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Montano HG, Bertaccini A, Fiore N. Phytoplasma-Associated Diseases in South America: Thirty Years of Research. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1311. [PMID: 39065080 PMCID: PMC11278980 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasma-associated diseases are mainly insect-transmitted and are present worldwide. Considering that disease detection is a relevant environmental factor that may elucidate the presence of these diseases, a review reporting the geographic distribution of phytoplasma taxa in geographically consistent areas helps manage diseases appropriately and reduce their spreading. This work summarizes the data available about the identification of the phytoplasma associated with several diverse diseases in South America in the last decades. The insect vectors and putative vectors together with the plant host range of these phytoplasmas are also summarized. Overall, 16 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species were detected, and those most frequently detected in agricultural-relevant crops such as corn, alfalfa, grapevine, and other horticultural species are 'Ca. P. pruni', 'Ca. P. asteris', and 'Ca. P. fraxini'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Guglielmi Montano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica 23897-000, Brazil;
| | - Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Fiore
- Department of Plant Health, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
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2
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Bertaccini A. Plants and Phytoplasmas: When Bacteria Modify Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111425. [PMID: 35684198 PMCID: PMC9182842 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogen presence is very dangerous for agricultural ecosystems and causes huge economic losses. Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted wall-less bacteria living in plants, only in the phloem tissues and in the emolymph of their insect vectors. They are able to manipulate several metabolic pathways of their hosts, very often without impairing their life. The molecular diversity described (49 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species and about 300 ribosomal subgroups) is only in some cases related to their associated symptomatology. As for the other plant pathogens, it is necessary to verify their identity and recognize the symptoms associated with their presence to appropriately manage the diseases. However, the never-ending mechanism of patho-adaptation and the copresence of other pathogens makes this management difficult. Reducing the huge impact of phytoplasma-associated diseases in all the main crops and wild species is, however, relevant, in order to reduce their effects that are jeopardizing plant biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Franco-Lara L, García JA, Bernal YE, Rodríguez RA. Diversity of the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' isolates that infect urban trees in Bogotá, Colombia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 70:6508-6517. [PMID: 33174835 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas have been associated with a disease that affects trees of at least 11 species from different botanic families in Bogotá, Colombia. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini' are the major groups of phytoplasma in the area of Bogotá. In this study, the genetic diversity within 'Ca. P. asteris' and 'Ca. P. fraxini' was studied in five urban tree species: Croton species (Euphorbiaceae), Fraxinus uhdei (Oleaceae), Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), Populus nigra (Salicaceae) and Quercus humboldtii (Fagaceae). Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene using nested PCR, RFLP and sequencing showed that phytoplasmas of 'Ca. P. asteris' could be assigned to: subgroup 16SrI-B; a new subgroup named 16SrI-AF, with a restriction pattern similar to that of 16SrI-B; and a new subgroup named 16SrI-AG, with a restriction pattern similar to that of 16SrI-K and 16SrI-AH with a restriction pattern similar to that of 16SrI-AC. 'Ca. P. fraxini' isolates belonged to a new subgroup named 16SrVII-G, with a restriction pattern similar to that of 16SrVII-A. To complement the identification of the phytoplasma strains, we amplified nonribosomal genes such as leuS and secA. Unexpectedly, it was observed that in 16 trees in which 16S rRNA gene analysis showed the presence of 'Ca. P. fraxini' only, the leuS or secA primers amplified sequences exclusively affiliated to 'Ca. P. asteris. In those plants, sequences belonging to 'Ca. P. fraxini' leuS or secA genes were not amplified. The present work contributes to the identification of novel strains of both species in Colombia, and supports previous suggestions that phytoplasmas in South America are highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Franco-Lara
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Km 2 vía Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Jennifer Andrea García
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Km 2 vía Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Yuly Eilen Bernal
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Km2 vía Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Colombia.,Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Km 2 vía Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Rubén Adolfo Rodríguez
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Km 2 vía Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
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Ferreira J, Pereira TB, Almeida CA, Bedendo IP. Olive tree represents a new host of a subgroup 16SrVII-B phytoplasma associated with witches' broom disease in Brazil. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 105:1189-1189. [PMID: 33174795 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-1967-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Olive trees exhibiting slow development, yellowing, and high intensity of shoot proliferation with small leaves were observed in commercial plantings, in the municipality of Extrema, Minas Gerais (MG) state in 2015. The incidence of symptomatic plants was about 70% and diseased trees presented yield reduction. Here we report the association of symptomatic olive trees with a phytoplasma and describe its molecular identification. Symptomatic plants (38 trees) were sampled in three growing areas located in the same municipality. The samples consisted of bunch of leaves and young shoots. The total DNA was extracted using DNeasy® Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Phytoplasma detection was conducted by nested PCR with primers P1/16S-SR (Lee et al. 2004) followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (Gundersen and Lee 1996). PCR assays generated amplicons (~1.2 kb) from 28 trees out of 38 symptomatic plants, confirming the association of phytoplasma with diseased plants. The disease was named olive witches' broom. The genomic fragments amplified by nested PCR were cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α and sequenced. The sequence representative of the olive phytoplasma was designated OWB-Br01 (Olive Wiches' Broom-Brazil 01) and deposited in GenBank under accession number MH141985. This sequence shared 99% sequence identity with phytoplasmas affiliated with 16SrVII group. According to the iPhyClassifier online tool (Zhao et al. 2009) the olive witches'-broom phytoplasma was classified as a variant of subgroup 16SrVII-B with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.99. The phylogenetic tree showed that OWB-Br01 phytoplasma emerges from the same branch of the reference phytoplasma of the 16SrVII-B subgroup (Erigeron witches᾽-broom phytoplasma - GenBank AY034608), indicating that the olive tree phytoplasma is a member of the 16SrVII-B subgroup. The pathogenicity test was performed with 28 healthy plants (cultivar Arbequina) grown in pots, which were grafted by simple english forklift with scions obtained from olive plants (Arbequina) six years old, naturally infected by the phytoplasma. The initial symptoms were observed four months after grafting and at eight months 22 grafted plants exhibited slow growth, yellowing, and small leaves as those naturally observed in the fields. Molecular characterization allowed identify the phytoplasma as a member of the 16SrVII-B subgroup. In Brazil, representatives of the 16SrVII group were previously reported in association with diverse botanical species. Thus, a strain of 16SrVII-C subgroup was identified in sunn hemp (Flôres et al. 2013); the reference phytoplasma of 16SrVII-D subgroup was found in erigeron plants (Flôres et al. 2015); and the representative of 16SrVII-F was detected in the wild species Vernonia brasiliana. (Fugita et al. 2017). Specifically regarding subgroup 16SrVII-B, the reference phytoplasma of this subgroup was described from erigeron and periwinkle (Barros et al. 2002), while other members of this subgroup were reported in cauliflower (Pereira et al. 2016a) and ming aralia (Pereira et al. 2016b). The disease here studied is a threat since olive planting is in large expansion in Brazil. A potential control option could be use of propagative material from sources free of the pathogen. Based on our findings, olive tree represents a new host for subgroup 16SrVII-B phytoplasma, which is different from 16Sr groups previously reported as associated with olive witches' broom in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacson Ferreira
- University of São Paulo, Plant Pathology, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | | | | | - Ivan Paulo Bedendo
- ESALQ/USP, Phytopathology, Avenida Padua Dias, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900;
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Fernández FD, Galdeano E, Conci LR. Phytoplasmas diversity and identification of new aster yellows subgroup (16SrI) associated with weed species in Argentina. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:35-43. [PMID: 31922469 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms of phytoplasma infection were observed in different weed species, Bidens subalternans, Conyza bonariensis, Heterosperma ovatifolium and Conium maculatum, collected from diverse geographical regions in Argentina. To confirm the association of phytoplasma infection with symptomatic plants, PCR, RFLP and phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA-encoding sequences were performed. In this work, we report the presence of phytoplasmas from group 16SrVII (subgroup 16VII-B) infecting C. bonariensis and B. subalternans and from group 16SrIII (subgroup 16SrIII-X) B. subalternans, H. ovatifolium, and C. maculatum. Phytoplasmas from the aster yellows group were detected infecting C. bonariensis and B. subalternans. Analysis of 16S rRNA-encoding genes revealed the presence of two distinct operons, rrnB (16SrI-B) and newly described rrnA, which is different from the reference RFLP patterns of all previously established 16SrI-subgroups. A single rp operon sequence analysis reveals the presence of simple infection and confirms a description of a novel subgroup. On the basis of these results we propose a designation of new subgroup 16SrI-(B/AJ) AJ (rp-AJ). To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasmas infecting Bidens subalternans¸ Heterosperma ovatifolium and Conium maculatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco D Fernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFYMA), Córdoba.,Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino 60 cuadras Kmt 5.5. X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ernestina Galdeano
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, (CONICET-UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2131 (3400). Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luis R Conci
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino 60 cuadras Kmt 5.5. X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFYMA), Córdoba
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6
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bosco D, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Galetto L, Marzachì C, Pautasso M, Jacques M. Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05929. [PMID: 32626484 PMCID: PMC7008834 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of nine phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. (hereafter "host plants") known to occur only outside the EU or having a limited presence in the EU. This opinion covers the (i) reference strains of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', 'Ca. P. fraxini', 'Ca. P. hispanicum', 'Ca. P. trifolii', 'Ca. P. ziziphi', (ii) related strains infecting the host plants of 'Ca. P. aurantifolia', 'Ca. P. pruni', and 'Ca. P. pyri', and (iii) an unclassified phytoplasma causing Buckland valley grapevine yellows. Phytoplasmas can be detected by available methods and are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting acting as a major entry pathway and a long-distance spread mechanism. Phytoplasmas are also transmitted in a persistent and propagative manner by some insect families of the Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Sternorrhyncha (order Hemiptera). No transovarial, pollen or seed transmission has been reported. The natural host range of the categorised phytoplasmas varies from one to more than 90 plant species, thus increasing the possible entry pathways. The host plants are widely cultivated in the EU. All the categorised phytoplasmas can enter and spread through the trade of host plants for planting, and by vectors. Establishment of these phytoplasmas is not expected to be limited by EU environmental conditions. The introduction of these phytoplasmas in the EU would have an economic impact. There are measures to reduce the risk of entry, establishment, spread and impact. Uncertainties result from limited information on distribution, biology and epidemiology. All the phytoplasmas categorised here meet the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests, and they do not qualify as potential regulated non-quarantine pests, because they are non-EU phytoplasmas.
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7
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Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma affiliated with the 16SrVII group representative of the novel 16SrVII-F subgroup. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3122-3126. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Pérez-López E, Luna-Rodríguez M, Olivier CY, Dumonceaux TJ. The underestimated diversity of phytoplasmas in Latin America. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:492-513. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez-López
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida de Las Culturas Veracruzanas, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez
- DGI-LATEX, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida de Las Culturas Veracruzanas, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Chrystel Y. Olivier
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tim J. Dumonceaux
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Flôres D, Amaral Mello APDO, Pereira TBC, Rezende JAM, Bedendo IP. A novel subgroup 16SrVII-D phytoplasma identified in association with erigeron witches' broom. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2761-2765. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erigeron sp. plants showing symptoms of witches' broom and stunting were found near orchards of passion fruit in São Paulo state, Brazil. These symptoms were indicative of infection by phytoplasmas. Thus, the aim of this study was to detect and identify possible phytoplasmas associated with diseased plants. Total DNA was extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants and used in nested PCR conducted with the primer pairs P1/Tint and R16F2n/16R2. Amplification of genomic fragments of 1.2 kb from the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of phytoplasma in all symptomatic samples. The sequence identity scores between the 16S rRNA gene of the phytoplasma strain identified in the current study and those of previously reported ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’-related strains ranged from 98 % to 99 % indicating the phytoplasma to be a strain affiliated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’. The results from a phylogenetic analysis and virtual RFLP analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence with 17 restriction enzymes revealed that the phytoplasma strain belongs to the ash yellows phytoplasma group (16SrVII); the similarity coefficient of RFLP patterns further suggested that the phytoplasma represents a novel subgroup, designated 16SrVII-D. The representative of this new subgroup was named EboWB phytoplasma (Erigeron bonariensis Witches' Broom).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Flôres
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thays Benites Camargo Pereira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Marques Rezende
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Paulo Bedendo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia – ESALQ – Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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10
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Fernández FD, Meneguzzi NG, Guzmán FA, Kirschbaum DS, Conci VC, Nome CF, Conci LR. Detection and identification of a novel 16SrXIII subgroup phytoplasma associated with strawberry red leaf disease in Argentina. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2741-2747. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberry red leaf phytoplasma was found in strawberry plants from production fields in Lules (Tucumán province) and Bella Vista (Corrientes province), Argentina. Characteristic strawberry red leaf symptoms were stunting, young leaves with yellowing at the edges, mature leaves which curled and were reddish at the abaxial face, flower and fruit deformation and death. The pathogen was detected with phytoplasma-universal primer pairs P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 as nested primers in 13 diseased plants. Based on RFLP and sequence analysis of the amplified 16S rRNA gene, the phytoplasma was related to the 16SrXIII group (Mexican periwinkle virescence). In silico the RFLP profile of all the samples analysed revealed the presence of a unique pattern, showing that the novel phytoplasma is different from all the phytoplasmas currently composing the 16SrXIII group. The phylogenetic analysis was consistent with RFLP analysis as the strawberry red leaf phytoplasma was grouped within the 16SrXIII group, but formed a particular cluster. On this basis, the Strawberry red leaf phytoplasma associated with strawberry red leaf disease was assigned to a new subgroup, 16SrXIII-F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco D. Fernández
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino a 60 cuadras km 5 ½. (X5020ICA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia G. Meneguzzi
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá-INTA, Ruta Prov. 301 km 32 (4132), Famaillá, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fabiana A. Guzmán
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino a 60 cuadras km 5 ½. (X5020ICA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel S. Kirschbaum
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá-INTA, Ruta Prov. 301 km 32 (4132), Famaillá, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Vilma C. Conci
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino a 60 cuadras km 5 ½. (X5020ICA), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Claudia F. Nome
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino a 60 cuadras km 5 ½. (X5020ICA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luis R. Conci
- Universidad Católica de Córdoba; UCC, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino a 60 cuadras km 5 ½. (X5020ICA), Córdoba, Argentina
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Bertaccini A, Duduk B, Paltrinieri S, Contaldo N. Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Diseases: A Severe Threat to Agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.512191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Gajardo A, Fiore N, Prodan S, Paltrinieri S, Botti S, Pino AM, Zamorano A, Montealegre J, Bertaccini A. Phytoplasmas Associated with Grapevine Yellows Disease in Chile. PLANT DISEASE 2009; 93:789-796. [PMID: 30764324 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-93-8-0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An extensive survey was performed from 2002 to 2006 to detect and identify phytoplasmas associated with Chilean grapevines. Nested polymerase chain reaction assays using phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R2 detected phytoplasmas in 34 out of the 94 samples tested (36%). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses, cloning, and sequencing allowed identification of phytoplasmas belonging to ribosomal subgroups 16SrI-B, 16SrI-C, 16SrVII-A, and 16SrXII-A. The 16SrVII-A phytoplasma represents a new finding in grapevine; moreover, variability of the RFLP profile was observed in some of the 16SrXII-A phytoplasmas, indicating possible new ribosomal subgroups. Mixed phytoplasma infections and infections of phytoplasmas together with one or more viruses also occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gajardo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas-Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas-Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Prodan
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas-Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali, Patologia Vegetale, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Botti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali, Patologia Vegetale, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A M Pino
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas-Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Zamorano
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas-Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Montealegre
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas-Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Bertaccini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali, Patologia Vegetale, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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