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Dutra YLG, Rosado AWC, Condé TO, Leão AF, Neves SDC, Fraga LMS, Kasuya MCM, Pereira OL. Two new Cladosporium species from a quartzite cave in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3021-3031. [PMID: 37880564 PMCID: PMC10689331 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Caves are underground and natural environments mainly found in rocky terrain. Caves have a very specific microclimate, which benefits the occurrence of specific fungi. In recent studies, researchers have observed that caves harbour a great diversity of fungi. However, studies on fungal diversity in Brazilian caves are still incipient. In September 2019, airborne spore and soil samples were collected from the Monte Cristo cave, in the Southern Espinhaço Range, Diamantina, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Two Cladosporium single-spore isolates, among other genera, were obtained from these samples. This study aimed to characterise these two fungal isolates based on their DNA sequence data and morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of the rDNA-ITS, ACT and TEF1-α loci revealed that the isolates belonged to the Cladosporium cladosporioides species complex. Both isolates did not cluster with any known species and were formally described and named herein as C. diamantinense and C. speluncae. This study presents taxonomic novelties and contributes to the knowledge about the fungal diversity in Brazilian caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lucas Gomes Dutra
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - André Wilson Campos Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Oliveira Condé
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Leão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Soraya de Carvalho Neves
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mauro Soares Fraga
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Olinto Liparini Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Kaur H, Gupta P, Ahmad H, Shankarnarayan SA, Srivastava S, Sahu S, Karuna T, Narang T, Gupta S, Ghosh A, Rudramurthy SM. Cladosporium halotolerans: Exploring an Unheeded Human Pathogen. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:1027-1040. [PMID: 37924426 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladosporium halotolerans is a saprobic fungus, rarely implicated in human infections. The identification is challenging due to non-specific phenotypic features. OBJECTIVE To decipher clinical spectrum, microbiological and susceptibility profile of clinical and environmental isolates of Cladosporium halotolerans. METHOD All the isolates identified as Cladosporium halotolerans deposited in National Culture Collection for Pathogenic Fungi (NCCPF), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India were revived. Phenotypic and molecular characterization targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU; NL1 and NL4), actin (ACT) and beta-tubulin (TUB) was done. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to determine any phenotypic variations. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was carried out for eight antifungal agents as per CLSI M38 Ed3 guidelines. We also performed systematic literature review of all the cases of Cladosporium halotolerans reported till date. RESULTS A total of four isolates (clinical, n = 3; soil, n = 1) identified as Cladosporium halotolerans were included in the study. The clinical sites were skin, maxillary tissue and nail. All patients were apparently immunocompetent, and history of trauma was recorded in one patient. All patients improved on antifungal therapy. The cultures revealed growth of black mycelial fungus and microscopic examination demonstrated dematiaceous septate hyphae with erect conidiophores and conidia in branched acropetal chains. Based on molecular methods, all the four isolates were identified as C. halotolerans. SEM revealed no variation in length and width of the conidia, conidiophores, ramoconidium and hyphae among the isolates. All molecular targets, such as ITS region, LSU (partially sequenced), ACT and TUB were able to differentiate the isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for antifungals were: triazoles (0.12-2 μg/ml), amphotericin B (4 μg/ml) and echinocandins (2-8 μg/ml). CONCLUSION We report role of the rarely isolated dematiaceous fungus, C. halotolerans, in causing human infections. The study emphasizes the role of molecular methods in precisely identifying these species. Triazoles are more active against these black fungi compared to polyenes or echinocandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran Kaur
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Parakriti Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Haseen Ahmad
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | | | | | - Suneeta Sahu
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Apollo Hospitals Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - T Karuna
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Narang
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sunita Gupta
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anup Ghosh
- Mycology Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Yang X, Cao K, Ren X, Cao G, Xun W, Qin J, Zhou X, Jin L. Field Control Effect and Initial Mechanism: A Study of Isobavachalcone against Blister Blight Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10225. [PMID: 37373374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blister blight (BB) disease is caused by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Exobasidium vexans Massee and seriously affects the yield and quality of Camellia sinensis. The use of chemical pesticides on tea leaves substantially increases the toxic risks of tea consumption. Botanic fungicide isobavachalcone (IBC) has the potential to control fungal diseases on many crops but has not been used on tea plants. In this study, the field control effects of IBC were evaluated by comparison and in combination with natural elicitor chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) and the chemical pesticide pyraclostrobin (Py), and the preliminary action mode of IBC was also investigated. The bioassay results for IBC or its combination with COSs showed a remarkable control effect against BB (61.72% and 70.46%). IBC, like COSs, could improve the disease resistance of tea plants by enhancing the activity of tea-plant-related defense enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine aminolase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), β-1,3-glucanase (Glu), and chitinase enzymes. The fungal community structure and diversity of the diseased tea leaves were examined using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal rDNA genes. It was obvious that IBC could significantly alter the species' richness and the diversity of the fungal community in affected plant sites. This study broadens the application range of IBC and provides an important strategy for the control of BB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kunqian Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guangyun Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weizhi Xun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiayong Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Linhong Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Yang Y, Luo W, Zhang W, Mridha MAU, Wijesinghe SN, McKenzie EHC, Wang Y. Cladosporium Species Associated with Fruit Trees in Guizhou Province, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020250. [PMID: 36836364 PMCID: PMC9962058 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During an investigation of fungal diversity on fruit trees in Guizhou Province, 23 Cladosporium strains were isolated from various locations in Guizhou Province. Culture characteristics, morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of three genetic markers, namely, the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the rDNA, partial fragments of actin (act), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-ɑ) loci were used to characterize these isolates. Seven new Cladosporium species and new host records for five other species were introduced, with detailed descriptions and illustrations. This study showed that there is a rich diversity of Cladosporium spp. in fruit trees in Guizhou Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiao Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenmei Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wensong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | | | | | | | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: or
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Assessment of Lipopeptide Mixtures Produced by Bacillus subtilis as Biocontrol Products against Apple Scab ( Venturia inaequalis). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091810. [PMID: 36144412 PMCID: PMC9501572 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple scab is an important disease conventionally controlled by chemical fungicides, which should be replaced by more environmentally friendly alternatives. One of these alternatives could be the use of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis. The objective of this work is to study the action of the three families of lipopeptides and different mixtures of them in vitro and in vivo against Venturia inaequalis. Firstly, the antifungal activity of mycosubtilin/surfactin and fengycin/surfactin mixtures was determined in vitro by measuring the median inhibitory concentration. Then, the best lipopeptide mixture ratio was produced using Design of Experiment (DoE) to optimize the composition of the culture medium. Finally, the lipopeptides mixtures efficiency against V. inaequalis was assessed in orchards as well as the evaluation of the persistence of lipopeptides on apple. In vitro tests show that the use of fengycin or mycosubtilin alone is as effective as a mixture, with the 50–50% fengycin/surfactin mixture being the most effective. Optimization of culture medium for the production of fengycin/surfactin mixture shows that the best composition is glycerol coupled with glutamic acid. Finally, lipopeptides showed in vivo antifungal efficiency against V. inaequalis regardless of the mixture used with a 70% reduction in the incidence of scab for both mixtures (fengycin/surfactin or mycosubtilin/surfactin). The reproducibility of the results over the two trial campaigns was significantly better with the mycosubtilin/surfactin mixture. The use of B. subtilis lipopeptides to control this disease is very promising.
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Caffier V, Shiller J, Bellanger MN, Collemare J, Expert P, Gladieux P, Pascouau C, Sannier M, Le Cam B. Hybridizations Between formae speciales of Venturia inaequalis Pave the Way for a New Biocontrol Strategy to Manage Fungal Plant Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1401-1405. [PMID: 35080437 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-21-0222-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization and adaptation to new hosts are important mechanisms of fungal disease emergence. Evaluating the risk of emergence of hybrids with enhanced virulence is then key to develop sustainable crop disease management. We evaluated this risk in Venturia inaequalis, the fungus responsible for the common and serious scab disease on Rosaceae hosts, including apple, pyracantha, and loquat. Field isolates from these three hosts and progenies obtained from five crosses between formae speciales isolates collected from pyracantha (f. sp. pyracantha) and apple (f. sp. pomi) were tested for their pathogenicity on the three hosts. We confirmed a strict host specificity between isolates from apple and pyracantha and showed that most isolates were able to cause disease on loquat. None of the 251 progeny obtained from five crosses between V. inaequalis f. sp. pyracantha and V. inaequalis f. sp. pomi could infect apple. If confirmed on more crosses, the inability of the hybrids to infect apple could lead to a novel biocontrol strategy based on a sexual hijacking of V. inaequalis f. sp. pomi by a massive introduction of V. inaequalis f. sp. pyracantha in apple orchards. This strategy, analogous to the sterile insect approach, could lead to the collapse of the population size of V. inaequalis and dramatically reduce the use of chemicals in orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Caffier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Jason Shiller
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Jérôme Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pascale Expert
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Pascouau
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Mélanie Sannier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Bruno Le Cam
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
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Yurgel SN, Ajeethan N, Smertenko A. Response of Plant-Associated Microbiome to Plant Root Colonization by Exogenous Bacterial Endophyte in Perennial Crops. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:863946. [PMID: 35479645 PMCID: PMC9037143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of bacterial inoculums for improving plant growth and production is an important component of sustainable agriculture. However, the efficiency of perennial crop inoculums depends on the ability of the introduced endophytes to exert an impact on the host-plant over an extended period of time. This impact might be evaluated by the response of plant-associated microbiome to the inoculation. In this study, we monitored the effect of a single bacterial strain inoculation on the diversity, structure, and cooperation in plant-associated microbiome over 1-year period. An endophyte (RF67) isolated from Vaccinium angustifolium (wild blueberry) roots and annotated as Rhizobium was used for the inoculation of 1-year-old Lonicera caerulea (Haskap) plants. A significant level of bacterial community perturbation was detected in plant roots after 3 months post-inoculation. About 23% of root-associated community variation was correlated with an application of the inoculant, which was accompanied by increased cooperation between taxa belonging to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota phyla and decreased cooperation between Firmicutes in plant roots. Additionally, a decrease in bacterial Shannon diversity and an increase in the relative abundances of Rhizobiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were detected in the roots of inoculated plants relative to the non-inoculated control. A strong effect of the inoculation on the bacterial cooperation was also detected after 1 year of plant field growth, whereas no differences in bacterial community composition and also alpha and beta diversities were detected between bacterial communities from inoculated and non-inoculated roots. These findings suggest that while exogenous endophytes might have a short-term effect on the root microbiome structure and composition, they can boost cooperation between plant-growth-promoting endophytes, which can exist for the extended period of time providing the host-plant with long-lasting beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Yurgel
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Prosser, WA, United States
| | - Nivethika Ajeethan
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
- Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Liu J, Song M, Wei X, Zhang H, Bai Z, Zhuang X. Responses of Phyllosphere Microbiome to Ozone Stress: Abundance, Community Compositions and Functions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040680. [PMID: 35456732 PMCID: PMC9024792 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a typical hazardous pollutant in Earth’s lower atmosphere, but the phyllosphere and its microbiome are promising for air pollution remediation. Despite research to explore the efficiency and mechanism of ozone phylloremediation, the response and role of the phyllosphere microbiome remains untouched. In this study, we exposed Euonymus japonicus to different ozone levels and revealed microbial successions and roles of the phyllosphere microbiome during the exposure. The low-level exposure (156 ± 20 ppb) induced limited response compared to other environmental factors. Fungi failed to sustain the community richness and diversity, despite the stable ITS concentration, while bacteria witnessed an abundance loss. We subsequently elevated the exposure level to 5000~10,000 ppb, which considerably deteriorated the bacterial and fungal diversity. Our results identified extremely tolerant species, including bacterial genera (Curtobacterium, Marmoricola, and Microbacterium) and fungal genera (Cladosporium and Alternaria). Compositional differences suggested that most core fungal taxa were related to plant diseases and biocontrol, and ozone exposure might intensify such antagonism, thus possibly influencing plant health and ozone remediation. This assumption was further evidenced in the functional predictions via a pathogen predominance. This study shed light on microbial responses to ozone exposure in the phyllosphere and enlightened the augmentation of ozone phylloremediation through the microbial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (J.L.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (M.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Manjiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (M.S.); (X.W.)
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (M.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Huanzhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (J.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (M.S.); (X.W.)
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Xiongan Institute of Innovation, Xiongan New Area 071000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6284-9156 (Z.B.); +86-10-6284-9193 (X.Z.)
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (M.S.); (X.W.)
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6284-9156 (Z.B.); +86-10-6284-9193 (X.Z.)
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9
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Xu YX, Shen HW, Bao DF, Luo ZL, Su HY, Hao YE. Two new species of Cladosporium from leaf spots of Parispolyphylla in north-western Yunnan Province, China. Biodivers Data J 2022; 9:e77224. [PMID: 34984042 PMCID: PMC8718519 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e77224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the survey of pathogenic fungi on medicinal plant leaves in Yunnan Province, China, two Cladosporium-like taxa were isolated from leaf spots of Parispolyphylla. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, TEF1-α and ACT genes, two new species were discovered. New information Two new species Cladosporiumyunnanensis and C.paris are introduced, the detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided. Morphology of the two new species is compared with other related Cladosporium species. This study widens the host diversity of the genus Cladosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xin Xu
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China College of Public Health, University of South China Hengyang China.,College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University Dali China
| | - Hong-Wei Shen
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University Dali China.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University Chiang Rai Thailand.,School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University Chiang Rai Thailand
| | - Dan-Feng Bao
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University Dali China.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University Chiang Rai Thailand.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Zong-Long Luo
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University Dali China
| | - Hong-Yan Su
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University Dali China
| | - Yu-E Hao
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China College of Public Health, University of South China Hengyang China
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Padder SA, Mansoor S, Bhat SA, Baba TR, Rather RA, Wani SM, Popescu SM, Sofi S, Aziz MA, Hefft DI, Alzahrani OM, Noureldeen A, Darwish H. Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110923. [PMID: 34829212 PMCID: PMC8623955 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The large genetic evolution due to the sexual reproduction-mediated gene assortments and propensities has made Venturia inaequalis (causing apple scab) unique with respect to its management strategies. The resistance in apple germplasm against the scab, being controlled for by more than fifteen genes, has limited gene alteration-based investigations. Therefore, a biological approach of bacterial endophyte community dynamics was envisioned across the apple germplasm in context to the fungistatic behavior against V. inaequalis. A total of 155 colonies of bacterial endophytes were isolated from various plant parts of the apple, comprising 19 varieties, and after screening for antifungal behavior followed by morphological, ARDRA, and sequence analysis, a total of 71 isolates were selected for this study. The alpha diversity indices were seen to fluctuate greatly among the isolation samples in context to microflora with antifungal behavior. As all the isolates were screened for the presence of various metabolites and some relevant genes that directly or indirectly influence the fungistatic behavior of the isolated microflora, a huge variation among the isolated microflora was observed. The outstanding isolates showing highest percentage growth inhibition of V. inaequalis were exploited to raise a bio-formulation, which was tested against the scab prevalence in eight apple varieties under controlled growth conditions. The formulation at all the concentrations caused considerable reductions in both the disease severity and disease incidence in all the tested apple varieties. Red Delicious being most important cultivar of the northwestern Himalayas was further investigated for its biochemical behavior in formulation and the investigation revealed different levels of enzyme production, chlorophyll, and sugars against the non-inoculated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid A. Padder
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoH, Sher-e—Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (S.A.B.); (S.M.W.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Division of Biochemistry, FBSc, SKUAST-J, Jammu 180009, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Sajad A. Bhat
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoH, Sher-e—Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (S.A.B.); (S.M.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Tawseef Rehman Baba
- Division of Fruit Science, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Rauoof Ahmad Rather
- Division of Environmental Sciences, FoH, Sher-e—Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Saima M. Wani
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoH, Sher-e—Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (S.A.B.); (S.M.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Simona Mariana Popescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, 13, A.I. Cuza, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Shakeela Sofi
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoH, Sher-e—Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (S.A.B.); (S.M.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Malik Asif Aziz
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities FoA, Sher-e—Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Wadura Sopore 193201, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Daniel Ingo Hefft
- University Centre Reaseheath, Reaseheath College, Nantwich CW5 6DF, UK;
| | - Othman M. Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 110099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (O.M.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Ahmed Noureldeen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 110099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (O.M.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Hadeer Darwish
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 110099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
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11
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Silva-Valderrama I, Toapanta D, Miccono MDLA, Lolas M, Díaz GA, Cantu D, Castro A. Biocontrol Potential of Grapevine Endophytic and Rhizospheric Fungi Against Trunk Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614620. [PMID: 33488557 PMCID: PMC7817659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are a major challenge to the grape industry worldwide. GTDs are responsible for considerable loss of quality, production, and vineyard longevity. Seventy-five percent of Chilean vineyards are estimated to be affected by GTDs. GTDs are complex diseases caused by several fungi species, including members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, considered some of the most important causal agents for these diseases in Chile. In this study, we isolated 169 endophytic and 209 rhizospheric fungi from grapevines grown under organic and conventional farming in Chile. Multiple isolates of Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Clonostachys rosea, Epicoccum nigrum, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Trichoderma sp. were evaluated for their potential of biocontrol activity against Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Pa. chlamydospora. Tests of antagonism were carried out using two dual-culture-plate methods with multiple media types, including agar containing grapevine wood extract to simulate in planta nutrient conditions. Significant pathogen growth inhibition was observed by all isolates tested. Clonostachys rosea showed 98.2% inhibition of all pathogens in the presence of grapevine wood extract. We observed 100% pathogen growth inhibition when autoclaved lignified grapevine shoots were pre-inoculated with either C. rosea strains or Trichoderma sp. Overall, these results show that C. rosea strains isolated from grapevines are promising biocontrol agents against GTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Toapanta
- UC Davis Chile Life Sciences Innovation Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Miccono
- UC Davis Chile Life Sciences Innovation Center, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mauricio Lolas
- Laboratorio de Patología Frutal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Díaz
- Laboratorio de Patología Frutal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alvaro Castro
- UC Davis Chile Life Sciences Innovation Center, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Iturrieta-González I, García D, Gené J. Novel species of Cladosporium from environmental sources in Spain. MycoKeys 2021; 77:1-25. [PMID: 33510579 PMCID: PMC7803722 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.77.60862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium is a monophyletic genus in Cladosporiaceae (Cladosporiales, Dothideomycetes) whose species are mainly found as saprobes and endophytes, but it also includes fungi pathogenic for plants, animals and human. Species identification is currently based on three genetic markers, viz., the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the rDNA, and partial fragments of actin (act) and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) genes. Using this phylogenetic approach and from morphological differences, we have recognized six new species originating from soil, herbivore dung and plant material collected at different Spanish locations. They are proposed as Cladosporiumcaprifimosum, C.coprophilum, C.fuscoviride and C.lentulum belonging in the C.cladosporioides species complex, and C.pseudotenellum and C.submersum belonging in the C.herbarum species complex. This study revealed that herbivore dung represented a reservoir of novel lineages in the genus Cladosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Iturrieta-González
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Tarragona, Spain Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus Spain
| | - Dania García
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Tarragona, Spain Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus Spain
| | - Josepa Gené
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Tarragona, Spain Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus Spain
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13
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Sweet Immunity: The Effect of Exogenous Fructans on the Susceptibility of Apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.) to Venturia inaequalis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165885. [PMID: 32824325 PMCID: PMC7461573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel, efficient and environmentally friendly strategies to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), for the purpose of reducing overall pesticide use. Fructans are recently emerging as promising “priming” compounds, standing out for their safety and low production costs. The objective of this work was to test a fructan-triggered defense in the leaves of apple seedlings. It was demonstrated that exogenous leaf spraying can reduce the development of apple scab disease symptoms. When evaluated macroscopically and by V. inaequalis-specific qPCR, levan-treated leaves showed a significant reduction of sporulation and V. inaequalis DNA in comparison to mock- and inulin-treated leaves, comparable to the levels in fosetyl-aluminum-treated leaves. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction of in vitro mycelial growth of V. inaequalis on plates supplemented with levans when compared to controls, indicating a direct inhibition of fungal growth. Variations in endogenous sugar contents in the leaves were followed during priming and subsequent infection, revealing complex dynamics as a function of time and leaf ontogeny. Our data are discussed in view of the present theories on sugar signaling and fructan-based immunity, identifying areas for future research and highlighting the potential use of fructans in apple scab management in orchards.
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14
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Zambounis A, Ganopoulos I, Tsaftaris A, Valasiadis D, Madesis P. Metagenomics analysis of fungal communities associated with postharvest diseases in pear fruits under the effect of management practices. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2391-2400. [PMID: 32588084 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An amplicon metagenomic approach based on the ITS1 region of fungal rDNA was employed to identify the composition of fungal communities associated with diseases of pear fruits during postharvest storage. The sampled fruits were harvested at an orchard using routine management practices involving treatments with various chemical fungicides and were transferred to a storage packinghouse. Effective tags of reading sequences clustered into 53 OTUs whereas Ascomycota was the dominant phylum (83.4%) followed by Basidiomycota (15.8%). Our results revealed that four genera, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, Alternaria and Cladosporium were the most abundant representing 59-95% of the relative abundance per sample. The interruption of chemical treatments during the last month before harvest altered the structure of the fungal community of fruits among untreated and treated samples, mainly in cases of relative abundance of Penicillium and Rhodotorula genera. We hypothesize that various antagonistic interactions might occur on fruit surfaces among the detected fungal genera whose relative abundances were affected by fungicide treatments. Interestingly, some common pre- and postharvest pear fungal pathogens were either less present (such as Moniliana), or undetected (such as Aspergillus, Venturia and Septoria) in untreated and treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Zambounis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, ELGO-DEMETER, 59035, Naoussa, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Chaibub AA, Sousa TPD, Araújo LGD, Filippi MCCD. Molecular and morphological characterization of rice phylloplane fungi and determination of the antagonistic activity against rice pathogens. Microbiol Res 2019; 231:126353. [PMID: 31707299 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cladosporium spp. is a cosmopolitan fungal genus. In the literature, it has been reported as a biological agent for controlling several plant diseases, but its mechanism of action has never been clarified. The present study aims to identify Cladosporium spp. based on the DNA phylogeny of nine isolates obtained from the phylloplane of rice and their potential antagonistic activity against the main fungal pathogens that affect rice crop. Nine isolates of Cladosporium spp. were identified based on DNA phylogeny, molecular and morphological characterization, and their antagonistic effects with the rice pathogens C. miyabeanus, M. oryzae, M. albescens and S. oryzae. Four isolates were selected to study lytic enzymes such as β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and protease, and only one isolate was selected for a conidial germination and appressoria formation assay. The nine isolates were identified as C. cladosporioides, C. tenuissimum and C. subuliforme. Four isolates, identified as C. cladosporioides, inhibited the mycelial growth of rice pathogens such as C1H (68.59%) of S. oryzae, C5 G (74.32%) of C. miyabeanus, C11 G (75.97%) of M. oryzae and C24 G (77.39%) of M. albescens. C24 G showed a high activity of lytic enzymes, was tested against C. miyabeanus and M. oryzae, and inhibited conidial germination and appressorium formation by more than 59.36%. The characterization of C. cladosporioides suggested this species as a potential bioagent for the management of several rice diseases, especially rice blast. This is the first time that a potential biological agent from the genus Cladosporium identified at the species level was isolated from the rice phylloplane, and some of its mechanisms of action were demonstrated, such as increasing lytic enzyme activity against rice pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Chaibub
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil; Agricultural Microbiology Laboratory, Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, 75375-000, GO, Brazil.
| | - Thatyane P de Sousa
- Agronomy School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - Leila G de Araújo
- Microorganisms Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - Marta Cristina C de Filippi
- Agricultural Microbiology Laboratory, Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, 75375-000, GO, Brazil.
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16
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Gomes T, Pereira JA, Lino-Neto T, Bennett AE, Baptista P. Bacterial disease induced changes in fungal communities of olive tree twigs depend on host genotype. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5882. [PMID: 30971758 PMCID: PMC6458152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, pathogens live and interact with other microorganisms on plant tissues. Yet, the research area exploring interactions between bacteria-fungi and microbiota-plants, within the context of a pathobiome, is still scarce. In this study, the impact of olive knot (OK) disease caused by the bacteria Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Psv) on the epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities of olive tree twigs from three different cultivars, was investigated in field conditions. The ITS-DNA sequencing of cultivable fungi, showed that OK disease disturbs the resident fungal communities, which may reflect changes in the habitat caused by Psv. In particular, a reduction on epiphyte abundance and diversity, and changes on their composition were observed. Compared to epiphytes, endophytes were less sensitive to OK, but their abundance, in particular of potential pathogens, was increased in plants with OK disease. Host genotype, at cultivar level, contributed to plant fungal assembly particularly upon disease establishment. Therefore, besides fungi - Psv interactions, the combination of cultivar - Psv also appeared to be critical for the composition of fungal communities in olive knots. Specific fungal OTUs were associated to the presence and absence of disease, and their role in the promotion or suppression of OK disease should be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gomes
- CIMO/Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- CIMO/Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alison E Bennett
- Dept of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Ave., 300 Aronoff Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Paula Baptista
- CIMO/Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
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17
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Chaibub AA, de Carvalho JCB, de Sousa Silva C, Collevatti RG, Gonçalves FJ, de Carvalho Barros Côrtes MV, de Filippi MCC, de Faria FP, Lopes DCB, de Araújo LG. Defence responses in rice plants in prior and simultaneous applications of Cladosporium sp. during leaf blast suppression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21554-21564. [PMID: 27515526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An alternative method to control rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is to include biological agent in the disease management strategy. The objective of this study was to assess the leaf blast-suppressing effects of rice phylloplane fungi. One Cladosporium sp. phylloplane fungus was shown to possess biocontrolling traits based on its morphological characteristics and an analysis of its 18S ribosomal DNA. Experiments aimed at determining the optimal time to apply the bioagent and the mechanisms involved in its rice blast-suppressing activities were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions. We used foliar spraying to apply the Cladosporium sp. 48 h prior to applying the pathogen, and we found that this increased the enzymatic activity. Furthermore, in vitro tests performed using isolate C24 showed that it possessed the ability to secrete endoxylanases and endoglucanases. When Cladosporium sp. was applied either prior to or simultaneous with the pathogen, we observed a significant increase in defence enzyme activity, and rice blast was suppressed by 84.0 and 78.6 %, respectively. However, some enzymes showed higher activity at 24 h while others did so at 48 h after the challenge inoculation. Cladosporium sp. is a biological agent that is capable of suppressing rice leaf blast by activating biochemical defence mechanisms in rice plants. It is highly adapted to natural field conditions and should be included in further studies aimed at developing strategies to support ecologically sustainable disease management and reduce environmental pollution by the judicious use of fungicidal sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Abdallah Chaibub
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos de Sousa Silva
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Rosane Garcia Collevatti
- Genetics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, Km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio José Gonçalves
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vinícius de Carvalho Barros Côrtes
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Corsi de Filippi
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabrícia Paula de Faria
- Fungi Biotechnology Laboratory, Rodovia Goiânia / Nova Veneza, Km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | | | - Leila Garcês de Araújo
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
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18
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Holb IJ, Kunz S. Integrated Control of Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew in an Organic Apple Orchard by Combining Potassium Carbonates with Wettable Sulfur, Pruning, and Cultivar Susceptibility. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1894-1905. [PMID: 30682978 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-15-1416-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In a 4-year study in a whole-field sanitized organic apple orchard, the effectiveness of nine fungicide treatments, including potassium mono- and bicarbonate and their combinations with wettable sulfur, were evaluated for scab and powdery mildew control on two cultivars with different susceptibility to scab and powdery mildew, under two pruning treatments. The whole-field sanitation practice was performed by removal of infected fallen leaves. Treatment effects on phytotoxicity and yield were also determined. Pruning significantly reduced leaf scab incidence but only on the more scab-susceptible Idared. Pruning significantly reduced mildew incidence in most years and on both cultivars but the more mildew-susceptible Jonathan showed significantly higher mildew incidence than Idared. Among products approved for organic production, the best scab control was achieved with a potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatment combined with wettable sulfur, except for Jonathan in 2011 on leaf and in 2014 on both leaf and fruit, and for Idared in 2013 on fruit. The best mildew control was also achieved with potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfur, with exceptions on shoots of Idared in 2011 and 2013 and on fruit of Idared in 2012. Leaf phytotoxicity was significantly higher in all potassium carbonate treatments compared with untreated plots, except for Idared in 2012, while fruit russet in these treatments did not differ significantly from the untreated plots. However, phytotoxicity values of all carbonate treatments were significantly lower than the lime sulfur treatment in most years on both cultivars. Yield of the potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfur was significantly higher than the untreated plots in the pruned treatments for both cultivars in all years. The integrated control approach designed for organic disease management against the two pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre J Holb
- University of Debrecen, H-4015 Debrecen, Hungary, and Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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