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Montano HG, Bertaccini A, Fiore N. Phytoplasma-Associated Diseases in South America: Thirty Years of Research. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1311. [PMID: 39065080 PMCID: PMC11278980 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasma-associated diseases are mainly insect-transmitted and are present worldwide. Considering that disease detection is a relevant environmental factor that may elucidate the presence of these diseases, a review reporting the geographic distribution of phytoplasma taxa in geographically consistent areas helps manage diseases appropriately and reduce their spreading. This work summarizes the data available about the identification of the phytoplasma associated with several diverse diseases in South America in the last decades. The insect vectors and putative vectors together with the plant host range of these phytoplasmas are also summarized. Overall, 16 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species were detected, and those most frequently detected in agricultural-relevant crops such as corn, alfalfa, grapevine, and other horticultural species are 'Ca. P. pruni', 'Ca. P. asteris', and 'Ca. P. fraxini'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Guglielmi Montano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica 23897-000, Brazil;
| | - Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Fiore
- Department of Plant Health, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
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2
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Pierro R, Moussa A, Mori N, Marcone C, Quaglino F, Romanazzi G. Bois noir management in vineyard: a review on effective and promising control strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1364241. [PMID: 38601314 PMCID: PMC11004249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1364241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Among grapevine yellows, Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', represents the biggest threat in the main wine-growing areas worldwide, causing significant losses in berry quality and yields. BN epidemiology involves multiple plant hosts and several insect vectors, making considerably complex the development of effective management strategies. Since application of insecticides on the grapevine canopy is not effective to manage vectors, BN management includes an integrated approach based on treatments to the canopy to make the plant more resistant to the pathogen and/or inhibit the vector feeding, and actions on reservoir plants to reduce possibilities that the vector reaches the grapevine and transmit the phytoplasma. Innovative sustainable strategies developed in the last twenty years to improve the BN management are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carmine Marcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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3
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Update and New Epidemiological Aspects about Grapevine Yellows in Chile. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110933. [PMID: 33187106 PMCID: PMC7696034 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, phytoplasmas belonging to six ribosomal subgroups have been detected to infect grapevines in Chile in 36 percent of the sampled plants. A new survey on the presence of grapevine yellows was carried out from 2016 to 2020, and 330 grapevine plants from the most important wine regions of the country were sampled and analyzed by nested PCR/RFLP analyses. Phytoplasmas enclosed in subgroups 16SrIII-J and 16SrVII-A were identified with infection rates of 17% and 2%, respectively. The vineyards in which the phytoplasma-infected plants were detected were further inspected to identify alternative host plants and insects of potential epidemiological relevance. Five previously unreported plant species resulted positive for 16SrIII-J phytoplasma (Rosa spp., Brassica rapa, Erodium spp., Malva spp. and Rubus ulmifolius) and five insect species were fully or partially identified (Amplicephalus ornatus, A. pallidus, A. curtulus, Bergallia sp., Exitianus obscurinervis) as potential vectors of 16SrIII-J phytoplasmas. The 16SrVII-A phytoplasmas were not detected in non-grape plant species nor in insects. This work establishes updated guidelines for the study, management, and prevention of grapevine yellows in Chile, and in other grapevine growing regions of South America.
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Fernández FD, Galdeano E, Conci LR. Phytoplasmas diversity and identification of new aster yellows subgroup (16SrI) associated with weed species in Argentina. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:35-43. [PMID: 31922469 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms of phytoplasma infection were observed in different weed species, Bidens subalternans, Conyza bonariensis, Heterosperma ovatifolium and Conium maculatum, collected from diverse geographical regions in Argentina. To confirm the association of phytoplasma infection with symptomatic plants, PCR, RFLP and phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA-encoding sequences were performed. In this work, we report the presence of phytoplasmas from group 16SrVII (subgroup 16VII-B) infecting C. bonariensis and B. subalternans and from group 16SrIII (subgroup 16SrIII-X) B. subalternans, H. ovatifolium, and C. maculatum. Phytoplasmas from the aster yellows group were detected infecting C. bonariensis and B. subalternans. Analysis of 16S rRNA-encoding genes revealed the presence of two distinct operons, rrnB (16SrI-B) and newly described rrnA, which is different from the reference RFLP patterns of all previously established 16SrI-subgroups. A single rp operon sequence analysis reveals the presence of simple infection and confirms a description of a novel subgroup. On the basis of these results we propose a designation of new subgroup 16SrI-(B/AJ) AJ (rp-AJ). To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasmas infecting Bidens subalternans¸ Heterosperma ovatifolium and Conium maculatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco D Fernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFYMA), Córdoba.,Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino 60 cuadras Kmt 5.5. X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ernestina Galdeano
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, (CONICET-UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2131 (3400). Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luis R Conci
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino 60 cuadras Kmt 5.5. X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFYMA), Córdoba
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5
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bosco D, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Galetto L, Marzachì C, Pautasso M, Jacques M. Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05929. [PMID: 32626484 PMCID: PMC7008834 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of nine phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. (hereafter "host plants") known to occur only outside the EU or having a limited presence in the EU. This opinion covers the (i) reference strains of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', 'Ca. P. fraxini', 'Ca. P. hispanicum', 'Ca. P. trifolii', 'Ca. P. ziziphi', (ii) related strains infecting the host plants of 'Ca. P. aurantifolia', 'Ca. P. pruni', and 'Ca. P. pyri', and (iii) an unclassified phytoplasma causing Buckland valley grapevine yellows. Phytoplasmas can be detected by available methods and are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting acting as a major entry pathway and a long-distance spread mechanism. Phytoplasmas are also transmitted in a persistent and propagative manner by some insect families of the Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Sternorrhyncha (order Hemiptera). No transovarial, pollen or seed transmission has been reported. The natural host range of the categorised phytoplasmas varies from one to more than 90 plant species, thus increasing the possible entry pathways. The host plants are widely cultivated in the EU. All the categorised phytoplasmas can enter and spread through the trade of host plants for planting, and by vectors. Establishment of these phytoplasmas is not expected to be limited by EU environmental conditions. The introduction of these phytoplasmas in the EU would have an economic impact. There are measures to reduce the risk of entry, establishment, spread and impact. Uncertainties result from limited information on distribution, biology and epidemiology. All the phytoplasmas categorised here meet the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests, and they do not qualify as potential regulated non-quarantine pests, because they are non-EU phytoplasmas.
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bosco D, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Galetto L, Marzachì C, Pautasso M, Jacques M. List of non-EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05930. [PMID: 32626485 PMCID: PMC7008801 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health prepared a list of non-EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. A systematic literature review and search of databases identified 27 phytoplasmas infecting one or more of the host genera under consideration. These phytoplasmas were assigned to three categories. The first group (a) consists of 10 non-EU phytoplasmas, known to occur only outside the EU ('Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', 'Ca. P. hispanicum', 'Ca. P. pruni'-related strain (NAGYIII), 'Ca. P. pyri'-related strain (PYLR) and Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma) or having only limited presence in the EU ('Ca. P. aurantifolia'-related strains, 'Ca. P. fraxini', 'Ca. P. phoenicium', 'Ca. P. trifolii' and 'Ca. P. ziziphi'). The second group (b) consists of three non-EU phytoplasmas, whose presence in the target plant species is not fully supported by the available literature. The third group (c) consists of 14 phytoplasmas with substantial presence in the EU (i.e. they are originally described or reported from the EU or known to occur or be widespread in some EU Member States or frequently reported in the EU). Phytoplasmas of categories (b) and (c) were excluded at this stage from further categorisation efforts. One phytoplasma from category (a) ('Ca. P. phoenicium') was excluded from further categorisation, as a pest risk assessment has been performed by EPPO. Comments provided by the EU Member States were integrated in the opinion. The main uncertainties of this listing concern: the geographic distribution and prevalence, the taxonomy, biology and host range. The phytoplasmas considered as non-EU and whose presence in target plant species is fully supported by literature (category (a)) are categorised by the Panel in a separate opinion.
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Quaglino F, Sanna F, Moussa A, Faccincani M, Passera A, Casati P, Bianco PA, Mori N. Identification and ecology of alternative insect vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' to grapevine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19522. [PMID: 31862945 PMCID: PMC6925216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir, a disease of the grapevine yellows complex, is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and transmitted to grapevines in open fields by the cixiids Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri. In vine-growing areas where the population density of these vectors is low within the vineyard, the occurrence of bois noir implies the existence of alternative vectors. The aim of this study was to identify alternative vectors through screening of the Auchenorrhyncha community, phytoplasma typing by stamp gene sequence analyses, and transmission trials. During field activities, conducted in Northern Italy in a vineyard where the bois noir incidence was extremely high, nine potential alternative insect vectors were identified according to high abundance in the vineyard agro-ecosystem, high infection rate, and harbouring phytoplasma strains characterized by stamp gene sequence variants found also in symptomatic grapevines. Transmission trials coupled with molecular analyses showed that at least eight species (Aphrodes makarovi, Dicranotropis hamata, Dictyophara europaea, Euscelis incisus, Euscelidius variegatus, Laodelphax striatella, Philaenus spumarius, and Psammotettix alienus/confinis) are alternative vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' to grapevines. These novel findings highlight that bois noir epidemiology in vineyard agro-ecosystems is more complex than previously known, opening up new perspectives in the disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Quaglino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sanna
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis - viale dell'università, 16 - Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Faccincani
- Consorzio per la tutela del Franciacorta - via G. Verdi 53, 25030, Erbusco, BS, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Mori
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis - viale dell'università, 16 - Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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8
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Pierro R, Semeraro T, Luvisi A, Garg H, Vergine M, De Bellis L, Gill HK. The Distribution of Phytoplasmas in South and East Asia: An Emerging Threat to Grapevine Cultivation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1108. [PMID: 31572418 PMCID: PMC6749065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is largely cultivated in several parts of the world, and a spurt in its cultivation has occurred in the last two decades in grapevine cultivated areas of South and East Asia, mainly in China, India, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and Indonesia. Grapevine yellows (GY) represent one of the most important diseases in viticultural areas of the world, and they have been assigned to five different groups: aster yellows [AY (16SrI)], peanut witches' broom [PnWB (16SrII)], X-disease (16SrIII), elm yellows [EY (16SrV)], and Stolbur (16SrXII). This study provides a comprehensive overview of the presence of phytoplasma strains and their vectors associated with GY complex, and their potential impact on viticulture of the South and East Asia. In general, both AY and EY were reported on several herbaceous plants and/or cultivated plants in South and East Asia, along with its vectors that were largely reported in China and sporadically in Japan. Interestingly, AY and EY are yet not found in South and East Asia grapevine regions; however, their presence on different plant species suggests the potential spread of the pathogens that may occur in grapevine regions in the near future. Additionally, a few reports also suggest the presence of Stolbur group in Asian countries, along with one study that found a Stolbur-related strain in China on Vitis vinifera. Similarly, PnWB was also frequently reported in India and China on several plant species, but not in grapes. Conversely, sporadic detections of phytoplasma strains related to X-disease in Thailand, South Korea, and China indicate that their potential influence in viticulture is rather negligible. Our review suggests that monitoring and control strategies against GY are essential in order to prevent epidemic phytoplasma spread, especially in vine-allocated areas in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teodoro Semeraro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Harsh Garg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Davis RE, Dally EL, Zhao Y, Wolf TK. Genotyping Points to Divergent Evolution of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' Strains Causing North American Grapevine Yellows and Strains Causing Aster Yellows. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1696-1702. [PMID: 30125195 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-17-1690-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine yellows diseases occur in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) on several continents, where the diseases are known by different names depending upon the identities of the causal phytoplasmas. In this study, phytoplasma strains associated with grapevine yellows disease (North American grapevine yellows [NAGY]) in vineyards of Pennsylvania were characterized as belonging to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene restriction fragment length polymorphism group 16SrI (aster yellows phytoplasma group), subgroup 16SrI-B (I-B), and variant subgroup I-B*. The strains (NAGYI strains) were subjected to genotyping based on analyses of 16S rRNA and secY genes, and to in silico three-dimensional modeling of the SecY protein. Although the NAGYI strains are closely related to aster yellows (AY) phytoplasma strains and are classified like AY strains in subgroup I-B or in variant subgroup I-B*, the results from genotyping and protein modeling may signal ongoing evolutionary divergence of NAGYI strains from related strains in subgroup 16SrI-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Davis
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Ellen L Dally
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Yan Zhao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Tony K Wolf
- Alson H. Smith, Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA 22602
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Zambon Y, Canel A, Bertaccini A, Contaldo N. Molecular Diversity of Phytoplasmas Associated with Grapevine Yellows Disease in North-Eastern Italy. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:206-214. [PMID: 28945521 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-17-0253-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year survey was conducted in Northern Italy to verify the presence and diversity of phytoplasmas in selected vineyards showing symptoms of severe yellows. Symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines were sampled, and insects were collected using yellow sticky traps. The phytoplasmas detected in grapevine samples were different according to the years: "flavescence dorée" (16SrV-C/D) was detected together with other phytoplasmas such as 16SrXII-A ('Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'-related, bois noir), 16SrI-B ('Ca. P. asteris'-related, aster yellows), 16SrX-B ('Ca. P. prunorum'-related, European stone fruit yellows), and 16SrV-A ('Ca. P. ulmi'-related, elm yellows). Moreover, phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrVII-A ('Ca. P. fraxini'-related) and 16SrVI ('Ca. P. trifolii'-related) subgroups were also identified. Identification of phytoplasmas was also carried out from insects and showed the presence of some of these phytoplasmas in Scaphoideus titanus and Orientus ishidae: 16SrXII-A, 16SrVII, and 16SrVI phytoplasmas were detected in specimens of both species, while 16SrXII-A and 16SrI-B phytoplasma strains were identified in Orientus ishidae and Hyalesthes obsoletus, and 16SrX-B in S. titanus. Direct sequencing of selected amplicons obtained from 16S rRNA, rp, and tuf genes from grapevine and insect samples confirmed the phytoplasma identification. The 16SrVII-A and 16SrVI phytoplasmas were never detected before in grapevine, S. titanus and Orientus ishidae in Europe and their epidemiological importance is being monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Zambon
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, DipSA, Plant Pathology, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Canel
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, DipSA, Plant Pathology, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Assunta Bertaccini
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, DipSA, Plant Pathology, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Contaldo
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, DipSA, Plant Pathology, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Eckstein B, Botelho SRA, Oliveira MLCAD, Fernandes FR, Sanches MM. Interception of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Brazil in apple tree propagative material imported from France. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000602016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Apple plants from France introduced in Brazil for research purposes were subjected to a phytosanitary analysis at the Plant Quarantine Laboratory of Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen). After grafting onto healthy apple rootstock, some plants showed phytoplasma-infection symptoms. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests yielded DNA fragments of the expected size for phytoplasmas. DNA sequencing revealed an identity of the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence of 98-99% with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. This phytoplasma species is responsible for losses in European apple orchards and has not been reported in Brazil. According to the Federal Legislation on Plant Protection, the plants were incinerated to avoid the introduction of this exotic pest in Brazil.
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12
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Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma affiliated with the 16SrVII group representative of the novel 16SrVII-F subgroup. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3122-3126. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Pérez-López E, Luna-Rodríguez M, Olivier CY, Dumonceaux TJ. The underestimated diversity of phytoplasmas in Latin America. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:492-513. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez-López
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida de Las Culturas Veracruzanas, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez
- DGI-LATEX, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida de Las Culturas Veracruzanas, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Chrystel Y. Olivier
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tim J. Dumonceaux
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Flôres D, Amaral Mello APDO, Pereira TBC, Rezende JAM, Bedendo IP. A novel subgroup 16SrVII-D phytoplasma identified in association with erigeron witches' broom. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2761-2765. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erigeron sp. plants showing symptoms of witches' broom and stunting were found near orchards of passion fruit in São Paulo state, Brazil. These symptoms were indicative of infection by phytoplasmas. Thus, the aim of this study was to detect and identify possible phytoplasmas associated with diseased plants. Total DNA was extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants and used in nested PCR conducted with the primer pairs P1/Tint and R16F2n/16R2. Amplification of genomic fragments of 1.2 kb from the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of phytoplasma in all symptomatic samples. The sequence identity scores between the 16S rRNA gene of the phytoplasma strain identified in the current study and those of previously reported ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’-related strains ranged from 98 % to 99 % indicating the phytoplasma to be a strain affiliated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’. The results from a phylogenetic analysis and virtual RFLP analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence with 17 restriction enzymes revealed that the phytoplasma strain belongs to the ash yellows phytoplasma group (16SrVII); the similarity coefficient of RFLP patterns further suggested that the phytoplasma represents a novel subgroup, designated 16SrVII-D. The representative of this new subgroup was named EboWB phytoplasma (Erigeron bonariensis Witches' Broom).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Flôres
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thays Benites Camargo Pereira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Marques Rezende
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Paulo Bedendo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Arismendi NL, Fiore N, Carrillo R. Absence of Transovarial Transmission of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' in the Vector Amplicephalus curtulus Linnavuori & DeLong (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): Is It a Rule More Than an Exception? NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1-9. [PMID: 26013007 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-014-0249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' (Elm yellows, 16SrV-A), transmitted by Amplicephalus curtulus Linnavuori & DeLong (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), has been found in native Chilean plants, and transovarial transmission has been considered as a possible form of transmission. An analysis to detect the presence of 'Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi' and other phytoplasmas in A. curtulus eggs, nymphs of the first and fifth instars were carried out in two experiments using nested PCR and DNA sequencing. The first experiment showed the natural acquisition of phytoplasma by adult females, and the second demonstrated the acquisition of phytoplasma in controlled conditions. Results showed that eggs and the first and fifth instars were not positive for phytoplasmas in nested PCR. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' was detected and identified on average 10 and 47% of the adult females used in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Other phytoplasma (X-disease group) was also found in adult females used in the experiment 1. We demonstrate that although gravid females contain phytoplasmas, they are not able to transmit them to their progeny, confirming that transovarial transmission of 'Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi' does not occur in A. curtulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Arismendi
- Lab of Entomology, Institute of Production and Plant Protection, Fac of Agricultural Sciences, Univ Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile,
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Bertaccini A, Duduk B, Paltrinieri S, Contaldo N. Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Diseases: A Severe Threat to Agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.512191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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