, Canto T, Tenllado F. Virus infection induces resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and to drought in both compatible and incompatible bacteria–host interactions, which are compromised under conditions of elevated temperature and CO2 levels. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:122-135. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco J. del Toro
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Figueira-Galán
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Weina Hou
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
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15
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Mäkinen K, De S. The significance of methionine cycle enzymes in plant virus infections. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:67-75. [PMID: 30959442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Both biotic and abiotic stresses cause changes in the activities of plant methionine cycle (MTC) enzymes. These changes contribute to the ability of the plant to manage stress. On the other hand, viruses utilize MTC enzymes to promote infection. Here, we review the growing but still limited knowledge of the interactions between plant viral proteins and MTC enzymes. Virus-induced changes in S-adenosyl methionine synthetase and S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase activities debilitate transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA silencing and affect antiviral defense reactions connected to ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. Viral perturbations of host methionine homeostasis couple trans-sulfuration and gluthathione biosynthesis pathways to MTC functions. Large multiprotein complexes, which contain viral proteins and MTC enzymes, may represent metabolons assembled for specific viral functions or host defense responses. Proper understanding of the MTC-associated metabolic and regulatory interactions will reveal those with potential to create virus resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Swarnalok De
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Aguilar E, del Toro FJ, Brosseau C, Moffett P, Canto T, Tenllado F. Cell death triggered by the P25 protein in Potato virus X-associated synergisms results from endoplasmic reticulum stress in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:194-210. [PMID: 30192053 PMCID: PMC6637867 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic interaction of Potato virus X (PVX) with a number of potyviruses results in systemic necrosis in Nicotiana spp. Previous investigations have indicated that the viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) protein P25 of PVX triggers systemic necrosis in PVX-associated synergisms in a threshold-dependent manner. However, little is still known about the cellular processes that lead to this necrosis, and whether the VSR activity of P25 is involved in its elicitation. Here, we show that transient expression of P25 in the presence of VSRs from different viruses, including the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) of potyviruses, induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which ultimately lead to ER collapse. However, the host RNA silencing pathway was dispensable for the elicitation of cell death by P25. Confocal microscopy studies in leaf patches co-expressing P25 and HC-Pro showed dramatic alterations in ER membrane structures, which correlated with the up-regulation of bZIP60 and several ER-resident chaperones, including the ER luminal binding protein (BiP). Overexpression of BiP alleviated the cell death induced by the potexviral P25 protein when expressed together with VSRs derived from different viruses. Conversely, silencing of the UPR master regulator, bZIP60, led to an increase in cell death elicited by the P25/HC-Pro combination as well as by PVX-associated synergism. In addition to its role as a negative regulator of P25-induced cell death, UPR partially restricted PVX infection. Thus, systemic necrosis caused by PVX-associated synergistic infections is probably the effect of an unmitigated ER stress following the overaccumulation of a viral protein, P25, with ER remodelling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de PlantasCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSICMadrid28040Spain
| | - Francisco J. del Toro
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de PlantasCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSICMadrid28040Spain
| | - Chantal Brosseau
- Centre SÈVE, Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCJ1K 2R1Canada
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCJ1K 2R1Canada
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de PlantasCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSICMadrid28040Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de PlantasCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSICMadrid28040Spain
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Abstract
Viruses are an important but sequence-diverse and often understudied component of the phytobiome. We succinctly review current information on how plant viruses directly affect plant health and physiology and consequently have the capacity to modulate plant interactions with their biotic and abiotic environments. Virus interactions with other biota in the phytobiome, including arthropods, fungi, and nematodes, may also impact plant health. For example, viruses interact with and modulate the interface between plants and insects. This has been extensively studied for insect-vectored plant viruses, some of which also infect their vectors. Other viruses have been shown to alter the impacts of plant-interacting phytopathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi and bacteria. Viruses that infect nematodes have also recently been discovered, but the impact of these and phage infecting soil bacteria on plant health remain largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Lucy R Stewart
- Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA;
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18
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Karakkat BB, Jackson VL, Koch PL. Incidence and Distribution of Puccinia coronata and P. graminis on Turfgrass in the Midwestern United States. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:955-963. [PMID: 30673379 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1353-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata) and stem rust (caused by P. graminis) are two common and destructive diseases of turfgrass in the United States. Crown rust has been associated with perennial ryegrass and stem rust with Kentucky bluegrass when identified based solely on fungal morphology. However, recent studies using molecular identification methods have indicated the host-pathogen relationship of rusts on turf to be more complex. Our primary objective was to quickly and accurately identify P. coronata and P. graminis in symptomatic turfgrass leaves over 3 years on turfgrass samples from across the Midwestern United States. Between 2013 and 2015, 413 samples of symptomatic cool-season turfgrass from Wisconsin and surrounding states were screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of these samples, 396 were Kentucky bluegrass and 17% of them contained P. coronata, 69% contained P. graminis, and 13% contained both P. coronata and P. graminis. In addition, both year and location effects were observed on the distribution of Puccinia spp. collected annually from two locations in southern Wisconsin. This research supports previous conclusions that have identified variability among P. graminis and P. coronata host relationships on turfgrass, and further demonstrates that rust fungal populations on Kentucky bluegrass may not be consistent between locations in the same year or over multiple years at the same location. The increasing evidence of variation in the turfgrass rust populations will likely affect future rust management and turfgrass breeding efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh B Karakkat
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - Vonte L Jackson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - Paul L Koch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
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19
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De S, Chavez‐Calvillo G, Wahlsten M, Mäkinen K. Disruption of the methionine cycle and reduced cellular gluthathione levels underlie potex-potyvirus synergism in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1820-1835. [PMID: 29363853 PMCID: PMC6638099 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection caused by the synergistic interaction of two plant viruses is typically manifested by severe symptoms and increased accumulation of either virus. In potex-potyviral synergism, the potyviral RNA silencing suppressor helper component proteinase (HCPro) is known to enhance the pathogenicity of the potexvirus counterpart. In line with this, Potato virus X (PVX; genus Potexvirus) genomic RNA (gRNA) accumulation and gene expression from subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) are increased in Nicotiana benthamiana by Potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) HCPro expression. Recently, we have demonstrated that PVA HCPro interferes with the host cell methionine cycle by interacting with its key enzymes S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase (SAMS) and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). To study the involvement of methionine cycle enzymes in PVX infection, we knocked down SAMS and SAHH. Increased PVX sgRNA expression between 3 and 9 days post-infiltration (dpi) and upregulation of (-)-strand gRNA accumulation at 9 dpi were observed in the SAHH-silenced background. We found that SAMS and SAHH silencing also caused a significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) concentration, specifically in PVX-infected plants between 2 and 9 dpi. Interestingly, HCPro expression in PVX-infected plants caused an even stronger reduction in GSH levels than did SAMS + SAHH silencing and a similar level of reduction was also achieved by knocking down GSH synthetase. PVX sgRNA expression was increased in the GSH synthetase-silenced background. GSH is a major antioxidant of plant cells and therefore GSH shortage may explain the strong oxidative stress and severe symptoms observed during potex-potyvirus mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalok De
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Sciences CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki 00014Finland
| | - Gabriela Chavez‐Calvillo
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Sciences CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki 00014Finland
- Present address:
Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburn36849, ALUSA
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Sciences CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki 00014Finland
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Sciences CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki 00014Finland
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20
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Aguilar E, Cutrona C, Del Toro FJ, Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Pérez-Bueno ML, Barón M, Chung BN, Canto T, Tenllado F. Virulence determines beneficial trade-offs in the response of virus-infected plants to drought via induction of salicylic acid. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2909-2930. [PMID: 28718885 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that plants can get beneficial trade-offs from viral infections when grown under drought conditions. However, experimental support for a positive correlation between virus-induced drought tolerance and increased host fitness is scarce. We investigated whether increased virulence exhibited by the synergistic interaction involving Potato virus X (PVX) and Plum pox virus (PPV) improves tolerance to drought and host fitness in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection by the pair PPV/PVX and by PPV expressing the virulence protein P25 of PVX conferred an enhanced drought-tolerant phenotype compared with single infections with either PPV or PVX. Decreased transpiration rates in virus-infected plants were correlated with drought tolerance in N. benthamiana but not in Arabidopsis. Metabolite and hormonal profiles of Arabidopsis plants infected with the different viruses showed a range of changes that positively correlated with a greater impact on drought tolerance. Virus infection enhanced drought tolerance in both species by increasing salicylic acid accumulation in an abscisic acid-independent manner. Viable offspring derived from Arabidopsis plants infected with PPV increased relative to non-infected plants, when exposed to drought. By contrast, the detrimental effect caused by the more virulent viruses overcame potential benefits associated with increased drought tolerance on host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Carmen Cutrona
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco J Del Toro
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José G Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Málaga, 2907, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Málaga, 2907, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Matilde Barón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Bong-Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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21
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Aguilar E, Del Toro FJ, Canto T, Tenllado F. Identification of MAPKs as signal transduction components required for the cell death response during compatible infection by the synergistic pair Potato virus X-Potato virus Y. Virology 2017; 509:178-184. [PMID: 28647505 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic necrosis is one of the most severe symptoms caused in compatible plant-virus interactions and shares common features with the hypersensitive response (HR). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are associated with responses to compatible and incompatible host-virus interactions. Here, we show that virus-induced gene silencing of the Nicotiana benthamiana MAPK genes salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), and the MAPK kinase (MAPKK) genes MEK1 and MKK1, partially compromised the HR-like response induced by the synergistic interaction of Potato virus X with Potato virus Y (PVX-PVY). Nevertheless, ameliorated cell death induced by PVX-PVY in the MAPK(K)-silenced plants did not facilitate virus accumulation in systemically infected leaves. Dual silencing of SIPK and of the oxylipin biosynthetic gene 9-Lipoxygenase showed that the latter was epistatic to SIPK in response to PVX-PVY infection. These findings demonstrate that SIPK, WIPK, MEK1 and MKK1 function as positive regulators of PVX-PVY-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Del Toro
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Chen H, Adam Arsovski A, Yu K, Wang A. Deep sequencing leads to the identification of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A as a key element in Rsv1-mediated lethal systemic hypersensitive response to Soybean mosaic virus infection in soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:391-404. [PMID: 27019403 PMCID: PMC6638201 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rsv1, a single dominant resistance locus in soybean, confers extreme resistance to the majority of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains, but is susceptible to the G7 strain. In Rsv1-genotype soybean, G7 infection provokes a lethal systemic hypersensitive response (LSHR), a delayed host defence response. The Rsv1-mediated LSHR signalling pathway remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed a genome-wide investigation to gain an insight into the molecular interplay between SMV G7 and Rsv1-genotype soybean. Small RNA (sRNA), degradome and transcriptome sequencing analyses were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and microRNAs (DEMs) in response to G7 infection. A number of DEGs, DEMs and microRNA targets, and the interaction network of DEMs and their target mRNAs responsive to G7 infection, were identified. Knock-down of one of the identified DEGs, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), diminished the LSHR and enhanced viral accumulation, suggesting the essential role of eIF5A in the G7-induced, Rsv1-mediated LSHR signalling pathway. This work provides an in-depth genome-wide analysis of high-throughput sequencing data, and identifies multiple genes and microRNA signatures that are associated with the Rsv1-mediated LSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONCanadaN5T 4T3
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanadaN6A 5B7
| | - Andrej Adam Arsovski
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONCanadaN5T 4T3
| | - Kangfu Yu
- Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaHarrowONCanadaN0R 1G0
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONCanadaN5T 4T3
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanadaN6A 5B7
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Bubici G, Carluccio AV, Stavolone L, Cillo F. Prosystemin overexpression induces transcriptional modifications of defense-related and receptor-like kinase genes and reduces the susceptibility to Cucumber mosaic virus and its satellite RNAs in transgenic tomato plants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171902. [PMID: 28182745 PMCID: PMC5300215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemin is a plant signal peptide hormone involved in the responses to wounding and insect damage in the Solanaceae family. It works in the same signaling pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) and enhances the expression of proteinase inhibitors. With the aim of studying a role for systemin in plant antiviral responses, a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) transgenic line overexpressing the prosystemin cDNA, i.e. the systemin precursor, was inoculated with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strain Fny supporting either a necrogenic or a non-necrogenic satellite RNA (satRNA) variant. Transgenic plants showed reduced susceptibility to both CMV/satRNA combinations. While symptoms of the non-necrogenic inoculum were completely suppressed, a delayed onset of lethal disease occurred in about half of plants challenged with the necrogenic inoculum. RT-qPCR analysis showed a correlation between the systemin-mediated reduced susceptibility and the JA biosynthetic and signaling pathways (e.g. transcriptional alteration of lipoxygenase D and proteinase inhibitor II). Moreover, transgenically overexpressed systemin modulated the expression of a selected set of receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) genes, including some playing a known role in plant innate immunity. A significant correlation was found between the expression profiles of some RLKs and the systemin-mediated reduced susceptibility to CMV/satRNA. These results show that systemin can increase plant defenses against CMV/satRNA through transcriptional reprogramming of diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Carluccio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Stavolone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy.,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Fabrizio Cillo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
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Moon JY, Lee JH, Oh C, Kang H, Park JM. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses function in the HRT-mediated hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1382-1397. [PMID: 26780303 PMCID: PMC6638521 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
HRT is a plant coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) disease resistance protein that triggers the hypersensitive response (HR) on recognition of Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) coat protein (CP). The molecular mechanism and significance of HR-mediated cell death for TCV resistance have not been fully elucidated. To identify the genes involved in HRT/TCV CP-mediated HR in Nicotiana benthamiana, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of 459 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of pathogen-responsive Capsicum annuum genes. VIGS of CaBLP5, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), silenced NbBiP4 and NbBiP5 and significantly reduced HRT-mediated HR. The induction of ER stress-responsive genes and the accumulation of ER-targeted BiPs in response to HRT-mediated HR suggest that ER is involved in HR in N. benthamiana. BiP4/5 silencing significantly down-regulated HRT at the mRNA and protein levels, and affected SGT1 and HSP90 expression. Co-expression of TCV CP in BiP4/5-silenced plants completely abolished HRT induction. Transient expression of TCV CP alone induced selected ER stress-responsive gene transcripts only in Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-infected plants, and most of these genes were induced by HRT/TCV CP, except for bZIP60, which was induced specifically in response to HRT/TCV CP. TCV CP-mediated induction of ER stress-responsive genes still occurred in BiP4/5-silenced plants, but HRT/TCV CP-mediated induction of these genes was defective. Tunicamycin, a chemical that inhibits protein N-glycosylation, inhibited HRT-mediated HR, suggesting that ER has a role in HR regulation. These results indicate that BiP and ER, which modulate pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity, also regulate R protein-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Moon
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
| | - Chang‐Sik Oh
- Department of HorticultureKyung Hee UniversityYongin446‐701South Korea
| | - Hong‐Gu Kang
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666USA
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
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Wang A, Zhou X. ER Stress, UPR and Virus Infections in Plants. CURRENT RESEARCH TOPICS IN PLANT VIROLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123154 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32919-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) endomembrane is a central site for protein synthesis. Perturbation of ER homeostasis can result in an accumulation of unfolded proteins within the ER lumen, causing ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). In humans, ER stress and UPR are closely associated with a vast number of diseases, including viral diseases. In plants, two arms that govern the UPR signaling network have been described: one that contains two ER membrane–associated transcription factors (bZIP17 and bZIP28) and the other that encompasses a dual protein kinase (RNA-splicing factor IRE1) and its target RNA (bZIP60). Although early studies mainly focus on the essential roles of the UPR in abiotic stresses, the significance of UPR in plant diseases caused by virus infections has recently drawn much attention. This chapter summarizes the latest scenario of ER stress and UPR in virus-infected plant cells, highlights the emerging roles of the IRE1 pathway in virus infections, and outlines exciting future directions to spark more research interest in the UPR field in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Cui H, Cui X, Wang A. The altered photosynthetic machinery during compatible virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chávez-Calvillo G, Contreras-Paredes CA, Mora-Macias J, Noa-Carrazana JC, Serrano-Rubio AA, Dinkova TD, Carrillo-Tripp M, Silva-Rosales L. Antagonism or synergism between papaya ringspot virus and papaya mosaic virus in Carica papaya is determined by their order of infection. Virology 2016; 489:179-91. [PMID: 26765969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism between unrelated plant viruses has not been thoroughly described. Our studies show that two unrelated viruses, papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) produce different symptomatic outcomes during mixed infection depending on the inoculation order. Synergism occurs in plants infected first with PRSV or in plants infected simultaneously with PRSV and PapMV, and antagonism occurs in plants infected first with PapMV and later inoculated with PRSV. During antagonism, elevated pathogenesis-related (PR-1) gene expression and increased reactive oxygen species production indicated the establishment of a host defense resulting in the reduction in PRSV titers. Polyribosomal fractioning showed that PRSV affects translation of cellular eEF1α, PR-1, β-tubulin, and PapMV RNAs in planta, suggesting that its infection could be related to an imbalance in the translation machinery. Our data suggest that primary PapMV infection activates a defense response against PRSV and establishes a protective relationship with the papaya host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Mora-Macias
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Juan C Noa-Carrazana
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Angélica A Serrano-Rubio
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Tzvetanka D Dinkova
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF
| | - Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato Guanajuato, Mexico
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Dobnik D, Lazar A, Stare T, Gruden K, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Žel J. Solanum venturii, a suitable model system for virus-induced gene silencing studies in potato reveals StMKK6 as an important player in plant immunity. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:29. [PMID: 27213007 PMCID: PMC4875682 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an optimal tool for functional analysis of genes in plants, as the viral vector spreads throughout the plant and causes reduced expression of selected gene over the whole plant. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important food crops, therefore studies performing functional analysis of its genes are very important. However, the majority of potato cultivars used in laboratory experimental setups are not well amenable to available VIGS systems, thus other model plants from Solanaceae family are used (usually Nicotiana benthamiana). Wild potato relatives can be a better choice for potato model, but their potential in this field was yet not fully explored. This manuscript presents the set-up of VIGS, based on Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in wild potato relatives for functional studies in potato-virus interactions. RESULTS Five different potato cultivars, usually used in our lab, did not respond to silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene with TRV-based vector. Thus screening of a large set of wild potato relatives (different Solanum species and their clones) for their susceptibility to VIGS was performed by silencing PDS gene. We identified several responsive species and further tested susceptibility of these genotypes to potato virus Y (PVY) strain NTN and N. In some species we observed that the presence of empty TRV vector restricted the movement of PVY. Fluorescently tagged PVY(N)-GFP spread systemically in only five of tested wild potato relatives. Based on the results, Solanum venturii (VNT366-2) was selected as the most suitable system for functional analysis of genes involved in potato-PVY interaction. The system was tested by silencing two different plant immune signalling-related kinases, StWIPK and StMKK6. Silencing of StMKK6 enabled faster spreading of the virus throughout the plant, while silencing of WIPK had no effect on spreading of the virus. CONCLUSIONS The system employing S. venturii (VNT366-2) and PVY(N)-GFP is a suitable method for fast and simple functional analysis of genes involved in potato-PVY interactions. Additionally, a set of identified VIGS responsive species of wild potato relatives could serve as a tool for general studies of potato gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dobnik
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Lazar
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Stare
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vivianne G. A. A. Vleeshouwers
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Žel
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Aguilar E, Allende L, Del Toro FJ, Chung BN, Canto T, Tenllado F. Effects of Elevated CO₂and Temperature on Pathogenicity Determinants and Virulence of Potato virus X/Potyvirus-Associated Synergism. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1364-1373. [PMID: 26422405 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-15-0178-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Infections of plants by multiple viruses are common in nature and may result in synergisms in pathologies. Several environmental factors influence plant-virus interactions and act on virulence and host defense responses. Mixed viral infections may be more frequent under environmental conditions associated with global warming. Here, we address how changes in the two main parameters behind global warming, carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO₂]) and temperature, may affect virulence of Potato virus X (PVX)/potyvirus-associated synergism compared with single infections in Nicotiana benthamiana. Elevated [CO₂] resulted in attenuated virulence of single infection by PVX, which correlated with a lower accumulation of virus. In contrast, virulence of PVX/potyvirus-associated synergism was maintained at elevated [CO₂]. On the other hand, elevated temperature decreased markedly both virulence and virus titers in the synergistic infection. We also show that the HR-like response elicited by transient coexpression of PVX P25 together with the potyviral helper component-proteinase protein was significantly enhanced by elevated temperature, whereas it was reduced by elevated [CO₂]. Both proteins are main pathogenicity determinants in PVX-associated synergisms. These findings indicate that, under environmental conditions associated with global warming, virulence of PVX/potyvirus-associated synergisms is expected to vary relative to single infections and, thus, may have pathological consequences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- 1 Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Lucía Allende
- 1 Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Francisco J Del Toro
- 1 Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Bong-Nam Chung
- 2 National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science. Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change. 281, Ayeon-ro, Jeju, 690-150, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomás Canto
- 1 Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- 1 Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; and
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Choi H, Jo Y, Lian S, Jo KM, Chu H, Yoon JY, Choi SK, Kim KH, Cho WK. Comparative analysis of chrysanthemum transcriptome in response to three RNA viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus and Potato virus X. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:233-48. [PMID: 25904110 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The chrysanthemum is one of popular flowers in the world and a host for several viruses. So far, molecular interaction studies between the chrysanthemum and viruses are limited. In this study, we carried out a transcriptome analysis of chrysanthemum in response to three different viruses including Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Potato virus X (PVX). A chrysanthemum 135K microarray derived from expressed sequence tags was successfully applied for the expression profiles of the chrysanthemum at early stage of virus infection. Finally, we identified a total of 125, 70 and 124 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for CMV, TSWV and PVX, respectively. Many DEGs were virus specific; however, 33 DEGs were commonly regulated by three viruses. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified a total of 132 GO terms, and of them, six GO terms related stress response and MCM complex were commonly identified for three viruses. Several genes functioning in stress response such as chitin response and ethylene mediated signaling pathway were up-regulated indicating their involvement in establishment of host immune system. In particular, TSWV infection significantly down-regulated genes related to DNA metabolic process including DNA replication, chromatin organization, histone modification and cytokinesis, and they are mostly targeted to nucleosome and MCM complex. Taken together, our comparative transcriptome analysis revealed several genes related to hormone mediated viral stress response and DNA modification. The identified chrysanthemums genes could be good candidates for further functional study associated with resistant to various plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoseong Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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31
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Lamichhane JR, Venturi V. Synergisms between microbial pathogens in plant disease complexes: a growing trend. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:385. [PMID: 26074945 PMCID: PMC4445244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases are often thought to be caused by one species or even by a specific strain. Microbes in nature, however, mostly occur as part of complex communities and this has been noted since the time of van Leeuwenhoek. Interestingly, most laboratory studies focus on single microbial strains grown in pure culture; we were therefore unaware of possible interspecies and/or inter-kingdom interactions of pathogenic microbes in the wild. In human and animal infections, it is now being recognized that many diseases are the result of multispecies synergistic interactions. This increases the complexity of the disease and has to be taken into consideration in the development of more effective control measures. On the other hand, there are only a few reports of synergistic pathogen-pathogen interactions in plant diseases and the mechanisms of interactions are currently unknown. Here we review some of these reports of synergism between different plant pathogens and their possible implications in crop health. Finally, we briefly highlight the recent technological advances in diagnostics as these are beginning to provide important insights into the microbial communities associated with complex plant diseases. These examples of synergistic interactions of plant pathogens that lead to disease complexes might prove to be more common than expected and understanding the underlying mechanisms might have important implications in plant disease epidemiology and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vittorio Venturi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTrieste, Italy
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32
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Zhang L, Chen H, Brandizzi F, Verchot J, Wang A. The UPR branch IRE1-bZIP60 in plants plays an essential role in viral infection and is complementary to the only UPR pathway in yeast. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005164. [PMID: 25875739 PMCID: PMC4398384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling network encompasses two pathways in plants, one mediated by inositol-requiring protein-1 (IRE1)-bZIP60 mRNA and the other by site-1/site-2 proteases (S1P/S2P)-bZIP17/bZIP28. As the major sensor of UPR in eukaryotes, IRE1, in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, catalyzes the unconventional splicing of HAC1 in yeast, bZIP60 in plants and XBP1 in metazoans. Recent studies suggest that IRE1p and HAC1 mRNA, the only UPR pathway found in yeast, evolves as a cognate system responsible for the robust UPR induction. However, the functional connectivity of IRE1 and its splicing target in multicellular eukaryotes as well as the degree of conservation of IRE1 downstream signaling effectors across eukaryotes remains to be established. Here, we report that IRE1 and its substrate bZIP60 function as a strictly cognate enzyme-substrate pair to control viral pathogenesis in plants. Moreover, we show that the S1P/S2P-bZIP17/bZIP28 pathway, the other known branch of UPR in plants, does not play a detectable role in virus infection, demonstrating the distinct function of the IRE1-bZIP60 pathway in plants. Furthermore, we provide evidence that bZIP60 and HAC1, products of the enzyme-substrate duet, rather than IRE1, are functionally replaceable to cope with ER stress in yeast. Taken together, we conclude that the downstream signaling of the IRE1-mediated splicing is evolutionarily conserved in yeast and plants, and that the IRE1-bZIP60 UPR pathway not only confers overlapping functions with the other UPR branch in fundamental biology but also may exert a unique role in certain biological processes such as virus-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingrui Zhang
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Chen
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Aiming Wang
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Senanayake DMJB, Mandal B. Expression of symptoms, viral coat protein and silencing suppressor gene during mixed infection of a N-Wi strain of potato virus Y and an asymptomatic strain of potato virus X. Virusdisease 2015; 25:314-21. [PMID: 25674598 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) and potato virus X (PVX), the RNA viruses of two different genera results into synergistic interactions on mixed infection. In this study, a N-Wi strain of PVY and a PVX strain that is asymptomatic on potato were used to study their interactions during mixed infection in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum with reference to symptom expression, level of coat protein (CP) using ELISA and suppressor gene using real time PCR under high temperature (26-40 °C) and low temperature (5-25 °C) conditions. Both mixed and single infection caused severe necrosis and death of N. benthamiana plants. Single infection of these viruses in N. tabacum showed mild symptoms but mixed infection caused more severe symptoms. Synergistic symptoms were more pronounced under low temperature conditions than at high temperature. In low temperature conditions, the CP level of PVX in N. benthamiana was twofold higher than PVY and both the viruses reached at peak at 28 dpi in single virus infection. When PVY and PVX inoculated together, the CP levels of both the viruses increased and reached to the peak earlier (within 7-14 days) than that in the single virus inoculation. Although, the CP level of PVX was higher than PVY in mixed infection, at later stage (28 dpi) both the CP level declined to the similar level. The level of p25 suppressor gene was higher than HC-Pro in single inoculation. However, under mixed inoculation of PVY and PVX, expression of p25 was declined to the level of HC-Pro when the CP levels of both the virus also were observed to decline. The expression pattern of CP and suppressor gene was different in plants when mixed infection was created by inoculation of one virus followed by the other. This study showed the level of CP and suppressor gene of specific strain of PVY and PVX during their mixed infection in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M J B Senanayake
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - B Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Aguilar E, Almendral D, Allende L, Pacheco R, Chung BN, Canto T, Tenllado F. The P25 protein of potato virus X (PVX) is the main pathogenicity determinant responsible for systemic necrosis in PVX-associated synergisms. J Virol 2015; 89:2090-103. [PMID: 25473046 PMCID: PMC4338884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02896-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most plant viruses counter the RNA silencing-based antiviral defense by expressing viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). In this sense, VSRs may be regarded as virulence effectors that can be recognized by the host as avirulence (avr) factors to induce R-mediated resistance. We made use of Agrobacterium-mediated transient coexpression of VSRs in combination with Potato virus X (PVX) to recapitulate in local tissues the systemic necrosis (SN) caused by PVX-potyvirus synergistic infections in Nicotiana benthamiana. The hypersensitive response (HR)-like response was associated with an enhanced accumulation of PVX subgenomic RNAs. We further show that expression of P25, the VSR of PVX, in the presence of VSR from different viruses elicited an HR-like response in Nicotiana spp. Furthermore, the expression of P25 by a Plum pox virus (PPV) vector was sufficient to induce an increase of PPV pathogenicity that led to necrotic mottling. A frameshift mutation in the P25 open reading frame (ORF) of PVX did not lead to necrosis when coexpressed with VSRs. These findings indicate that P25 is the main PVX determinant involved in eliciting a systemic HR-like response in PVX-associated synergisms. Moreover, we show that silencing of SGT1 and RAR1 attenuated cell death in both PVX-potyvirus synergistic infection and the HR-like response elicited by P25. Our study underscores that P25 variants that have impaired ability to suppress RNA silencing cannot act as elicitors when synergized by the presence of other VSRs. These findings highlight the importance of RNA silencing suppression activity in the HR-like response elicited by VSRs in certain hosts. IMPORTANCE The work presented here describes how the activity of the PVX suppressor P25 elicits an HR-like response in Nicotiana spp. when overexpressed with other VSR proteins. This finding suggests that the SN response caused by PVX-associated synergisms is a delayed immune response triggered by P25, once it reaches a threshold level by the action of other VSRs. Moreover, this work supports the contention that the silencing suppressor activity of PVX P25 protein is a prerequisite for HR elicitation. We propose that unidentified avr determinants could be involved in other cases of viral synergisms in which heterologous "helper" viruses encoding strong VSRs exacerbate the accumulation of the avr-encoding virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Allende
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Remedios Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bong Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Fernández-Calvino L, Osorio S, Hernández ML, Hamada IB, del Toro FJ, Donaire L, Yu A, Bustos R, Fernie AR, Martínez-Rivas JM, Llave C. Virus-induced alterations in primary metabolism modulate susceptibility to Tobacco rattle virus in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1821-38. [PMID: 25358898 PMCID: PMC4256867 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.250340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During compatible virus infections, plants respond by reprogramming gene expression and metabolite content. While gene expression studies are profuse, our knowledge of the metabolic changes that occur in the presence of the virus is limited. Here, we combine gene expression and metabolite profiling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in order to investigate the influence of primary metabolism on virus infection. Our results revealed that primary metabolism is reconfigured in many ways during TRV infection, as reflected by significant changes in the levels of sugars and amino acids. Multivariate data analysis revealed that these alterations were particularly conspicuous at the time points of maximal accumulation of TRV, although infection time was the dominant source of variance during the process. Furthermore, TRV caused changes in lipid and fatty acid composition in infected leaves. We found that several Arabidopsis mutants deficient in branched-chain amino acid catabolism or fatty acid metabolism possessed altered susceptibility to TRV. Finally, we showed that increments in the putrescine content in TRV-infected plants correlated with enhanced tolerance to freezing stress in TRV-infected plants and that impairment of putrescine biosynthesis promoted virus multiplication. Our results thus provide an interesting overview for a better understanding of the relationship between primary metabolism and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Fernández-Calvino
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - M Luisa Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Ignacio B Hamada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Francisco J del Toro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Livia Donaire
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Agnés Yu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Regla Bustos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
| | - César Llave
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.)
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Elena SF, Bernet GP, Carrasco JL. The games plant viruses play. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 8:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mochizuki T, Ogata Y, Hirata Y, Ohki ST. Quantitative transcriptional changes associated with chlorosis severity in mosaic leaves of tobacco plants infected with Cucumber mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:242-54. [PMID: 24745045 PMCID: PMC6638806 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) causes mosaic disease in inoculated tobacco plants. Coat protein (CP) is one of the major virulence determinants of CMV, and an amino acid substitution at residue 129 in CP alters the severity of chlorosis, such as pale green chlorosis and white chlorosis, in symptomatic tissues of mosaic leaves of infected tobacco. In this study, we compared the transcriptomes of chlorotic tissues infected with the wild-type pepo strain of CMV and two strains carrying CP mutants with diverse chlorosis severity. Differential gene expression analysis showed that CMV inoculation appeared to have similar effects on the transcriptional expression profiles of the symptomatic chlorotic tissues, and only the magnitude of expression differed among the different CMVs. Gene ontology analysis with biological process and cellular component terms revealed that many nuclear genes related to abiotic stress responses, including responses to cadmium, heat, cold and salt, were up-regulated, whereas chloroplast- and photosynthesis-related genes (CPRGs) were down-regulated, in the chlorotic tissues. Interestingly, the level of CPRG down-regulation was correlated with the severity of chlorosis. These results indicate that CP mutation governs the repression level and mRNA accumulation of CPRGs, which are closely associated with the induction of chlorosis.
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Verchot J. The ER quality control and ER associated degradation machineries are vital for viral pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24653727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00066/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to protein production and membrane lipid synthesis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) supports cellular metabolism by ensuring protein quality control in the ER. Most positive strand RNA viruses cause extensive remodeling of membranes and require active membrane synthesis to promote infection. How viruses interact with the cellular machinery controlling membrane metabolism is largely unknown. Furthermore, there is mounting data pointing to the importance of the UPR and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries in viral pathogenesis in eukaryotes emerging topic. For many viruses, the UPR is an early event that is essential for persistent infection and benefits virus replication. In addition, many viruses are reported to commandeer ER resident chaperones to contribute to virus replication and intercellular movement. In particular, calreticulin, the ubiquitin machinery, and the 26S proteasome are most commonly identified components of the UPR and ERAD machinery that also regulate virus infection. In addition, researchers have noted a link between UPR and autophagy. It is well accepted that positive strand RNA viruses use autophagic membranes as scaffolds to support replication and assembly. However this topic has yet to be explored using plant viruses. The goal of research on this topic is to uncover how viruses interact with this ER-related machinery and to use this information for designing novel strategies to boost immune responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA
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Verchot J. The ER quality control and ER associated degradation machineries are vital for viral pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24653727 PMCID: PMC3949406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to protein production and membrane lipid synthesis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) supports cellular metabolism by ensuring protein quality control in the ER. Most positive strand RNA viruses cause extensive remodeling of membranes and require active membrane synthesis to promote infection. How viruses interact with the cellular machinery controlling membrane metabolism is largely unknown. Furthermore, there is mounting data pointing to the importance of the UPR and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries in viral pathogenesis in eukaryotes emerging topic. For many viruses, the UPR is an early event that is essential for persistent infection and benefits virus replication. In addition, many viruses are reported to commandeer ER resident chaperones to contribute to virus replication and intercellular movement. In particular, calreticulin, the ubiquitin machinery, and the 26S proteasome are most commonly identified components of the UPR and ERAD machinery that also regulate virus infection. In addition, researchers have noted a link between UPR and autophagy. It is well accepted that positive strand RNA viruses use autophagic membranes as scaffolds to support replication and assembly. However this topic has yet to be explored using plant viruses. The goal of research on this topic is to uncover how viruses interact with this ER-related machinery and to use this information for designing novel strategies to boost immune responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- *Correspondence: Jeanmarie Verchot, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA e-mail:
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A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by prunus necrotic ringspot virus and peach latent mosaic viroid. Virol J 2013; 10:164. [PMID: 23710752 PMCID: PMC3672095 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microarray profiling is a powerful technique to investigate expression changes of large amounts of genes in response to specific environmental conditions. The majority of the studies investigating gene expression changes in virus-infected plants are limited to interactions between a virus and a model host plant, which usually is Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. In the present work, we performed microarray profiling to explore changes in the expression profile of field-grown Prunus persica (peach) originating from Chile upon single and double infection with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd), worldwide natural pathogens of peach trees. RESULTS Upon single PLMVd or PNRSV infection, the number of statistically significant gene expression changes was relatively low. By contrast, doubly-infected fruits presented a high number of differentially regulated genes. Among these, down-regulated genes were prevalent. Functional categorization of the gene expression changes upon double PLMVd and PNRSV infection revealed protein modification and degradation as the functional category with the highest percentage of repressed genes whereas induced genes encoded mainly proteins related to phosphate, C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism and also protein modification. Overrepresentation analysis upon double infection with PLMVd and PNRSV revealed specific functional categories over- and underrepresented among the repressed genes indicating active counter-defense mechanisms of the pathogens during infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify a novel synergistic effect of PLMVd and PNRSV on the transcriptome of peach fruits. We demonstrate that mixed infections, which occur frequently in field conditions, result in a more complex transcriptional response than that observed in single infections. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that the simultaneous infection of a viroid and a plant virus synergistically affect the host transcriptome in infected peach fruits. These field studies can help to fully understand plant-pathogen interactions and to develop appropriate crop protection strategies.
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García-Marcos A, Pacheco R, Manzano A, Aguilar E, Tenllado F. Oxylipin biosynthesis genes positively regulate programmed cell death during compatible infections with the synergistic pair potato virus X-potato virus Y and Tomato spotted wilt virus. J Virol 2013; 87:5769-83. [PMID: 23487466 PMCID: PMC3648178 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03573-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most severe symptoms caused by compatible plant-virus interactions is systemic necrosis, which shares common attributes with the hypersensitive response to incompatible pathogens. Although several studies have identified viral symptom determinants responsible for systemic necrosis, mechanistic models of how they contribute to necrosis in infected plants remain scarce. Here, we examined the involvement of different branches of the oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in the systemic necrosis response caused either by the synergistic interaction of Potato virus X with Potato virus Y (PVX-PVY) or by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silencing either 9-lipoxygenase (LOX), 13-LOX, or α-dioxygenase-1 (α-DOX-1) attenuated the programmed cell death (PCD)-associated symptoms caused by infection with either PVX-PVY or TSWV. In contrast, silencing of the jasmonic acid perception gene, COI1 (Coronatine insensitive 1), expedited cell death during infection with compatible viruses. This correlated with an enhanced expression of oxylipin biosynthesis genes and dioxygenase activity in PVX-PVY-infected plants. Moreover, the Arabidopsis thaliana double lox1 α-dox-1 mutant became less susceptible to TSWV infection. We conclude that oxylipin metabolism is a critical component that positively regulates the process of PCD during compatible plant-virus interactions but does not play a role in restraining virus accumulation in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto García-Marcos
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Dobnik D, Baebler Š, Kogovšek P, Pompe-Novak M, Štebih D, Panter G, Janež N, Morisset D, Žel J, Gruden K. β-1,3-glucanase class III promotes spread of PVY NTN and improves in planta protein production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 7:547-555. [PMID: 24273610 PMCID: PMC3824212 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-013-0300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucanases are enzymes regulating the size exclusion limit and permeability of plasmodesmata and play a role in biotic stress. In plant genomes, they are encoded as relatively large gene families divided into four classes. Most studies of plant virus interactions have focused on glucanases from classes I and II. In our study, we have evaluated the role of the β-1,3-glucanase class III (Glu-III) gene in the potato-potato virus YNTN (PVYNTN) interaction and implemented the findings to plant biotechnology application. Potato cultivars Désirée and Santé, which are tolerant and extremely resistant to PVYNTN, respectively, were stably transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbouring constructs for Glu-III overexpression. Localization of Glu-III protein in patches within the cell wall was determined by tagging the Glu-III protein with green fluorescent protein. Transgenic and non-transgenic plants were challenged with PVYNTN and its multiplication and spreading was followed. Differences in viral spread were observed between transgenic lines overexpressing Glu-III and non-transgenic lines, with stronger and faster viral spread in transgenic Désirée, and some multiplication in transgenic Santé. In addition, the ability of Glu-III to improve in planta protein production after agroinfiltration was tested. The results have shown that Glu-III overexpression enables faster spreading of vectors between cells and better protein production, which could be beneficial in improving in planta protein production system using viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Kogovšek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Pompe-Novak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dejan Štebih
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriela Panter
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikolaja Janež
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Velika pot 22, 5250 Solkan, Slovenia
| | - Dany Morisset
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Velika pot 22, 5250 Solkan, Slovenia
| | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Satoh K, Kondoh H, De Leon TB, Macalalad RJA, Cabunagan RC, Cabauatan PQ, Mauleon R, Kikuchi S, Choi IR. Gene expression responses to Rice tungro spherical virus in susceptible and resistant near-isogenic rice plants. Virus Res 2012. [PMID: 23183448 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rice cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) is susceptible to Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). TW16 is a backcross line developed between TN1 and RTSV-resistant cultivar Utri Merah. RTSV accumulation in TW16 was significantly lower than in TN1, although both TN1 and TW16 remained asymptomatic. We compared the gene expression profiles of TN1 and TW16 infected by RTSV to identify the gene expression patterns accompanying the accumulation and suppression of RTSV. About 11% and 12% of the genes in the entire genome were found differentially expressed by RTSV in TN1 and TW16, respectively. About 30% of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected commonly in both TN1 and TW16. DEGs related to development and stress response processes were significantly overrepresented in both TN1 and TW16. Evident differences in gene expression between TN1 and TW16 instigated by RTSV included (1) suppression of more genes for development-related transcription factors in TW16; (2) activation of more genes for development-related peptide hormone RALF in TN1; (3) TN1- and TW16-specific regulation of genes for jasmonate synthesis and pathway, and genes for stress-related transcription factors such as WRKY, SNAC, and AP2-EREBP; (4) activation of more genes for glutathione S-transferase in TW16; (5) activation of more heat shock protein genes in TN1; and (6) suppression of more genes for Golden2-like transcription factors involved in plastid development in TN1. The results suggest that a significant number of defense and development-related genes are still regulated in asymptomatic plants even with a very low level of RTSV, and that the TN1- and TW16-specific gene regulations might be associated with regulation of RTSV accumulation in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Satoh
- Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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Mandadi KK, Scholthof KBG. Characterization of a viral synergism in the monocot Brachypodium distachyon reveals distinctly altered host molecular processes associated with disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1432-52. [PMID: 22961132 PMCID: PMC3490591 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV) together infect several small grain crops, biofuel, and forage and turf grasses. Here, we establish the emerging monocot model Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) as an alternate host to study PMV- and SPMV-host interactions and viral synergism. Infection of Brachypodium with PMV+SPMV induced chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, reduced seed set, caused stunting, and lowered biomass, more than PMV alone. Toward gaining a molecular understanding of PMV- and SPMV-affected host processes, we used a custom-designed microarray and analyzed global changes in gene expression of PMV- and PMV+SPMV-infected plants. PMV infection by itself modulated expression of putative genes functioning in carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, metabolite transport, protein modification, cell wall remodeling, and cell death. Many of these genes were additively altered in a coinfection with PMV+SPMV and correlated to the exacerbated symptoms of PMV+SPMV coinfected plants. PMV+SPMV coinfection also uniquely altered expression of certain genes, including transcription and splicing factors. Among the host defenses commonly affected in PMV and PMV+SPMV coinfections, expression of an antiviral RNA silencing component, SILENCING DEFECTIVE3, was suppressed. Several salicylic acid signaling components, such as pathogenesis-related genes and WRKY transcription factors, were up-regulated. By contrast, several genes in jasmonic acid and ethylene responses were down-regulated. Strikingly, numerous protein kinases, including several classes of receptor-like kinases, were misexpressed. Taken together, our results identified distinctly altered immune responses in monocot antiviral defenses and provide insights into monocot viral synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranthi K. Mandadi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Karen-Beth G. Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
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Faurez F, Baldwin T, Tribodet M, Jacquot E. Identification of new Potato virus Y (PVY) molecular determinants for the induction of vein necrosis in tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:948-59. [PMID: 22537230 PMCID: PMC6638754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two tobacco vein necrosis (TVN) determinants, the residues K(400) and E(419) , have been identified previously in the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) protein sequence of Potato virus Y (PVY). However, since their description, non-necrotic PVY isolates with both K(400) and E(419) necrotic determinants have been reported in the literature. This suggests the presence in the viral genome of other, as yet uncharacterized, TVN determinant(s). The identification of PVY(N) pathogenicity determinants was approached through the replacement of genomic regions of the necrotic PVY(N) -605 infectious clone by corresponding sequences from the non-necrotic PVY(O) -139 isolate. Series of PVY(N/O) chimeras and site-directed PVY mutants were constructed to test the involvement of different parts of the PVY genome (from nucleotide 421 to nucleotide 9629) in the induction of TVN symptoms. The analysis of both the genomic characteristics and biological properties of these mutants made it possible to highlight the involvement, in addition to residues K(400) and E(419), of the residue N(339) of the HC-Pro protein and two regions in the cytoplasmic inclusion (CI) protein to nuclear inclusion protein a-protease (NIa-Pro) sequence (nucleotides 5496-5932 and 6233-6444) in the induction of vein necrosis in tobacco infected by PVY isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Faurez
- INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université Rennes1, UMR1099 BiO3P Biology of Organisms and Populations Applied to Plant Protection, F-35653 Le Rheu, France
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Ye CM, Kelly V, Payton M, Dickman MB, Verchot J. SGT1 is induced by the potato virus X TGBp3 and enhances virus accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1151-3. [PMID: 22461666 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Pacheco R, García-Marcos A, Barajas D, Martiáñez J, Tenllado F. PVX-potyvirus synergistic infections differentially alter microRNA accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus Res 2012; 165:231-5. [PMID: 22387565 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to single infections, co-infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY) or Plum pox virus (PPV), resulted in increased systemic symptoms (synergism in pathology). Previous studies have shown that virus infections affected the accumulation of various microRNAs (miRNAs) and miRNA target genes. Our studies revealed that double infection by PVX and PVY or PPV that produced the most severe symptoms in N. benthamiana altered accumulation of miR156, 171, 398, and 168, and/or their target transcripts to a greater extent or in a different direction than single infections that produced milder symptoms. These findings indicate a differential effect on miRNA metabolism of the combined infection by two unrelated plant viruses, which may account in part for the severe symptoms caused by PVX/potyvirus-associated synergisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remedios Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Pacheco R, García-Marcos A, Manzano A, de Lacoba MG, Camañes G, García-Agustín P, Díaz-Ruíz JR, Tenllado F. Comparative analysis of transcriptomic and hormonal responses to compatible and incompatible plant-virus interactions that lead to cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:709-23. [PMID: 22273391 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-11-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypersensitive response-related programmed cell death (PCD) has been extensively analyzed in various plant-virus interactions. However, little is known about the changes in gene expression and phytohormone levels associated with cell death caused by compatible viruses. The synergistic interaction of Potato virus X (PVX) with a number of Potyvirus spp. results in increased symptoms that lead to systemic necrosis (SN) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we show that SN induced by a PVX recombinant virus expressing a potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) gene is associated with PCD. We have also compared transcriptomic and hormonal changes that occur in response to a compatible synergistic virus interaction that leads to SN, a systemic incompatible interaction conferred by the Tobacco mosaic virus-resistance gene N, and a PCD response conditioned by depletion of proteasome function. Our analysis indicates that the SN response clusters with the incompatible response by the similarity of their overall gene expression profiles. However, the expression profiles of both defense-related genes and hormone-responsive genes, and also the relative accumulation of several hormones in response to SN, relate more closely to the response to depletion of proteasome function than to that elicited by the incompatible interaction. This suggests a potential contribution of proteasome dysfunction to the increased pathogenicity observed in PVX-Potyvirus mixed infections. Furthermore, silencing of coronatine insensitive 1, a gene involved in jasmonate perception, in N. benthamiana accelerated cell death induced by PVX expressing HC-Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remedios Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Liao HL, Burns JK. Gene expression in Citrus sinensis fruit tissues harvested from huanglongbing-infected trees: comparison with girdled fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3307-19. [PMID: 22407645 PMCID: PMC3350938 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of viable Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in sweet orange fruit and leaves ('Hamlin' and 'Valencia') and transcriptomic changes associated with huanglongbing (HLB) infection in fruit tissues are reported. Viable CaLas was present in most fruit tissues tested in HLB trees, with the highest titre detected in vascular tissue near the calyx abscission zone. Transcriptomic changes associated with HLB infection were analysed in flavedo (FF), vascular tissue (VT), and juice vesicles (JV) from symptomatic (SY), asymptomatic (AS), and healthy (H) fruit. In SY 'Hamlin', HLB altered the expression of more genes in FF and VT than in JV, whereas in SY 'Valencia', the number of genes whose expression was changed by HLB was similar in these tissues. The expression of more genes was altered in SY 'Valencia' JV than in SY 'Hamlin' JV. More genes were also affected in AS 'Valencia' FF and VT than in AS 'Valencia' JV. Most genes whose expression was changed by HLB were classified as transporters or involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Physiological characteristics of HLB-infected and girdled fruit were compared to differentiate between HLB-specific and carbohydrate metabolism-related symptoms. SY and girdled fruit were smaller than H and ungirdled fruit, respectively, with poor juice quality. However, girdling did not cause misshapen fruit or differential peel coloration. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that many selected genes changed their expression significantly in SY flavedo but not in girdled flavedo. Mechanisms regulating development of HLB symptoms may lie in the host disease response rather than being a direct consequence of carbohydrate starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline K. Burns
- University of Florida, IFAS, Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299, USA
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Tena F, Molina-Galdeano M, Serra MT, García-Luque I. A single amino acid in the helicase domain of PMMoV-S is responsible for its enhanced accumulation in C. chinense (L(3)L(3)) plants at 32°C. Virology 2012; 427:34-43. [PMID: 22377122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Capsicum chinense (L(3)L(3)) plants a higher accumulation of the tobamovirus Pepper mild mottle virus strain S (PMMoV-S) as compared to the Italian strain PMMoV-I is detected when plants are grown at 32°C. By using a reverse genetic approach, we have established that a single amino acid at position 898 in the helicase domain of the polymerase protein, outside of the conserved regions of the helicase, is critical for the higher accumulation of PMMoV-S observed. It also is necessary for both increased accumulation of viral RNA of both polarities in pepper protoplasts and enhanced cell-to-cell movement in C. chinense plants. The influence of thermoresistance of PMMoV-S, a P(1,2) pathotype, and its prevalence on pepper cultivars over PMMoV-I, a P(1,2,3), pathotype, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Tena
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu no 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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