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Zhao J, Wang Z, Jiao R, Wan Q, Wang L, Li L, Yang Y, Munir S. P-hydroxybenzoic acid positively affect the Fusarium oxysporum to stimulate root rot in Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:229-235. [PMID: 38465213 PMCID: PMC10920001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plant health is directly related to the change in native microbial diversity and changes in soil health have been implicated as one of the main cause of root rot. However, scarce information is present regarding allelopathic relationship of Panax notoginseng root exudates and pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum in a continuous cropping system. Methods We analyzed P. notoginseng root exudate in the planting soil for three successive years to determine phenolic acid concentration using GC-MS and HPLC followed by effect on the microbial community assembly. Antioxidant enzymes were checked in the roots to confirm possible resistance in P. notoginseng. Results Total 29 allelochemicals in the planting soil extract was found with highest concentration (10.54 %) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The HPLC showing a year-by-year decrease in p-hydroxybenzoic acid content in soil of different planting years, and an increase in population of F. oxysporum. Moreover, community analysis displayed negative correlation with 2.22 mmol. L-1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid correspond to an 18.1 % population of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, in vitro plate assay indicates that medium dose of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2.5-5 mmol. L-1) can stimulate the growth of F. oxysporum colonies and the production of macroconidia, as well as cell wall-degrading enzymes. We found that 2-3 mmol. L-1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly increased the population of F. oxysporum. Conclusion In conclusion, our study suggested that p-hydroxybenzoic acid have negative effect on the root system and modified the rhizosphere microbiome so that the host plant became more susceptible to root rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Chemistry Biology and the Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhandi Wang
- College of Chemistry Biology and the Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong Jiao
- College of Chemistry Biology and the Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Qionglian Wan
- College of Chemistry Biology and the Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Lianchun Wang
- College of Chemistry Biology and the Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Liangxing Li
- College of Chemistry Biology and the Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Yali Yang
- College of Chemistry Biology and the Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Chen D, Shu D, Wei Z, Luo D, Yang J, Li Z, Tan H. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of Bcfrp1 involved in regulating the biosynthesis of abscisic acid and growth in Botrytis cinerea TB-31. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1085000. [PMID: 36777027 PMCID: PMC9909433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important sesquiterpene compound that regulates the stress resistance of plants. Botrytis cinerea can synthesize ABA via the mevalonic acid pathway. To identify the functional genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of ABA, we performed insertion mutagenesis into B. cinerea TB-31. Methods We obtained the ABA-reduced mutant E154 by insertion mutagenesis, and we identified the insertion site was located upstream of the gene bcfrp1 by Thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. We performed a detailed phenotypic characterization of the bcfrp1 knockout and complementation mutants in TB-31. Furthermore, transcriptome and proteome analyses were conducted to explore how bcfrp1 affects the level of the ABA biosynthesis. Results The bcfrp1 gene encodes an F-box protein. The phenotypic results confirmed the positive contribution of bcfrp1 to the biosynthesis of ABA and growth. Between TB-31 and ΔBcfrp1, we obtained 4,128 and 1,073 differentially expressed genes and proteins, respectively. The impaired ABA biosynthesis in the ΔBcfrp1 mutants was primarily affected by the different levels of expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene cluster and the genes involved in the mevalonic acid pathway. In addition, we further characterized the differentially expressed genes and proteins that participated in the growth, secondary metabolism, and signal transduction in B. cinerea based on the transcriptome and proteome data. Discussion This research based on the transcriptome and proteome analyses to display the changes after the deletion of bcfrp1 in B. cinerea TB-31, will help us to explore the molecular mechanism of ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,Chengdu Institute of Biology, China Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Dan Shu, ✉
| | - Zhao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,Chengdu Institute of Biology, China Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhemin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China,Hong Tan, ✉
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Han S, Chen J, Zhao Y, Cai H, Guo C. Bacillus subtilis HSY21 can reduce soybean root rot and inhibit the expression of genes related to the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 178:104916. [PMID: 34446192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soybean root rot occurs globally and seriously affects soybean production. To avoid the many disadvantages of chemical fungicides, the addition of Bacillus is gradually becoming an alternative strategy to tackle soybean root rot. However, the molecular mechanism of phytopathogenic fungi in this process by Bacillus inhibition is rarely reported. In this study, we isolated a strain of B. subtilis HSY21 from soybean rhizosphere soil, which had an inhibition rate of 81.30 ± 0.15% (P < 0.05) against Fusarium oxysporum. The control effects of this strain against soybean root rot under greenhouse and field conditions were 63.83% and 57.07% (P < 0.05), respectively. RNA-seq analysis of F. oxysporum after treatment with strain HSY21 revealed 1445 downregulated genes and 1561 upregulated genes. Among them, genes involved in mycelial growth, metabolism regulation, and disease-related enzymes were mostly downregulated. The activities of cellulase, β-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pectin-methyl- galacturonase as well as levels of oxalic acid and ergosterol in F. oxysporum were significantly decreased after HSY21 treatment. These results demonstrated that B. subtilis HSY21 could effectively control F. oxysporum by inhibiting its growth and the expression of pathogenic genes, thus indicating that this strain may be an ideal candidate for the prevention and control of soybean root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China..
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The F-box protein gene exo- 1 is a target for reverse engineering enzyme hypersecretion in filamentous fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025689118. [PMID: 34168079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025689118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) are vital for the lignocellulose-based biorefinery. The development of hypersecreting fungal protein production hosts is therefore a major aim for both academia and industry. However, despite advances in our understanding of their regulation, the number of promising candidate genes for targeted strain engineering remains limited. Here, we resequenced the genome of the classical hypersecreting Neurospora crassa mutant exo-1 and identified the causative point of mutation to reside in the F-box protein-encoding gene, NCU09899. The corresponding deletion strain displayed amylase and invertase activities exceeding those of the carbon catabolite derepressed strain Δcre-1, while glucose repression was still mostly functional in Δexo-1 Surprisingly, RNA sequencing revealed that while plant cell wall degradation genes are broadly misexpressed in Δexo-1, only a small fraction of CAZyme genes and sugar transporters are up-regulated, indicating that EXO-1 affects specific regulatory factors. Aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanism of enzyme hypersecretion, we found the high secretion of amylases and invertase in Δexo-1 to be completely dependent on the transcriptional regulator COL-26. Furthermore, misregulation of COL-26, CRE-1, and cellular carbon and nitrogen metabolism was confirmed by proteomics. Finally, we successfully transferred the hypersecretion trait of the exo-1 disruption by reverse engineering into the industrially deployed fungus Myceliophthora thermophila using CRISPR-Cas9. Our identification of an important F-box protein demonstrates the strength of classical mutants combined with next-generation sequencing to uncover unanticipated candidates for engineering. These data contribute to a more complete understanding of CAZyme regulation and will facilitate targeted engineering of hypersecretion in further organisms of interest.
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Zhang L, Yan J, Fu Z, Shi W, Ninkuu V, Li G, Yang X, Zeng H. FoEG1, a secreted glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein from Fusarium oxysporum, triggers cell death and modulates plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:522-538. [PMID: 33675158 PMCID: PMC8035634 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an important soilborne fungal pathogen with many different formae speciales that can colonize the plant vascular system and cause serious crop wilt disease worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein FoEG1, secreted by F. oxysporum, that acted as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) targeting the apoplast of plants to induce cell death. Purified FoEG1 protein triggered cell death in different plants and induced the plant defence response to enhance the disease resistance of plants. The ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death was mediated by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1, and this ability was independent of its hydrolase activity. The mutants of cysteine residues did not affect the ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death, and an 86 amino acid fragment from amino acid positions 144 to 229 of FoEG1 was sufficient to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, the expression of FoEG1 was strongly induced in the early stage of F. oxysporum infection of host plants, and FoEG1 deletion or loss of enzyme activity reduced the virulence of F. oxysporum. Therefore, our results suggest that FoEG1 can contribute to the virulence of F. oxysporum depending on its enzyme activity and can also act as a PAMP to induce plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianpei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenchao Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenjiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Vincent Ninkuu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiufen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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The Destructive Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea-Insights from Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110923. [PMID: 33171745 PMCID: PMC7695001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens affecting numerous plant hosts, including many important crop species. As a molecularly under-studied organism, its genome was only sequenced at the beginning of this century and it was recently updated with improved gene annotation and completeness. In this review, we summarize key molecular studies on B. cinerea developmental and pathogenesis processes, specifically on genes studied comprehensively with mutant analysis. Analyses of these studies have unveiled key genes in the biological processes of this pathogen, including hyphal growth, sclerotial formation, conidiation, pathogenicity and melanization. In addition, our synthesis has uncovered gaps in the present knowledge regarding development and virulence mechanisms. We hope this review will serve to enhance the knowledge of the biological mechanisms behind this notorious fungal pathogen.
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Zhang X, Bai L, Guo N, Cai B. Transcriptomic analyses revealed the effect of Funneliformis mosseae on genes expression in Fusarium oxysporum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234448. [PMID: 32735565 PMCID: PMC7394372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean root rot is a typical soil-borne disease that severely affects the yield of soybean. Funneliformis mosseae is one of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) dominant strains in soybean continuous cropping soil. The aim of this study was to providing an experimental basis for the study of the molecular mechanism underlying the alleviation of the obstacles associated with the continuous cropping of soybean by AMF. In this study, F. mosseae was inoculated in soil planted with soybean infected with Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed that the incidence of soybean root rot was significantly reduced after inoculation with F. mosseae. In F. mosseae-treated samples, the significantly upregulated genes encoded transmembrane protein in fungal cell membrane. The significantly downregulated genes encoded some proteins, which took part in composition of essential component of fungal cell wall; hydrolyse cellulose and hemicellulose. The DEGs in each treatment were enriched in antigen processing and presentation, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the MAPK signalling pathway, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and RNA degradation. Inoculation with F. mosseae could in a variety of ways to promote the growth, development of soybean and improve disease resistance. Such as help fungal build barriers to the disease resistance of host plant and enhance their pathogenicity; damaging the structure of the pathogen; protect plant tissues and so on. This study provides an experimental basis for further research on the molecular mechanism underlying the alleviation of challenges associated with the continuous cropping of soybean by AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Bai
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Department of Food and Environmental Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Na Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Department of Food and Environmental Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Baiyan Cai
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Department of Food and Environmental Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
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Deng S, Yao C, Zhang X, Jia Z, Shan C, Luo X, Lin L. Involvement of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Verticillium dahliae in cell morphogenesis, stress responses, and host infection. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:648-660. [PMID: 32540188 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP, EC 2.7.7.9) is an essential enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi, the UGP gene is indispensable for normal cell development, polysaccharide synthesis, and stress response. However, the function of the UGP homolog in plant pathogenic fungi has been rarely explored during pathogenesis. In this study, we characterize a UGP homolog named VdUGP from Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungus that causes plant vascular wilt. In comparison with wild-type strain V07DF2 and complementation strains, the VdUGP knocked down mutant 24C9 exhibited sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (perturbing membrane integrity) and high sodium chloride concentration (high osmotic pressure stress). More than 25 % of the conidia of the mutant developed into short and swollen hypha and formed hyperbranching and compact colonies. The mutant exhibited decreased virulence on cotton and tobacco seedlings. Further investigation determined that the germination of the mutant spores was significantly delayed compared with the wild-type strain on the host roots. RNA-seq analysis revealed that a considerable number of genes encoding secreted proteins and carbohydrate-active enzymes were significantly downregulated in the mutant at an early stage of infection compared with those of the wild-type strain. RNA-seq data indicated that mutation affected many Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways both in the pathogen and in the inoculated plants at the infection stage. These alterations of the mutant in cultural phenotypes, virulence, and gene expression profiles clearly indicated that VdUGP played important roles in fungal cell morphogenesis, stress responses, and host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Chuanfei Yao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhaozhao Jia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Chenyang Shan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Ling Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling street NO.50, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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de Lamo FJ, Takken FLW. Biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum Using Endophyte-Mediated Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:37. [PMID: 32117376 PMCID: PMC7015898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and the root-colonizing fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental for the host. Fo is infamous for its ability to cause wilt, root-, and foot-rot in many plant species, including many agronomically important crops. However, Fo also has another face; as a root endophyte, it can reduce disease caused by vascular pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae and pathogenic Fo strains. Fo also confers protection to root pathogens like Pythium ultimum, but typically not to pathogens attacking above-ground tissues such as Botrytis cinerea or Phytophthora capsici. Endophytes confer biocontrol either directly by interacting with pathogens via mycoparasitism, antibiosis, or by competition for nutrients or root niches, or indirectly by inducing resistance mechanisms in the host. Fo endophytes such as Fo47 and CS-20 differ from Fo pathogens in their effector gene content, host colonization mechanism, location in the plant, and induced host-responses. Whereas endophytic strains trigger localized cell death in the root cortex, and transiently induce immune signaling and papilla formation, these responses are largely suppressed by pathogenic Fo strains. The ability of pathogenic strains to compromise immune signaling and cell death is likely attributable to their host-specific effector repertoire. The lower number of effector genes in endophytes as compared to pathogens provides a means to distinguish them from each other. Co-inoculation of a biocontrol-conferring Fo and a pathogenic Fo strain on tomato reduces disease, and although the pathogen still colonizes the xylem vessels this has surprisingly little effect on the xylem sap proteome composition. In this tripartite interaction the accumulation of just two PR proteins, NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanase, was affected. The Fo-induced resistance response in tomato appears to be distinct from induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR), as the phytohormones jasmonate, ethylene, and salicylic acid are not required. In this review, we summarize our molecular understanding of Fo-induced resistance in a model and identify caveats in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Edel-Hermann V, Lecomte C. Current Status of Fusarium oxysporum Formae Speciales and Races. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:512-530. [PMID: 30461350 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-18-0320-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium oxysporum species complex includes both plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains, which are commonly found in soils. F. oxysporum has received considerable attention from plant pathologists for more than a century owing to its broad host range and the economic losses it causes. The narrow host specificity of pathogenic strains has led to the concept of formae speciales, each forma specialis grouping strains with the same host range. Initially restricted to one plant species, this host range was later found to be broader for many formae speciales. In addition, races were identified in some formae speciales, generally with cultivar-level specialization. In 1981, Armstrong and Armstrong listed 79 F. oxysporum formae speciales and mentioned races in 16 of them. Since then, the known host range of F. oxysporum has considerably increased, and many new formae speciales and races have been identified. We carried out a comprehensive search of the literature to propose this review of F. oxysporum formae speciales and races. We recorded 106 well-characterized formae speciales, together with 37 insufficiently documented ones, and updated knowledge on races and host ranges. We also recorded 58 plant species/genera susceptible to F. oxysporum but for which a forma specialis has not been characterized yet. This review raises issues regarding the nomenclature and the description of F. oxysporum formae speciales and races.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Edel-Hermann
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - C Lecomte
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Huang X, Sun M, Lu X, Li S. Serial passage through resistant and susceptible cucumber cultivars affects the virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00641. [PMID: 29797483 PMCID: PMC6391263 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Foc) is the causal pathogen of cucumber Fusarium wilt resulting in losses to cucumber production. To investigate the effects of the selective pressures of host plants on the virulence of Foc, a low virulence isolate, foc-3b, was successively inoculated on resistant and susceptible cucumber cultivars for five generations. The virulence of the original isolate diverged; virulence was significantly strengthened after serial passage on the resistant cultivar and weakened on the susceptible plants (p ˂ .05). The expression of four virulence-related genes of F. oxysporum, G-protein α subunit gene fga1, sucrose nonfermenting 1 gene snf1, F-box protein gene frp1, and Class V chitin synthase gene chsV, was quantified using real-time PCR. All genes were significantly upregulated after serial passage on the resistant cultivar, compared to the original strain, and the expression of snf1 was downregulated in strains re-isolated from the susceptible plants (p ˂ .05). A significant positive correlation was found between the expression levels of gene snf1, frp1, and chsV and disease severity of cucumber Fusarium wilt, suggesting these genes may impact virulence differentiation. This study will improve the management of cucumber Fusarium wilt and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying virulence of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Huang
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Schmitz K, Protzko R, Zhang L, Benz JP. Spotlight on fungal pectin utilization-from phytopathogenicity to molecular recognition and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2507-2524. [PMID: 30694345 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide with D-galacturonic acid as its main component that predominantly accumulates in the middle lamella of the plant cell wall. Integrity and depolymerization of pectic structures have long been identified as relevant factors in fungal phytosymbiosis and phytopathogenicity in the context of tissue penetration and carbon source supply. While the pectic content of a plant cell wall can vary significantly, pectin was reported to account for up to 20-25% of the total dry weight in soft and non-woody tissues with non- or mildly lignified secondary cell walls, such as found in citrus peel, sugar beet pulp, and apple pomace. Due to their potential applications in various industrial sectors, pectic sugars from these and similar agricultural waste streams have been recognized as valuable targets for a diverse set of biotechnological fermentations.Recent advances in uncovering the molecular regulation mechanisms for pectinase expression in saprophytic fungi have led to a better understanding of fungal pectin sensing and utilization that could help to improve industrial, pectin-based fermentations. Related research in phytopathogenic fungi has furthermore added to our knowledge regarding the relevance of pectinases in plant cell wall penetration during onset of disease and is therefore highly relevant for agricultural sciences and the agricultural industry. This review therefore aims at summarizing (i) the role of pectinases in phytopathogenicity, (ii) the global regulation patterns for pectinase expression in saprophytic filamentous fungi as a highly specialized class of pectin degraders, and (iii) the current industrial applications in pectic sugar fermentations and transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schmitz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ryan Protzko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Karpe AV, Dunn MS, Taylor MC, Nguyen T, Ong C, Karla T, Rockman S, Beale DJ. Nitrogen deprivation in Fusarium oxysporum promotes mycotoxin production via intermediates in the Krebs cycle and unreported methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity. Metabolomics 2018; 14:160. [PMID: 30830469 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusarium oxysporum has a high affinity for lignin and cellulose-based substrates and is known to grow in a wide range of environments. It is these properties and its ability to produce mycotoxins that have contributed to its pathogenicity in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health when ingested. OBJECTIVES Identify the mechanisms of mycotoxin production and map the functional output of F. oxysporum under varying growth conditions. METHODS Liquid and gas-based chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify and map the untargeted metabolic pathway of F. oxysporum grown using nitrogen limited and organic/inorganic nitrogen supplemented media. RESULTS Over 1300 metabolites were identified, relating to 42 metabolic pathways. Of these, 520 metabolites merged at pyruvate (glycolysis), succinate (Krebs cycle) and aspartate-glutamate metabolic pathways. CoA depletion at the growth stage triggered the initiation of fatty acid and branched amino acid degradation. This in turn activated propionyl CoA carnitine acetyltransferase enzymes, resulting in nitrogen preservation (urea, putrescine and organic acids end-products). CoA then transferred into the TCA cycle via previously unreported β-alanine and propionyl CoA metabolic pathways, the latter likely being a novel methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity for F. oxysporum. CONCLUSIONS The lower supplementation of inorganic nitrogen compounds (≤ 50 mM) and the elimination of nitrates/organic nitrogen sources resulted in TCA autophagy events that boosted mycotoxin-based metabolism and decreased overall F. oxysporum growth. Such knowledge of functional mycotoxin production can be used to supplement agricultural crops and reduce the risk of mycotoxin contamination in human and animal food supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Karpe
- Land & Water, CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - M S Dunn
- Technical Development, Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - M C Taylor
- Land & Water, CSIRO, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - T Nguyen
- Technical Development, Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - C Ong
- Technical Development, Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - T Karla
- Technical Development, Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - S Rockman
- Technical Development, Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - D J Beale
- Land & Water, CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Su X, Rehman L, Guo H, Li X, Cheng H. The oligosaccharyl transferase subunit STT3 mediates fungal development and is required for virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Curr Genet 2017; 64:235-246. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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de Sain M, Rep M. The Role of Pathogen-Secreted Proteins in Fungal Vascular Wilt Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23970-93. [PMID: 26473835 PMCID: PMC4632733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A limited number of fungi can cause wilting disease in plants through colonization of the vascular system, the most well-known being Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum. Like all pathogenic microorganisms, vascular wilt fungi secrete proteins during host colonization. Whole-genome sequencing and proteomics screens have identified many of these proteins, including small, usually cysteine-rich proteins, necrosis-inducing proteins and enzymes. Gene deletion experiments have provided evidence that some of these proteins are required for pathogenicity, while the role of other secreted proteins remains enigmatic. On the other hand, the plant immune system can recognize some secreted proteins or their actions, resulting in disease resistance. We give an overview of proteins currently known to be secreted by vascular wilt fungi and discuss their role in pathogenicity and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara de Sain
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.
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Nelson DE, Randle SJ, Laman H. Beyond ubiquitination: the atypical functions of Fbxo7 and other F-box proteins. Open Biol 2013; 3:130131. [PMID: 24107298 PMCID: PMC3814724 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box proteins (FBPs) are substrate-recruiting subunits of Skp1-cullin1-FBP (SCF)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. To date, 69 FBPs have been identified in humans, but ubiquitinated substrates have only been identified for a few, with the majority of FBPs remaining ‘orphans’. In recent years, a growing body of work has identified non-canonical, SCF-independent roles for about 12% of the human FBPs. These atypical FBPs affect processes as diverse as transcription, cell cycle regulation, mitochondrial dynamics and intracellular trafficking. Here, we provide a general review of FBPs, with a particular emphasis on these expanded functions. We review Fbxo7 as an exemplar of this special group as it has well-defined roles in both SCF and non-SCF complexes. We review its function as a cell cycle regulator, via its ability to stabilize p27 protein and Cdk6 complexes, and as a proteasome regulator, owing to its high affinity binding to PI31. We also highlight recent advances in our understanding of Fbxo7 function in Parkinson's disease, where it functions in the regulation of mitophagy with PINK1 and Parkin. We postulate that a few extraordinary FBPs act as platforms that seamlessly segue their canonical and non-canonical functions to integrate different cellular pathways and link their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Gauthier GM, Keller NP. Crossover fungal pathogens: the biology and pathogenesis of fungi capable of crossing kingdoms to infect plants and humans. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 61:146-57. [PMID: 24021881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of fungal meningitis associated with contaminated methylprednisolone acetate has thrust the importance of fungal infections into the public consciousness. The predominant pathogen isolated from clinical specimens, Exserohilum rostratum (teleomorph: Setosphaeria rostrata), is a dematiaceous fungus that infects grasses and rarely humans. This outbreak highlights the potential for fungal pathogens to infect both plants and humans. Most crossover or trans-kingdom pathogens are soil saprophytes and include fungi in Ascomycota and Mucormycotina phyla. To establish infection, crossover fungi must overcome disparate, host-specific barriers, including protective surfaces (e.g. cuticle, skin), elevated temperature, and immune defenses. This review illuminates the underlying mechanisms used by crossover fungi to cause infection in plants and mammals, and highlights critical events that lead to human infection by these pathogens. Several genes including veA, laeA, and hapX are important in regulating biological processes in fungi important for both invasive plant and animal infections.
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Abstract
Often referred to as the "building blocks of proteins", the 20 canonical proteinogenic amino acids are ubiquitous in biological systems as the functional units in proteins. Sometimes overlooked are their varying additional roles that include serving as metabolic intermediaries, playing structural roles in bioactive natural products, acting as cosubstrates in enzymatic transformations, and as key regulators of cellular physiology. Amino acids can also serve as biological sources of both carbon and nitrogen and are found in the rhizosphere as a result of lysis or cellular efflux from plants and microbes and proteolysis of existing peptides. While both plants and microbes apparently prefer to take up nitrogen in its inorganic form, their ability to take up and use amino acids may confer a selective advantage in certain environments where organic nitrogen is abundant. Further, certain amino acids (e.g., glutamate and proline) and their betaines (e.g., glycine betaine) serve as compatible solutes necessary for osmoregulation in plants and microbes and can undergo rapid cellular flux. This ability is of particular importance in an ecological niche such as the rhizosphere, which is prone to significant variations in solute concentrations. Amino acids are also shown to alter key phenotypes related to plant root growth and microbial colonization, symbiotic interactions, and pathogenesis in the rhizosphere. This review will focus on the sources, transport mechanisms, and potential roles of the 20 canonical proteinogenic amino acids in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Moe
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, 311 Plant Science Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, USA
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Schumann U, Smith NA, Kazan K, Ayliffe M, Wang MB. Analysis of hairpin RNA transgene-induced gene silencing in Fusarium oxysporum. SILENCE 2013; 4:3. [PMID: 23819794 PMCID: PMC3733888 DOI: 10.1186/1758-907x-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hairpin RNA (hpRNA) transgenes can be effective at inducing RNA silencing and have been exploited as a powerful tool for gene function analysis in many organisms. However, in fungi, expression of hairpin RNA transcripts can induce post-transcriptional gene silencing, but in some species can also lead to transcriptional gene silencing, suggesting a more complex interplay of the two pathways at least in some fungi. Because many fungal species are important pathogens, RNA silencing is a powerful technique to understand gene function, particularly when gene knockouts are difficult to obtain. We investigated whether the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum possesses a functional gene silencing machinery and whether hairpin RNA transcripts can be employed to effectively induce gene silencing. RESULTS Here we show that, in the phytopathogenic fungus F. oxysporum, hpRNA transgenes targeting either a β-glucuronidase (Gus) reporter transgene (hpGus) or the endogenous gene Frp1 (hpFrp) did not induce significant silencing of the target genes. Expression analysis suggested that the hpRNA transgenes are prone to transcriptional inactivation, resulting in low levels of hpRNA and siRNA production. However, the hpGus RNA can be efficiently transcribed by promoters acquired either by recombination with a pre-existing, actively transcribed Gus transgene or by fortuitous integration near an endogenous gene promoter allowing siRNA production. These siRNAs effectively induced silencing of a target Gus transgene, which in turn appeared to also induce secondary siRNA production. Furthermore, our results suggested that hpRNA transcripts without poly(A) tails are efficiently processed into siRNAs to induce gene silencing. A convergent promoter transgene, designed to express poly(A)-minus sense and antisense Gus RNAs, without an inverted-repeat DNA structure, induced consistent Gus silencing in F. oxysporum. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that F. oxysporum possesses functional RNA silencing machineries for siRNA production and target mRNA cleavage, but hpRNA transgenes may induce transcriptional self-silencing due to its inverted-repeat structure. Our results suggest that F. oxysporum possesses a similar gene silencing pathway to other fungi like fission yeast, and indicate a need for developing more effective RNA silencing technology for gene function studies in this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schumann
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Neil A Smith
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct , 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Michael Ayliffe
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ming-Bo Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Jonkers W, VAN Kan JAL, Tijm P, Lee YW, Tudzynski P, Rep M, Michielse CB. The FRP1 F-box gene has different functions in sexuality, pathogenicity and metabolism in three fungal pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:548-63. [PMID: 21722294 PMCID: PMC6640539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi employ a variety of infection strategies; as a result, fungi probably rely on different sets of proteins for successful infection. The F-box protein Frp1, only present in filamentous fungi belonging to the Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes, is required for nonsugar carbon catabolism and pathogenicity in the root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum. To assess the role of Frp1 in other plant-pathogenic fungi, FRP1 deletion mutants were generated in Fusarium graminearum and Botrytis cinerea, and their phenotypes were analysed. Deletion of FgFRP1 in F. graminearum led to impaired infection of barley roots, but not of aerial plant parts. Deletion of BcFRP1 in B. cinerea did not show any effect on pathogenicity. Sexual reproduction, however, was impaired in both F. graminearum and B. cinerea FRP1 deletion mutants. The mutants of all three fungi displayed different phenotypes when grown on an array of carbon sources. The F. oxysporum and B. cinerea deletion mutants showed opposite growth phenotypes on sugar and nonsugar carbon sources. Replacement of FoFRP1 in F. oxysporum with the B. cinerea BcFRP1 resulted in the restoration of pathogenicity, but also in a switch from impaired growth on nonsugar carbon sources to impaired growth on sugar carbon sources. This effect could be ascribed in part to the B. cinerea BcFRP1 promoter sequence. In conclusion, the function of the F-box protein Frp1, despite its high sequence conservation, is not conserved between different fungi, leading to differential requirements for pathogenicity and carbon source utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Jonkers
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Corrales Escobosa AR, Rangel Porras RA, Meza Carmen V, Gonzalez Hernandez GA, Torres Guzman JC, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Roncero MIG, Gutierrez Corona JF. Fusarium oxysporum Adh1 has dual fermentative and oxidative functions and is involved in fungal virulence in tomato plants. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:886-95. [PMID: 21704720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adh1, has been identified in the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that adh1 is highly expressed in mycelia grown in potato dextrose liquid medium (PDB) under hypoxic conditions, as compared to mycelia grown under aerobic conditions. One spontaneous allyl alcohol-resistant (Ally(R)) mutant exhibited insertion of an incomplete F.oxysporum transposable element, while another mutant contained a short (13 nucleotide) deletion, in both cases interrupting the coding region of the adh1 gene. These mutations caused deficiency in Adh activity due to loss of the main constitutive isoform of Adh1, as well as alteration of different physiological parameters related to carbon and energy metabolism, including the ability to use ethanol as a carbon source under aerobic conditions; impaired growth under hypoxic conditions with glucose as the carbon source; and diminished production of ethanol in glucose-containing medium. Interestingly, the adh1 mutations resulted in a significant delay in fungal disease development in tomato plants. Complementation with the wild-type adh1 allele repaired all defects caused by mutation, indicating that the product of the adh1 gene has dual enzymatic functions (fermentative and oxidative), depending on culture conditions, and is also required for full fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rosa Corrales Escobosa
- Departamento de Biología y, DCNyE, Universidad de Guanajuato. Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, México 36000, Mexico
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Jonkers W, Rep M. Mutation ofCRE1inFusarium oxysporumreverts the pathogenicity defects of theFRP1deletion mutant. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:1100-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Sordariomycetes; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; genus Fusarium. HOST RANGE Very broad at the species level. More than 120 different formae speciales have been identified based on specificity to host species belonging to a wide range of plant families. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Initial symptoms of vascular wilt include vein clearing and leaf epinasty, followed by stunting, yellowing of the lower leaves, progressive wilting, defoliation and, finally, death of the plant. On fungal colonization, the vascular tissue turns brown, which is clearly visible in cross-sections of the stem. Some formae speciales are not primarily vascular pathogens, but cause foot and root rot or bulb rot. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Can cause severe losses in many vegetables and flowers, field crops, such as cotton, and plantation crops, such as banana, date palm and oil palm. CONTROL Use of resistant varieties is the only practical measure for controlling the disease in the field. In glasshouses, soil sterilization can be performed. USEFUL WEBSITES http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://www.phi-base.org/query.php
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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