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Naqvi SAH, Farhan M, Ahmad M, Kiran R, Fatima N, Shahbaz M, Akram M, Sathiya Seelan JS, Ali A, Ahmad S. Deciphering fungicide resistance in Phytophthora: mechanisms, prevalence, and sustainable management approaches. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:302. [PMID: 39150639 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The genus Phytophthora contains more than 100 plant pathogenic species that parasitize a wide range of plants, including economically important fruits, vegetables, cereals, and forest trees, causing significant losses. Global agriculture is seriously threatened by fungicide resistance in Phytophthora species, which makes it imperative to fully comprehend the mechanisms, frequency, and non-chemical management techniques related to resistance mutations. The mechanisms behind fungicide resistance, such as target-site mutations, efflux pump overexpression, overexpression of target genes and metabolic detoxification routes for fungicides routinely used against Phytophthora species, are thoroughly examined in this review. Additionally, it assesses the frequency of resistance mutations in various Phytophthora species and geographical areas, emphasizing the rise of strains that are resistant to multiple drugs. The effectiveness of non-chemical management techniques, including biological control, host resistance, integrated pest management plans, and cultural practices, in reducing fungicide resistance is also thoroughly evaluated. The study provides important insights for future research and the development of sustainable disease management strategies to counter fungicide resistance in Phytophthora species by synthesizing current information and identifying knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Rafia Kiran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Noor Fatima
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, 44444, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Salman Ahmad
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
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Lodi RS, Peng C, Dong X, Deng P, Peng L. Trichoderma hamatum and Its Benefits. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:994. [PMID: 37888250 PMCID: PMC10607699 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier (T. hamatum) belongs to Hypocreaceae family, Trichoderma genus. Trichoderma spp. are prominently known for their biocontrol activities and plant growth promotion. Hence, T. hamatum also possess several beneficial activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, insecticidal activity, herbicidal activity, and plant growth promotion; in addition, it holds several other beneficial properties, such as resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and degradation of DDT by certain enzymes and production of certain polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Hence, the current review discusses the beneficial properties of T. hamatum and describes the gaps that need to be further considered in future studies, such as T. hamatum's potentiality against human pathogens and, in contrast, its role as an opportunistic human pathogen. Moreover, there is a need for substantial study on its antiviral and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lizeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food & Nutrition Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (R.S.L.); (C.P.); (X.D.); (P.D.)
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Sanogo S, Lamour K, Kousik CS, Lozada DN, Parada-Rojas CH, Quesada-Ocampo LM, Wyenandt CA, Babadoost M, Hausbeck MK, Hansen Z, Ali E, McGrath MT, Hu J, Crosby K, Miller SA. Phytophthora capsici, 100 Years Later: Research Mile Markers from 1922 to 2022. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:921-930. [PMID: 36401843 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0297-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 1922, Phytophthora capsici was described by Leon Hatching Leonian as a new pathogen infecting pepper (Capsicum annuum), with disease symptoms of root rot, stem and fruit blight, seed rot, and plant wilting and death. Extensive research has been conducted on P. capsici over the last 100 years. This review succinctly describes the salient mile markers of research on P. capsici with current perspectives on the pathogen's distribution, economic importance, epidemiology, genetics and genomics, fungicide resistance, host susceptibility, pathogenicity mechanisms, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soum Sanogo
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Chandrasekar S Kousik
- U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Dennis N Lozada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Camilo H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Lina M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Christian A Wyenandt
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302
| | | | - Mary K Hausbeck
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Zachariah Hansen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Emran Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901
| | - Jiahuai Hu
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Kevin Crosby
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Sally A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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Li H, Zhang Y, Gao C, Gao Q, Cheng Y, Zhao M, Guan J. Mycotoxin Production and the Relationship between Microbial Diversity and Mycotoxins in Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd cv. Huangguan Pear. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:699. [PMID: 36287968 PMCID: PMC9610726 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are generated by a series of fungal pathogens in postharvest fruit, resulting in serious health threat to consumers and great economic loss to the fruit storage industry. The microbial differences between rotten and healthy fruit during storage and their relationship with mycotoxin production have not been fully studied. In this study, differences in microbial diversity between rotten and healthy fruit after 30 days of storage at ambient temperature were investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology in 'Huangguan' pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd cv. Huangguan) harvested from five different producing regions of Hebei province, China. The bacterial genus Gluconobacter was much more abundant in rotten fruit (76.24%) than that in healthy fruit (32.36%). In addition, Komagataeibacter and Acetobacter were also relatively higher in abundance in rotten fruit. In contrast, bacterial genera Pantoea, Alistipes, Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG were found to be more abundant in healthy fruit. Fungal genera including Botryosphaeria, Colletotrichum, Valsa, Alternaria, Rosellinia, Fusarium, and Trichothecium were found to be abundant in rotten fruit. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that there were significant differences in the microbial diversity of different regions. PAT (patulin) was detected in all rotten fruit samples, while tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariolmonomethyl ether (AME) were only detected in samples collected from one region (Weixian). Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Alistipes and Pantoea were negatively correlated with the contents of PAT, suggesting that bacterial genera Alistipes and Pantoea have potential in reducing mycotoxin production in 'Huangguan' pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei Engineering University, Handan 056021, China
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Congcong Gao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yudou Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei Engineering University, Handan 056021, China
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Velasco P, Rodríguez VM, Soengas P, Poveda J. Trichoderma hamatum Increases Productivity, Glucosinolate Content and Antioxidant Potential of Different Leafy Brassica Vegetables. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112449. [PMID: 34834812 PMCID: PMC8619120 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Brassica crops include important vegetables known as "superfoods" due to the content of phytochemicals of great interest to human health, such as glucosinolates (GSLs) and antioxidant compounds. On the other hand, Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi that includes several species described as biostimulants and/or biological control agents in agriculture. In a previous work, an endophytic strain of Trichoderma hamatum was isolated from kale roots (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), describing its ability to induce systemic resistance in its host plant. In the present work, some of the main leafy Brassica crops (kale, cabbage, leaf rape and turnip greens) have been root-inoculated with T. hamatum, having the aim to verify the possible capacity of the fungus as a biostimulant in productivity as well as the foliar content of GSLs and its antioxidant potential, in order to improve these "superfoods". The results reported, for the first time, an increase in the productivity of kale (55%), cabbage (36%) and turnip greens (46%) by T. hamatum root inoculation. Furthermore, fungal inoculation reported a significant increase in the content of total GSLs in cabbage and turnip greens, mainly of the GSLs sinigrin and gluconapin, respectively, along with an increase in their antioxidant capacity. Therefore, T. hamatum could be a good agricultural biostimulant in leafy Brassica crops, increasing the content of GSLs and antioxidant potential of great food and health interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Velasco
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (P.V.); (V.M.R.); (P.S.)
| | | | - Pilar Soengas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (P.V.); (V.M.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Campus Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Pocurull M, Fullana AM, Ferro M, Valero P, Escudero N, Saus E, Gabaldón T, Sorribas FJ. Commercial Formulates of Trichoderma Induce Systemic Plant Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato and the Effect Is Additive to That of the Mi-1.2 Resistance Gene. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3042. [PMID: 32076417 PMCID: PMC7006539 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne is the most damaging plant parasitic nematode genus affecting vegetable crops worldwide. The induction of plant defense mechanisms against Meloidogyne in tomato by some Trichoderma spp. strains has been proven in pot experiments, but there is no information for tomato bearing the Mi-1.2 resistance gene or for other important fruiting vegetable crops. Moreover, Trichoderma is mostly applied for managing fungal plant pathogens, but there is little information on its effect on nematode-antagonistic fungi naturally occurring in soils. Thus, several experiments were conducted to determine (i) the ability of two commercial formulates of Trichoderma asperellum (T34) and Trichoderma harzianum (T22) to induce systemic resistance in tomato and cucumber against an avirulent Meloidogyne incognita population in split-root experiments; (ii) the effect of combining T34 with tomato carrying the Mi-1.2 resistance gene to an avirulent M. incognita population in sterilized soil; and (iii) the effect of combining T34 with tomato carrying the Mi-1.2 resistance gene to a virulent M. incognita population in two suppressive soils in which Pochonia chlamydosporia is naturally present, and the effect of T34 on the level of P. chlamydosporia egg parasitism. Both Trichoderma formulates induced resistance to M. incognita in tomato but not in cucumber. In tomato, the number of egg masses and eggs per plant were reduced by 71 and 54% by T34, respectively. T22 reduced 48% of the number of eggs per plant but not the number of egg masses. T34 reduced the number of eggs per plant of the virulent M. incognita population in both resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars irrespective of the suppressive soil, and its effect was additive with the Mi-1.2 resistance gene. The percentage of fungal egg parasitism by P. chlamydosporia was not affected by the isolate T34 of T. asperellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pocurull
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aïda M Fullana
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Ferro
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Valero
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Escudero
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Saus
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advance Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Sorribas
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Sasidharan S, Tuladhar P, Raj S, Saudagar P. Understanding Its Role Bioengineered Trichoderma in Managing Soil-Borne Plant Diseases and Its Other Benefits. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Doungous O, Minyaka E, Longue EAM, Nkengafac NJ. Potentials of cocoa pod husk-based compost on Phytophthora pod rot disease suppression, soil fertility, and Theobroma cacao L. growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25327-25335. [PMID: 29946842 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya and reduced soil fertility are major constraints to cocoa production resulting in high yield losses. In the absence of effective control measures and constraints related to the use of chemical fungicides and fertilizers, there is a need to develop additional and sustainable disease and fertilization management strategies. With the lack of studies related to the use of compost in cocoa cultivation, the present study aims to evaluate the potential of cocoa pod husk (CPH)-based compost as a soil amendment to reduce the severity of cocoa black pod disease and enhance plant growth. In vitro antagonism test showed that compost water extracts (CWE) reduced mycelial growth with inhibition rate reaching 100% associated with microorganisms. Disease score of cocoa plantlets grown on compost-amended soils significantly reduced compared to plantlets grown on non-amended soil (control). All compost rates tested significantly increased populations of actinomycetes and fungi and biological activity in the soil. Compost application increased soil pH and majority of the essential elements but decreased Al content, which is toxic to cocoa growth in acidic soils. Soil application of compost at the dose of 20% (v/v) significantly increased stem length and number of leaves compared to the control. This study shows that CPH-based compost can not only improve soil fertility and cocoa growth but also reduce cocoa black pod disease severity by direct effects on inoculums level in the soil and by inducing resistance in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumar Doungous
- Jay P. Johnson Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, IRAD Ekona Regional Research Centre, PMB 25, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Emile Minyaka
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Essoua Alex Morel Longue
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Njukeng Jetro Nkengafac
- Rubber Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, IRAD Ekona Regional Research Centre, PMB 25, Buea, Cameroon.
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Purwantisari S, Priyatmojo A, Sancayaningsih RP, Kasiamdari RS, Budihardjo K. Systemic inducing resistance against late blight by applying antagonist Trichoderma Viride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1025/1/012053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Fungal Endophytes in Plant Roots: Taxonomy, Colonization Patterns, and Functions. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-39317-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Granke LL, Quesada-Ocampo L, Lamour K, Hausbeck MK. Advances in Research on Phytophthora capsici on Vegetable Crops in The United States. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1588-1600. [PMID: 30727465 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-12-0211-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since L. H. Leonian's first description of Phytophthora capsici as a pathogen of chile pepper in 1922, we have made many advances in our understanding of this pathogen's biology, host range, dissemination, and management. P. capsici causes foliar blighting, damping-off, wilting, and root, stem, and fruit rot of susceptible hosts, and economic losses are experienced annually in vegetable crops including cucurbits and peppers. Symptoms of P. capsici infection may manifest as stunting, girdling, or cankers for some cultivars or crops that are less susceptible. P. capsici continues to be a constraint on production, and implementation of an aggressive integrated management scheme can still result in insufficient control when weather is favorable for disease. Management of diseases caused by P. capsici is currently limited by the long-term survival of the pathogen as oospores in the soil, a wide host range, long-distance movement of the pathogen in surface water used for irrigation, the presence of fungicide-resistant pathogen populations, and a lack of commercially acceptable resistant host varieties. P. capsici can infect a wide range of hosts under laboratory and greenhouse conditions including cultivated crops, ornamentals, and native plants belonging to diverse plant families. As our understanding of P. capsici continues to grow, future research should focus on developing novel and effective solutions to manage this pathogen and prevent economic losses due to the diseases it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kurt Lamour
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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12
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Hohmann P, Jones EE, Hill RA, Stewart A. Ecological studies of the bio-inoculant Trichoderma hamatum LU592 in the root system of Pinus radiata. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 80:709-21. [PMID: 22375861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant health- and growth-promoting biological inoculant (bio-inoculant) Trichoderma hamatum LU592 was transformed with the constitutively expressed green fluorescent protein (gfp) and hygromycin B resistance (hph) genes to specifically monitor the isolate in the root system of Pinus radiata within a strong indigenous Trichoderma population. A modified dilution plating technique was developed to allow the determination of the mycelia proportion of total propagule levels. LU592 was shown to colonize the rhizosphere most effectively when 10(5) spores per pot were applied compared with inoculum concentrations of 10(3) and 10(7) spores per pot. LU592 extended its zone of activity beyond the rhizosphere to at least 1 cm away from the root surface. A positive relationship was shown between P. radiata root maturation and the spatial and temporal proliferation of LU592 in the root system. A steep increase in mycelia levels and proportion of penetrated root segments was observed after 12 weeks. This study reinforces the value of genetic markers for use in ecological studies of filamentous fungi. However, despite isolate-specific recovery of the introduced isolate, it was shown that total propagule counts do not always correlate with the amount of viable mycelium present in the root system. Therefore, it is proposed that the differentiation of mycelia from spores and root penetration is used as more accurate measures of fungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hohmann
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.
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Bae H, Roberts DP, Lim HS, Strem MD, Park SC, Ryu CM, Melnick RL, Bailey BA. Endophytic Trichoderma isolates from tropical environments delay disease onset and induce resistance against Phytophthora capsici in hot pepper using multiple mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:336-51. [PMID: 21091159 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic Trichoderma isolates collected in tropical environments were evaluated for biocontrol activity against Phytophthora capsici in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum). Six isolates were tested for parasitic and antimicrobial activity against P. capsici and for endophytic and induced resistance capabilities in pepper. Isolates DIS 70a, DIS 219b, and DIS 376f were P. capsici parasites, while DIS 70a, DIS 259j, DIS 320c, and DIS 376f metabolites inhibited P. capsici. All six isolates colonized roots but were inefficient stem colonizers. DIS 259j, DIS 320c, and DIS 376f induced defense-related expressed sequence tags (EST) in 32-day-old peppers. DIS 70a, DIS 259j, and DIS 376f delayed disease development. Initial colonization of roots by DIS 259j or DIS 376f induced EST with potential to impact Trichoderma endophytic colonization and disease development, including multiple lipid transferase protein (LTP)-like family members. The timing and intensity of induction varied between isolates. Expression of CaLTP-N, encoding a LTP-like protein in pepper, in N. benthamiana leaves reduced disease development in response to P. nicotianae inoculation, suggesting LTP are functional components of resistance induced by Trichoderma species. Trichoderma isolates were endophytic on pepper roots in which, depending on the isolate, they delayed disease development by P. capsici and induced strong and divergent defense reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhong Bae
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. [corrected]
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Gazis R, Chaverri P. Diversity of fungal endophytes in leaves and stems of wild rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in Peru. FUNGAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Maddau L, Cabras A, Franceschini A, Linaldeddu BT, Crobu S, Roggio T, Pagnozzi D. Occurrence and characterization of peptaibols from Trichoderma citrinoviride, an endophytic fungus of cork oak, using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3371-3381. [PMID: 19574303 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.030916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A cork oak endophytic strain of Trichoderma citrinoviride, previously selected for its antagonistic potential against various fungal pathogens involved in oak decline, was screened for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. From liquid culture a mixture of polypeptide antibiotics (peptaibols) belonging to the paracelsin family was isolated and characterized. This peptide mixture was purified by column chromatography and preparative TLC on silica gel, and separated by analytical HPLC. It was analysed by MALDI-TOF MS and nano-ESI-QTOF MS. Tandem mass experiments were performed to determine the amino acid sequences based on the fragmentation pattern of selected parent ions. The mixture comprised 20-residue peptides with C-terminal phenylalaninol and N-terminal acetylation. Twenty-eight amino acid sequences were identified, and amino acid exchanges were located in positions 6, 9, 12 and 17. Among them, seven sequences are new as compared to those reported in the database specifically for peptaibols and in the literature. In addition, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting the existence of non-covalent dimeric forms (homo- and hetero-) of the various peptaibol species. The peptide mixture showed strong antifungal activity toward seven important forest tree pathogens, and it was highly toxic in an Artemia salina (brine shrimp) bioassay. These results emphasize the cryptic role of endophytic fungi as a source of novel bioactive natural products and biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Maddau
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cabras
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Franceschini
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Benedetto T Linaldeddu
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Tonina Roggio
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
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Verma M, Brar SK, Tyagi R, Surampalli R, Valéro J. Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Alfano G, Ivey MLL, Cakir C, Bos JIB, Miller SA, Madden LV, Kamoun S, Hoitink HAJ. Systemic Modulation of Gene Expression in Tomato by Trichoderma hamatum 382. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:429-37. [PMID: 18943283 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-4-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A light sphagnum peat mix inoculated with Trichoderma hamatum 382 consistently provided a significant (P = 0.05) degree of protection against bacterial spot of tomato and its pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria 110c compared with the control peat mix, even though this biocontrol agent did not colonize aboveground plant parts. To gain insight into the mechanism by which T. hamatum 382 induced resistance in tomato, high-density oligonucleotide microarrays were used to determine its effect on the expression pattern of 15,925 genes in leaves just before they were inoculated with the pathogen. T. hamatum 382 consistently modulated the expression of genes in tomato leaves. We identified 45 genes to be differentially expressed across the replicated treatments, and 41 of these genes could be assigned to at least one of seven functional categories. T. hamatum 382-induced genes have functions associated with biotic or abiotic stress, as well as RNA, DNA, and protein metabolism. Four extensin and extensin-like proteins were induced. However, besides pathogenesis-related protein 5, the main markers of systemic acquired resistance were not significantly induced. This work showed that T. hamatum 382 actively induces systemic changes in plant physiology and disease resistance through systemic modulation of the expression of stress and metabolism genes.
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Kavroulakis N, Papadopoulou KK, Ntougias S, Zervakis GI, Ehaliotis C. Cytological and other aspects of pathogenesis-related gene expression in tomato plants grown on a suppressive compost. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 98:555-64. [PMID: 16877456 PMCID: PMC2803568 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies have shown that certain composts may trigger indirect defence mechanisms by sensitizing the plant to create an increased state of resistance, similar to systemic acquired resistance. In this study, the capacity of a disease-suppressive compost to alter the expression pattern of certain pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in the root system of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) provided the opportunity to study their cellular expression pattern and to investigate putative roles of these genes in the mechanisms of plant defence. METHODS Employing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ RNA:RNA hybridization techniques, the accumulation and distribution of the transcripts of the differentially expressed PR genes were examined in plants grown on compost and compared with those of control plants grown on peat. KEY RESULTS Elevated levels of expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR-1, PR-5 and P69/PR-7 were detected in the roots of tomato plants grown on the compost. A clearly distinguished spatial induction pattern was observed for these PR genes: PR-1 transcripts were almost exclusively detected in the pericycle cells surrounding the root stele of the main and lateral roots; PR-5 transcripts were present in the phloem of the root and stem tissues; and the accumulation and distribution of PR-7 transcripts was detected in discrete groups of cells that appeared sporadically in both the parenchyma and vascular system of the root, suggesting that the gene is not expressed in a tissue-specific manner. In addition, a novel cDNA clone was isolated (P69G), which probably encodes a new tomato P69 isoform. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that a suppressive compost is able to elicit consistent and increased expression of certain PR genes in the roots of tomato plants, even in the absence of any pathogen. The in situ localization studies reveal expression patterns which are in accordance with the presence of protein or with the putative roles of the respective encoded proteins. The expression of the PR genes may be triggered by the microflora of the compost or could be associated with abiotic factors of the compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Kavroulakis
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Foundation, Lakonikis 87, 24 100 Kalamata, Greece.
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Hoitink HAJ, Madden LV, Dorrance AE. Systemic Resistance Induced by Trichoderma spp.: Interactions Between the Host, the Pathogen, the Biocontrol Agent, and Soil Organic Matter Quality. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:186-9. [PMID: 18943923 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Several factors affect the ability of Trichoderma spp. to provide systemic disease control. This paper focuses on the role of the substrate in which plants are grown, resistance of the host to disease, and the ability of introduced Trichoderma inoculum to spread under commercial conditions. Several reports reveal that foliar disease control provided by Trichoderma spp. is more effective on plants grown in compost-amended media compared with in lower-in-microbial-carrying-capacity sphagnum peat media. In Rhododendron spp., host resistance affects control of Phytophthora dieback provided by Trichoderma spp. For example, T. hamatum 382 (T382) significantly (P = 0.05) suppressed the disease on susceptible cv. Roseum Elegans while plant vigor was increased. The disease was not suppressed, however, on highly susceptible cvs. Aglo and PJM Elite even though the vigor of these plants was increased. Using a strain-specific polymerase chain reaction assay under commercial conditions, it was demonstrated that introduced inoculum of T382 did not spread frequently from inoculated to control compost-amended media. Other Trichoderma isolates typically are abundant in control media within days after potting unless inoculated with a specific Trichoderma isolate. Thus, the low population of isolates that can induce systemic resistance in composting and potting mix environments may explain why most compost-amended substrates do not naturally suppress foliar diseases.
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Horst LE, Locke J, Krause CR, McMahon RW, Madden LV, Hoitink HAJ. Suppression of Botrytis Blight of Begonia by Trichoderma hamatum 382 in Peat and Compost-Amended Potting Mixes. PLANT DISEASE 2005; 89:1195-1200. [PMID: 30786443 DOI: 10.1094/pd-89-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of an industry standard light sphagnum peat potting mix with Trichoderma hamatum 382 (T382) significantly (P = 0.05) reduced the severity of Botrytis blight, caused by Botrytis cinerea, on begonia plants grown in a greenhouse. In data combined from three experiments, the degree of control provided by T382 did not differ significantly (P = 0.05) from that provided by weekly topical sprays with chlorothalonil. In addition, T382 significantly (P = 0.05) increased shoot dry weight and salability of flowering plants. Incorporation of composted cow manure (5%, vol/vol) into the light peat mix also significantly (P = 0.05) decreased blight severity while shoot dry weight and salability were increased. Blight severity on plants in this compost mix did not differ significantly (P = 0.05) from that on those in the light peat mix inoculated with T382. Finally, T382 and chlorothalonil did not significantly (P = 0.05) affect blight severity, shoot dry weight, or salability of plants grown in the compost mix. Spatial separation was maintained in begonias between the biocontrol agent T382 and the pathogen. It was concluded, therefore, that the decrease in disease severity provided by inoculation of the peat mix with T382 most likely was due to systemic resistance induced in begonia against Botrytis blight. The suppressive effect of the compost mix against Botrytis blight was unusual because composts typically do not provide such effects unless inoculated with a biocontrol agent capable of inducing systemic resistance in plants to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Horst
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - J Locke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - C R Krause
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - R W McMahon
- Ohio State University, Agricultural Technical Institute, Wooster 44691
| | - L V Madden
- Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Wooster 44691
| | - H A J Hoitink
- Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Wooster 44691
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