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Stats AK, Sweat KG, Masson RN, Conrow KD, Frazier AE, Leung MCK. The Desert Whale: the boom and bust of hemp in Arizona. J Cannabis Res 2023; 5:19. [PMID: 37291630 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper examines the factors that led to the collapse of hemp grown for cannabidiol (CBD) in Arizona, the United States of America (USA), and particularly in Yuma County, which is a well-established agricultural area in the state. METHODS This research uses a combination of mapping analysis along with a survey of hemp farmers to assess the reasons why the hemp industry collapsed as well as to foster solutions to these problems. RESULTS In 2019, 5430 acres were sown with hemp seed in Arizona with 3890 acres inspected by the state to determine if they could be harvested. By 2021, there were only 156 acres planted, and only 128 of those acres were inspected by the state for compliance. (Crop mortality accounts for the difference between acres sown and acres inspected.) CONCLUSIONS: A lack of knowledge about the hemp life cycle greatly contributed to the failure of high CBD hemp crops in Arizona. Other problems included noncompliance with tetrahydrocannabinol limits, poor sources for seeds and inconsistent genetics of the hemp varieties sold to farmers, and diseases that hemp plants were susceptible to such as Pythium crown and root rot and beet curly top virus. Addressing these factors will go far in making hemp a profitable and widespread crop in Arizona. Additionally, hemp grown for other traditional uses (e.g., fiber or seed oil) as well as new applications (e.g., microgreens, hempcrete, and phytoremediation) offers other pathways for successful hemp agriculture in this state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken G Sweat
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA.
| | - Robert N Masson
- Cooperative Extension, the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Kendra D Conrow
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA
| | - Amy E Frazier
- School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning, Tempe, USA
| | - Maxwell C K Leung
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA.
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Ran P, Hu S, Frazier AE, Yang S, Song X, Qu S. The dynamic relationships between landscape structure and ecosystem services: An empirical analysis from the Wuhan metropolitan area, China. J Environ Manage 2023; 325:116575. [PMID: 36308968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental managers have been striving to optimize landscape structure to achieve a sustained supply of ecosystem services (ESs). However, we still lack a full understanding of the relationships between landscape structure and ESs due to the absence of thorough investigations on the variability of these relationships in space and time. To fill this critical gap, we assessed landscape structure alongside four important ESs (agricultural production (AP), carbon sequestration (CS), soil conservation (SC), and water retention (WR)) in the Wuhan metropolitan area (WMA), and then analyzed the spatiotemporal impacts of landscape structure on ESs from 2000 to 2020 using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression. The results show only AP maintained a stable growth trend over the past two decades, while the other ESs fluctuated considerably with a noticeable decline in SC and WR. The importance of landscape structure in influencing ESs varies by time and place, depending on the local landscape composition and configuration. In general, landscape composition has a stronger and less temporally stable impact on ESs compared to configuration. Furthermore, increases in landscape diversity, as measured through Shannon's diversity index, and the percentage of woodlands were found to contribute to the simultaneous benefits of multiple ESs, but in most cases the effects of landscape structure on different ESs were different or even opposite, suggesting that trade-offs are critical in landscape management. The findings highlight the complex response of ESs to dramatically changing landscapes in the WMA and can guide decision-makers in precise spatial arrangement and temporal adjustments to improve current landscape management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglai Ran
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory for Rule of Law Research, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Shougeng Hu
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory for Rule of Law Research, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Amy E Frazier
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Shengfu Yang
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory for Rule of Law Research, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Xinyu Song
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory for Rule of Law Research, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Shijin Qu
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory for Rule of Law Research, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
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Barbieri L, Kral ST, Bailey SCC, Frazier AE, Jacob JD, Reuder J, Brus D, Chilson PB, Crick C, Detweiler C, Doddi A, Elston J, Foroutan H, González-Rocha J, Greene BR, Guzman MI, Houston AL, Islam A, Kemppinen O, Lawrence D, Pillar-Little EA, Ross SD, Sama MP, Schmale DG, Schuyler TJ, Shankar A, Smith SW, Waugh S, Dixon C, Borenstein S, de Boer G. Intercomparison of Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Measurements for Atmospheric Science during the LAPSE-RATE Campaign. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19092179. [PMID: 31083477 PMCID: PMC6540006 DOI: 10.3390/s19092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are rapidly transforming atmospheric research. With the advancement of the development and application of these systems, improving knowledge of best practices for accurate measurement is critical for achieving scientific goals. We present results from an intercomparison of atmospheric measurement data from the Lower Atmospheric Process Studies at Elevation—a Remotely piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE) field campaign. We evaluate a total of 38 individual sUAS with 23 unique sensor and platform configurations using a meteorological tower for reference measurements. We assess precision, bias, and time response of sUAS measurements of temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction. Most sUAS measurements show broad agreement with the reference, particularly temperature and wind speed, with mean value differences of 1.6 ±2.6∘C and 0.22 ±0.59 m/s for all sUAS, respectively. sUAS platform and sensor configurations were found to contribute significantly to measurement accuracy. Sensor configurations, which included proper aspiration and radiation shielding of sensors, were found to provide the most accurate thermodynamic measurements (temperature and relative humidity), whereas sonic anemometers on multirotor platforms provided the most accurate wind measurements (horizontal speed and direction). We contribute both a characterization and assessment of sUAS for measuring atmospheric parameters, and identify important challenges and opportunities for improving scientific measurements with sUAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Barbieri
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources and Gund Insitute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-508-308-8706
| | - Stephan T. Kral
- Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (S.T.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Sean C. C. Bailey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (S.C.C.B.); (S.W.S.)
| | - Amy E. Frazier
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Jamey D. Jacob
- Unmanned Systems Research Institute and School of Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Joachim Reuder
- Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (S.T.K.); (J.R.)
| | - David Brus
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, P.O. Box 503, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Phillip B. Chilson
- School of Meteorology, Advanced Radar Research Center, and Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73071, USA; (P.B.C.); (B.R.G.); (E.A.P.-L.)
| | - Christopher Crick
- Department of Computer Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Carrick Detweiler
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (C.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Abhiram Doddi
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (A.D.); (D.L.)
| | - Jack Elston
- Black Swift Technologies, Boulder, CO 80301, USA;
| | - Hosein Foroutan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Javier González-Rocha
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Brian R. Greene
- School of Meteorology, Advanced Radar Research Center, and Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73071, USA; (P.B.C.); (B.R.G.); (E.A.P.-L.)
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (M.I.G.); (T.J.S.)
| | - Adam L. Houston
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Bessey Hall 126, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Ashraful Islam
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Osku Kemppinen
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 1228 N. 17th St., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Dale Lawrence
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (A.D.); (D.L.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Pillar-Little
- School of Meteorology, Advanced Radar Research Center, and Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73071, USA; (P.B.C.); (B.R.G.); (E.A.P.-L.)
| | - Shane D. Ross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Michael P. Sama
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - David G. Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Travis J. Schuyler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (M.I.G.); (T.J.S.)
| | - Ajay Shankar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (C.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Suzanne W. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (S.C.C.B.); (S.W.S.)
| | - Sean Waugh
- NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory, 120 David L. Boren Blvd., Norman, OK 73072, USA;
| | - Cory Dixon
- Integrated Remote and In Situ Sensing Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Steve Borenstein
- Integrated Remote and In Situ Sensing Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Gijs de Boer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;
- NOAA Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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