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Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Golic D, Gobbi A, Maiorano A, Pautasso M, Reignault PL. Pest categorisation of Pyrrhoderma noxium. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8667. [PMID: 38505477 PMCID: PMC10949325 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Following the commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants (Pinus parviflora grafted on Pinus thunbergii) from China performed by EFSA, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Pyrrhoderma noxium, a clearly defined plant pathogenic basidiomycete fungus of the order Hymenochaetales and the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogen is considered as opportunistic and has been reported on a wide range of hosts, mainly broad-leaved and coniferous woody plants, causing root rots. In addition, the fungus was reported to live saprophytically on woody substrates and was isolated as an endophyte from a few plant species. This pest categorisation focuses on the hosts that are relevant for the EU (e.g. Citrus, Ficus, Pinus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus and Vitis vinifera). Pyrrhoderma noxium is present in Africa, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania. It has not been reported in the EU. Pyrrhoderma noxium is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Plants for planting (excluding seeds), bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other growing media associated with plant debris are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment and spread of the pathogen. The introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU are expected to have an economic and environmental impact in parts of the territory where hosts are present. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. Pyrrhoderma noxium satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.
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Adra C, Tran TD, Foster K, Tomlin R, Kurtböke Dİ. Identification of Acetomycin as an Antifungal Agent Produced by Termite Gut-Associated Streptomycetes against Pyrrhoderma noxium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:45. [PMID: 38247604 PMCID: PMC10812552 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant fungal pathogen Pyrrhoderma noxium is responsible for the destructive and invasive disease of brown root rot currently affecting the city of Brisbane, Australia. In order to address this issue, environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to chemical control are preferred due to the city's public setting. Antifungal natural products are ideal candidates as biological control alternatives and can be detected through investigating the metabolomes of microbial symbionts. Within this study, an NMR-based metabolomics approach was applied to fermentation extracts obtained from 15 termite gut-associated streptomycetes. By analysing the NMR spectra, six of the extracts which displayed similar chemical profiles exhibited antifungal activity against the P. noxium pathogen. The major compound within these extracts was identified as acetomycin using NMR and X-ray crystallography analyses. This is the first reporting of acetomycin as a potential natural product fungicide, particularly as an antifungal agent against P. noxium. Inhibitory activity was also found against other important fungal crop pathogens, including Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, and Alteranaria alternata. Further experimentation using a woodblock test found inhibitory activity on the growth of the P. noxium pathogen for up to 3 weeks and a significant difference in the integrity of the woodblocks when conducting compression strength tests after 6 weeks. Therefore, acetomycin may be used as a biological control agent and natural product fungicide against P. noxium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrihan Adra
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia; (C.A.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Trong D. Tran
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia; (C.A.); (T.D.T.)
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Keith Foster
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (K.F.); (R.T.)
| | - Russell Tomlin
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (K.F.); (R.T.)
| | - D. İpek Kurtböke
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia; (C.A.); (T.D.T.)
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Adra C, Tran TD, Foster K, Tomlin R, Kurtböke Dİ. Untargeted MS-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Termite Gut-Associated Streptomycetes with Antifungal Activity against Pyrrhoderma noxium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1373. [PMID: 37760670 PMCID: PMC10525753 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrhoderma noxium is a plant fungal pathogen that induces the disease of brown root rot in a large variety of tree species. It is currently infecting many of the amenity trees within Brisbane City of Queensland, Australia. Steering away from harmful chemical fungicides, biological control agents offer environmentally friendly alternatives. Streptomycetes are known for their production of novel bioactive secondary metabolites with biocontrol potential, particularly, streptomycete symbionts isolated from unique ecological niches. In this study, 37 termite gut-associated actinomycete isolates were identified using molecular methods and screened against P. noxium. A majority of the isolates belonged to the genus Streptomyces, and 15 isolates exhibited strong antifungal activity with up to 98.5% mycelial inhibition of the fungal pathogen. MS/MS molecular networking analysis of the isolates' fermentation extracts revealed several chemical classes with polyketides being among the most abundant. Most of the metabolites, however, did not have matches to the GNPS database, indicating potential novel antifungal compounds in the active extracts obtained from the isolates. Pathway enrichment and overrepresentation analyses revealed pathways relating to polyketide antibiotic production, among other antibiotic pathways, further confirming the biosynthetic potential of the termite gut-associated streptomycetes with biocontrol potential against P. noxium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrihan Adra
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia; (C.A.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Trong D. Tran
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia; (C.A.); (T.D.T.)
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Keith Foster
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (K.F.); (R.T.)
| | - Russell Tomlin
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (K.F.); (R.T.)
| | - D. İpek Kurtböke
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia; (C.A.); (T.D.T.)
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Chan ME, Tan JY, Lee YY, Lee D, Fong YK, Mutwil M, Wong JY, Hong Y. Locally Isolated Trichoderma harzianum Species Have Broad Spectrum Biocontrol Activities against the Wood Rot Fungal Species through Both Volatile Inhibition and Mycoparasitism. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:675. [PMID: 37367611 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic root/wood rot fungal species infect multiple urban tree species in Singapore. There is a need for sustainable and environmentally friendly mitigation. We report the local Trichoderma strains as potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) for pathogenic wood rot fungal species such as Phellinus noxius, Rigidoporus microporus, and Fulvifomes siamensis. Isolated Trichoderma strains were DNA-barcoded for their molecular identities and assessed for their potential as a BCA by their rate of growth in culture and effectiveness in inhibiting the pathogenic fungi in in vitro dual culture assays. Trichoderma harzianum strain CE92 was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungi tested. Preliminary results suggested both volatile organic compound (VOC) production and direct hyphal contact contributed to inhibition. SPME GC-MS identified known fungal inhibitory volatiles. Trichoderma harzianum strain CE92 hyphae were found to coil around Phellinus noxius and Lasiodiplodia theobromae upon contact in vitro and were possibly a part of the mycoparasitism. In summary, the work provides insight into Trichoderma inhibition of pathogenic fungi and identifies local strains with good potential for broad-spectrum BCAs against root/wood rot fungi in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu En Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jhing Yein Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yan Yi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daryl Lee
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Yok King Fong
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jia Yih Wong
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Chen CY, Wu ZC, Liu TY, Yu SS, Tsai JN, Tsai YC, Tsai IJ, Chung CL. Investigation of Asymptomatic Infection of Phellinus noxius in Herbaceous Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:460-469. [PMID: 36256954 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0281-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Phellinus noxius is known to cause brown root rot disease (BRRD) in woody trees and shrubs. To understand the pathogenicity of P. noxius in herbaceous plants, we investigated 23 herbaceous weed and turfgrass species in 32 BRRD-infested sites in Taiwan and/or tested them by artificial inoculation. In the field survey, P. noxius was isolated from seven symptomless herbaceous species (i.e., Typhonium blumei, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum distichum, Oplismenus compositus, Bidens pilosa, Digitaria ciliaris, and Zoysia matrella). Potted plant inoculation assays suggested that P. noxius is able to infect Artemisia princeps, O. compositus, and Z. matrella but not Axonopus compressus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Ophiopogon japonicus, or Cynodon dactylon. A. princeps plants wilted within 2 weeks postinoculation, but inoculated O. compositus and Z. matrella were asymptomatic, and P. noxius could be isolated from only inoculated sites. The colonization of P. noxius in the cortex and vascular cylinder of roots was visualized by paraffin sectioning and trypan blue staining of juvenile seedlings grown on water agar. To evaluate the effect of replantation for the remediation of BRRD-infested sites, P. noxius-inoculated wood strips were buried in soil with or without vegetation. After 4 weeks, P. noxius could be detected only in the bare soil group. For the control of BRRD, the herbaceous hosts should be removed around the diseased trees/stumps and non-host turfgrasses (e.g., A. compressus, E. ophiuroides, O. japonicus, or C. dactylon) planted to accelerate the degradation of P. noxius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chen
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Chi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Yen Liu
- Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 53, Nanhai Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100051, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Shiuan Yu
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413008, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Nong Tsai
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413008, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tsai
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taipei City 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
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Guzmán-Guzmán P, Kumar A, de los Santos-Villalobos S, Parra-Cota FI, Orozco-Mosqueda MDC, Fadiji AE, Hyder S, Babalola OO, Santoyo G. Trichoderma Species: Our Best Fungal Allies in the Biocontrol of Plant Diseases-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030432. [PMID: 36771517 PMCID: PMC9921048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biocontrol agents (BCA) have been an important tool in agriculture to prevent crop losses due to plant pathogens infections and to increase plant food production globally, diminishing the necessity for chemical pesticides and fertilizers and offering a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma are among the most used and studied microorganisms as BCA due to the variety of biocontrol traits, such as parasitism, antibiosis, secondary metabolites (SM) production, and plant defense system induction. Several Trichoderma species are well-known mycoparasites. However, some of those species can antagonize other organisms such as nematodes and plant pests, making this fungus a very versatile BCA. Trichoderma has been used in agriculture as part of innovative bioformulations, either just Trichoderma species or in combination with other plant-beneficial microbes, such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Here, we review the most recent literature regarding the biocontrol studies about six of the most used Trichoderma species, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, highlighting their biocontrol traits and the use of these fungal genera in Trichoderma-based formulations to control or prevent plant diseases, and their importance as a substitute for chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Fannie I. Parra-Cota
- Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ciudad Obregón 85000, Mexico
| | | | - Ayomide Emmanuel Fadiji
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Sajjad Hyder
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico
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Testing the Biocontrol Ability of a Trichoderma-Streptomycetes Consortium against Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai in Soil. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010067. [PMID: 36675888 PMCID: PMC9864159 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Brown root rot pathogen Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai is known to infect a large number of culturally and economically important plant species across the world. Although chemical control measures have been effective in managing this pathogen, their adverse effects on the ecosystem have limited their use. The use of biological control agents (BCAs) thus is generally accepted as an environmentally friendly way of managing various pathogens. Testing various consortia of the BCAs with different antagonistic mechanisms may even provide better disease protection than the use of a single BCA against aggressive plant pathogens such as the P. noxium. In the presented study, the wood decay experiment and the pot trial confirmed that the consortium of Trichoderma strains (#5029 and 5001) and streptomycetes (#USC-6914 and #USC-595-B) used was effective in protecting wood decay and plant disease caused by P. noxium. Among the treatments, complete elimination of the pathogen was observed when the BCAs were applied as a consortium. In addition, the BCAs used in this study promoted the plant growth. Therefore, Trichoderma and streptomycetes consortium could be used as a potential biocontrol measure to manage P. noxium infections in the field over the application of hazardous chemical control measures.
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Chung PC, Wu HY, Chen YC, Hung TH, Chung CL. Development of a nested PCR assay for detecting Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum fructicola on symptomless strawberry plants. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270687. [PMID: 35763511 PMCID: PMC9239453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose is a major disease of strawberry that seriously impacts the strawberry industry. To prevent the spread of anthracnose through symptomless plants, it is important to detect pathogenic Colletotrichum spp. at the latent infection stage in the nursery. Previous PCR-based methods developed for the diagnosis or detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides have used primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, β-tubulin gene, or mating type gene. In this study, to specifically detect Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum fructicola, the most predominant and virulent Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose in Taiwan, we conducted a comparative genomics analysis of 29 Colletotrichum spp. and identified a non-conserved 1157-bp intergenic region suitable for designing specific primers for a nested PCR assay. In silico analysis and actual tests suggested that the new nested PCR assay could detect pathogenic C. siamense and C. fructicola, but not other strawberry pathogens (Botrytis sp., Fusarium spp., Neopestalotiopsis rosae, and Phytophthora sp.) or ubiquitous saprophytes (Fusarium spp. and Trichoderma spp.). The inner to outer primer ratio was optimized to 1:10 to eliminate unexpected bands and enhance the signal. The assay could detect as little as 1 pg of C. siamense genomic DNA, which corresponds to ~15 cells. Application of the new detection assay on 747 leaf samples collected from 18 strawberry nurseries in 2019 and 2020 showed that an average of 20% of strawberry mother plants in Taiwan were latently infected by C. siamense or C. fructicola. The newly developed assay is being applied to facilitate the production of healthy strawberry runner plants in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Che Chung
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Chen
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Hung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THH); (CLC)
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THH); (CLC)
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Yu M, Wang F, Yao S, Zang Y, Dai C, Liang Y, Zhang M, Gu L, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Structural Elucidation and Total Synthesis of Trichodermotin A, A Natural
α
‐Glucosidase
Inhibitor from
Trichoderma asperellum. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muyuan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Si Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yi Zang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Chong Dai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yu Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Mi Zhang
- National Institutes for food and drug Control (NIFDC), No.2, Tiantan Xili Dongcheng District Beijing 10050 China
| | - Lianghu Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
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10
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Liu TY, Chen CH, Yang YL, Tsai IJ, Ho YN, Chung CL. The brown root rot fungus Phellinus noxius affects microbial communities in different root-associated niches of Ficus trees. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:276-297. [PMID: 34863027 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown root rot (BRR) caused by Phellinus noxius is a destructive tree disease in tropical and subtropical areas. To understand how BRR affects the composition of the plant rhizoplane-enriched microbiota, the microbiomes within five root-associated compartments (i.e., bulk soil, old/young root rhizosphere soil, old/young root tissue) of Ficus trees naturally infected by P. noxius were investigated. The level of P. noxius infection was determined by quantitative PCR. Illumina sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer and 16S rRNA revealed that P. noxius infection caused a significant reduction in fungal diversity in the bulk soil, the old root rhizosphere soil, and the old root tissue. Interestingly, Cosmospora was the only fungal genus positively correlated with P. noxius. The abundance and composition of dominant bacterial taxa such as Actinomadura, Bacillus, Rhodoplanes, and Streptomyces differed between BRR-diseased and healthy samples. Furthermore, 838 isolates belonging to 26 fungal and 35 bacterial genera were isolated and tested for interactions with P. noxius. Antagonistic activities were observed for isolates of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. Cellophane overlay and cellulose/lignin utilization assays suggested that Cosmospora could tolerate the secretions of P. noxius and that the degradation of lignin by P. noxius may create suitable conditions for Cosmorpora growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Yen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan.,Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, 10066, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Han Chen
- Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, 10066, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ning Ho
- Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
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11
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Yang Y, Fang B, Feng S, Wang Z, Luo Z, Yao Z, Zou H, Huang L. Isolation and Identification of Trichoderma asperellum, the Novel Causal Agent of Green Mold Disease in Sweetpotato. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1711-1718. [PMID: 33373292 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1484-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest disease is an important limiting factor for sweetpotato production. Recently, a new green mold disease was found in sweetpotato storage roots. To investigate the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of the disease, the pathogen was isolated and identified based on morphological and molecular features, and its characteristics were further analyzed by pathogenic and antagonistic evaluations. The results showed that the isolated pathogen (CRI-Ta1) was identified as Trichoderma asperellum based on the similar growth and morphological features with Trichoderma spp., 99% homology of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence, and membership to the same phylogenetic group with the model strain of T. asperellum (CBS 433.97). The pathogenic analysis revealed that CRI-Ta1 could cause green mold disease through wound infection on the storage roots and the strains reisolated from infected storage roots could cause disease in different sweetpotato varieties, which was fulfilled in Koch's postulate. Moreover, CRI-Ta1 could also infect other common crop species, including chestnut, carrot, apple, pear, and others. It indicated that CRI-Ta1 was the pathogen to the storage roots of sweetpotato and had a wide host range. Additionally, in vitro antagonistic evaluation showed that CRI-Ta1 effectively inhibited the growth of common sweetpotato pathogens, including Fusarium solani and Rhizopus nigricans. However, further research is needed on the potential of CRI-Ta1 to control sweetpotato diseases in vivo. Collectively, our findings provided valuable insights into the characteristics of the T. asperellum CRI-Ta1 in sweetpotato and would be helpful to the prevention and control of sweetpotato green mold disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Boping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shujie Feng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhangying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhongxia Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhufang Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongda Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lifei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Leung KT, Chen CY, You BJ, Lee MH, Huang JW. Brown Root Rot Disease of Phyllanthus myrtifolius: The Causal Agent and Two Potential Biological Control Agents. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:3043-3053. [PMID: 32822264 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-20-0412-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brown root rot (BRR), caused by Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunningham, occurs on over 200 species of plants, especially woody trees and shrubs. Ceylon myrtle (Phyllanthus myrtifolius [Wight] Müll.Arg.), a common hedge plant, was recently observed to be infected with BRR. Disease diagnosis was performed by completing Koch's postulates, and Ceylon myrtle was confirmed to be a new host of P. noxius. Typical symptoms of BRR were observed, including reduction in leaf size, dieback of branches, and suspended growth of young leaves. A disease severity index was used to quantify BRR in this study. Compared with Malabar chestnut, Ceylon myrtle was relatively resistant to BRR. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and 28S sequences revealed that isolates identified as P. noxius from Taiwan and many other countries were clustered in the same clade but separate from the clade comprising isolates from China, which were designated Pyrrhoderma noxium based on P. noxius. Therefore, to temporarily distinguish these pathogens, the former clade was designated GPN (global P. noxius), whereas the latter clade was designated CPN (China Py. noxium). In biocontrol assays, Streptomyces padanus and Bacillus sp. were selected for BRR control of Ceylon myrtle. Disease severity was reduced from 0.51 to 0.37 by S. padanus and to 0.14 by Bacillus sp. in greenhouse trials. In addition, the two biocontrol agents, especially S. padanus, exhibited good growth-promoting effects on cuttings of Ceylon myrtle. With these double advantages, S. padanus and Bacillus sp. have great potential to control BRR in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Tung Leung
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Jau You
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Miin-Huey Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Wen Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Wu ZC, Chang YY, Lai QJ, Lin HA, Tzean SS, Liou RF, Tsai IJ, Chung CL. Soil Is Not a Reservoir for Phellinus noxius. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:362-369. [PMID: 31584338 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-19-0314-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus noxius causes brown root rot (BRR) of diverse trees. Basidiospores and diseased host tissues have been recognized as important sources of P. noxius inoculum. This study aimed to understand whether P. noxius could occur or survive in soil without host tissues in the natural environment. Soil was sampled before and after the removal of diseased trees at eight BRR infection sites (total of 44 samples). No P. noxius colonies were recovered in soil plating assays, suggesting that no or little viable P. noxius resided in the soil. To know whether P. noxius could disseminate from decayed roots to the surrounding soil, rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were sampled from another two infection sites. Although P. noxius DNA was detectable with specific primers, no P. noxius could be isolated, even from the rhizosphere soils around decayed roots covered with P. noxius mycelial mats. The association between viable P. noxius and the presence of its DNA was also investigated using field soil mixed with P. noxius arthrospores. After P. noxius was exterminated by flooding or fumigation treatment, its DNA remained detectable for a few weeks. The potential of onsite soil as an inoculum was tested using the highly susceptible loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). Loquats replanted in an infection site that had been cleaned up by simply removing the diseased stump and visible residual roots remained healthy for a year. Taken together, P. noxius is not a soilborne pathogen, and diseased host tissues should be the focus of field sanitation and detection for BRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Chi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yun Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Qiao-Juan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Heng-An Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shean-Shong Tzean
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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Towards the Biological Control of Devastating Forest Pathogens from the Genus Armillaria. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: A large scale effort to screen, characterize, and select Trichoderma strains with the potential to antagonize Armillaria species revealed promising candidates for field applications. Background and Objectives: Armillaria species are among the economically most relevant soilborne tree pathogens causing devastating root diseases worldwide. Biocontrol agents are environment-friendly alternatives to chemicals in restraining the spread of Armillaria in forest soils. Trichoderma species may efficiently employ diverse antagonistic mechanisms against fungal plant pathogens. The aim of this paper is to isolate indigenous Trichoderma strains from healthy and Armillaria-damaged forests, characterize them, screen their biocontrol properties, and test selected strains under field conditions. Materials and Methods: Armillaria and Trichoderma isolates were collected from soil samples of a damaged Hungarian oak and healthy Austrian spruce forests and identified to the species level. In vitro antagonism experiments were performed to determine the potential of the Trichoderma isolates to control Armillaria species. Selected biocontrol candidates were screened for extracellular enzyme production and plant growth-promoting traits. A field experiment was carried out by applying two selected Trichoderma strains on two-year-old European Turkey oak seedlings planted in a forest area heavily overtaken by the rhizomorphs of numerous Armillaria colonies. Results: Although A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae were found in the Austrian spruce forests, A. mellea and A. gallica clones dominated the Hungarian oak stand. A total of 64 Trichoderma isolates belonging to 14 species were recovered. Several Trichoderma strains exhibited in vitro antagonistic abilities towards Armillaria species and produced siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid. Oak seedlings treated with T. virens and T. atrobrunneum displayed better survival under harsh soil conditions than the untreated controls. Conclusions: Selected native Trichoderma strains, associated with Armillaria rhizomorphs, which may also have plant growth promoting properties, are potential antagonists of Armillaria spp., and such abilities can be exploited in the biological control of Armillaria root rot.
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