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Creamer R, Simpson A, Rheay HT, Brewer CE. Interactions of beet leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), vector of beet curly top virus, and hemp in New Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:11-17. [PMID: 37478402 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker 1896), is the sole vector of beet curly top virus (BCTV). Both the virus and the vector have very wide host ranges, including many crops and weeds. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been reported as a host for both the virus and leafhopper in the past few years with the legal cultivation of the crop in the United States. This research assessed the interactions of the beet leafhopper and hemp in New Mexico by determining the natural infection of hemp with BCTV in 3 field plots in 2021 and 2022 and monitoring the numbers of leafhoppers using yellow sticky traps. The relative preference of beet leafhopper for hemp types and varieties of hemp was assessed using cafeteria-style choice tests. Higher numbers of beet leafhoppers were trapped in and around hemp fields in 2022 than in 2021 in all 3 locations. BCTV was found to infect all 3 types of hemp (cannabidiol or CBD, fiber, and grain) in 2022 in 1 location and only a single CBD variety of hemp in the other 2 locations. Two BCTV strains were identified in CBD hemp, while an additional BCTV strain was found infecting chile pepper grown at the same location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Creamer
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Annabel Simpson
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Hanah T Rheay
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Catherine E Brewer
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Punja ZK, Kahl D, Reade R, Xiang Y, Munz J, Nachappa P. Challenges to Cannabis sativa Production from Pathogens and Microbes-The Role of Molecular Diagnostics and Bioinformatics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:14. [PMID: 38203190 PMCID: PMC10779078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. in North America, represented by high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-containing (high-THC) cannabis genotypes and low-THC-containing hemp genotypes, has been impacted by an increasing number of plant pathogens. These include fungi which destroy roots, stems, and leaves, in some cases causing a build-up of populations and mycotoxins in the inflorescences that can negatively impact quality. Viroids and viruses have also increased in prevalence and severity and can reduce plant growth and product quality. Rapid diagnosis of the occurrence and spread of these pathogens is critical. Techniques in the area of molecular diagnostics have been applied to study these pathogens in both cannabis and hemp. These include polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technologies, including RT-PCR, multiplex RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and ddPCR, as well as whole-genome sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics. In this study, examples of how these technologies have enhanced the rapidity and sensitivity of pathogen diagnosis on cannabis and hemp will be illustrated. These molecular tools have also enabled studies on the diversity and origins of specific pathogens, specifically viruses and viroids, and these will be illustrated. Comparative studies on the genomics and metabolomics of healthy and diseased plants are urgently needed to provide insight into their impact on the quality and composition of cannabis and hemp-derived products. Management of these pathogens will require monitoring of their spread and survival using the appropriate technologies to allow accurate detection, followed by appropriate implementation of disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamir K. Punja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dieter Kahl
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ron Reade
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yu Xiang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jack Munz
- 3 Rivers Biotech, Coquitlam, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA;
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Soler-Garzón A, Goldoff D, Thornton A, Swisher Grimm KD, Hart JP, Song Q, Strausbaugh CA, Miklas PN. A robust SNP-haplotype assay for Bct gene region conferring resistance to beet curly top virus in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1215950. [PMID: 37521933 PMCID: PMC10382175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1215950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beet curly top virus (BCTV), which is synonymous with curly top virus (CTV), causes significant yield loss in common bean (snap and dry beans) cultivars and several other important crops. Common bean cultivars have been found to be resistant to CTV, but screening for resistance is challenging due to the cyclical nature of epidemics and spotty feeding by the leafhopper that vectors the virus. We used an SNP dataset for the Snap Bean Association Panel (SnAP) agro-inoculated with CTV-Logan (CA/Logan) strain to locate the Bct gene region to a 1.7-Mb interval on chromosome Pv07 using genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis. Recombinant lines from the SnAP were used to further narrow the Bct region to a 58.0-kb interval. A missense SNP (S07_2970381) in candidate gene Phvul.007G036300 Exonuclease V (EXO5) was identified as the most likely causal mutation, and it was the most significant SNP detected by GWAS in a dry bean population (DBP) naturally infected by the CTV-Worland (Wor) strain. Tm-shift assay markers developed for SNP S07_2970381 and two linked SNPs, S07_2970276 and S07_2966197, were useful for tracking different origins of the Bct EXO5 candidate gene resistance to CTV in common bean. The three SNPs identified four haplotypes, with haplotype 3-1 (Haplo3-1) of Middle American origin associated with the highest levels of CTV resistance. This SNP-haplotype assay will enable breeders to track resistance sources and to develop cultivars with better CTV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Soler-Garzón
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
| | - Deidrah Goldoff
- Global Pathology Support Platform, HM Clause Seed Company, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alyson Thornton
- Global Pathology Support Platform, HM Clause Seed Company, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kylie D. Swisher Grimm
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Prosser, WA, United States
| | - John P. Hart
- Tropical Agriculture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Carl A. Strausbaugh
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kimberly, ID, United States
| | - Phillip N. Miklas
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Prosser, WA, United States
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Miotti N, Passera A, Ratti C, Dall'Ara M, Casati P. A Guide to Cannabis Virology: From the Virome Investigation to the Development of Viral Biotechnological Tools. Viruses 2023; 15:1532. [PMID: 37515219 PMCID: PMC10384868 DOI: 10.3390/v15071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa cultivation is experiencing a period of renewed interest due to the new opportunities for its use in different sectors including food, techno-industrial, construction, pharmaceutical and medical, cosmetics, and textiles. Moreover, its properties as a carbon sequestrator and soil improver make it suitable for sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation strategies. The increase in cannabis cultivation is generating conditions for the spread of new pathogens. While cannabis fungal and bacterial diseases are better known and characterized, viral infections have historically been less investigated. Many viral infection reports on cannabis have recently been released, highlighting the increasing threat and spread of known and unknown viruses. However, the available information on these pathogens is still incomplete and fragmentary, and it is therefore useful to organize it into a single structured document to provide guidance to growers, breeders, and academic researchers. This review aims to present the historical excursus of cannabis virology, from the pioneering descriptions of virus-like symptoms in the 1940s/50s to the most recent high-throughput sequencing reports. Each of these viruses detected in cannabis will be categorized with an increasing degree of threat according to its potential risk to the crop. Lastly, the development of viral vectors for functional genetics studies will be described, revealing how cannabis virology is evolving not only for the characterization of its virome but also for the development of biotechnological tools for the genetic improvement of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Miotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Ratti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Dall'Ara
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Casati
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Stats AK, Sweat KG, Masson RN, Conrow KD, Frazier AE, Leung MCK. The Desert Whale: the boom and bust of hemp in Arizona. J Cannabis Res 2023; 5:19. [PMID: 37291630 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper examines the factors that led to the collapse of hemp grown for cannabidiol (CBD) in Arizona, the United States of America (USA), and particularly in Yuma County, which is a well-established agricultural area in the state. METHODS This research uses a combination of mapping analysis along with a survey of hemp farmers to assess the reasons why the hemp industry collapsed as well as to foster solutions to these problems. RESULTS In 2019, 5430 acres were sown with hemp seed in Arizona with 3890 acres inspected by the state to determine if they could be harvested. By 2021, there were only 156 acres planted, and only 128 of those acres were inspected by the state for compliance. (Crop mortality accounts for the difference between acres sown and acres inspected.) CONCLUSIONS: A lack of knowledge about the hemp life cycle greatly contributed to the failure of high CBD hemp crops in Arizona. Other problems included noncompliance with tetrahydrocannabinol limits, poor sources for seeds and inconsistent genetics of the hemp varieties sold to farmers, and diseases that hemp plants were susceptible to such as Pythium crown and root rot and beet curly top virus. Addressing these factors will go far in making hemp a profitable and widespread crop in Arizona. Additionally, hemp grown for other traditional uses (e.g., fiber or seed oil) as well as new applications (e.g., microgreens, hempcrete, and phytoremediation) offers other pathways for successful hemp agriculture in this state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken G Sweat
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA.
| | - Robert N Masson
- Cooperative Extension, the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Kendra D Conrow
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA
| | - Amy E Frazier
- School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning, Tempe, USA
| | - Maxwell C K Leung
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA.
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Melgarejo TA, Chen LF, Rojas MR, Schilder A, Gilbertson RL. Curly Top Disease of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa) in California Is Caused by Mild-Type Strains of Beet curly top virus Often in Mixed Infection. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3022-3026. [PMID: 35549320 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0856-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interest in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) as a potential crop led to the establishment of commercial fields in a number of counties in California in 2019 and 2020. Plants in these fields developed different types of virus-like symptoms. The most prevalent type was stunted and bushy plants with distorted, upcurled, and yellowed leaves, which were similar to those associated with curly top disease (CTD) caused by the beet curly top virus (BCTV). This beet leafhopper-vectored virus is endemic in California and can cause economic losses to processing tomato production. Using a multiplex PCR test, BCTV infection was detected in 89% of hemp samples with CTD-like symptoms from Fresno, San Bernardino, and Ventura counties. Other symptom types had low incidence of BCTV infection and were associated with other factors. Hemp plants in California were infected only with the mild-type strains, BCTV-CO and BCTV-Wor, and often in mixed infection (43% of samples). Finally, using an infectious clone of a BCTV-CO isolate from hemp, we demonstrated that agroinoculated hemp plants developed these CTD-like symptoms, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas A Melgarejo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Li-Fang Chen
- Bayer Vegetables Research and Development, Woodland, CA 95695
| | - Maria R Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Robert L Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Rivedal HM, Funke CN, Frost KE. An Overview of Pathogens Associated with Biotic Stresses in Hemp Crops in Oregon, 2019 to 2020. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1334-1340. [PMID: 34894753 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2415-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa) acreage in Oregon has increased by approximately 240 times in the last 5 years, and a greater number of hemp diseases have been observed. This special report documents pathogens, particularly those causing virus and virus-like diseases, that have been detected from field and greenhouse-grown hemp crops in Oregon, based on plant samples submitted to the Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center Plant Clinic of Oregon State University in 2019 and 2020. Symptoms and signs were used to evaluate disease types and determine diagnostic assays used on each submission. Plants with signs or symptoms of fungal or oomycete infection were cultured to isolate pathogenic organisms and plants with symptoms suspected to be caused by virus infection were assayed for the presence of Beet curly top virus (BCTV), viroids, and phytoplasmas using PCR, or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Diseases with fungal or oomycete, and virus causes accounted for 26.5 and 42.9% of submissions, respectively; coinfection of viral and fungal or oomycete pathogens were detected from 6.1% of submissions between 2019 and 2020. BCTV, a curtovirus, and hop latent viroid (HLVd) were the predominant pathogens detected from field and indoor grown hemp. Worland-like strains of BCTV represented 93% of all curtovirus detections. Eighty percent of HLVd detections occurred from plants that originated from indoor growing facilities. Based on BCTV vector, beet leafhopper, prevalence, field-grown hemp in western production regions may be affected by curly top and increasing hemp acreage in the landscape may have potential implications on other crops affected by curtoviruses. Virus and virus-like diseases could be a limiting factor for hemp production in some regions of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Rivedal
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - C N Funke
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838
| | - K E Frost
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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