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Smiley RW. Root-Lesion Nematodes Affecting Dryland Cereals in the Semiarid Pacific Northwest U.S.A. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3324-3343. [PMID: 34236212 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0883-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) are parasites that invade and deteriorate roots, thereby reducing the efficiency of water and nutrient uptake. Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei are the two species that are most prevalent and cause reduced yields of rainfed wheat and barley in semiarid regions of the Pacific Northwest. They are particularly damaging where wheat and barley are produced without irrigation in areas receiving less than 450 mm (18 in.) of precipitation annually. This review is focused on the biology and management of P. neglectus and P. thornei in semiarid rainfed agriculture. Characteristics of climates, soils, and crop production systems are described as a preface to constraints placed upon management options. Discussions include the economic importance, host ranges, and protocols for sampling and species identification. Discussion of disease management options include crop rotation, genetic resistance and tolerance, planting date, trap and biofumigant crops, crop nutrition, chemical and biological nematicides, and tillage. Predictions for rainfed agriculture in a period of changing climate are presented, as are suggestions for important areas of research including crop genetics, nematode testing, and communication of results, Pratylenchus biology, mechanisms of resistance, the phytobiome, and closing the "yield gap" between actual and attainable yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smiley
- Emeritus Professor of Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, OR, U.S.A
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Shi S, Zhao J, Pu L, Sun D, Han D, Li C, Feng X, Fan D, Hu X. Identification of New Sources of Resistance to Crown Rot and Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1979-1985. [PMID: 32384253 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2254-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crown rot (CR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) are two serious wheat diseases caused by Fusarium pathogens in China. To identify new resistant sources for CR and FHB, 205 Chinese wheat cultivars collected from Huang-Huai wheat-growing region in China were screened for resistance. Cunmai633, LS4607, Pubing01, and Hongyun2 showed seedling resistance to CR with disease index (DI) less than 0.25. Sixteen cultivars showed adult-plant resistance to CR with DI lower than 0.10. Twenty-six cultivars showed moderate resistance to CR at seedling stage with DI from 0.26 to 0.35, and 63 cultivars showed moderate adult-plant resistance with DI from 0.11 to 0.20. Among them, Cunmai633, LS4607, Pubing01, Xinong916, Zhengda161, Xumai14017, Zhengpinmai30, Bainong8822, Jimai216, Huacheng865, Fengyumai5, and Tianmin319 showed resistance or moderate resistance to CR at both seedling and adult plant stages, with Cunmai633 showing the best resistance. Most of the cultivars (>76%) were susceptible to FHB in both the 2017 and 2018 experiments with DI > 0.40. However, some cultivars demonstrated excellent FHB resistance. For example, Zhongyu1526, Tianminxiaoyan369, and Yangao168 were resistant (DI ≤ 0.25) in 2017 and moderately resistant (0.26 ≤ DI ≤ 0.40) in 2018; Zhongwo9 was moderately resistant in 2017 (DI = 0.38) and resistant in 2018 (DI = 0.25). Eight cultivars (Cunmai608, Zhengmai162, Minfeng266, Junda159, LS4607, Deyan1603, Pumai1165, and Fengmai12) showed moderate FHB resistance with DI lower than 0.40 in both experiments. LS4607 showed moderate resistance to both diseases. The resistant cultivars identified in this study can be used for mapping the resistance genes and improving resistance to CR and/or FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingchen Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lefan Pu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Daojie Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dejun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- Shaanxi Plant Protection Extension Station, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Shaanxi Plant Protection Extension Station, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Smiley RW. Fusarium Crown Rot Whitehead Symptom as Influenced by Wheat Crop Management and Sampling Date. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2612-2623. [PMID: 31408402 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-19-0226-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of Fusarium crown rot of wheat include premature death of inflorescens (whiteheads), lesions on subcrown internodes, and rotting of crown tissue and lower stem internodes. Each symptom type is influenced by a different set of environmental conditions. Whiteheads are the easiest symptom to quantify and are frequently reported in the Pacific Northwest U.S.A. The objective of this research was to examine factors associated with whitehead expression and relationships with wheat yield and test weight. Incidence of whiteheads differed for inoculations with different isolates of F. pseudograminearum and F. culmorum, and over years due to weather factors. Whiteheads became less as planting dates for winter wheat were delayed until after September, and incidence was increased with increasing nitrogen application rate. Dates of initial and greatest expression of whiteheads differed among cultivars, which was associated in part with the cultivar heading date. Whiteheads were not correlated with subcrown internode lesions or browning of crown tissue. Whiteheads were also not correlated with grain test weight. Whiteheads were sometimes negatively associated with grain yield, but that relationship was variable and could not be considered a reliable, recurrent, or accurate measure of crown rot severity. These results indicate the need for caution in reporting whiteheads as a sole indicator of cultivar susceptibility to Fusarium crown rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smiley
- Emeritus Professor, Oregon State University, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, OR 97801
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Smiley RW, Machado S, Rhinhart KEL, Reardon CL, Wuest SB. Rapid Quantification of Soilborne Pathogen Communities in Wheat-Based Long-Term Field Experiments. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1692-1708. [PMID: 30686230 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-15-1020-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rainfed experiments operated continuously for up to 84 years in semiarid eastern Oregon are among the oldest agronomic trials in North America. Disease incidence and severity had been quantified visually but quantification of inoculum density had not been attempted. Natural inoculum of 17 fungal and nematode pathogens were quantified for each of 2 years on eight trials using DNA extracts from soil. Crop type, tillage, rotation, soil fertility, year, and their interactions had large effects on the pathogens. Fusarium culmorum and Pratylenchus thornei were more dominant than F. pseudograminearum and P. neglectus where spring crops were grown, and the opposite species dominances occurred where winter wheat was the only crop. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Phoma pinodella were restricted to the presence of spring cereals and pulse crops, respectively. Helgardia spp. occurred in winter wheat-fallow rotations but not in annual winter wheat. Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici was more prevalent in cultivated than noncultivated soils and the opposite generally occurred for Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Densities of Pythium spp. clade F were high but were also influenced by treatments. Significant treatment effects and interactions were more prevalent in two long-standing (>50-year) annually cropped experiments (29%) than two long-standing 2-year wheat-fallow rotations (14%). Associations among pathogens occurred mostly in an 84-year-old annual cereals experiment. This survey provided guidance for research on dynamics of root-infecting pathogens of rainfed field crops and identified two pathogens (Drechslera tritici-repentis and P. pinodella) not previously identified at the location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smiley
- Oregon State University, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton 97801
| | - Stephen Machado
- Oregon State University, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton 97801
| | - Karl E L Rhinhart
- Oregon State University, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton 97801
| | - Catherine L Reardon
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center, Pendleton, OR 97801
| | - Stewart B Wuest
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center, Pendleton, OR 97801
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Poole GJ, Harries M, Hüberli D, Miyan S, MacLeod WJ, Lawes R, McKay A. Predicting Cereal Root Disease in Western Australia Using Soil DNA and Environmental Parameters. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1069-1079. [PMID: 25822184 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-14-0203-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Root diseases have long been prevalent in Australian grain-growing regions, and most management decisions to reduce the risk of yield loss need to be implemented before the crop is sown. The levels of pathogens that cause the major root diseases can be measured using DNA-based services such as PreDicta B. Although these pathogens are often studied individually, in the field they often occur as mixed populations and their combined effect on crop production is likely to vary across diverse cropping environments. A 3-year survey was conducted covering most cropping regions in Western Australia, utilizing PreDicta B to determine soilborne pathogen levels and visual assessments to score root health and incidence of individual crop root diseases caused by the major root pathogens, including Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group [AG]-8), Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (take-all), Fusarium pseudograminearum, and Pratylenchus spp. (root-lesion nematodes) on wheat roots for 115, 50, and 94 fields during 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. A predictive model was developed for root health utilizing autumn and summer rainfall and soil temperature parameters. The model showed that pathogen DNA explained 16, 5, and 2% of the variation in root health whereas environmental parameters explained 22, 11, and 1% of the variation in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. Results showed that R. solani AG-8 soil pathogen DNA, environmental soil temperature, and rainfall parameters explained most of the variation in the root health. This research shows that interactions between environment and pathogen levels before seeding can be utilized in predictive models to improve assessment of risk from root diseases to assist growers to plan more profitable cropping programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Poole
- First and seventh authors: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Gate 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia; second author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530 Australia; third and fifth authors: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia; fourth author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Lot 12 York Rd., Northam, WA 6401 Australia; and sixth author: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
| | - Martin Harries
- First and seventh authors: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Gate 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia; second author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530 Australia; third and fifth authors: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia; fourth author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Lot 12 York Rd., Northam, WA 6401 Australia; and sixth author: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
| | - D Hüberli
- First and seventh authors: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Gate 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia; second author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530 Australia; third and fifth authors: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia; fourth author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Lot 12 York Rd., Northam, WA 6401 Australia; and sixth author: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
| | - S Miyan
- First and seventh authors: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Gate 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia; second author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530 Australia; third and fifth authors: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia; fourth author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Lot 12 York Rd., Northam, WA 6401 Australia; and sixth author: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
| | - W J MacLeod
- First and seventh authors: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Gate 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia; second author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530 Australia; third and fifth authors: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia; fourth author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Lot 12 York Rd., Northam, WA 6401 Australia; and sixth author: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
| | - Roger Lawes
- First and seventh authors: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Gate 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia; second author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530 Australia; third and fifth authors: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia; fourth author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Lot 12 York Rd., Northam, WA 6401 Australia; and sixth author: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
| | - A McKay
- First and seventh authors: South Australian Research and Development Institute, Gate 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia; second author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530 Australia; third and fifth authors: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia; fourth author: Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Lot 12 York Rd., Northam, WA 6401 Australia; and sixth author: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
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