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Bai G, Fang DH, Yang DH, Tong ZJ, Chen XJ, Fei ML, Gong JL, Xie H, Xiao BG. Transcriptomics and iTRAQ-proteomics analyses provide novel insights into the defense mechanism of black shank disease in tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:991074. [PMID: 36340390 PMCID: PMC9634741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black shank disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is one of the most important diseases in tobacco worldwide and can result in a devastating loss in tobacco cultivation. Many efforts have been carried out to identify the chromosome segment from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia containing a resistance locus carrying a gene named Php; however, the Php gene has not been cloned, and knowledge of the potential mechanism of the Php gene in the resistant lines is limited. To further characterize the resistance mechanism of the Php gene, we first used the resistant line "RBST" and the susceptible cultivar "Honghuadajinyuan" (HD) to obtain the near-isogenic line RBS89 containing the Php gene from RBST. RBS89 showed high resistance to black shank disease. Transcriptomic and iTRAQ analyses were applied to explore the potential defense mechanisms in RBS89 plants in comparison with HD plants with or without inoculation. Many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins were identified, and some pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins were extensively abundant in the RBS89 plants when compared with the HD plants in response to black shank disease. Importantly, overexpression of the PR gene NtPR-1B in HD plants improved the resistance of tobacco plants to black shank disease, indicating that NtPR-1B and Php genes might have similar roles in protecting tobacco from black shank disease. However, the relationship between NtPR-1B and Php genes requires further analysis. Therefore, our study provides valuable information for breeding tobacco cultivars with black shank disease resistance and sheds light on the defense mechanism of black shank disease in tobacco for enhancing Phytophthora resistance in other Solanaceae crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Bai
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Dun-Huang Fang
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Da-Hai Yang
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tong
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Jun Chen
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Liang Fei
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Jiu-Ling Gong
- Lincang Company of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Lincang, China
| | - He Xie
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Bing-Guang Xiao
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
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Sharma S, Sundaresha S, Bhardwaj V. Biotechnological approaches in management of oomycetes diseases. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:274. [PMID: 34040923 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic oomycetes cause significant impact on agriculture and, therefore, their management is utmost important. Though conventional methods to combat these pathogens (resistance breeding and use of fungicides) are available but these are limited by the availability of resistant cultivars due to evolution of new pathogenic races, development of resistance in the pathogens against agrochemicals and their potential hazardous effects on the environment and human health. This has fuelled a continual search for novel and alternate strategies for management of phytopathogens. The recent advances in oomycetes genome (Phytophthora infestans, P. ramorum, P. sojae, Pythium ultimum, Albugo candida etc.) would further help in understanding host-pathogen interactions essentially needed for designing effective management strategies. In the present communication the novel and alternate strategies for the management of oomycetes diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - S Sundaresha
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
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Kakar KU, Nawaz Z, Cui Z, Ahemd N, Ren X. Molecular breeding approaches for production of disease-resilient commercially important tobacco. Brief Funct Genomics 2020; 19:10-25. [PMID: 31942928 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco is one of the most widely cultivated nonfood cash crops, a source of income, model organism for plant molecular research, a natural pesticide and of pharmaceutical importance. First domesticated in South Americas, the modern-day tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is now cultivated in more than 125 countries to generate revenues worth billions of dollars each year. However, the production of this crop is highly threatened by the global presence of devastating infectious agents, which cause huge fiscal loss. These threats have been battled through breeding for acquiring disease resilience in tobacco plants, first, via conventional and now with the use of modern molecular breeding approaches. For efficacy and precision, the characterization of the genetic components underlying disease resistance is the key tool in tobacco for resistance breeding programs. The past few decades have witnessed significant progress in resilience breeding through advanced molecular techniques. The current review discusses history of tobacco breeding since its time of origin till date, highlighting the most widely used techniques and recent advances in molecular research and strategies for resistance breeding. In addition, we narrate the budding possibilities for the future. This review will provide a comprehensive and valuable information for the tobacco growers and researchers to deal with the destructive infectious diseases.
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Duan F, Song W. Overexpression of SoCYP85A1 Increases the Accumulation of Castasterone and Confers Enhanced Black Shank Tolerance in Tobacco Through Modulation of the Antioxidant Enzymes' Activities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:349. [PMID: 30984218 PMCID: PMC6448038 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black shank caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is one of the most devastating diseases in tobacco production. In this study, we characterized a novel cytochromic resistance gene, SoCYP85A1, from spinach, which was upregulated in response to P. nicotianae infection. Overexpression of SoCYP85A1 in tobacco resulted in remarkable resistance to pathogen inoculation, with diverse resistance levels in different transgenic lines. Meanwhile, a significant accumulation of castasterone (CS) was detected in transgenic plants when challenged with the pathogen. Moreover, activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced by SoCYP85A1 in the transgenic lines as compared to those in the wild types inoculated with P. nicotianae. In addition, the alteration of CS content resulted in interference of phytohormone homeostasis. Overall, these results demonstrate that SoCYP85A1 can participate in the defense response to P. nicotianae through the involvement of defense enzymes and by interaction with certain phytohormones. Our findings suggest that SoCYP85A1 could be used as a potential candidate gene for improving resistance to black shank disease in tobacco and other economic crops.
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McCorkle KL, Drake-Stowe K, Lewis RS, Shew D. Characterization of Phytophthora nicotianae Resistance Conferred by the Introgressed Nicotiana rustica Region, Wz, in Flue-Cured Tobacco. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:309-317. [PMID: 30673528 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0339-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, is one of the most important diseases affecting tobacco worldwide and is primarily managed through use of host resistance. An additional source of resistance to P. nicotianae, designated as Wz, has been introgressed into Nicotiana tabacum from N. rustica. The Wz gene region confers high levels of resistance to all races, but has not been characterized. Our study found Wz-mediated resistance is most highly expressed in the roots, with only a slight reduction in stem-lesion size in Wz genotypes compared with susceptible controls. No substantial relationships were observed between initial inoculum levels and disease development on Wz genotypes, which is generally consistent with qualitative or complete resistance. Isolates of P. nicotianae adapted for five host generations on plants with the Wz gene caused higher disease severity than isolates adapted on Wz plants for only one host generation. Wz-adapted isolates did not exhibit increased aggressiveness on genotypes with other sources of partial resistance, suggesting pathogen adaptation was specific to the Wz gene. To reduce potential for pathogen population shifts with virulence on Wz genotypes, Wz should be combined with other resistance sources and rotation of varying black shank resistance mechanisms is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kestrel L McCorkle
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Katherine Drake-Stowe
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Ramsey S Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - David Shew
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Long N, Ren X, Xiang Z, Wan W, Dong Y. Sequencing and characterization of leaf transcriptomes of six diploid Nicotiana species. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2016; 23:6. [PMID: 27096138 PMCID: PMC4835900 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-016-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotiana belongs to the Solanaceae family that includes important crops such as tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper. Nicotiana species are of worldwide economic importance and are important model plants for scientific research. Here we present the comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of six wild diploid Nicotiana species. Wild relatives provide an excellent study system for the analysis of the genetic basis for various traits, especially disease resistance. RESULTS Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed for leaves of six diploid Nicotiana species, i.e. Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana noctiflora, Nicotiana cordifolia, Nicotiana knightiana, Nicotiana setchellii and Nicotiana tomentosiformis. For each species, 9.0-22.3 Gb high-quality clean data were generated, and 67,073-182,046 transcripts were assembled with lengths greater than 100 bp. Over 90 % of the ORFs in each species had significant similarity with proteins in the NCBI non-redundant protein sequence (NR) database. A total of 2491 homologs were identified and used to construct a phylogenetic tree from the respective transcriptomes in Nicotiana. Bioinformatic analysis identified resistance gene analogs, major transcription factor families, and alkaloid transporter genes linked to plant defense. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the leaf transcriptomes of six wild Nicotiana species by Illumina paired-end sequencing and de novo assembly without a reference genome. These sequence resources hopefully will provide an opportunity for identifying genes involved in plant defense and several important quality traits in wild Nicotiana and will accelerate functional genomic studies and genetic improvement efforts of Nicotiana or other important Solanaceae crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Long
- />Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, South Jingming Road No.727, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Xueliang Ren
- />Guizhou Tobacco Research Institute, North Yuntan Road, Jinyang District, Guiyang, 550003 Guizhou China
| | - Zhidan Xiang
- />State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiaochang Road, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan China
| | - Wenting Wan
- />Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, South Jingming Road No.727, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yang Dong
- />Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, South Jingming Road No.727, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
- />Biological Big Data College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
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Biasi A, Martin FN, Cacciola SO, di San Lio GM, Grünwald NJ, Schena L. Genetic Analysis of Phytophthora nicotianae Populations from Different Hosts Using Microsatellite Markers. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1006-14. [PMID: 27111805 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-15-0299-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In all, 231 isolates of Phytophthora nicotianae representing 14 populations from different host genera, including agricultural crops (Citrus, Nicotiana, and Lycopersicon), potted ornamental species in nurseries (Lavandula, Convolvulus, Myrtus, Correa, and Ruta), and other plant genera were characterized using simple-sequence repeat markers. In total, 99 multilocus genotypes (MLG) were identified, revealing a strong association between genetic grouping and host of recovery, with most MLG being associated with a single host genus. Significant differences in the structure of populations were revealed but clonality prevailed in all populations. Isolates from Citrus were found to be genetically related regardless of their geographic origin and were characterized by high genetic uniformity and high inbreeding coefficients. Higher variability was observed for other populations and a significant geographical structuring was determined for isolates from Nicotiana. Detected differences were related to the propagation and cultivation systems of different crops. Isolates obtained from Citrus spp. are more likely to be distributed worldwide with infected plant material whereas Nicotiana and Lycopersicon spp. are propagated by seed, which would not contribute to the spread of the pathogen and result in a greater chance for geographic isolation of lineages. With regard to ornamental species in nurseries, the high genetic variation is likely the result of the admixture of diverse pathogen genotypes through the trade of infected plant material from various geographic origins, the presence of several hosts in the same nursery, and genetic recombination through sexual reproduction of this heterothallic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Biasi
- First, fourth, and sixth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905; third author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; and fifth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR
| | - Frank N Martin
- First, fourth, and sixth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905; third author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; and fifth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR
| | - Santa O Cacciola
- First, fourth, and sixth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905; third author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; and fifth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR
| | - Gaetano Magnano di San Lio
- First, fourth, and sixth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905; third author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; and fifth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- First, fourth, and sixth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905; third author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; and fifth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR
| | - Leonardo Schena
- First, fourth, and sixth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905; third author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; and fifth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR
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Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Underlying Six Agronomic Traits in Flue- Cured Tobacco (<I>Nicotiana tabacum</I> L.). ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1006.2012.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mammella MA, Cacciola SO, Martin F, Schena L. Genetic characterization of Phytophthora nicotianae by the analysis of polymorphic regions of the mitochondrial DNA. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:432-42. [PMID: 21530925 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on the analysis of mitochondrial intergenic regions characterized by intraspecific variation in DNA sequences was developed and applied to the study of the plant pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae. Two regions flanked by genes trnY and rns and trnW and cox2 were identified by comparing the whole mitochondrial genomes of Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora ramorum, and Phytophthora sojae and amplified using primers designed from the flanking conserved genes. These regions were sequenced from 51 isolates of P. nicotianae of both A1 and A2 mating type recovered from different hosts and geographic regions. Amplicon length varied from 429bp to 443bp (trnY/rns) and 322bp to 373bp (trnW/cox2) with intraspecific variation due to single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels. Seventeen, seven and 20 different haplotypes were detected by individually analyzing regions trnY-rns, trnW-cox2 and the combined data set of sequences from both regions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis inferred with three different methods enabled the grouping of isolates in five clades, each containing different mitochondrial haplotypes and revealed diversity in the mitochondrial genome of P. nicotianae. The majority of isolates from citrus grouped in a single clade indicating either movement of isolates on planting stock or an association of particular isolates with this host. Phylogenetic groups were not correlated with the radial growth rate of the isolates or the rapidity of apple flesh colonization. The method developed in the present study represents an innovative molecular tool for the characterization of natural populations of P. nicotianae and should be easily expanded to other species of Phytophthora as well as other plant pathogens. It can be used to track specific haplotypes and, thanks to its high genetic resolution, it could be standardized and applied in a DNA barcoding like strategy for the precise identification of sub-specific taxa. Compared to alternative molecular methods, a major advantage is that results are unbiased (a list of nucleotides) and highly reproducible, thus enabling the comparison of data from different laboratories and time periods. Furthermore, the method could be further enhanced by the identification of additional variable mitochondrial and/or nuclear genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Mammella
- Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali, Università degli Studi Mediterranea, Località Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Borrás-Hidalgo O, Thomma BPHJ, Silva Y, Chacón O, Pujol M. Tobacco blue mould disease caused by Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:13-8. [PMID: 20078772 PMCID: PMC6640408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Blue mould [Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina (Adam) Skalicky 1964] is one of the most important foliar diseases of tobacco that causes significant losses in the Americas, south-eastern Europe and the Middle East. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms employed by this oomycete pathogen to colonize its host, with emphasis on molecular aspects of pathogenicity. In addition, key biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in tobacco resistance to blue mould are discussed. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Chromista (Straminipila); Phylum: Heterokontophyta; Class: Oomycete; Order: Peronosporales; Family: Peronosporaceae; Genus: Peronospora; Species: Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. DISEASE SYMPTOMS The pathogen typically causes localized lesions on tobacco leaves that appear as single, or groups of, yellow spots that often coalesce to form light-brown necrotic areas. Some of the leaves exhibit grey to bluish downy mould on their lower surfaces. Diseased leaves can become twisted, such that the lower surfaces turn upwards. In such cases, the bluish colour of the diseased plants becomes quite conspicuous, especially under moist conditions when sporulation is abundant. Hence the name of the disease: tobacco blue mould. INFECTION PROCESS The pathogen develops haustoria within plant cells that are thought to establish the transfer of nutrients from the host cell, and may also act in the delivery of effector proteins during infection. RESISTANCE Several defence responses have been reported to occur in the Nicotiana tabacum-P. hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina interaction. These include the induction of pathogenesis-related genes, and a correlated increase in the activities of typical pathogenesis-related proteins, such as peroxidases, chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases and lipoxygenases. Systemic acquired resistance is one of the best characterized tobacco defence responses activated on pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Borrás-Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
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Lewis RS, Kernodle SP. A method for accelerated trait conversion in plant breeding. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:1499-508. [PMID: 19266176 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-0998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Backcrossing is often used in cultivar development to transfer one or a few genes to desired genetic backgrounds. The duration necessary to complete such 'trait conversions' is largely dependent upon generation times. Constitutive overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) induces early-flowering in many plants. Here, we used tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as a model system to propose and examine aspects of a modified backcross procedure where transgenic FT overexpression is used to reduce generation time and accelerate gene transfer. In this method, the breeder would select for an FT transgene insertion and the trait(s) of interest at each backcross generation except the last. In the final generation, selection would be conducted for the trait(s) of interest, but against FT, to generate the backcross-derived trait conversion. We demonstrate here that constitutive FT overexpression functions to dramatically reduce days-to-flower similarly in diverse tobacco genetic backgrounds. FT-containing plants flowered in an average of 39 days, in comparison with 87-138 days for non-FT plants. Two FT transgene insertions were found to segregate independently of several disease resistance genes often the focus of backcrossing in tobacco. In addition, no undesirable epigenetic effects on flowering time were observed once FT was segregated away. The proposed system would reduce the time required to complete a trait conversion in tobacco by nearly one-half. These features suggest the possible value of this modified backcrossing system for tobacco or other crop species where long generation times or photoperiod sensitivity may impede timely trait conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey S Lewis
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Johnson CS, Wernsman EA, LaMondia JA. Effect of a Chromosome Segment Marked by the Ph p Gene for Resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae on Reproduction of Tobacco Cyst Nematodes. PLANT DISEASE 2009; 93:309-315. [PMID: 30764184 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-93-3-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Host resistance is an important strategy for managing Globodera tabacum subsp. solanacearum and G. tabacum subsp. tabacum, important nematode pests of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in Virginia, and cigar wrapper tobacco (N. tabacum) in Connecticut and Massachusetts, respectively. Field research from 1992 to 2005 evaluated reproduction of G. tabacum subsp. solanacearum on genotypes with and without a chromosome segment from N. plumbaginifolia containing a gene (Php) that conferred resistance to race 0 of Phytophthora nicotianae (causal agent of tobacco black shank). Ratios of G. tabacum subsp. solanacearum eggs/500 cm3 soil at the end versus the beginning of experiments (Pf/Pi) were significantly lower in cultivars and breeding lines possessing the Php-containing chromosome segment from N. plumbaginifolia compared with genotypes without the segment. Numbers of vermiform G. tabacum subsp. solanacearum juveniles in roots were similar among genotypes but numbers of swollen and pyriform nematodes were significantly lower for the known G. tabacum subsp. solanacearum resistant cv. NC 567 and in genotypes possessing the Php gene compared with genotypes and cultivars without the gene. In a 2003 greenhouse test, the percentage of plants with visible G. tabacum subsp. tabacum cysts was also significantly lower for parental and progeny genotypes homozygous and heterozygous, respectively, for Php compared with similar lines without the gene. These results indicate a close linkage or association between a likely single, dominant gene (Php) for resistance to P. nicotianae and suppressed reproduction by G. tabacum subsp. solanacearum and G. tabacum subsp. tabacum. Further research to accurately elucidate the relationships among these genes could lead to significant improvements in tobacco disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science and Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blackstone 23824
| | - E A Wernsman
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - J A LaMondia
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley Laboratory, Windsor 06095
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Moon HS, Nicholson JS, Lewis RS. Use of transferable Nicotiana tabacum L. microsatellite markers for investigating genetic diversity in the genus Nicotiana. Genome 2008; 51:547-59. [PMID: 18650945 DOI: 10.1139/g08-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of microsatellite markers for tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., may be valuable for genetic studies within the genus Nicotiana. The first objective was to evaluate transferability of 100 N. tabacum microsatellite primer combinations to 5 diploid species closely related to tobacco. The number of primer combinations that amplified scorable bands in these species ranged from 42 to 56. Additional objectives were to assess levels of genetic diversity amongst available accessions of diploid relatives closely related to tobacco (species of sections Sylvestres and Tomentosae), and to evaluate the efficacy of microsatellite markers for establishing species relationships in comparison with existing phylogenetic reconstructions. A subset of 46 primer combinations was therefore used to genotype 3 synthetic tobaccos and an expanded collection of 51 Nicotiana accessions representing 15 species. The average genetic similarity for 7 diverse accessions of tobacco was greater than the average similarity for N. otophora accessions, but lower than the average genetic similarities for N. sylvestris, N. tomentosa, N. kawakamii, and N. tomentosiformis accessions. A microsatellite-based phylogenetic tree was largely congruent with taxonomic representations based on morphological, cytological, and molecular observations. Results will be useful for selection of parents for creation of diploid mapping populations and for germplasm introgression activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Moon
- Campus Box 7620, Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Lewis RS, Milla SR, Kernodle SP. Analysis of an introgressed Nicotiana tomentosa genomic region affecting leaf number and correlated traits in Nicotiana tabacum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2007; 114:841-54. [PMID: 17219207 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm from closely related diploid relatives of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) could be of value for continued genetic modification of this species and for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We examined near isogenic tobacco lines and hybrids differing for an introgressed genomic region from N. tomentosa Ruiz and Pavon designated as Many Leaves that exhibits a large influence on leaf number and correlated traits. Within a 'Red Russian' genetic background, the region acted in an additive to partially dominant fashion to delay flowering time, and increase leaf number, plant height, and green leaf yield. Evidence of epistasis was observed as the region affected these traits to varying degrees in diverse near isogenic hybrids. Fifteen amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers of N. tomentosa origin were mapped within a single linkage group of 34.5 cM using a population of 207 BC(1)F(1) individuals segregating for Many Leaves. Composite interval mapping produced 2-LOD confidence intervals for likely QTL positions influencing leaf number (3.1 cM region), plant height (2.9 cM region), and days to flowering (3.3 cM region). These intervals were overlapping. Results demonstrate that genomic regions with large genetic effects can be transferred to tobacco from closely related diploid relatives, and that sufficient recombination within these regions may permit mapping of genes controlling quantitative traits. Materials and results described here may be useful in future research to gain insight on the genetic control of the transition from vegetative to reproductive development in Nicotiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lewis
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7620, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Julio E, Verrier JL, Dorlhac de Borne F. Development of SCAR markers linked to three disease resistances based on AFLP within Nicotiana tabacum L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 112:335-46. [PMID: 16283232 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was conducted on a set of 92 Nicotiana tabacum L. accessions from diverse types (flue-cured, dark air-cured, burley, oriental, and cigar wrapper) and breeding origins to identify markers associated with disease resistances. Eleven primer combinations were required to identify 33 polymorphic fragments. This allowed the identification of 92% of these accessions, and yielded sufficient information for building a neighbor joining tree. Clusters of accessions with common traits or breeding origins were observed. An important part of this polymorphism could be related to interspecific introgressions from other Nicotiana species, performed during the breeding history of N. tabacum to confer resistance to pathogens. Seven fragments were associated with three different resistances: two for the blue-mold (Peronospora tabacina Adam) resistance derived from Nicotiana debneyi Domin, two for the Va gene (Potato Virus Y susceptibility), and three for the black root rot (Chalara elegans) resistance of N. debneyi origin. Some of these markers were converted into sequence characterized amplified region markers, and validated on recombinant inbred lines or doubled-haploid lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Julio
- Altadis, Institut du Tabac, Domaine de la Tour, LBCM, 24100 Bergerac, France
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