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Chen M, Dai S, Chen D, Zhu P, Feng N, Zheng D. Comparative Analysis Highlights Uniconazole's Efficacy in Enhancing the Cold Stress Tolerance of Mung Beans by Targeting Photosynthetic Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1885. [PMID: 39065416 PMCID: PMC11280120 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) are key legumes with global importance, but their mechanisms for coping with cold stress-a major challenge in agriculture-have not been thoroughly investigated, especially in a comparative study. This research aimed to fill this gap by examining how these two major legumes respond differently to cold stress and exploring the role of uniconazole, a potential stress mitigator. Our comprehensive approach involved transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, revealing distinct responses between soybean and mung bean under cold stress conditions. Notably, uniconazole was found to significantly enhance cold tolerance in mung bean by upregulating genes associated with photosynthesis, while its impact on soybean was either negligible or adverse. To further understand the molecular interactions, we utilized advanced machine learning algorithms for protein structure prediction, focusing on photosynthetic pathways. This enabled us to identify LOC106780309 as a direct binding target for uniconazole, confirmed through isothermal titration calorimetry. This research establishes a new comparative approach to explore how soybean and mung bean adapt to cold stress, offers key insights to improve the hardiness of legumes against environmental challenges, and contributes to sustainable agricultural practices and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.D.); (D.C.); (P.Z.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
| | - Shuangfeng Dai
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.D.); (D.C.); (P.Z.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
| | - Daming Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.D.); (D.C.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peiyi Zhu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.D.); (D.C.); (P.Z.)
| | - Naijie Feng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.D.); (D.C.); (P.Z.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.D.); (D.C.); (P.Z.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
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Matthiesen RL, Robertson AE. Effect of Infection Timing by Four Pythium spp. on Soybean Damping-Off Symptoms with and Without Cold Stress. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3975-3983. [PMID: 37415355 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-23-0082-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Pythium spp. cause damping-off of soybean, especially when soil conditions at or shortly after planting are cool and wet. Soybean planting dates continue to shift to earlier dates, so germinating seed and seedlings are exposed to periods of cold stress at a time which favors infection by Pythium, and seedling disease occurs. The objective of this study was to assess infection timing and cold stress on soybean seedling disease severity caused by four Pythium spp. prevalent in Iowa, namely P. lutarium, P. oopapillum, P. sylvaticum, and P. torulosum. Each species was used individually to inoculate soybean cultivar 'Sloan' using a rolled towel assay. Two temperature treatments (continuous 18°C [C18]; a 48-h cold stress period at 10°C [CS]) were applied. Soybean seedling age was divided into five growth stages (GS1 to GS5). Root rot severity and root length were assessed at 2, 4, 7, and 10 days after inoculation (DAI). At C18, root rot was greatest when soybean was inoculated with P. lutarium or P. sylvaticum at GS1 (seed imbibes water) and with P. oopapillum or P. torulosum at GS1, GS2 (radicle elongation), and GS3 (hypocotyl emergence). After CS, soybean susceptibility to P. lutarium and P. sylvaticum was reduced compared to C18 for inoculation at all GSs except GS5 (unifoliate leaf emergence). Conversely, root rot by P. oopapillum and P. torulosum was greater after CS compared to C18. Data from this study demonstrate that greater root rot, and consequently more damping-off, is likely if infection occurs at early germination stages before seedling emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashelle L Matthiesen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Alison E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Soualiou S, Duan F, Li X, Zhou W. CROP PRODUCTION UNDER COLD STRESS: An understanding of plant responses, acclimation processes, and management strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 190:47-61. [PMID: 36099808 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of climate change, the magnitude and frequency of temperature extremes (low and high temperatures) are increasing worldwide. Changes to the lower extremes of temperature, known as cold stress (CS), are one of the recurrent stressors in many parts of the world, severely limiting agricultural production. A series of plant reactions to CS could be generalized into morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses based on commonalities among crop plants. However, the differing originality of crops revealed varying degrees of sensitivity to cold and, therefore, exhibited large differences in these responses among the crops. This review discusses the vegetative and reproductive growth effects of CS and highlights the species-specific aspect of each growth stage whereby the reproductive growth CS appears more detrimental in rice and wheat, with marginal yield losses. To mitigate CS negative effects, crop plants have evolved cold-acclimation mechanisms (with differing capability), characterized by specific protein accumulation, membrane modification, regulation of signaling pathways, osmotic regulation, and induction of endogenous hormones. In addition, we reviewed a comprehensive account of management strategies for regulating tolerance mechanisms of crop plants under CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soualihou Soualiou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fengying Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Pimentel MF, Arnao E, Warner AJ, Rocha LF, Subedi A, Elsharif N, Chilvers MI, Matthiesen R, Robertson AE, Bradley CA, Neves DL, Pedersen DK, Reuter-Carlson U, Lacey JV, Bond JP, Fakhoury AM. Reduction of Pythium Damping-Off in Soybean by Biocontrol Seed Treatment. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2403-2414. [PMID: 35171634 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-21-1313-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pythium spp. is one of the major groups of pathogens that cause seedling diseases on soybean, leading to both preemergence and postemergence damping-off and root rot. More than 100 species have been identified within this genus, with Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, P. ultimum var ultimum, and P. torulosum being particularly important for soybean production given their aggressiveness, prevalence, and abundance in production fields. This study investigated the antagonistic activity of potential biological control agents (BCAs) native to the U.S. Midwest against Pythium spp. First, in vitro screening identified BCAs that inhibit P. ultimum var. ultimum growth. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated evidence of mycoparasitism of all potential biocontrol isolates against P. ultimum var. ultimum and P. torulosum, with the formation of appressorium-like structures, short hyphal branches around host hyphae, hook-shaped structures, coiling, and parallel growth of the mycoparasite along the host hyphae. Based on these promising results, selected BCAs were tested under field conditions against six different Pythium spp. Trichoderma afroharzianum 26 used alone and a mix of T. hamatum 16 + T. afroharzianum 19 used as seed treatments protected soybean seedlings from Pythium spp. infection, as BCA-treated plots had on average 15 to 20% greater plant stand and vigor than control plots. Our results also indicate that some of these potential BCAs could be added with a fungicide seed treatment with minimum inhibition occurring, depending on the fungicide active ingredient. This research highlights the need to develop tools incorporating biological control as a facet of soybean seedling disease management programs. The harnessing of native BCAs could be integrated with other management strategies to provide efficient control of seedling diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian F Pimentel
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Erika Arnao
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Leonardo F Rocha
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Arjun Subedi
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Nariman Elsharif
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Rashelle Matthiesen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, IA 50010
| | - Alison E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, IA 50010
| | - Carl A Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY 42445
| | - Danilo L Neves
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY 42445
| | - Dianne K Pedersen
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | | | - Jonathan V Lacey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY 42445
| | - Jason P Bond
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Ahmad M Fakhoury
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
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Acharya J, Moorman TB, Kaspar TC, Lenssen AW, Gailans S, Robertson AE. Effect of Planting into a Green Winter Cereal Rye Cover Crop on Growth and Development, Seedling Disease, and Yield of Corn. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:114-120. [PMID: 34253039 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0836-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terminating winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crops ≥10 days before planting (DBP) corn is recommended to minimize seedling disease and potential yield loss. In Iowa, cold temperatures and frequent precipitation can prevent farmers from following that recommendation and sometimes force them to plant corn while the rye plants are still green, referred to as "planting green" (PG). A field trial was established to evaluate the effect of rye termination shortly before or after corn planting on growth, seedling root disease, and yield of corn. A rye cover crop was terminated 17 and 3 DBP and 6 and 12 days after planting (DAP) corn; corn planted following no rye was included as a control. Rye biomass, C/N ratio, and N accumulation increased when terminated 6 or 12 DAP corn compared with rye terminated 17 or 3 DBP corn. Corn seedlings were taller from the PG treatments. More radicle root rot was observed when rye was terminated 3 DBP, 6 DAP, and 12 DAP corn than for the 17 DBP treatment and the no-rye control. Generally, greater Pythium clade B populations were detected on radicles and seminal roots of corn from the PG treatments. Corn populations, ears, or barren plants were not affected by the treatments. In both years, the no-rye control had the greatest corn yield and the 12 DAP treatment had the lowest yield. Our results suggest that PG increased corn seedling root disease and contributed to reduced corn yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Acharya
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - T B Moorman
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011
| | - T C Kaspar
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011
| | - A W Lenssen
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - S Gailans
- Practical Farmers of Iowa, Ames, IA 50010
| | - A E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Arora H, Sharma A, Sharma S, Haron FF, Gafur A, Sayyed RZ, Datta R. Pythium Damping-Off and Root Rot of Capsicum annuum L.: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Management. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040823. [PMID: 33924471 PMCID: PMC8069622 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum annuum L. is a significant horticulture crop known for its pungent varieties and used as a spice. The pungent character in the plant, known as capsaicinoid, has been discovered to have various health benefits. However, its production has been affected due to various exogenous stresses, including diseases caused by a soil-borne pathogen, Pythium spp. predominantly affecting the Capsicum plant in younger stages and causing damping-off, this pathogen can incite root rot in later plant growth stages. Due to the involvement of multiple Pythium spp. and their capability to disperse through various routes, their detection and diagnosis have become crucial. However, the quest for a point-of-care technology is still far from over. The use of an integrated approach with cultural and biological techniques for the management of Pythium spp. can be the best and most sustainable alternative to the traditionally used and hazardous chemical approach. The lack of race-specific resistance genes against Pythium spp. can be compensated with the candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) genes in C. annuum L. This review will focus on the epidemiological factors playing a major role in disease spread, the currently available diagnostics in species identification, and the management strategies with a special emphasis on Pythium spp. causing damping-off and root rot in different cultivars of C. annuum L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Arora
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India; (H.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.Z.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Farah Farhanah Haron
- Pest and Disease Management Program, Horticulture Research Center, Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Gafur
- Sinarmas Forestry Corporate Research and Development, Perawang 28772, Indonesia;
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s Arts, Science, Commerce College, Shahada 425409, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.Z.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno-sever-Černá Pole, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.Z.S.); (R.D.)
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Acharya J, Kaspar TC, Robertson AE. Effect of 6-Methoxy-2-Benzoxazolinone (MBOA) on Pythium Species and Corn Seedling Growth and Disease. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:752-757. [PMID: 33048595 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0824-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Corn yield reduction following a cereal rye cover crop has been attributed to, among other factors, allelochemicals released from decomposing cereal rye residue. The allelopathic effect of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) was evaluated on corn seedling growth, mycelial growth of seven pathogenic species of Pythium, and root rot of corn seedlings caused by Pythium spp. at 13, 16, and 22 to 23°C (room temperature) using a plate assay. Mycelial growth of all Pythium spp. tested was slower with MBOA at 0.25 mg/ml compared with MBOA at 0.125 and 0.0625 mg/ml and the check (4% V8 juice medium containing neomycin sulfate and chloramphenicol with 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide). Therefore, no further tests were done with MBOA at 0.25 mg/ml. In general, MBOA reduced corn radicle length and did not cause root rot across all temperatures. However, greater root rot severity in corn was observed on corn seedlings grown in the presence of Pythium lutarium and P. oopapillum on media amended with MBOA compared with the check at all temperatures. Similarly, more root rot caused by P. torulosum and P. spinosum was observed when MBOA was present at 16°C compared with the check with no MBOA. These data suggest that corn seedling disease caused by Pythium spp. could be more severe when corn is planted following a cover crop of winter cereal rye due to the presence of allelochemicals that are released from the cover crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Acharya
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - T C Kaspar
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA
| | - A E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Clevinger EM, Biyashev R, Lerch-Olson E, Yu H, Quigley C, Song Q, Dorrance AE, Robertson AE, Saghai Maroof MA. Identification of Quantitative Disease Resistance Loci Toward Four Pythium Species in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644746. [PMID: 33859662 PMCID: PMC8042330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four recombinant inbred line (RIL) soybean populations were screened for their response to infection by Pythium sylvaticum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium oopapillum, and Pythium torulosum. The parents, PI 424237A, PI 424237B, PI 408097, and PI 408029, had higher levels of resistance to these species in a preliminary screening and were crossed with "Williams," a susceptible cultivar. A modified seed rot assay was used to evaluate RIL populations for their response to specific Pythium species selected for a particular population based on preliminary screenings. Over 2500 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to construct chromosomal maps to identify regions associated with resistance to Pythium species. Several minor and large effect quantitative disease resistance loci (QDRL) were identified including one large effect QDRL on chromosome 8 in the population of PI 408097 × Williams. It was identified by two different disease reaction traits in P. sylvaticum, P. irregulare, and P. torulosum. Another large effect QDRL was identified on chromosome 6 in the population of PI 408029 × Williams, and conferred resistance to P. sylvaticum and P. irregulare. These large effect QDRL will contribute toward the development of improved soybean cultivars with higher levels of resistance to these common soil-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Clevinger
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ruslan Biyashev
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lerch-Olson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Charles Quigley
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Anne E. Dorrance
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences and Soybean Research, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alison E. Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - M. A. Saghai Maroof
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Lamichhane JR, You MP, Laudinot V, Barbetti MJ, Aubertot JN. Revisiting Sustainability of Fungicide Seed Treatments for Field Crops. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:610-623. [PMID: 31944170 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-19-1157-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of fungicide seed treatment (FST) is a very common practice worldwide. The purported effectiveness of many fungicides in providing broad-spectrum and systemic control of important diseases and the perception that FST reduces overall pesticide use, hence lowering environmental impacts, have greatly promoted the use of FST in the last five decades. Since there have been rapid advancements in the types, formulations, and application methods for seed treatments, there is a need to re-evaluate the benefits versus the risks of FST as a practice. While the use of seeds treated with neonicotinoid insecticides has come under scrutiny due to concern over potential nontarget effects, there are knowledge gaps on potential negative impacts of FST on operators' (those who apply, handle, and use treated seeds) health and nontarget soil organisms (both macro- and microorganisms). Here we review existing knowledge on key fungicides used for seed treatments, benefits and risks related to FST, and propose recommendations to increase benefits and limit risks related to the use of FST. We found FST is applied to almost 100% of sown seeds for the most important arable crops worldwide. Fungicides belonging to 10 chemical families and with one or several types of mobility (contact, locally systemic, and xylem mobile) are used for seed treatment, although the majority are xylem mobile. Seed treatments are applied by the seed distributor, the seed company, and the farmer, although the proportion of seed lots treated by these three groups vary from one crop to another. The average quantity of fungicide active ingredient (a.i.) applied via seed treatment depends on the crop species, environment(s) into which seed is planted, and regional or local regulations. Cost-effectiveness, protection of the seed and seedlings from pathogens up to 4-5 weeks from sowing, user friendliness, and lower impact on human health and nontarget soil organisms compared with foliar spray and broadcast application techniques, are among the most claimed benefits attributed to FST. In contrast, inconsistent economic benefits, development of resistance by soilborne pathogens to many fungicides, exposure risks to operators, and negative impacts on nontarget soil organisms are the key identified risks related to FST. We propose eight recommendations to reduce risks related to FST and to increase their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Ram Lamichhane
- INRAE, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, UMR AGIR, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Ming Pei You
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Véronique Laudinot
- Chamber of Agriculture of the Vosges La Colombière, 17 Rue André Vitu 88026 Epinal Cedex, France
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jean-Noël Aubertot
- INRAE, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, UMR AGIR, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
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