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Trkulja V, Čojić B, Trkulja N, Tomić A, Matić S, Ikanović J, Popović Milovanović T. Colletotrichum Species Associated with Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot: A Comprehensive Overview. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:660. [PMID: 39330419 PMCID: PMC11433169 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Colletotrichum are among the most important plant pathogens globally, as they are capable of infecting many hosts-apple (Malus spp.) and other fruit and woody plant species-but also vegetable crops, cereals, legumes, and other annual and perennial herbaceous plants. The apple (Malus spp.) is attacked by various species from the genus Colletotrichum, whereby 27 different species from this genus have been described as the causative agents of apple bitter rot (ABR) and 15 as the cause of Glomerella leaf spot (GLS). These species generally belong to one of three species complexes: Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Colletotrichum boninense. The largest number of apple pathogens of the genus Colletotrichum belong to the species complex C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. However, further data on these species and the interactions between the species complexes of the genus Colletotrichum that cause these two apple diseases is needed for the development of effective control measures, thus ensuring successful and profitable apple cultivation. To contribute to this endeavor, a comprehensive review of the causative agents of ABR and GLS from the genus Colletotrichum is provided. In addition to presenting the species' current names, distribution, economic significance, and the symptoms they cause in apple, their development cycle, epidemiology, and molecular detection strategies are described, with a particular emphasis on control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Trkulja
- Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Knjaza Milosa 17, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka, Bulevar Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bojana Čojić
- Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Knjaza Milosa 17, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nenad Trkulja
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Teodora Drajzera 9, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrija Tomić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Vuka Karadžića 30, 71123 East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Slavica Matić
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Jela Ikanović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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Prechsl UE, Rizzoli W, Marschall K, Jasper Wubs ER. Fungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8431. [PMID: 37225789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Alternaria is a pan-global pathogen of > 100 crops, and is associated with the globally expanding Alternaria leaf blotch in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) which leads to severe leaf necrosis, premature defoliation, and large economic losses. Up to date, the epidemiology of many Alternaria species is still not resolved as they can be saprophytic, parasitic or shift between both lifestyles and are also classified as primary pathogen able to infect healthy tissue. We argue that Alternaria spp. does not act as primary pathogen, but only as a necrosis-dependent opportunist. We studied the infection biology of Alternaria spp. under controlled conditions and monitored disease prevalence in real orchards and validated our ideas by applying fungicide-free treatments in 3-years field experiments. Alternaria spp. isolates were not able to induce necroses in healthy tissue, but only when prior induced damages existed. Next, leaf-applied fertilizers, without fungicidal effect, reduced Alternaria-associated symptoms (- 72.7%, SE: ± 2.5%) with the same efficacy as fungicides. Finally, low leaf magnesium, sulphur, and manganese concentrations were consistently linked with Alternaria-associated leaf blotch. Fruit spot incidence correlated positively with leaf blotch, was also reduced by fertilizer treatments, and did not expand during storage unlike other fungus-mediated diseases. Our findings suggest that Alternaria spp. may be a consequence of leaf blotch rather than its primary cause, as it appears to colonize the physiologically induced leaf blotch. Taking into account existing observations that Alternaria infection is connected to weakened hosts, the distinction may appear slight, but is of great significance, as we can now (a) explain the mechanism of how different stresses result in colonization with Alternaria spp. and (b) substitute fungicides for a basic leaf fertilizer. Therefore, our findings can result in significant decreases in environmental costs due to reduced fungicide use, especially if the same mechanism applies to other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Rizzoli
- Terra Institute, Säbenertorgasse 2, 39042, Brixen, BZ, Italy
| | - Klaus Marschall
- Terra Institute, Säbenertorgasse 2, 39042, Brixen, BZ, Italy
| | - E R Jasper Wubs
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Beckerman J, Palmer C, Tedford E, Ypema H. Fifty Years of Fungicide Development, Deployment, and Future Use. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:694-706. [PMID: 37137816 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0399-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease management has not significantly changed significantly in the past 50 years, even as great strides have been made in the understanding of fungal biology and the etiology of plant disease. Issues of climate change, supply chain failures, war, political instability, and exotic invasives have created even more serious implications for world food and fiber security, and the stability of managed ecosystems, underscoring the urgency for reducing plant disease-related losses. Fungicides serve as the primary example of successful, widespread technology transfer, playing a central role in crop protection, reducing losses to both yield and postharvest spoilage. The crop protection industry has continued to improve upon previous fungicide chemistries, replacing active ingredients lost to resistance and newly understood environmental and human health risks, under an increasingly stricter regulatory environment. Despite decades of advances, plant disease management continues to be a constant challenge that will require an integrated approach, and fungicides will continue to be an essential part of this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Beckerman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - C Palmer
- IR-4 Project, Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Cream Ridge, NJ 08514-9634
| | | | - H Ypema
- UPL Services LLC, Durham, NC 27709
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Hamed SM, Okla MK, Al-Saadi LS, Hozzein WN, Mohamed HS, Selim S, AbdElgawad H. Evaluation of the phycoremediation potential of microalgae for captan removal: Comprehensive analysis on toxicity, detoxification and antioxidants modulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128177. [PMID: 34999404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Captan is one of the most widely used organochlorine fungicides, its frequent application contaminates both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and negatively affects their key ecological processes. This study demonstrated the toxicity and efficient removal of captan by two different taxonomic species; the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus and cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. After a week of exposure to mild (15 mg/L) and severe (30 mg/L) captan doses, the intracellular captan uptake, degradation and metabolic regulation of captan detoxification were studied. Compared to N. muscorum, S. obliquus accumulated more captan, but efficiently degraded it into two safe eco-friendly by-products; phthalic acid and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro phthalimide. S. obliquus showed less decrease in cell growth, photosynthesis activity and related parameters including Chla content and activity of PEPC and RuBisCo enzymes. Captan at the severe dose induced oxidative damage particularly in N. muscorum, as expressed by the high levels of H2O2, MDA, NADPH oxidase and protein peroxidation. Both species invested glutathione-s-transferase enzyme in captan detoxification however, induction of antioxidant defence system e.g. ascorbate and glutathione cycle was more pronounced in S. obliquus which could explain its tolerance ability. This study provided a better understanding of the environmental risks of captan and introduced S. obliquus as a promising captan phycoremediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham M Hamed
- Soil Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, P.O. 175 El-Orman, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad K Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wael N Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hussein S Mohamed
- Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAP), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt; Basic sciences department, Higher Technological Institute, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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He QK, Xu CL, Li YP, Xu ZR, Luo YS, Zhao SC, Wang HL, Qi ZQ, Liu Y. Captan exposure disrupts ovarian homeostasis and affects oocytes quality via mitochondrial dysfunction induced apoptosis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131625. [PMID: 34303901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Captan is a non-systematic fungicide widely used in agricultural production, and its residues have been found in the environment and daily diet. Previous studies confirmed that captan exerts several toxic effects on tissues, but its effect on the mammalian female reproductive system is unclear. In current study, we reported that captan affected mouse ovarian homeostasis and disrupted female hormone receptor expression, leading to impaired follicular development. Ovarian follicles from the captan exposure group showed an increased level of inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. In addition, captan exposure disrupted oocyte development. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that captan changed multiple genes expression in oocytes, including autophagy and apoptosis. Further molecular testing showed that captan induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by the increased level of reactive oxygen species, disrupted mitochondrial structure and distribution, and depolarized membrane potential. Furthermore, captan triggered DNA damage, autophagy and early apoptosis, as shown by the enhanced levels of γ-H2AX, LC3, and Annexin-V and increased expression of related genes. Taken together, these results indicated that captan exposure impairs ovarian homeostasis and subsequently affects oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Kuo He
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Chang-Long Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center of Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530031, China
| | - Yan-Ping Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Zhi-Ran Xu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
| | - Yu-Shen Luo
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Si-Cheng Zhao
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Zhong-Quan Qi
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.
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Gao Y, Li X, He L, Li B, Mu W, Liu F. Role of Adjuvants in the Management of Anthracnose-Change in the Crystal Morphology and Wetting Properties of Fungicides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9232-9240. [PMID: 31347839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic wax layer of pepper fruit (Capsicum frutescens L.) increases the importance of selecting adjuvants that improve the wetting property of droplets on the target organism and increase the effective utilization of fungicides. In this study, the effect of adjuvants including nonionic, cationic, organosilicone, and oils on the wettability of fungicides was determined. The critical micelle concentrations for S903 (organosilicone), 1227 (cationic), AEO-5 (nonionic), GY-Tmax (oil), and XP-2 (oil) were 25, 1000, 100, 200, and 500 mg/L, respectively. Interface behaviors and in vivo tests suggested that adjuvants at appropriate concentrations (S903, 2.5 mg/L; 1227, 100 mg/L; AEO-5, 1 mg/L; GY-Tmax, 50 mg/L; and XP-2, 5 mg/L) resulted in optimum efficiency. Adjuvants significantly increased the inhibitory activity of pyraclostrobin against the mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation of Colletotrichum scovillei by 41.3-58.8%, 28.2-44.6%, and 27.8-39.8%, respectively. Pyraclostrobin amended with S903 and XP-2 showed higher efficacy against anthracnose than the fungicide alone on pepper fruit. The increased efficacy may have resulted from the changed crystal morphology (ellipses of similar sizes), improved wettability, and rainfastness. A structural equation model indicated that surface tension and retention play the most important roles in the application properties of fungicide. In field experiments, the efficacy of pyraclostrobin with adjuvants showed no significant difference with pyraclostrobin alone, which indicated that, except for adjuvants, other spraying technologies are important for improving the field performance of fungicides. These results provide a foundation for the synthesis of highly efficient fungicides based on crystal structure and for the sustainable management of pepper anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Lifei He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Beixing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
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He L, Li X, Gao Y, Li B, Mu W, Liu F. Oil Adjuvants Enhance the Efficacy of Pyraclostrobin in Managing Cucumber Powdery Mildew ( Podosphaera xanthii) by Modifying the Affinity of Fungicide Droplets on Diseased Leaves. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1657-1664. [PMID: 31082320 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-18-1606-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adding adjuvants improved the affinity of fungicide droplets to cucumber leaves infected with powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) and subsequent efficacy of fungicide treatments in reducing the disease. The affinity of oil adjuvants was quantified by adhesional tension and "work of adhesion". Oil adjuvant-fungicide mixtures were applied to plants in field experiments to evaluate their effectiveness in disease prevention. Both the adhesional tension and work of adhesion of the adjuvants at selected concentrations increased on powdery-mildew-infected cucumber leaves more than on healthy cucumber leaves. The adjuvant GY-Tmax (GYT) displayed the best surface activity or "surfactivity" in enhancing the affinity and adherence of droplets to powdery-mildew-infected cucumber leaves, while epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), methyl oleate, and biodiesel exhibited much lower effects in terms of the surface tension, contact angle, adhesional tension, and work of adhesion. Field experiments determined that the combination of GYT at 1,000 mg liter-1 and pyraclostrobin (150 g a.i. ha-1) was most effective (91.52%) in controlling cucumber powdery mildew. Pyraclostrobin with ESO was also highly effective (ranging from 77.54 to 89.65%). The addition of oil adjuvants, especially GYT and ESO, to fungicide applications can be an effective strategy to enhance the efficacy of pesticides in controlling plant diseases by modifying the affinity of fungicide droplets to symptomatic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei He
- 1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
- 2 Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- 1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
- 2 Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- 1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
- 2 Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Beixing Li
- 2 Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
- 3 Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Wei Mu
- 1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
- 3 Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- 2 Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
- 3 Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
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Beckerman J, Abbott C. Comparative Studies on the Effect of Adjuvants with Urea to Reduce the Overwintering Inoculum of Venturia inaequalis. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:531-537. [PMID: 30652961 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-18-1014-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year study on the use of organic and conventional adjuvants alone, or mixed with urea, was conducted for management of overwintering inoculum of the apple scab pathogen, Venturia inaequalis. Select adjuvants (LI 700, Bond Max, Latron B-1956, and Organic Wet Betty [OWB]) have the potential to hasten urea-driven leaf litter decomposition and reduce V. inaequalis overwintering inoculum comparable to urea, and that one organic surfactant could perform the same level of leaf decomposition as urea. Combinations of adjuvants with urea significantly improved leaf litter degradation compared with urea alone, concomitant with reducing the number of pseudothecia present and pseudothecium fertility. We demonstrate that the combination of urea with Bond Max or OWB reduced pseudothecia fertility and ascospore production to less than 5% in the remaining pseudothecia, a significantly greater reduction than with urea alone. These results suggest that conventional growers combine urea with Bond Max or OWB to more effectively reduce overwintering inoculum, and that the adjuvant OWB can provide organic growers with comparable performance to urea used in conventional orchards for improved sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Beckerman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Chelsi Abbott
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Inoue T, Kinoshita M, Oyama K, Kamemura N, Oyama Y. Captan-induced increase in the concentrations of intracellular Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ and its correlation with oxidative stress in rat thymic lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:78-83. [PMID: 30172959 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Captan, a phthalimide fungicide, is considered to be relatively nontoxic to mammals. There is a possibility that captan affects membrane and cellular parameters of mammalian cells, resulting in adverse effects, because of high residue levels. To test the possibility, we examined the effects of captan on rat thymic lymphocytes using flow-cytometry with appropriate fluorescent probes. Treatment with 10 and 30 μM captan induced apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Before cell death occurred, captan elevated the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Zn2+ and decreased the concentration of cellular thiol compounds. These captan-induced phenomena are shown to cause cell death and are similar to those caused by oxidative stress. Captan also elevated the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide. Results indicate that 10 and 30 μM captan cause cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Despite no report on the significant environmental toxicity hazard of captan in humans, it may exhibit adverse effects, described above, on wild organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Inoue
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Maika Kinoshita
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | | | - Norio Kamemura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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