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Younas MU, Qasim M, Ahmad I, Feng Z, Iqbal R, Abdelbacki AMM, Rajput N, Jiang X, Rao B, Zuo S. Allelic variation in rice blast resistance: a pathway to sustainable disease management. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:935. [PMID: 39180629 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast is a major problem in agriculture, affecting rice production and threatening food security worldwide. This disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, has led to a lot of research since the discovery of the first resistance gene, pib, in 1999. Researchers have now identified more than 50 resistance genes on eight of the twelve chromosomes in rice, each targeting different strains of the pathogen.These genes are spread out across seventeen different loci. These genes, which primarily code for nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat proteins, play an important part in the defense of rice against the pathogen, either alone or in combination with other genes. An important characteristic of these genes is the allelic or paralogous interactions that exist within these loci. These relationships contribute to the gene's increased capacity for evolutionary adaptation. The ability of resistance proteins to recognize and react to novel effectors is improved by the frequent occurrence of variations within the domains that are responsible for recognizing pathogen effectors. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress that has been made in identifying these essential genes and to investigate the possibility of utilizing the allelic variants obtained from these genes in future rice breeding efforts to increase resistance to rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usama Younas
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Department of Life Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ashraf M M Abdelbacki
- Deanship of Skills Development, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nimra Rajput
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bisma Rao
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Jiang L, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Fu Q, Lu X, Huang W, Yang X, Zhou X, Wu L, Yang A, He X, Dong M, Peng Z, Yang J, Guo L, Wen J, Huang H, Xie Y, Zhu S, Li C, He X, Zhu Y, Friml J, Du Y. Phytoalexin sakuranetin attenuates endocytosis and enhances resistance to rice blast. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3437. [PMID: 38653755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoalexin sakuranetin functions in resistance against rice blast. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of sakuranetin remains elusive. Here, we report that rice lines expressing resistance (R) genes were found to contain high levels of sakuranetin, which correlates with attenuated endocytic trafficking of plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Exogenous and endogenous sakuranetin attenuates the endocytosis of various PM proteins and the fungal effector PWL2. Moreover, accumulation of the avirulence protein AvrCO39, resulting from uptake into rice cells by Magnaporthe oryzae, was reduced following treatment with sakuranetin. Pharmacological manipulation of clathrin-mediated endocytic (CME) suggests that this pathway is targeted by sakuranetin. Indeed, attenuation of CME by sakuranetin is sufficient to convey resistance against rice blast. Our data reveals a mechanism of rice against M. oryzae by increasing sakuranetin levels and repressing the CME of pathogen effectors, which is distinct from the action of many R genes that mainly function by modulating transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The Industrial Crop Institute, Fenyang, 032200, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qijing Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xinqi Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wuying Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lixia Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ao Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xie He
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Man Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ziai Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jiancheng Wen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yong Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiahong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Youyong Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yunlong Du
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Wockenfuss A, Chan K, Cooper JG, Chaya T, Mauriello MA, Yannarell SM, Maresca JA, Donofrio NM. A Bacillus velezensis strain shows antimicrobial activity against soilborne and foliar fungi and oomycetes. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1332755. [PMID: 38465255 PMCID: PMC10920214 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1332755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Biological control uses naturally occurring antagonists such as bacteria or fungi for environmentally friendly control of plant pathogens. Bacillus spp. have been used for biocontrol of numerous plant and insect pests and are well-known to synthesize a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites. We hypothesized that bacteria isolated from agricultural soil would be effective antagonists of soilborne fungal pathogens. Here, we show that the Delaware soil isolate Bacillus velezensis strain S4 has in vitro activity against soilborne and foliar plant pathogenic fungi, including two with a large host range, and one oomycete. Further, this strain shows putative protease and cellulase activity, consistent with our prior finding that the genome of this organism is highly enriched in antifungal and antimicrobial biosynthetic gene clusters. We demonstrate that this bacterium causes changes to the fungal and oomycete hyphae at the inhibition zone, with some of the hyphae forming bubble-like structures and irregular branching. We tested strain S4 against Magnaporthe oryzae spores, which typically form germ tubes and penetration structures called appressoria, on the surface of the leaf. Our results suggest that after 12 hours of incubation with the bacterium, fungal spores form germ tubes, but instead of producing appressoria, they appear to form rounded, bubble-like structures. Future work will investigate whether a single antifungal molecule induces all these effects, or if they are the result of a combination of bacterially produced antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wockenfuss
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kevin Chan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jessica G. Cooper
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Timothy Chaya
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Megan A. Mauriello
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sarah M. Yannarell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Julia A. Maresca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Nicole M. Donofrio
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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4
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Biswas B, Thakur K, Pote TD, Sharma KD, Krishnan SG, Singh AK, Sharma TR, Rathour R. Genetic and molecular analysis of leaf blast resistance in Tetep derived line RIL4 and its relationship to genes at Pita/Pita 2 locus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18683. [PMID: 37907574 PMCID: PMC10618204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vietnamese indica landrace 'Tetep' is known worldwide for its durable and broad spectrum-resistance to blast. We performed genetic and molecular analyses of leaf blast resistance in a Tetep derived recombinant inbred line 'RIL4' which is resistant to both leaf and neck blast. Phenotypic analysis of segregating F2 progenies suggested that leaf blast resistance in RIL4 was controlled by a dominant gene tentatively designated as Pi-l(t). The gene was mapped to a 2.4 cm region close to the centromere of chromosome 12. The search for the gene content in the equivalent genomic region of reference cv. Nipponbare revealed the presence of five NBS-LRR genes, two of which corresponded to the alleles of Pita and Pi67 genes previously identified from Tetep. The two other genes, LOC_Os12g17090, and LOC_Os12g17490 represented the homologs of stripe rust resistance gene Yr10. The allelic tests with Pita2 and Pi67 lines suggested that the leaf blast resistance gene in RIL4 is either allelic or tightly linked to these genes. The genomic position of the leaf blast resistance gene in RIL4 perfectly coincided with the genomic position of a neck blast resistance gene Pb2 previously identified from this line suggesting that the same gene confers resistance to leaf and neck blast. The present results were discussed in juxtaposition with past studies on the genes of Pita/Pita2 resistance gene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Biswas
- CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - K Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag, 175048, India
| | - T D Pote
- CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - K D Sharma
- CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - S Gopala Krishnan
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - A K Singh
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - T R Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - R Rathour
- CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India.
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5
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Yang L, Liu X, Wang J, Li L, Feng W, Ji Z. Pyridoxine biosynthesis protein MoPdx1 affects the development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1099967. [PMID: 36824685 PMCID: PMC9941553 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1099967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
B vitamins are essential micro-organic compounds for the development of humans and animals. Vitamin B6 comprises a group of components including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. In addition, vitamin B6 acts as the coenzymes in amino acid biosynthesis, decarboxylation, racemic reactions, and other biological processes. In this study, we found that the expressions of a gene encoding pyridoxine biosynthesis protein (PDX1) were significantly upregulated in the early infectious stages in M. oryzae. Furthermore, deletion of MoPDX1 slowed vegetative growth on different media, especially on MM media, and the growth defect was rescued when MoPdx1-protein was expressed in mutants strains and when commercial VB6 (pyridoxine) was added exogenously. However, VB6 content in different strains cultured in CM media has no significant difference, suggested that MoPdx1 was involved in de novo VB6 biosynthesis not in uptake process, and VB6 regulates the vegetative growth of M. oryzae. The ΔMopdx1 mutants presented abnormal appressorium turgor, slowed invasive growth and reduced virulence on rice seedlings and sheath cells. MoPdx1 was located in the cytoplasm and present in spore and germ tubes at 14 hours post inoculation (hpi) and then transferred into the appressorium at 24 hpi. Addition of VB6 in the conidial suspentions could rescue the defects of appressorium turgor pressure at 14 hpi or 24 hpi, invasive growth and pathogenicity of the MoPDX1 deletion mutants. Indicated that MoPdx1 affected the appressorium turgor pressure, invasive growth and virulence mainly depended on de novo VB6, and VB6 was biosynthesized in conidia, then transported into the appressorium, which play important roles in substances transportation from conidia to appressorium thus to regulate the appressorium turgor pressure. However, deletion of MoPDX1 did not affect the ability that scavenge ROS produced by rice cells, and the mutant strains were unable to activate host defense responses. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays investigating potential MoPdx1-interacting proteins suggested that MoPdx1 might take part in multiple pathways, especially in the ribosome and in biosynthesis of some substances. These results indicate that vitamins are involved in the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Zhaolin Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Zhaolin Ji,
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Screening of Candidate Effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae by In Vitro Secretomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043189. [PMID: 36834598 PMCID: PMC9962664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast, one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide. Secreted proteins play essential roles during a M. oryzae-rice interaction. Although much progress has been made in recent decades, it is still necessary to systematically explore M. oryzae-secreted proteins and to analyze their functions. This study employs a shotgun-based proteomic analysis to investigate the in vitro secretome of M. oryzae by spraying fungus conidia onto the PVDF membrane to mimic the early stages of infection, during which 3315 non-redundant secreted proteins were identified. Among these proteins, 9.6% (319) and 24.7% (818) are classified as classically or non-classically secreted proteins, while the remaining 1988 proteins (60.0%) are secreted through currently unknown secretory pathway. Functional characteristics analysis show that 257 (7.8%) and 90 (2.7%) secreted proteins are annotated as CAZymes and candidate effectors, respectively. Eighteen candidate effectors are selected for further experimental validation. All 18 genes encoding candidate effectors are significantly up- or down-regulated during the early infection process. Sixteen of the eighteen candidate effectors cause the suppression of BAX-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana by using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay, suggesting their involvement in pathogenicity related to secretion effectors. Our results provide high-quality experimental secretome data of M. oryzae and will expand our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of M. oryzae pathogenesis.
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Syauqi J, Chen RK, Cheng AH, Wu YF, Chung CL, Lin CC, Chou HP, Wu HY, Jian JY, Liao CT, Kuo CC, Chu SC, Tsai YC, Liao DJ, Wu YP, Abadi AL, Sulistyowati L, Shen WC. Surveillance of Rice Blast Resistance Effectiveness and Emerging Virulent Isolates in Taiwan. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3187-3197. [PMID: 35581907 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2806-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a dangerous threat to rice production and food security worldwide. Breeding and proper deployment of resistant varieties are effective and environmentally friendly strategies to manage this notorious disease. However, a highly dynamic and quickly evolved rice blast pathogen population in the field has made disease control with resistance germplasms more challenging. Therefore, continued monitoring of pathogen dynamics and application of effective resistance varieties are critical tasks to prolong or sustain field resistance. Here, we report a team project that involved evaluation of rice blast resistance genes and surveillance of M. oryzae field populations in Taiwan. A set of International Rice Research Institute-bred blast-resistant lines (IRBLs) carrying single blast resistance genes was utilized to monitor the field effectiveness of rice blast resistance. Resistance genes such as Ptr (formerly Pita2) and Pi9 exhibited the best and most durable resistance against the rice blast fungus population in Taiwan. Interestingly, line IRBLb-B harboring the Pib gene with good field protection has recently shown susceptible lesions in some locations. To dissect the genotypic features of virulent isolates against the Pib resistance gene, M. oryzae isolates were collected and analyzed. Screening of the AvrPib locus revealed that the majority of field isolates still maintained the wild-type AvrPib status but eight virulent genotypes were found. Pot3 insertion appeared to be a major way to disrupt the AvrPib avirulence function. Interestingly, a novel AvrPib double-allele genotype among virulent isolates was first identified. Pot2 repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) fingerprinting analysis indicated that mutation events may occur independently among different lineages in different geographic locations of Taiwan. This study provides our surveillance experience of rice blast disease and serves as the foundation to sustain rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jauhar Syauqi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brawijaya, Lowokwaru, Malang City, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia
| | - Rong-Kuen Chen
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hsinhua District, Tainan 712009, Taiwan
| | - An-Hsiu Cheng
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hsinhua District, Tainan 712009, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Fang Wu
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hsinhua District, Tainan 712009, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Taidung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Taidung City 950244, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Ping Chou
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Pingtung County 908126, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuh Wu
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 327005, Taiwan
| | - Jen-You Jian
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 327005, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Liao
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua County 515008, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Kuo
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua County 515008, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Chu
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 363201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Tsai
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien County 973044, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Jing Liao
- Department of Agronomy, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi City 600015, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Pei Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi City 600015, Taiwan
| | - Abdul Latief Abadi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brawijaya, Lowokwaru, Malang City, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia
| | - Liliek Sulistyowati
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brawijaya, Lowokwaru, Malang City, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia
| | - Wei-Chiang Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
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Guo J, Cheng Y. Advances in Fungal Elicitor-Triggered Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12003. [PMID: 36233304 PMCID: PMC9569958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an array of pathogenic fungi in the natural environment of plants, which produce some molecules including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors during infection. These molecules, which can be recognized by plant specific receptors to activate plant immunity, including PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity), are called elicitors. Undoubtedly, identification of novel fungal elicitors and their plant receptors and comprehensive understanding about fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity will be of great significance to effectively control plant diseases. Great progress has occurred in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity, especially in the signaling pathways of PTI and ETI, in recent years. Here, recent advances in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity are summarized and their important contribution to the enlightenment of plant disease control is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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9
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Liu J, Zhang S, Xie P, Wang L, Xue JY, Zhang Y, Lu R, Hang Y, Wang Y, Sun X. Fitness benefits play a vital role in the retention of the Pi-ta susceptible alleles. Genetics 2022; 220:6526399. [PMID: 35143673 PMCID: PMC8982021 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, large numbers of R genes, which segregate as loci with alternative alleles conferring different levels of disease resistance to pathogens, have been maintained over a long period of evolution. The reason why hosts harbor susceptible alleles in view of their null contribution to resistance is unclear. In rice, a single copy gene, Pi-ta, segregates for 2 expressed clades of alleles, 1 resistant and the other susceptible. We simulated loss-of-function of the Pi-ta susceptible allele using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to detect subsequent fitness changes and obtained insights into fitness effects related to the retention of the Pi-ta susceptible allele. Our creation of an artificial knockout of the Pi-ta susceptible allele suffered fitness-related trait declines of up to 49% in terms of filled grain yield upon the loss of Pi-ta function. The Pi-ta susceptible alleles might serve as an off-switch to downstream immune signaling, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of plant defense responses. The results demonstrated that the susceptible Pi-ta alleles should have evolved pleiotropic functions, facilitating their retention in populations. As Pi-ta is a single copy gene with no paralogs in the genome, its function cannot be compensated by an alternative gene; whereas most other R genes form gene clusters by tandem duplications, and the function could be compensated by paralogs with high sequence similarity. This attempt to evaluate the fitness effects of the R gene in crops indicates that not all disease resistance genes incur fitness costs, which also provides a plausible explanation for how host genomes can tolerate the possible genetic load associated with a vast repertoire of R genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suobing Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Yu Xue
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China,College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ruisen Lu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yueyu Hang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China,Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China. ; Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Sun
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China,Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China. ; Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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10
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Juma RU, Bartholomé J, Thathapalli Prakash P, Hussain W, Platten JD, Lopena V, Verdeprado H, Murori R, Ndayiragije A, Katiyar SK, Islam MR, Biswas PS, Rutkoski JE, Arbelaez JD, Mbute FN, Miano DW, Cobb JN. Identification of an Elite Core Panel as a Key Breeding Resource to Accelerate the Rate of Genetic Improvement for Irrigated Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:92. [PMID: 34773509 PMCID: PMC8590642 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice genetic improvement is a key component of achieving and maintaining food security in Asia and Africa in the face of growing populations and climate change. In this effort, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) continues to play a critical role in creating and disseminating rice varieties with higher productivity. Due to increasing demand for rice, especially in Africa, there is a strong need to accelerate the rate of genetic improvement for grain yield. In an effort to identify and characterize the elite breeding pool of IRRI's irrigated rice breeding program, we analyzed 102 historical yield trials conducted in the Philippines during the period 2012-2016 and representing 15,286 breeding lines (including released varieties). A mixed model approach based on the pedigree relationship matrix was used to estimate breeding values for grain yield, which ranged from 2.12 to 6.27 t·ha-1. The rate of genetic gain for grain yield was estimated at 8.75 kg·ha-1 year-1 (0.23%) for crosses made in the period from 1964 to 2014. Reducing the data to only IRRI released varieties, the rate doubled to 17.36 kg·ha-1 year-1 (0.46%). Regressed against breeding cycle the rate of gain for grain yield was 185 kg·ha-1 cycle-1 (4.95%). We selected 72 top performing lines based on breeding values for grain yield to create an elite core panel (ECP) representing the genetic diversity in the breeding program with the highest heritable yield values from which new products can be derived. The ECP closely aligns with the indica 1B sub-group of Oryza sativa that includes most modern varieties for irrigated systems. Agronomic performance of the ECP under multiple environments in Asia and Africa confirmed its high yield potential. We found that the rate of genetic gain for grain yield found in this study was limited primarily by long cycle times and the direct introduction of non-improved material into the elite pool. Consequently, the current breeding scheme for irrigated rice at IRRI is based on rapid recurrent selection among highly elite lines. In this context, the ECP constitutes an important resource for IRRI and NAREs breeders to carefully characterize and manage that elite diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselyne U Juma
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 50100-169, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Jérôme Bartholomé
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines.
- AGAP Institut, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Parthiban Thathapalli Prakash
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
| | - Waseem Hussain
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
| | - John D Platten
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
| | - Vitaliano Lopena
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
| | - Holden Verdeprado
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rosemary Murori
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) C/O ILRI, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexis Ndayiragije
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- Institiuto de Investigação de Moçambique (IIAM), Av. das FPLM nr 2698, Recinto do IIAM, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sanjay Kumar Katiyar
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- International Rice Research Institute, South Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- Bangladesh Office, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Partha S Biswas
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Jessica E Rutkoski
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA, Illinois
| | - Juan D Arbelaez
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA, Illinois
| | - Felister N Mbute
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Douglas W Miano
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Joshua N Cobb
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, 1301 Los Baños, Metro, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines.
- RiceTec. Inc, PO Box 1305, Alvin, TX, 77512, USA.
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11
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Terensan S, Fernando HNS, Silva JN, Perera SACN, Kottearachchi NS, Weerasena OVDSJ. In silico molecular and morphological analysis of rice blast resistant gene Pi-ta in Sri Lankan rice germplasm. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:163. [PMID: 34676451 PMCID: PMC8531186 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Pi-ta is a major blast resistant gene, introgressed from indica rice varieties. In this study, diversity of the Pi-ta gene of 47 Sri Lankan rice accessions was studied by bioinformatics, and the results were validated with molecular and disease reaction assays. Sequences of rice accessions at the locus Os12g0281300 were retrieved from Rice SNP-Seek Database, and the coding sequence of reference Pi-ta gene of cultivar Tetep (accession no. GQ918486.1) was obtained from GenBank. Comparisons were made at nucleotide, amino acid, and protein structure level, and the 3D models predicted using Phyre2 software were superimposed using TM-align software. Results In silico analysis revealed that 10 accessions possessed resistant allele of the Pi-ta gene. The remaining accessions recorded high polymorphism in the leucine-rich domain resulting in 9 allele types, leading to single–amino acid substitutions at 27 different positions including a functional mutation of alanine to serine at the 918th amino acid position. None of the genotypes led to truncations in the amino acid sequence. The in silico analysis results were validated on 23 accessions comprising resistant and susceptible genotypes and another 25 cultivars from Northern Sri Lanka, by molecular assay using YL183/YL87 and YL155/YL87 resistant and susceptible allele-specific markers. Resistance of Pi-ta gene for the causal fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, was further validated through pathogenicity assay. Conclusion The Pi-ta gene, especially the LRD region, revealed significant variations within Sri Lankan rice cultivars leading to high levels of resistance against blast. This information would be highly useful in breeding programmes for resistance against rice blast. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-021-00239-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvanthini Terensan
- Institute of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - J Nilanthi Silva
- Regional Rice Research and Development Centre, Bombuwala, Sri Lanka
| | - S A Chandrika N Perera
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Nisha S Kottearachchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Sri Lanka
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12
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Gupta L, Vermani M, Kaur Ahluwalia S, Vijayaraghavan P. Molecular virulence determinants of Magnaporthe oryzae: disease pathogenesis and recent interventions for disease management in rice plant. Mycology 2021; 12:174-187. [PMID: 34552809 PMCID: PMC8451642 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1868594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, causative agent of the rice blast disease, is a major concern for the loss in yield of rice crop across the globe. It is known for its characteristic melanised dome-shaped appressorium containing a dense melanin layer. The melanised layer is of considerable importance as it is required to generate turgor pressure for initiating peg formation, consequently rupturing the plant cuticle. Various virulence factors play an important role in the disease progression as well as pathogenesis of the fungus. Some of the proteins encoded by virulence genes are associated with signalling, secondary metabolism, protein deprivation, defence responses and conidiation. The purpose of this review is to describe various fungal virulence determinants and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that are involved in progression of the disease. Besides, the recent molecular approaches being employed to combat the rice blast have also been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Gupta
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Maansi Vermani
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Simran Kaur Ahluwalia
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
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Sathe AP, Kumar A, Mandlik R, Raturi G, Yadav H, Kumar N, Shivaraj SM, Jaswal R, Kapoor R, Gupta SK, Sharma TR, Sonah H. Role of silicon in elevating resistance against sheath blight and blast diseases in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:128-139. [PMID: 34102436 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae and sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, are the two major diseases of rice that cause enormous losses in rice production worldwide. Identification and utilization of broad-spectrum resistance resources have been considered sustainable and effective strategies. However, the majority of the resistance genes and QTLs identified have often been found to be race-specific, and their resistance is frequently broken down due to continuous exposure to the pathogen. Therefore, integrated approaches to improve plant resistance against such devastating pathogen have great importance. Silicon (Si), a beneficial element for plant growth, has shown to provide a prophylactic effect against many pathogens. The application of Si helps the plants to combat the disease-causing pathogens, either through its deposition in different parts of the plant or through modulation/induction of specific defense genes by yet an unknown mechanism. Some reports have shown that Si imparts resistance to rice blast and sheath blight. The present review summarizes the mechanism of Si transport and deposition and its effect on rice growth and development. A special emphasis has been given to explore the existing evidence showing Si mediated blast and sheath blight resistance and the mechanism involved in resistance. This review will help to understand the prophylactic effects of Si against sheath blight and blast disease at the mechanical, physiological, and genetic levels. The information provided here will help develop a strategy to explore Si derived benefits for sustainable rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Himanshu Yadav
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Nirbhay Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | | | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Department of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India.
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14
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Schoina C, Rodenburg SYA, Meijer HJG, Seidl MF, Lacambra LT, Bouwmeester K, Govers F. Mining oomycete proteomes for metalloproteases leads to identification of candidate virulence factors in Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:551-563. [PMID: 33657266 PMCID: PMC8035641 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens deploy a wide range of pathogenicity factors, including a plethora of proteases, to modify host tissue or manipulate host defences. Metalloproteases (MPs) have been implicated in virulence in several animal and plant pathogens. Here we investigated the repertoire of MPs in 46 stramenopile species including 37 oomycetes, 5 diatoms, and 4 brown algae. Screening their complete proteomes using hidden Markov models (HMMs) trained for MP detection resulted in over 4,000 MPs, with most species having between 65 and 100 putative MPs. Classification in clans and families according to the MEROPS database showed a highly diverse MP repertoire in each species. Analyses of domain composition, orthologous groups, distribution, and abundance within the stramenopile lineage revealed a few oomycete-specific MPs and MPs potentially related to lifestyle. In-depth analyses of MPs in the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans revealed 91 MPs, divided over 21 protein families, including 25 MPs with a predicted signal peptide or signal anchor. Expression profiling showed different patterns of MP gene expression during pre-infection and infection stages. When expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, 12 MPs changed the sizes of lesions caused by inoculation with P. infestans; with 9 MPs the lesions were larger, suggesting a positive effect on the virulence of P. infestans, while 3 MPs had a negative effect, resulting in smaller lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic inventory of MPs in oomycetes and the first study pinpointing MPs as potential pathogenicity factors in Phytophthora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Present address:
Enza Zaden Research and Development B. V.EnkhuizenNetherlands
| | - Sander Y. A. Rodenburg
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Present address:
The Hyve B. V.UtrechtNetherlands
| | - Harold J. G. Meijer
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Present address:
Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics groupDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Lysette T. Lacambra
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Present address:
East‐West Seed Knowledge TransferNonthaburiThailand
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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15
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Deng Y, Ning Y, Yang DL, Zhai K, Wang GL, He Z. Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance and Perspectives on Breeding Strategies for Resistance Improvement in Crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1402-1419. [PMID: 32979566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide, which affects global food security. The use of resistance (R) genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases. Here, we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling, and susceptibility (S) gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery, how to balance resistance and yield, and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance. With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences, the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable, and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keran Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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16
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Narula K, Choudhary P, Ghosh S, Elagamey E, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S. Comparative Nuclear Proteomics Analysis Provides Insight into the Mechanism of Signaling and Immune Response to Blast Disease Caused byMagnaportheoryzaein Rice. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800188. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Eman Elagamey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi 110067 India
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17
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Chen X, Jia Y, Wu BM. Evaluation of Rice Responses to the Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae at Different Growth Stages. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:132-136. [PMID: 30444467 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-1873-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is the most damaging disease for rice worldwide. However, the reactions of rice to M. oryzae at different growth stages are largely unknown. In the present study, two temperate japonica rice cultivars, M-202 and Nipponbare, were inoculated synchronously at different vegetative growth stages, V1 to V10. Plants of M-202 at each stage from V1 to reproductive stage R8 were inoculated with M. oryzae race (isolate) IB-49 (ZN61) under controlled conditions. Disease reactions were recorded 7 days postinoculation by measuring the percentage of diseased area of all leaves, excluding the youngest leaf. The results showed that the plants were significantly susceptible at the V1 to V4 stages with a disease severity of 26.7 to 46.8% and disease index of 18.62 to 37.76 for M-202. At the V1 to V2 stages, the plants were significantly susceptible with a disease a severity of 28.6 to 39.3% and disease index of 23.65 to 29.82 for Nipponbare. Similar results were observed when plants of M-202 were inoculated at each growth stage with a disease severity of 29.7 to 60.6% and disease index of 21.93 to 59.25 from V1 to V4. Susceptibility decreased after the V5 stage (severity 4.6% and index 2.17) and became completely resistant at the V9 to V10 stages and after the reproductive stages, suggesting that plants have enhanced disease resistance at later growth stages. These findings are useful for managing rice blast disease in commercial rice production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yulin Jia
- USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, U.S.A
| | - Bo Ming Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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18
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Chen X, Jia Y, Jia MH, Pinson SRM, Wang X, Wu BM. Functional Interactions Between Major Rice Blast Resistance Genes, Pi-ta and Pi-b, and Minor Blast Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1095-1103. [PMID: 29658844 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-18-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Major blast resistance (R) genes confer resistance in a gene-for-gene manner. However, little information is available on interactions between R genes. In this study, interactions between two rice blast R genes, Pi-ta and Pi-b, and other minor blast resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were investigated in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population comprising 243 RILs from a Cybonnet (CYBT) × Saber (SB) cross. CYBT has the R gene Pi-ta and SB has Pi-b. Ten differential isolates of four Magnaporthe oryzae races (IB-1, IB-17, IB-49, and IE-1K) were used to evaluate disease reactions of the 243 RILs under greenhouse conditions. Five resistance QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 8, 9, and 12 with a linkage map of 179 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Among them, qBR12 (Q1), was mapped at the Pi-ta locus and accounted for 45.41% of phenotypic variation while qBR2 (Q2) was located at the Pi-b locus and accounted for 24.81% of disease reactions. The additive-by-additive epistatic interaction between Q1 (Pi-ta) and Q2 (Pi-b) was detected; they can enhance the disease resistance by an additive 0.93 using the 0 to 9 standard phenotyping method. These results suggest that Pi-ta interacts synergistically with Pi-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Chen
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193; and first, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Stuttgart, AR 72160
| | - Yulin Jia
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193; and first, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Stuttgart, AR 72160
| | - Melissa H Jia
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193; and first, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Stuttgart, AR 72160
| | - Shannon R M Pinson
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193; and first, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Stuttgart, AR 72160
| | - Xueyan Wang
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193; and first, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Stuttgart, AR 72160
| | - B M Wu
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193; and first, second, third, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Stuttgart, AR 72160
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19
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Marton K, Flajšman M, Radišek S, Košmelj K, Jakše J, Javornik B, Berne S. Comprehensive analysis of Verticillium nonalfalfae in silico secretome uncovers putative effector proteins expressed during hop invasion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198971. [PMID: 29894496 PMCID: PMC5997321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular plant pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae causes Verticillium wilt in several important crops. VnaSSP4.2 was recently discovered as a V. nonalfalfae virulence effector protein in the xylem sap of infected hop. Here, we expanded our search for candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) in the V. nonalfalfae predicted secretome using a bioinformatic pipeline built on V. nonalfalfae genome data, RNA-Seq and proteomic studies of the interaction with hop. The secretome, rich in carbohydrate active enzymes, proteases, redox proteins and proteins involved in secondary metabolism, cellular processing and signaling, includes 263 CSEPs. Several homologs of known fungal effectors (LysM, NLPs, Hce2, Cerato-platanins, Cyanovirin-N lectins, hydrophobins and CFEM domain containing proteins) and avirulence determinants in the PHI database (Avr-Pita1 and MgSM1) were found. The majority of CSEPs were non-annotated and were narrowed down to 44 top priority candidates based on their likelihood of being effectors. These were examined by spatio-temporal gene expression profiling of infected hop. Among the highest in planta expressed CSEPs, five deletion mutants were tested in pathogenicity assays. A deletion mutant of VnaUn.279, a lethal pathotype specific gene with sequence similarity to SAM-dependent methyltransferase (LaeA), had lower infectivity and showed highly reduced virulence, but no changes in morphology, fungal growth or conidiation were observed. Several putative secreted effector proteins that probably contribute to V. nonalfalfae colonization of hop were identified in this study. Among them, LaeA gene homolog was found to act as a potential novel virulence effector of V. nonalfalfae. The combined results will serve for future characterization of V. nonalfalfae effectors, which will advance our understanding of Verticillium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Marton
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Singh PK, Ray S, Thakur S, Rathour R, Sharma V, Sharma TR. Co-evolutionary interactions between host resistance and pathogen avirulence genes in rice-Magnaporthe oryzae pathosystem. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 115:9-19. [PMID: 29630984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rice and Magnaporthe oryzae constitutes an ideal pathosystem for studying host-pathogen interaction in cereals crops. There are two alternative hypotheses, viz. Arms race and Trench warfare, which explain the co-evolutionary dynamics of hosts and pathogens which are under continuous confrontation. Arms race proposes that both R- and Avr- genes of host and pathogen, respectively, undergo positive selection. Alternatively, trench warfare suggests that either R- or Avr- gene in the pathosystem is under balanced selection intending to stabilize the genetic advantage gained over the opposition. Here, we made an attempt to test the above-stated hypotheses in rice-M. oryzae pathosystem at loci of three R-Avr gene pairs, Piz-t-AvrPiz-t, Pi54-AvrPi54 and Pita-AvrPita using allele mining approach. Allele mining is an efficient way to capture allelic variants existing in the population and to study the selective forces imposed on the variants during evolution. Results of nucleotide diversity, neutrality statistics and phylogenetic analyses reveal that Piz-t, Pi54 and AvrPita are diversified and under positive selection at their corresponding loci, while their counterparts, AvrPiz-t, AvrPi54 and Pita are conserved and under balancing selection, in nature. These results imply that rice-M. oryzae populations are engaged in a trench warfare at least at the three R/Avr loci studied. It is a maiden attempt to study the co-evolution of three R-Avr gene pairs in this pathosystem. Knowledge gained from this study will help in understanding the evolutionary dynamics of host-pathogen interaction in a better way and will also aid in developing new durable blast resistant rice varieties in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 012, India; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan 304 022, India
| | - Soham Ray
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Shallu Thakur
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Rajeev Rathour
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK HPKV, Palampur, H.P. 176 062, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan 304 022, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 012, India; National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab 140 306, India.
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Khan GH, Shikari AB, Vaishnavi R, Najeeb S, Padder BA, Bhat ZA, Parray GA, Bhat MA, Kumar R, Singh NK. Marker-assisted introgression of three dominant blast resistance genes into an aromatic rice cultivar Mushk Budji. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4091. [PMID: 29511225 PMCID: PMC5840290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern high yielding rice varieties have replaced most of the traditional cultivars in recent past. Mushk Budji, is one such short grained landrace known for its aroma and exquisite quality, however, is highly susceptible to blast disease that has led to considerable decline in its area. Mushk Budji was crossed to a triple-gene donor line, DHMAS 70Q 164-1b and followed through marker-assisted foreground and background selection in first and second backcross generations that helped to incorporate blast resistance genes Pi54, Pi1 and Pita. Marker-assisted background selection was carried out using 78 SSR and STS markers that helped to reduce linkage drag around the genes Pi54, Pi1 and Pita to 2.74, 4.60 and 2.03 Mb, respectively. The three-gene lines in BC2F2:3 were genotyped using 50 K SNP chip and revealed more than 92% genome similarity to the RP. 2-D gel assay detected differentially expressing 171 protein spots among a set of backcross derived lines, of which 38 spots showing match score of 4 helped us to calculate the proteome recovery. MALDI-TOF analysis helped to detect four significant proteins that were linked to quality and disease resistance. The improved lines expressed resistance to blast under artificial and natural field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Hassan Khan
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Asif Bashir Shikari
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J & K, India.
| | - Rakesh Vaishnavi
- DARS, Old Airport Road, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Budgam, J & K, India
| | - Sofi Najeeb
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, J & K, India
| | - Bilal A Padder
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Zahoor A Bhat
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Ghulam A Parray
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, J & K, India
| | - Mohammad Ashraf Bhat
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, FOA, Wadura, Sopore, Baramullah, J & K, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Nagendra K Singh
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
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Dang X, Fang B, Chen X, Li D, Sowadan O, Dong Z, Liu E, She D, Wu G, Liang Y, Hong D. Favorable Marker Alleles for Panicle Exsertion Length in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Mined by Association Mapping and the RSTEP-LRT Method. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2112. [PMID: 29312380 PMCID: PMC5732986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The panicle exsertion length (PEL) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important trait for hybrid seed production. We investigated the PEL in a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population consisting of 66 lines and a natural population composed of 540 varieties. In the CSSL population, a total of seven QTLs for PEL were detected across two environments. The percentage of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranged from 10.22 to 50.18%, and the additive effect ranged from -1.77 to 6.47 cm. Among the seven QTLs, qPEL10.2 had the largest PVE, 44.05 and 50.18%, with an additive effect of 5.91 and 6.47 cm in 2015 and in 2016, respectively. In the natural population, 13 SSR marker loci were detected that were associated with PEL in all four environments, with the PVE ranging from 1.20 to 6.26%. Among the 13 loci, 7 were novel. The RM5746-170 bp allele had the largest phenotypic effect (5.11 cm), and the typical carrier variety was Qiaobinghuang. An RM5620-RM6100 region harboring the EUI2 locus on chromosome 10 was detected in both populations. The sequencing results showed that the accessions with a shorter PEL contained the A base, while the accessions with a longer PEL contained the G base at the 1,475 bp location of the EUI2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Delin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Liu H, Guo Z, Gu F, Ke S, Sun D, Dong S, Liu W, Huang M, Xiao W, Yang G, Liu Y, Guo T, Wang H, Wang J, Chen Z. 4-Coumarate-CoA Ligase-Like Gene OsAAE3 Negatively Mediates the Rice Blast Resistance, Floret Development and Lignin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2041. [PMID: 28119718 PMCID: PMC5222848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although adenosine monophosphate (AMP) binding domain is widely distributed in multiple plant species, detailed molecular functions of AMP binding proteins (AMPBPs) in plant development and plant-pathogen interaction remain unclear. In the present study, we identified an AMPBP OsAAE3 from a previous analysis of early responsive genes in rice during Magnaporthe oryzae infection. OsAAE3 is a homolog of Arabidopsis AAE3 in rice, which encodes a 4-coumarate-Co-A ligase (4CL) like protein. A phylogenetic analysis showed that OsAAE3 was most likely 4CL-like 10 in an independent group. OsAAE3 was localized to cytoplasm, and it could be expressed in various tissues. Histochemical staining of transgenic plants carrying OsAAE3 promoter-driven GUS (β-glucuronidase) reporter gene suggested that OsAAE3 was expressed in all tissues of rice. Furthermore, OsAAE3-OX plants showed increased susceptibility to M. Oryzae, and this finding was attributable to decreased expression of pathogen-related 1a (PR1) and low level of peroxidase (POD) activity. Moreover, OsAAE3 over-expression resulted in increased content of H2O2, leading to programmed cell-death induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, OsAAE3 over-expression repressed the floret development, exhibiting dramatically twisted glume and decreased fertility rate of anther. Meanwhile, the expressions of lignin biosynthesis genes were significantly decreased in OsAAE3-OX plants, thereby leading to reduced lignin content. Taken together, OsAAE3 functioned as a negative regulator in rice blast resistance, floret development, and lignin biosynthesis. Our findings further expanded the knowledge in functions of AMBPs in plant floret development and the regulation of rice-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- Department of Rice Breeding, Jiamusi Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesJiamusi, China
| | - Fengwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Shanwen Ke
- Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Dayuan Sun
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant ProtectionGuangzhou, China
| | - Shuangyu Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ming Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wuming Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Guili Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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