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Ivanauskas A, Inaba J, Zhao Y, Bottner-Parker KD, Wei W. Differential Symptomology, Susceptibility, and Titer Dynamics Manifested by Phytoplasma-Infected Periwinkle and Tomato Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:787. [PMID: 38592808 PMCID: PMC10974080 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are intracellular pathogenic bacteria that infect a wide range of plant species, including agriculturally important crops and ornamental trees. However, our understanding of the relationship between symptom severity, disease progression, and phytoplasma concentration remains limited due to the inability to inoculate phytoplasmas mechanically into new plant hosts. The present study investigated phytoplasma titer dynamics and symptom development in periwinkle and tomato, both infected with the same potato purple top (PPT) phytoplasma strain using a small seedling grafting approach. Virescence, phyllody, and witches'-broom (WB) symptoms sequentially developed in periwinkle, while in tomato plants, big bud (BB, a form of phyllody), cauliflower-like inflorescence (CLI), and WB appeared in order. Results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the PPT phytoplasma's 16S rRNA gene revealed that in both host species, phytoplasma titers differed significantly at different infection stages. Notably, the highest phytoplasma concentration in periwinkles was observed in samples displaying phyllody symptoms, whereas in tomatoes, the titer peaked at the BB stage. Western blot analysis, utilizing an antibody specific to PPT phytoplasma, confirmed substantial phytoplasma presence in samples displaying phyllody and BB symptoms, consistent with the qPCR results. These findings challenge the conventional understanding that phytoplasma infection dynamics result in a higher titer at later stages, such as WB (excessive vegetative growth), rather than in the early stage, such as phyllody (abnormal reproductive growth). Furthermore, the PPT phytoplasma titer was markedly higher in periwinkles than in tomato plants, indicating differing susceptibilities between the hosts. This study reveals distinct host responses to PPT phytoplasma infection, providing valuable insights into phytoplasma titer dynamics and symptom development, with implications for the future management of agricultural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Ivanauskas
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (A.I.); (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (K.D.B.-P.)
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Junichi Inaba
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (A.I.); (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (K.D.B.-P.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (A.I.); (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (K.D.B.-P.)
| | - Kristi D. Bottner-Parker
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (A.I.); (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (K.D.B.-P.)
| | - Wei Wei
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (A.I.); (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (K.D.B.-P.)
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Sagouti T, Rhallabi N, Polizzi G, Tahiri A, Belabess Z, Barka EA, Lahlali R. Comparison of Serological and Molecular Methods for Detection of Spiroplasma citri in Moroccan Citrus-Growing Areas. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:667. [PMID: 36771751 PMCID: PMC9918891 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma citri, a helical motile, wall-less, and cultivable microorganism of the class Mollicutes, is the agent of the citrus stubborn disease. There is currently a lack of data about the presence of this pathogen in Moroccan citrus orchards. This study aims to validate serological and molecular methods for routine S. citri diagnosis in Moroccan citrus groves. To provide an update on the present status of the outbreak of the pathogen in Moroccan citrus orchards, a survey of S. citri was conducted in the main citrus-growing regions of Morocco. A total of 575 leaf samples were collected from citrus trees with symptoms attributable to S. citri infection. Samples were collected during 2020 and 2021 from 23 citrus orchards. The presence of S. citri was tested in all samples using the double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Using this method, 57 samples were found to be infected with S. citri, 41 samples had doubtful results, and the remaining samples were negative. To corroborate the results of the DAS-ELISA test, 148 samples were chosen for additional molecular testing using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR) based on specific primer pairs targeting three different genes (putative adhesion-like gene P58, putative adhesion gene P89, and spiralin gene). Using primers that target the putative adhesion-like gene P58, S. citri was detected by conventional and real-time PCR amplification from plant tissue with differing degrees of specificity. The results allowed us to determine the incidence of S. citri in all Moroccan citrus orchards, with a wide range of positive samples varying from 6.5% to 78%, and to show that molecular tests, particularly real-time PCR assays that target the putative adhesion-like gene P58, are the most sensitive for making an accurate diagnosis of S. citri. Indeed, the real-time PCR with P58-targeting primers yielded positive results from all positive and doubtful ELISA samples as well as some negative samples, with an OD value close to 1.5× times healthy samples, thus demonstrating a high sensibility of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tourya Sagouti
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Ecotoxicologie et Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
| | - Naima Rhallabi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Ecotoxicologie et Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
| | - Giancarlo Polizzi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, sez. Patologia Vegetale, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Abdessalem Tahiri
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco
| | - Zineb Belabess
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Meknes, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Km 13, Route Haj Kaddour, BP. 578, Meknes 50000, Morocco
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco
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Yokomi R, Rattner R, Osman F, Maheshwari Y, Selvaraj V, Pagliaccia D, Chen J, Vidalakis G. Whole genome sequence of five strains of Spiroplasma citri isolated from different host plants and its leafhopper vector. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:320. [PMID: 32620150 PMCID: PMC7333264 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Spiroplasma citri is a bacterium with a wide host range and is the causal agent of citrus stubborn and brittle root diseases of citrus and horseradish, respectively. S. citri is transmitted in a circulative, persistent manner by the beet leafhopper, Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker), in North America. Five strains of S. citri were cultured from citrus, horseradish, and N. tenellus from different habitats and times. DNA from cultures were sequenced and genome assembled to expand the database to improve detection assays and better understand its genetics and evolution. Data description The whole genome sequence of five strains of S. citri are described herein. The S. citri chromosome was circularized for all five strains and ranged from 1,576,550 to 1,742,208 bp with a G + C content of 25.4–25.6%. Characterization of extrachromosomal DNAs resulted in identification of one or two plasmids, with a G + C content of 23.3 to 27.6%, from plant hosts; and eight or nine plasmids, with a G + C content of 21.65 to 29.19%, from N. tenellus. Total genome size ranged from 1,611,714 to 1,832,173 bp from plants and 1,968,976 to 2,155,613 bp from the leafhopper. All sequence data has been deposited in DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession numbers CP046368-CP046373 and CP047426-CP047446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Yokomi
- United States Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA.
| | - Rachel Rattner
- United States Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Fatima Osman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yogita Maheshwari
- United States Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Vijayanandraj Selvaraj
- United States Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Deborah Pagliaccia
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jianchi Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Cia MC, de Carvalho G, Azevedo RA, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Souza GM, Nishiyama-Junior MY, Lembke CG, Antunes de Faria RSDC, Marques JPR, Melotto M, Camargo LEA. Novel Insights Into the Early Stages of Ratoon Stunting Disease of Sugarcane Inferred from Transcript and Protein Analysis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1455-1466. [PMID: 29969065 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-18-0120-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite of the importance of ratoon stunting disease, little is known on the responses of sugarcane to its causal agent, the vascular bacterial endophyte Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli. The transcriptome and proteome of young plants of a susceptible cultivar with no symptoms of stunting but with relative low and high bacterial titers were compared at 30 and 60 days after inoculation. Increased bacterial titers were associated with alterations in the expression of 267 cDNAs and in the abundance of 150 proteins involved in plant growth, hormone metabolism, signal transduction and defense responses. Some alterations are predicted to benefit the pathogen, such as the up-regulation of genes involved in the synthesis of methionine. Also, genes and proteins of the cell division cycle were all down-regulated in plants with higher titers at both times. It is hypothesized that the negative effects on cell division related to increased bacterial titers is cumulative over time and its modulation by other host and environmental factors results in the stunting symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cicarelli Cia
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Giselle de Carvalho
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Claudia Barros Monteiro-Vitorello
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Glaucia Mendes Souza
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Junior
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Carolina Gimiliani Lembke
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Raphael Severo da Cunha Antunes de Faria
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Maeli Melotto
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Luis Eduardo Aranha Camargo
- First, second, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; fifth and seventh authors: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; sixth author: Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and tenth author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
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