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Chetri SPK, Rahman Z, Thomas L, Lal R, Gour T, Agarwal LK, Vashishtha A, Kumar S, Kumar G, Kumar R, Sharma K. Paradigms of actinorhizal symbiosis under the regime of global climatic changes: New insights and perspectives. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:764-778. [PMID: 35638879 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen occurs as inert and inaccessible dinitrogen gaseous form (N2 ) in the atmosphere. Biological nitrogen fixation is a chief process that makes this dinitrogen (N2 ) accessible and bioavailable in the form of ammonium (NH4 + ) ions. The key organisms to fix nitrogen are certain prokaryotes, called diazotrophs either in the free-living form or establishing significant mutual relationships with a variety of plants. On such examples is ~95-100 MY old incomparable symbiosis between dicotyledonous trees and a unique actinobacterial diazotroph in diverse ecosystems. In this association, the root of the certain dicotyledonous tree (~25 genera and 225 species) belonging to three different taxonomic orders, Fagales, Cucurbitales, and Rosales (FaCuRo) known as actinorhizal trees can host a diazotroph, Frankia of order Frankiales. Frankia is gram-positive, branched, filamentous, sporulating, and free-living soil actinobacterium. It resides in the specialized, multilobed, and coralloid organs (lateral roots but without caps), the root nodules of actinorhizal tress. This review aims to provide systematic information on the distribution and the phylogenetic diversity of hosts from FaCuRo and their micro-endosymbionts (Frankia spp.), colonization mechanisms, and signaling pathways. We also aim to provide details on developmental and physiological imperatives for gene regulation and functional genomics of symbiosis, phenomenal restoration ecology, influences of contemporary global climatic changes, and anthropogenic impacts on plant-Frankia interactions for the functioning of ecosystems and the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeeshanur Rahman
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Lebin Thomas
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ratan Lal
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tripti Gour
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akanksha Vashishtha
- Department of Plant Protection, CCS University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Botany, Shri Venkateshwara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Hay AE, Herrera-Belaroussi A, Rey M, Fournier P, Normand P, Boubakri H. Feedback Regulation of N Fixation in Frankia-Alnus Symbiosis Through Amino Acids Profiling in Field and Greenhouse Nodules. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:499-508. [PMID: 31916486 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0289-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis established between actinorhizal plants and Frankia spp., which are nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria, promotes nodule organogenesis, the site of metabolic exchange. The present study aimed to identify amino acid markers involved in Frankia-Alnus interactions by comparing nodules and associated roots from field and greenhouse samples. Our results revealed a high level of citrulline in all samples, followed by arginine (Arg), aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), and alanine (Ala). Interestingly, the field metabolome approach highlighted more contrasted amino acid patterns between nodules and roots compared with greenhouse samples. Indeed, 12 amino acids had a mean relative abundance significantly different between field nodule and root samples, against only four amino acids in greenhouse samples, underlining the importance of developing "ecometabolome" approaches. In order to monitor the effects on Frankia cells (respiration and nitrogen fixation activities) of amino acid with an abundance pattern evocative of a role in symbiosis, in-vitro assays were performed by supplementing them in nitrogen-free cultures. Amino acids had three types of effects: i) those used by Frankia as nitrogen source (Glu, Gln, Asp), ii) amino acids stimulating both nitrogen fixation and respiration (e.g., Cit, GABA, Ala, valine, Asn), and iii) amino acids triggering a toxic effect (Arg, histidine). In this paper, a N-metabolic model was proposed to discuss how the host plant and bacteria modulate amino acids contents in nodules, leading to a fine regulation sustaining high bacterial nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Emmanuelle Hay
- Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre d'Etude des Substances Naturelles
| | - Aude Herrera-Belaroussi
- Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marjolaine Rey
- Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre d'Etude des Substances Naturelles
| | - Pascale Fournier
- Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Normand
- Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hasna Boubakri
- Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, INRA UMR1418, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Progress in the biosensing techniques for trace-level heavy metals. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:47-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pawlowski K, Demchenko KN. The diversity of actinorhizal symbiosis. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:967-79. [PMID: 22398987 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous aerobic soil actinobacteria of the genus Frankia can induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of a diverse group of plants from eight dicotyledonous families, collectively called actinorhizal plants. Within nodules, Frankia can fix nitrogen while being hosted inside plant cells. Like in legume/rhizobia symbioses, bacteria can enter the plant root either intracellularly through an infection thread formed in a curled root hair, or intercellularly without root hair involvement, and the entry mechanism is determined by the host plant species. Nodule primordium formation is induced in the root pericycle as for lateral root primordia. Mature actinorhizal nodules are coralloid structures consisting of multiple lobes, each of which represents a modified lateral root without a root cap, a superficial periderm and with infected cells in the expanded cortex. In this review, an overview of nodule induction mechanisms and nodule structure is presented including comparisons with the corresponding mechanisms in legume symbioses.
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Ribeiro A, Gra A IS, Pawlowski K, Santos PC. Actinorhizal plant defence-related genes in response to symbiotic Frankia. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:639-644. [PMID: 32480918 DOI: 10.1071/fp11012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Actinorhizal plants have become increasingly important as climate changes threaten to remake the global landscape over the next decades. These plants are able to grow in nutrient-poor and disturbed soils, and are important elements in plant communities worldwide. Besides that, most actinorhizal plants are capable of high rates of nitrogen fixation due to their capacity to establish root nodule symbiosis with N2-fixing Frankia strains. Nodulation is a developmental process that requires a sequence of highly coordinated events. One of these mechanisms is the induction of defence-related events, whose precise role in a symbiotic interaction remains to be elucidated. This review summarises what is known about the induction of actinorhizal defence-related genes in response to symbiotic Frankia and their putative function during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ribeiro
- ECO-BIO/Tropical Research Institute, Av. da República (EAN), Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - In S Gra A
- ECO-BIO/Tropical Research Institute, Av. da República (EAN), Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Patr Cia Santos
- ECO-BIO/Tropical Research Institute, Av. da República (EAN), Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
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Hocher V, Alloisio N, Auguy F, Fournier P, Doumas P, Pujic P, Gherbi H, Queiroux C, Da Silva C, Wincker P, Normand P, Bogusz D. Transcriptomics of actinorhizal symbioses reveals homologs of the whole common symbiotic signaling cascade. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:700-11. [PMID: 21464474 PMCID: PMC3177269 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Comparative transcriptomics of two actinorhizal symbiotic plants, Casuarina glauca and Alnus glutinosa, was used to gain insight into their symbiotic programs triggered following contact with the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia. Approximately 14,000 unigenes were recovered in roots and 3-week-old nodules of each of the two species. A transcriptomic array was designed to monitor changes in expression levels between roots and nodules, enabling the identification of up- and down-regulated genes as well as root- and nodule-specific genes. The expression levels of several genes emblematic of symbiosis were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As expected, several genes related to carbon and nitrogen exchange, defense against pathogens, or stress resistance were strongly regulated. Furthermore, homolog genes of the common and nodule-specific signaling pathways known in legumes were identified in the two actinorhizal symbiotic plants. The conservation of the host plant signaling pathway is all the more surprising in light of the lack of canonical nod genes in the genomes of its bacterial symbiont, Frankia. The evolutionary pattern emerging from these studies reinforces the hypothesis of a common genetic ancestor of the Fabid (Eurosid I) nodulating clade with a genetic predisposition for nodulation.
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8
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Characterization of microsatellite markers for black alder (Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaertn). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-010-9188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhao H, Waite JH. Proteins in load-bearing junctions: the histidine-rich metal-binding protein of mussel byssus. Biochemistry 2006; 45:14223-31. [PMID: 17115717 PMCID: PMC1892233 DOI: 10.1021/bi061677n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Building complex load-bearing scaffolds depends on effective ways of joining functionally different biomacromolecules. The junction between collagen fibers and foamlike adhesive plaques in mussel byssus is robust despite the strikingly dissimilar connected structures. mcfp-4, the matrix protein from this junction, and its presecreted form from the foot tissue of Mytilus californianus were isolated and characterized. mcfp-4 has a mass of approximately 93 kDa as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Its composition is dominated by histidine (22 mol %), but levels of lysine, arginine, and aspartate are also significant. A small amount of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (2 mol %) can be detected by amino acid analysis and redox cycling assays. The cDNA-deduced sequence of mcfp-4 reveals multiple variants with highly repetitive internal structures, including approximately 36 tandemly repeated His-rich decapeptides (e.g., HVHTHRVLHK) in the N-terminal half and 16 somewhat more degenerate aspartate-rich undecapeptides (e.g., DDHVNDIAQTA) in the C-terminal half. Incubation of a synthetic peptide based on the His-rich decapeptide with Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ indicates that only Cu is strongly bound. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of the peptide modified with diethyl pyrocarbonate before and after Cu binding suggests that histidine residues dominate Cu binding. In contrast, the aspartate-rich undecapeptides preferentially bind Ca2+. mcfp-4 is strategically positioned to function as a macromolecular bifunctional linker by using metal ions to couple its own His-rich domains to the His-rich termini of the preCOLs. Ca2+ may mediate coupling of the C-terminus to other calcium-binding plaque proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Hocher V, Auguy F, Argout X, Laplaze L, Franche C, Bogusz D. Expressed sequence-tag analysis in Casuarina glauca actinorhizal nodule and root. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:681-8. [PMID: 16441749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify and assess the frequency and tissue specificity of plant genes in the actinorhizal Casuarina glauca-Frankia symbiosis through expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. Using a custom analysis pipeline for raw sequences of C. glauca uninfected roots and nodules, we obtained an EST databank web interface. Gene expression was studied in nodules vs roots using comparative quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). From roots and nodules, 2028 ESTs were created and clustered in 242 contigs and 1429 singletons, giving a total of 1616 unique genes. Half the nodule transcripts showed no similarity to previously identified genes. Genes of primary metabolism, protein synthesis, cell division and defence were highly represented in the nodule library. Differential expression was observed between roots and nodules for several genes linked to primary metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. This comparative EST-based study provides the first picture of the set of genes expressed during actinorhizal symbiosis. We consider our database to be a flexible tool that can be used for the management of EST data from other actinorhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Hocher
- UMR 1098, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Root-based N2-fixing symbioses: Legumes, actinorhizal plants, Parasponia sp. and cycads. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4099-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Pawlowski K, Swensen S, Guan C, Hadri AE, Berry AM, Bisseling T. Distinct patterns of symbiosis-related gene expression in actinorhizal nodules from different plant families. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:796-807. [PMID: 12971603 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses suggest that, among the members of the Eurosid I clade, nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses developed multiple times independently, four times with rhizobia and four times with the genus Frankia. In order to understand the degree of similarity between symbiotic systems of different phylogenetic subgroups, gene expression patterns were analyzed in root nodules of Datisca glomerata and compared with those in nodules of another actinorhizal plant, Alnus glutinosa, and with the expression patterns of homologous genes in legumes. In parallel, the phylogeny of actinorhizal plants was examined more closely. The results suggest that, although relationships between major groups are difficult to resolve using molecular phylogenetic analysis, the comparison of gene expression patterns can be used to inform evolutionary relationships. In this case, stronger similarities were found between legumes and intracellularly infected actinorhizal plants (Alnus) than between actinorhizal plants of two different phylogenetic subgroups (Alnus/Datisca).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Gupta RK, Dobritsa SV, Stiles CA, Essington ME, Liu Z, Chen CH, Serpersu EH, Mullin BC. Metallohistins: a new class of plant metal-binding proteins. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 21:529-36. [PMID: 12638655 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022477605813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two small multimeric histidine-rich proteins, AgNt84 and Ag164, encoded by two nodule-specific cDNAs isolated from nodule cDNA libraries of the actinorhizal host plant Alnus glutinosa, represent a new class of plant metal binding proteins. This paper reports the characterization of the purified in vitro-expressed proteins by size exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, equilibrium dialysis, metal affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These analyses reveal that each polypeptide is capable of binding multiple atoms of Zn2+, Ni2-, Co2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+. A reversible shift in histidine Cepsilon1 and Cdelta2 protons in NMR analysis occurred during titration of this protein with ZnCl2 strongly suggesting that histidine residues are responsible for metal binding. AgNt84 and Ag164 are not related to metal binding metallothioneins and phytochelatins and represent a new class of plant metal binding proteins that we propose to call metallohistins. Possible biological roles in symbioses for AgNt84 and Ag164, and their potential for use in bioremediation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Gupta
- Department of Botany, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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14
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Kevei Z, Vinardell JM, Kiss GB, Kondorosi A, Kondorosi E. Glycine-rich proteins encoded by a nodule-specific gene family are implicated in different stages of symbiotic nodule development in Medicago spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:922-931. [PMID: 12236598 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.9.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Four genes encoding small proteins with significantly high glycine content have been identified from root nodules of Medicago sativa. All of these proteins as well as their Medicago truncatula homologues carried an amino terminal signal peptide and a glycine-rich carboxy terminal domain. All except nodGRP3 lacked the characteristic repeat structure described for cell wall and stress response-related glycine-rich proteins (GRP). Expression of these GRP genes was undetectable in flower, leaf, stem, and hypocotyl cells, whereas expression was highly induced during root nodule development, suggesting that GRP genes act as nodulins. Moreover, none of these nodule-expressed GRP genes were activated by hormones or stress treatments, which are inducers of many other GRPs. In Rhizobium-free spontaneous nodules and in nodules induced by a noninfective mutant strain of Sinorhizobium meliloti, all these genes were repressed, while they were induced in Fix- nodules, unaffected in bacterial infection, but halted in bacteroid differentiation. These results demonstrated that bacterial infection but not bacteroid differentiation is required for the induction of the nodule-specific GRP genes. Differences in kinetics and localization of gene activation as well as in the primary structure of proteins suggest nonredundant roles for these GRPs in nodule organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kevei
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS UPR 2355, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Kim HB, An CS. Differential expression patterns of an acidic chitinase and a basic chitinase in the root nodule of Elaeagnus umbellata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:209-215. [PMID: 11952123 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA clones encoding chitinase were isolated from a root nodule cDNA library of Elaeagnus umbellata by the hybridization-competition method. The two clones, EuNOD-CHT1 and EuNOD-CHT2, encode for 335 and 317 amino acid residues with the molecular mass of mature proteins being 33.3 and 31.1 kDa, respectively. The two chitinases showed similar protein structures consisting of four domains: hydrophobic signal peptide domain, cysteine-rich chitin-binding domain, hinge domain, and catalytic domain. The EuNOD-CHT1 gene showed similar expression levels in root nodules and leaves, with no detection of transcripts in the roots. The EuNOD-CHT2 gene was expressed at similarly high levels in the roots and root nodules, but at a very low level in the leaves. In situ hybridization showed that EuNOD-CHT1 transcripts were strongly detected in the meristem zone, but weakly detected in the outer cortex layer of the root nodule and in the uninfected cells of the fixation zone. On the other hand, EuNOD-CHT2 transcripts were strongly detected in the infected cells of the fixation zone and central vascular system, but weakly detected in the senescence zone. Our results suggest that the two chitinases may play different biological roles in the root nodule. EuNOD-CHT2 may be involved in a defense response against internal symbionts, external pathogens, or both, while EuNOD-CHT1 may be involved in normal plant development as well as in a defensive role against external pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Bang Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
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Sachetto-Martins G, Franco LO, de Oliveira DE. Plant glycine-rich proteins: a family or just proteins with a common motif? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1492:1-14. [PMID: 10858526 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twelve years ago a set of glycine-rich proteins (GRP) of plants were characterized and since then a wealth of new GRPs have been identified. The highly specific but diverse expression pattern of grp genes, taken together with the distinct sub-cellular localisation of some GRP groups, clearly indicate that these proteins are implicated in several independent physiological processes. Notwithstanding the absence of a clear definition of the role of GRPs in plant cells, studies conducted with these proteins have provided new and interesting insights on the molecular and cell biology of plants. Complex regulated promoters and distinct mechanisms of gene expression regulation have been demonstrated. New protein targeting pathways, as well as the exportation of GRPs from different cell types have been discovered. These data show that GRPs can be useful as markers and/or models to understand distinct aspects of plant biology. In this review, the structural and functional features of this family of plant proteins will be summarised. Special emphasis will be given to the gene expression regulation of GRPs isolated from different plant species, as it can help to unravel their possible biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sachetto-Martins
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68011, Rio de Janeiro 21941-970, Brazil.
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Cornels H, Ichinose Y, Barz W. Characterization of cDNAs encoding two glycine-rich proteins in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): accumulation in response to fungal infection and other stress factors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 154:83-88. [PMID: 10725561 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In chickpea plants infected with the pathogenic fungus Ascochyta rabiei [Pass.] Labr. several mRNAs for two glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) were identified by differential cDNA screening. The main part of the deduced amino acid sequences of the 14.6 kD GRP1 and the larger GRP2 consists of glycine-rich repetitive elements essentially as found for GRPs in other plants. Tyrosine residues in conserved positions inside these repetitive motifs suggest an involvement of the GRPs in a polymerization process by oxidative cross-linking, i.e. cell wall fortification. Both GRP transcripts are induced by infection with A. rabiei, showing a maximum of expression 5 days post infection. Wounding of leaves and the stress of water treatment (performed as a control) also seem to induce the accumulation of GRP transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cornels
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Qi Q, Rajala RV, Anderson W, Jiang C, Rozwadowski K, Selvaraj G, Sharma R, Datla R. Molecular cloning, genomic organization, and biochemical characterization of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9673-83. [PMID: 10734119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT, EC 2.3.1.97) catalyzes the co-translational addition of myristic acid to the amino-terminal glycine residue of a number of important proteins of diverse functions. We have isolated a full-length Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding NMT (AtNMT1), the first described from a higher plant. This AtNMT1 cDNA clone has an open reading frame of 434 amino acids and a predicted molecular mass of 48,706 Da. The primary structure is 50% identical to the mammalian NMTs. Analyses of Southern blots, genomic clones, and database sequences suggested that the A. thaliana genome contains two copies of NMT gene, which are present on different chromosomes and have distinct genomic organizations. The recombinant AtNMT1 expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited a high catalytic efficiency for the peptides derived from putative plant myristoylated proteins AtCDPK6 and Fen kinase. The AtNMT was similar to the mammalian NMTs with respect to a relative specificity for myristoyl CoA among the acyl CoA donors and also inhibition by the bovine brain NMT inhibitor NIP(71). The AtNMT1 expression profile indicated ubiquity in roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and siliques (approximately 1.7 kb transcript and approximately 50 kDa immunoreactive polypeptide) but a greater level in the younger tissue, which are developmentally very active. NMT activity was also evident in all these tissues. Subcellular distribution studies indicated that, in leaf extracts, approximately 60% of AtNMT activity was associated with the ribosomal fractions, whereas approximately 30% of the activity was observed in the cytosolic fractions. The NMT is biologically important to plants, as noted from the stunted development when the AtNMT1 was down-regulated in transgenic Arabidopsis under the control of an enhanced CaMV 35S promoter. The results presented in this study provide the first direct molecular evidence for plant protein N-myristoylation and a mechanistic basis for understanding the role of this protein modification in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Qi
- National Research Council of Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada
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Abstract
Myristoylation refers to the co-translational addition of a myristoyl group to an amino-terminal glycine residue of a protein by an ubiquitously distributed enzyme myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT, EC 2.3.1.97). This review describes the basic enzymology, molecular cloning and regulation of NMT activity in various pathophysiological processes such as colon cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Rajala
- Department of Pathology and Saskatoon Cancer Centre, College of Medicine, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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Laplaze L, Ribeiro A, Franche C, Duhoux E, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Pawlowski K. Characterization of a Casuarina glauca nodule-specific subtilisin-like protease gene, a homolog of Alnus glutinosa ag12. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:113-7. [PMID: 10656592 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In search of plant genes expressed during early interactions between Casuarina glauca and Frankia, we have isolated and characterized a C. glauca gene that has strong homology to subtilisin-like protease gene families of several plants including the actinorhizal nodulin gene ag12 of another actinorhizal plant, Alnus glutinosa. Based on the expression pattern of cg12 in the course of nodule development, it represents an early actinorhizal nodulin gene. Our results suggest that subtilisin-like proteases may be a common element in the process of infection of plant cells by Frankia in both Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa) and Casuarinaceae (Casuarina glauca) symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laplaze
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Arbres, Laboratoire GeneTrop, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Okubara PA, Pawlowski K, Murphy TM, Berry AM. Symbiotic root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Datisca glomerata express Rubisco activase mRNA. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:411-20. [PMID: 10364392 PMCID: PMC59279 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.2.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/1998] [Accepted: 03/19/1999] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
N2-fixing symbiotic root nodules of the actinorhizal host Datisca glomerata express Dgrca (D. glomerata Rubisco activase) mRNA, a transcript usually associated with photosynthetic organs or tissues. In northern blots a mature, 1700-nucleotide Dgrca mRNA was detected in green plant organs (leaves, flowers, and developing fruits) and in nodules but was not detected in roots. A second message of 3000 nucleotides was observed only in nodules. Both size classes of transcripts were polyadenylated. The larger transcript was 2- to 5-fold more abundant than the mature mRNA; it was hybridized to an intronic probe, indicating that a stable, incompletely spliced transcript was accumulating. Treatment with light on excised nodules did not alter the relative abundance of the two species. In in situ hybridizations the Dgrca message was expressed intensely in the nuclei of infected cells. The Dgrca transcripts also accumulated at lower levels in uninfected cortical cells adjacent to the periderm and the vascular cylinder. mRNA encoding the large subunit of Rubisco (DgrbcL) was abundant in mature infected cells and in the amyloplast-rich sheath of uninfected cortical cells lying between the infected cells and nodule periderm. The proteins Rubisco activase, Rubisco, and the 33-kD O2-evolving complex subunit did not accumulate to detectable levels, indicating that a functional photosynthetic apparatus was not prevalent in nodule tissue. Signals or factors required for the transcription of Dgrca appeared to be present in nodules, but efficient splicing and translation of the message were not observed in Frankia-infected tissue where transcript accumulation was highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Okubara
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Waters LC, Jacobson SC, Kroutchinina N, Khandurina J, Foote RS, Ramsey JM. Multiple sample PCR amplification and electrophoretic analysis on a microchip. Anal Chem 1998; 70:5172-6. [PMID: 9868915 DOI: 10.1021/ac980447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were carried out on as many as four DNA samples at a time on a microchip device. The PCR products were then analyzed, either individually or together on the same device, by microchip gel electrophoresis. A standard PCR protocol was used to amplify 199- and 500-base pair (bp) regions of bacteriophage lambda DNA and 346- and 410-bp regions of E. coli genomic and plasmid DNAs, respectively. Thermal lysis of the bacteria was integrated into the PCR cycle. A product sizing medium, poly(dimethylacrylamide), and an intercalating dye for fluorescence detection were used in the electrophoretic analysis of the products. PCR product sizes were determined by coelectrophoresis with marker DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Waters
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-6142, USA
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Loh YT, Zhou J, Martin GB. The myristylation motif of Pto is not required for disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1998; 11:572-576. [PMID: 9612955 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.6.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Pto kinase confers resistance to bacterial speck disease caused by strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato that express the avirulence gene avrPto. Pto contains a putative myristylation site at its amino terminus that was hypothesized to play a role in localizing Pto in the plant cell. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change the invariant glycine residue in the myristylation motif to an alanine. Transgenes encoding the mutant Pto(G2A) and wild-type Pto were placed behind the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and transformed into tomato plants that are susceptible to bacterial speck disease. Both the mutant and wild-type forms of Pto conferred resistance to a strain of P. syringae pv. tomato expressing avrPto. These results indicate that the myristylation motif of Pto is not required for bacterial speck disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Loh
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1150, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Waters LC, Jacobson SC, Kroutchinina N, Khandurina J, Foote RS, Ramsey JM. Microchip device for cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic sizing. Anal Chem 1998; 70:158-62. [PMID: 9463271 DOI: 10.1021/ac970642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The steps of cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic analysis are executed sequentially on a monolithic microchip device. The entire microchip is thermally cycled to lyse cells and to amplify DNA, and the products are then analyzed using a sieving medium for size separation and an intercalating dye for fluorescence detection. Using a standard PCR protocol, a 500-base pair (bp) region of bacteriophage lambda DNA and 154-, 264-, 346-, 410-, and 550-bp regions of E. coli genomic and plasmid DNAs are amplified. The electrophoretic analysis of the products is executed in <3 min following amplification using hydroxyethyl cellulose or poly(dimethylacrylamide) sieving gels. Product sizing is demonstrated by proportioning the amplified product with a DNA sizing ladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Waters
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
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