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Kalayanamitra P, Kalayanamitra K, Nontajak S, Taylor PWJ, Jonglaekha N, Bussaban B. Identification, Characterization, and Control of Black Spot on Chinese Kale Caused by Sphaerobolus cuprophilus sp. nov. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:480. [PMID: 36771565 PMCID: PMC9920292 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra) is commonly grown and consumed throughout Asia and is often treated with chemicals to control pests and diseases. In Thailand, public standards, Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), and International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM) programs were introduced for the cultivation of Chinese kale with minimum input of chemical treatments. Black spot caused by the fungus Sphaerobolus has been affecting the plants grown under IFOAM standards in Chiang Mai, Thailand, for several years. Strongly adhering glebal spore masses of the fungus on leaf and stem surfaces have adversely affected postharvest management, especially in the quality classification of the product. Both morphological and phylogenetic (combined ITS, mtSSU, and EF 1-α dataset) studies confirmed a novel species, S. cuprophilus. Pathogenicity tests involving inoculation of Chinese kale by non-wound and mulch inoculation bioassays resulted in the production of symptoms of black spot and the re-isolation of S. cuprophilus, indicating that the new fungal species is the causal agent of black spots. Inhibitory effects of antagonistic bacteria and chemical fungicides, both allowed for use in plant cultivation under either IFOAM or GAP standards, indicated that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains (PBT2 and YMB7), chlorothalonil (20 and 500 ppm) and thiophanate-methyl (500 and 1500 ppm) were the most effective in controlling the growth of the causal fungus by 83 to 93%. However, copper oxychloride (5 to 20 ppm), a recommended chemical in control of downy mildew of Chinese kale, showed hormetic effects on S. cuprophilus by promoting the growth and sporulation of the fungus. The findings of this study provide vital information regarding the association of S. cuprophilus and Chinese kale and will support decisions to manage fungal diseases of this vegetable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancheewa Kalayanamitra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kal Kalayanamitra
- Program of Postharvest Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Sutasinee Nontajak
- Royal Project Agricultural Research and Development Center, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Paul W. J. Taylor
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nuchnart Jonglaekha
- Royal Project Agricultural Research and Development Center, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Boonsom Bussaban
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Agathokleous E, Benelli G, Guedes RNC. Plant-pest interactions under the microscope of chemical hormesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:14-17. [PMID: 36280534 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Low doses of contaminants and toxins can stimulate pests feeding on contaminated tissues of host plants and enhance herbivore activity and plant damage. These effects are opposite to those of high toxic doses, have largely been missed so far, and could compromise crop production. Thus, they deserve further consideration and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Raul Narciso C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Song J, Han C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liang Y, Dai Q, Huo Z, Xu K. Hormetic Effects of Carbendazim on Mycelial Growth and Aggressiveness of Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101008. [PMID: 36294573 PMCID: PMC9604696 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of rice worldwide. Stimulatory effects of low doses of fungicides on pathogens are closely relevant to disease management. In the present study, in potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with carbendazim at a dose range from 0.003 to 0.3 μg/mL, stimulatory effects on the mycelial growth of three isolates sensitive to carbendazim were tested. Carbendazim at concentrations from 0.003 to 0.1 µg/mL showed stimulatory effects on mycelial growth of isolates Guy11 and H08-1a, while carbendazim at concentrations from 0.003 to 0.03 µg/mL stimulated the growth of isolate P131. The maximum stimulation magnitudes were 11.84% for the three isolates tested. Mycelial colonies grown on PDA amended with different concentrations of carbendazim were incubated at 28 °C in darkness for 7 days as the pretreatment. Pretreatment mycelia were inoculated on fresh fungicide-free PDA and subsequent mycelia growth stimulations were still observed, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 9.15% for the three isolates tested. Pretreatment mycelia did not significantly change the tolerance to H2O2 and NaCl, except that the tolerance to H2O2 was increased significantly (p < 0.05) when the carbendazim was at 0.3 µg/mL. After five generations of mycelial transference on fungicide-free PDA, the transgenerational hormesis of mycelial were exhibited when transferred onto PDA supplemented with carbendazim at 0.3 µg/mL, and the maximum percent stimulation was 51.28%. The time course of infection indicated that the visible initial necrotic symptoms could be detected at 2 DPI on leaves treated with carbendazim at 0.03 µg/mL, whereas no necrotic symptom could be discerned for the control. Statistical results of lesion area and lesion type at 7 DPI showed that there was a significant stimulation (p < 0.05) on aggressiveness of M. oryzae isolate Guy11 on detached rice leaves at 0.03 µg/mL carbendazim. These results will advance our understanding of hormetic effects of fungicides and provide valuable information for judicious application of fungicides.
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Agathokleous E, Barceló D, Rinklebe J, Sonne C, Calabrese EJ, Koike T. Hormesis induced by silver iodide, hydrocarbons, microplastics, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals: Implications for agroforestry ecosystems health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153116. [PMID: 35063521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing amounts of silver iodide (AgI) in the environment are expected because of the recent massive expansion of weather modification programs. Concurrently, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, hydrocarbons, and pesticides in terrestrial ecosystems continue contaminating forests and agroforests. Our review supports that AgI induces hormesis, a biphasic dose response characterized by often beneficial low-dose responses and toxic high-dose effects, which adds to the evidence for pharmaceuticals, microplastics, hydrocarbons, and pesticides induced hormesis in numerous species. Doses smaller than the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) positively affect defense physiology, growth, biomass, yields, survival, lifespan, and reproduction. They also lead to negative or undesirable outcomes, including stimulation of pathogenic microbes, pest insects, and weeds with enhanced resistance to drugs and potential negative multi- or trans-generational effects. Such sub-NOAEL effects perplex terrestrial ecosystems managements and may compromise combating outbreaks of disease vectors that can threaten not only forest and agroforestry health but also sensitive human subpopulations living in remote forested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Ningliu Rd. 219, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA-CERCA, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Center (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
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Feng S, Lu W, Jian Y, Chen Y, Meng R, Deng J, Liu Q, Yu T, Jin L, Yang X, Li Z, Jian W. Biocontrol Effect and Possible Mechanism of Food-Borne Sulfide 3-Methylthio-1-Propanol Against Botrytis cinerea in Postharvest Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:763755. [PMID: 34970281 PMCID: PMC8713891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.763755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens causing tremendous losses in fresh fruit or vegetables. 3-Methylthio-1-propanol (3-MP) is a naturally occurring food-borne sulfide, which is mainly used to increase the flavor in food. However, the potential application of 3-MP in the postharvest phase to manage fruit fungal diseases has not been explored. In this study, the antifungal activity of 3-MP against B. cinerea was evaluated, and the possible mechanism involved was explored. In vitro 3-MP treatment could effectively inhibit the mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea. 3-MP also impaired the spore viability and membrane integrity of B. cinerea as well as increased the leakage of nucleic acids, proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in B. cinerea. In vivo 3-MP fumigation treatment inhibited the infection of B. cinerea on tomato fruits. Also, the fruits with 3-MP fumigation treatment exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity, lower MDA content, and a significant delay of induction of the expression of most of the stress-related genes when compared to the control group. Moreover, a cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that 3-MP had no toxicity to normal cells in a certain concentration range. Collectively, our research results will provide evidence for the development of food-borne sulfide 3-MP as a fungicide in food and agriculture and will provide an important reference for the formulation of B. cinerea biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongfei Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Run Meng
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Hu S, Li J, Wang P, Zhu F. Hormetic Effects of Dimethachlone on Mycelial Growth and Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1166-1172. [PMID: 33107780 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0364-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungicide hormesis has implications for the application of fungicides to control plant diseases. We investigated the hormetic effects of the dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlone on mycelial growth and virulence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Dimethachlone at sublethal doses in potato dextrose agar (PDA) increased the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. After the growth-stimulated mycelia were subcultured on fresh PDA and inoculated on rapeseed leaves, increased mycelial growth and virulence were observed, indicating that hormetic traits were passed down to the next generation. Dimethachlone applied to leaves at 0.002 to 500 μg/ml stimulated virulence, with a maximum stimulation amplitude (MSA) of 31.4% for the isolate HLJ4, which occurred at 2 μg/ml. Dimethachlone-resistant isolates and transformants had a mean virulence MSA of 30.4%, which was significantly higher (P = 0.008) than the MSA for sensitive isolates (16.2%). Negative correlations were detected between MSA and virulence in the absence of any fungicide (r = -0.872, P < 0.001) and between MSA and mycelial growth on PDA (r = -0.794, P = 0.002). Studies on hormetic mechanisms indicated that dimethachlone had no significant effects on expression levels of three virulence-associated genes, that is, a cutinase-encoding gene SsCut, a polygalacturonase gene SsPG1, or an oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase gene SsOah1. The results will contribute to understanding hormesis and have implications for the judicious application of fungicides to control plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinli Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fuxing Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Agathokleous E, Calabrese EJ. Fungicide-Induced Hormesis in Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Critical Determinant of Successful Agriculture and Environmental Sustainability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4561-4563. [PMID: 33848151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Hu S, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhu F. Stimulatory Effects of Boscalid on Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Indicate Hormesis May Be Masked by Inhibitions. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:833-840. [PMID: 31940448 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-19-1421-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormetic effects of fungicides on phytopathogens are of great importance for proper application of fungicides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the stimulatory effects of the fungicide boscalid on mycelial growth and virulence of the devastating plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Boscalid in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at a dosage range from 0.0005 to 0.002 μg/ml exerted statistically significant (P ≤ 0.015) stimulations on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 5.55 ± 0.73% (mean ± SD) for the four isolates tested. Boscalid in PDA at 0.02 μg/ml inhibited mycelial growth of isolates HLJ3H and HLJ4H by 15.0 and 8.9%, respectively. However, after the growth-inhibited mycelia were inoculated on rapeseed leaves, isolates HLJ3H and HLJ4H exhibited virulence stimulations of 8.7 and 17.8%, respectively, indicating that hormesis may be masked by inhibitions. Boscalid sprayed at 0.0001 to 0.1 μg/ml on detached rapeseed leaves had significant (P ≤ 0.041) stimulations on virulence of S. sclerotiorum, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 17.90 ± 5.94% (mean ± SD) for the four isolates tested. Experiments on 12 isolates with different levels of virulence showed there was a negative correlation (R = -0.663, P = 0.019) between the maximum virulence stimulation magnitude and virulence of S. sclerotiorum in the absence of fungicide. Boscalid at stimulatory concentrations had no significant effect on the expression levels of three virulence-associated genes that encode cutinase (SsCut), polygalacturonase (SsPG1), and oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (SsOah1). The molecular mechanisms for hormetic effects of boscalid on S. sclerotiorum remain to be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qianru Xu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fuxing Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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