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Kim YK, Kim S, Um JH, Kim K, Choi SK, Um BH, Kang SW, Kim JW, Takaichi S, Song SB, Lee CH, Kim HS, Kim KW, Nam KH, Lee SH, Kim YH, Park HM, Ha SH, Verma DPS, Cheon CI. Functional implication of β-carotene hydroxylases in soybean nodulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1420-33. [PMID: 23700351 PMCID: PMC3707551 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legume-Rhizobium spp. symbiosis requires signaling between the symbiotic partners and differential expression of plant genes during nodule development. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding a putative β-carotene hydroxylase (GmBCH1) from soybean (Glycine max) whose expression increased during nodulation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In this work, we extended our study to three GmBCHs to examine their possible role(s) in nodule development, as they were additionally identified as nodule specific, along with the completion of the soybean genome. In situ hybridization revealed the expression of three GmBCHs (GmBCH1, GmBCH2, and GmBCH3) in the infected cells of root nodules, and their enzymatic activities were confirmed by functional assays in Escherichia coli. Localization of GmBCHs by transfecting Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protoplasts with green fluorescent protein fusions and by electron microscopic immunogold detection in soybean nodules indicated that GmBCH2 and GmBCH3 were present in plastids, while GmBCH1 appeared to be cytosolic. RNA interference of the GmBCHs severely impaired nitrogen fixation as well as nodule development. Surprisingly, we failed to detect zeaxanthin, a product of GmBCH, or any other carotenoids in nodules. Therefore, we examined the possibility that most of the carotenoids in nodules are converted or cleaved to other compounds. We detected the expression of some carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (GmCCDs) in wild-type nodules and also a reduced amount of zeaxanthin in GmCCD8-expressing E. coli, suggesting cleavage of the carotenoid. In view of these findings, we propose that carotenoids such as zeaxanthin synthesized in root nodules are cleaved by GmCCDs, and we discuss the possible roles of the carotenoid cleavage products in nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji-Hyun Um
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Sun-Kang Choi
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Byung-Hun Um
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Suk-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Jee-Woong Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Seok-Bo Song
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Ho-Seung Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Yul-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Hyang-Mi Park
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Desh Pal S. Verma
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
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