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Mukhopadhyay S, Garvetto A, Neuhauser S, Pérez-López E. Decoding the Arsenal: Protist Effectors and Their Impact on Photosynthetic Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:498-506. [PMID: 38551366 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-23-0196-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between various microbial pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and their plant hosts have traditionally been the focus of phytopathology. In recent years, a significant and growing interest in the study of eukaryotic microorganisms not classified among fungi or oomycetes has emerged. Many of these protists establish complex interactions with photosynthetic hosts, and understanding these interactions is crucial in understanding the dynamics of these parasites within traditional and emerging types of farming, including marine aquaculture. Many phytopathogenic protists are biotrophs with complex polyphasic life cycles, which makes them difficult or impossible to culture, a fact reflected in a wide gap in the availability of comprehensive genomic data when compared to fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. Furthermore, our ability to use available genomic resources for these protists is limited by the broad taxonomic distance that these organisms span, which makes comparisons with other genomic datasets difficult. The current rapid progress in genomics and computational tools for the prediction of protein functions and interactions is revolutionizing the landscape in plant pathology. This is also opening novel possibilities, specifically for a deeper understanding of protist effectors. Tools like AlphaFold2 enable structure-based function prediction of effector candidates with divergent protein sequences. In turn, this allows us to ask better biological questions and, coupled with innovative experimental strategies, will lead into a new era of effector research, especially for protists, to expand our knowledge on these elusive pathogens and their interactions with photosynthetic hosts. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Mukhopadhyay
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- L'Institute EDS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Garvetto
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- L'Institute EDS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Salih R, Brochu AS, Labbé C, Strelkov SE, Franke C, Bélanger R, Pérez-López E. A Hydroponic-Based Bioassay to Facilitate Plasmodiophora brassicae Phenotyping. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:131-138. [PMID: 37536345 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0959-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the canola/oilseed rape (Brassica napus) industry worldwide. Currently, the planting of clubroot-resistant (CR) cultivars is the most effective strategy used to restrict the spread and the economic losses linked to the disease. However, virulent P. brassicae isolates have been able to infect many of the currently available CR cultivars, and the options to manage the disease are becoming limited. Another challenge has been achieving consistency in evaluating host reactions to P. brassicae infection, with most bioassays conducted in soil and/or potting medium, which requires significant space and can be labor intensive. Visual scoring of clubroot symptom development can also be influenced by user bias. Here, we have developed a hydroponic bioassay using well-characterized P. brassicae single-spore isolates representative of clubroot virulence in Canada, as well as field isolates from three Canadian provinces in combination with canola inbred homozygous lines carrying resistance genetics representative of CR cultivars available to growers in Canada. To improve the efficiency and consistency of disease assessment, symptom severity scores were compared with clubroot evaluations based on the scanned root area. According to the results, this bioassay offers a reliable, less expensive, and reproducible option to evaluate P. brassicae virulence, as well as to identify which canola resistance profile(s) may be effective against particular isolates. This bioassay will contribute to the breeding of new CR canola cultivars and the identification of virulence genes in P. brassicae that could trigger resistance and that have been very elusive to this day.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Salih
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Brochu
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Labbé
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Coreen Franke
- Nutrien Ag Solutions Canada, Saskatoon, SK S4N 4L8, Canada
| | - Richard Bélanger
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Ando S, Otawara S, Tabei Y, Tsushima S. Plasmodiophora brassicae affects host gene expression by secreting the transcription factor-type effector PbZFE1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:454-467. [PMID: 37738570 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae hijacks the metabolism and development of host cruciferous plants and induces clubroot formation, but little is known about its regulatory mechanisms. Previously, the Pnit2int2 sequence, a sequence around the second intron of the nitrilase gene (BrNIT2) involved in auxin biosynthesis in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, was identified as a specific promoter activated during clubroot formation. In this study, we hypothesized that analysis of the transcriptional regulation of Pnit2int2 could reveal how P. brassicae affects the host gene regulatory system during clubroot development. By yeast one-hybrid screening, the pathogen zinc finger protein PbZFE1 was identified to specifically bind to Pnit2int2. Specific binding of PbZFE1 to Pnit2int2 was also confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The binding site of PbZFE1 is essential for promoter activity of Pnit2int2 in clubbed roots of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (Pnit2int2-2::GUS), indicating that PbZFE1 is secreted from P. brassicae and functions within plant cells. Ectopic expression of PbZEF1 in A. thaliana delayed growth and flowering time, suggesting that PbZFE1 has significant impacts on host development and metabolic systems. Thus, P. brassicae appears to secrete PbZFE1 into host cells as a transcription factor-type effector during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiaza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Otawara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiaza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tabei
- Division of Plant Sciences, The Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsushima
- Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-1 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan
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Javed MA, Schwelm A, Zamani‐Noor N, Salih R, Silvestre Vañó M, Wu J, González García M, Heick TM, Luo C, Prakash P, Pérez‐López E. The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae: A profile update. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:89-106. [PMID: 36448235 PMCID: PMC9831288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodiophora brassicae is the causal agent of clubroot disease of cruciferous plants and one of the biggest threats to the rapeseed (Brassica napus) and brassica vegetable industry worldwide. DISEASE SYMPTOMS In the advanced stages of clubroot disease wilting, stunting, yellowing, and redness are visible in the shoots. However, the typical symptoms of the disease are the presence of club-shaped galls in the roots of susceptible hosts that block the absorption of water and nutrients. HOST RANGE Members of the family Brassicaceae are the primary host of the pathogen, although some members of the family, such as Bunias orientalis, Coronopus squamatus, and Raphanus sativus, have been identified as being consistently resistant to P. brassicae isolates with variable virulence profile. TAXONOMY Class: Phytomyxea; Order: Plasmodiophorales; Family: Plasmodiophoraceae; Genus: Plasmodiophora; Species: Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin, 1877). DISTRIBUTION Clubroot disease is spread worldwide, with reports from all continents except Antarctica. To date, clubroot disease has been reported in more than 80 countries. PATHOTYPING Based on its virulence on different hosts, P. brassicae is classified into pathotypes or races. Five main pathotyping systems have been developed to understand the relationship between P. brassicae and its hosts. Nowadays, the Canadian clubroot differential is extensively used in Canada and has so far identified 36 different pathotypes based on the response of a set of 13 hosts. EFFECTORS AND RESISTANCE After the identification and characterization of the clubroot pathogen SABATH-type methyltransferase PbBSMT, several other effectors have been characterized. However, no avirulence gene is known, hindering the functional characterization of the five intercellular nucleotide-binding (NB) site leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) clubroot resistance genes validated to date. IMPORTANT LINK Canola Council of Canada is constantly updating information about clubroot and P. brassicae as part of their Canola Encyclopedia: https://www.canolacouncil.org/canola-encyclopedia/diseases/clubroot/. PHYTOSANITARY CATEGORIZATION PLADBR: EPPO A2 list; Annex designation 9E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim Javed
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant ScienceWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Teagasc, Crops Research CentreCarlowIreland
| | - Nazanin Zamani‐Noor
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and GrasslandBraunschweigGermany
| | - Rasha Salih
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Marina Silvestre Vañó
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Jiaxu Wu
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Melaine González García
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | | | - Chaoyu Luo
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Priyavashini Prakash
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- K. S. Rangasamy College of TechnologyNamakkalIndia
| | - Edel Pérez‐López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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Wang C, Wang J, Zhang D, Cheng J, Zhu J, Yang Z. Identification and functional analysis of protein secreted by Alternaria solani. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281530. [PMID: 36877688 PMCID: PMC9987770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early blight, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani, is an important foliar disease that causes major yield losses of potato. Effector proteins secreted by pathogens to host cells can inhibit host immune response to pathogens. Currently, the function of effector proteins secreted by A. solani during infection is poorly understood. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel candidate effector protein, AsCEP50. AsCEP50 is a secreted protein that is highly expressed throughout the infection stages of A. solani. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato demonstrated that AsCEP50 is located on the plasma membrane of N. benthamiana and regulates senescence-related genes, resulting in the chlorosis of N. benthamiana and tomato leaves. Δ50 mutants were unaffected in vegetative growth, spore formation and mycelium morphology. However, the deletion of AsCEP50 significantly reduced virulence, melanin production and penetration of A. solani. These results strongly supported that AsCEP50 is an important pathogenic factor at the infection stage and contributes to the virulence of Alternaria solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Dai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (ZY)
| | - Zhihui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (ZY)
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Yang H, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Yuan S, Du J, Wang W. Comparing the infection biology and gene expression differences of Plasmodiophora brassicae primary and secondary zoospores. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002976. [PMID: 36532436 PMCID: PMC9751365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.) is an obligate plant pathogen affecting Brassicae worldwide. To date, there is very little information available on the biology and molecular basis of P. brassicae primary and secondary zoospore infections. To examine their roles, we used microscope to systematically investigate the infection differences of P. brassicae between samples inoculated separately with resting spores and secondary zoospores. The obvious development of P. brassicae asynchrony that is characterized by secondary plasmodium, resting sporangial plasmodium, and resting spores was observed at 12 days in Brassica rapa inoculated with resting spores but not when inoculated with secondary zoospores at the same time. Inoculation with resting spores resulted in much more development of zoosporangia clusters than inoculation with secondary zoospores in non-host Spinacia oleracea. The results indicated that primary zoospore infection played an important role in the subsequent development. To improve our understanding of the infection mechanisms, RNA-seq analysis was performed. Among 18 effectors identified in P. brassicae, 13 effectors were induced in B. rapa seedlings inoculated with resting spores, which suggested that the pathogen and host first contacted, and more effectors were needed. Corresponding to those in B. rapa, the expression levels of most genes involved in the calcium-mediated signaling pathway and PTI pathway were higher in plants inoculated with resting spores than in those inoculated with secondary zoospores. The ETI pathway was suppressed after inoculation with secondary zoospores. The genes induced after inoculation with resting spores were suppressed in B. rapa seedlings inoculated with secondary zoospores, which might be important to allow a fully compatible interaction and contribute to a susceptible reaction in the host at the subsequent infection stage. The primary zoospores undertook an more important interaction with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyu Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushan Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Decroës A, Mahillon M, Genard M, Lienard C, Lima-Mendez G, Gilmer D, Bragard C, Legrève A. Rhizomania: Hide and Seek of Polymyxa betae and the Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus with Beta vulgaris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:989-1005. [PMID: 35816413 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-22-0063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between Polymyxa betae, the protist vector of sugar beet viruses, beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal agent of rhizomania, and Beta vulgaris have not been extensively studied. Here, the transmission of BNYVV to sugar beet by P. betae zoospores was optimized using genetically characterized organisms. Molecular interactions of aviruliferous and viruliferous protist infection on sugar beet were highlighted by transcriptomic analysis. P. betae alone induced limited gene expression changes in sugar beet, as a biotrophic asymptomatic parasite. Most differentially expressed plant genes were down-regulated and included resistance gene analogs and cell wall peroxidases. Several enzymes involved in stress regulation, such as the glutathione-S-transferases, were significantly induced. With BNYVV, the first stages of the P. betae life cycle on sugar beet were accelerated with a faster increase of relative protist DNA level and an earlier appearance of sporangia and sporosori in plants roots. A clear activation of plant defenses and the modulation of genes involved in plant cell wall metabolism were observed. The P. betae transcriptome in the presence of BNYVV revealed induction of genes possibly involved in the switch to the survival stage. The interactions were different depending on the presence or absence of the virus. P. betae alone alleviates plant defense response, playing hide-and-seek with sugar beet and allowing for their mutual development. Conversely, BNYVV manipulates plant defense and promotes the rapid invasion of plant roots by P. betae. This accelerated colonization is accompanied by the development of thick-walled resting spores, supporting the virus survival. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Decroës
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | | | - Margaux Genard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lienard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - David Gilmer
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Claude Bragard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Anne Legrève
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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9
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Wang C, Zhang D, Cheng J, Zhao D, Pan Y, Li Q, Zhu J, Yang Z, Wang J. Identification of effector CEP112 that promotes the infection of necrotrophic Alternaria solani. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:466. [PMID: 36171557 PMCID: PMC9520946 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternaria solani is a typical necrotrophic pathogen that can cause severe early blight on Solanaceae crops and cause ring disease on plant leaves. Phytopathogens produce secretory effectors that regulate the host immune response and promote pathogenic infection. Effector proteins, as specialized secretions of host-infecting pathogens, play important roles in disrupting host defense systems. At present, the role of the effector secreted by A. solani during infection remains unclear. We report the identification and characterization of AsCEP112, an effector required for A. solani virulence. RESULT The AsCEP112 gene was screened from the transcriptome and genome of A. solani on the basis of typical effector signatures. Fluorescence quantification and transient expression analysis showed that the expression level of AsCEP112 continued to increase during infection. The protein localized to the cell membrane of Nicotiana benthamiana and regulated senescence-related genes, resulting in the chlorosis of N. benthamiana and tomato leaves. Moreover, comparative analysis of AsCEP112 mutant obtained by homologous recombination with wild-type and revertant strains indicated that AsCEP112 gene played an active role in regulating melanin formation and penetration in the pathogen. Deletion of AsCEP112 also reduced the pathogenicity of HWC-168. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that AsCEP112 was an important effector protein that targeted host cell membranes. AsCEP112 regulateed host senescence-related genes to control host leaf senescence and chlorosis, and contribute to pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhihui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Ludwig-Müller J. What Can We Learn from -Omics Approaches to Understand Clubroot Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116293. [PMID: 35682976 PMCID: PMC9180986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is one of the most economically significant diseases worldwide. As a result, many investigations focus on both curing the disease and in-depth molecular studies. Although the first transcriptome dataset for the clubroot disease describing the clubroot disease was published in 2006, many different pathogen-host plant combinations have only recently been investigated and published. Articles presenting -omics data and the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae as well as different host plants were analyzed to summarize the findings in the richness of these datasets. Although genome data for the protist have only recently become available, many effector candidates have been identified, but their functional characterization is incomplete. A better understanding of the life cycle is clearly required to comprehend its function. While only a few proteome studies and metabolome analyses were performed, the majority of studies used microarrays and RNAseq approaches to study transcriptomes. Metabolites, comprising chemical groups like hormones were generally studied in a more targeted manner. Furthermore, functional approaches based on such datasets have been carried out employing mutants, transgenic lines, or ecotypes/cultivars of either Arabidopsis thaliana or other economically important host plants of the Brassica family. This has led to new discoveries of potential genes involved in disease development or in (partial) resistance or tolerance to P. brassicae. The overall contribution of individual experimental setups to a larger picture will be discussed in this review.
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11
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Liu X, Strelkov SE, Sun R, Hwang SF, Fredua-Agyeman R, Li F, Zhang S, Li G, Zhang S, Zhang H. Histopathology of the Plasmodiophora brassicae-Chinese Cabbage Interaction in Hosts Carrying Different Sources of Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:783550. [PMID: 35095958 PMCID: PMC8792839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot is a serious soil-borne disease of crucifers caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. The genetic basis and histopathology of clubroot resistance in two Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) inbred lines Bap055 and Bap246, challenged with pathotype 4 of P. brassicae, was evaluated. The Chinese cabbage cultivar "Juxin" served as a susceptible check. The resistance in Bap055 was found to be controlled by the CRa gene, while resistance in Bap246 fit a model of control by unknown recessive gene. Infection of the roots by P. brassicae was examined by inverted microscopy. Despite their resistance, primary and secondary infection were observed to occur in Bap055 and Bap246. Primary infection was detected at 2 days post-inoculation (DPI) in "Juxin," at 4 DPI in Bap055, and at 6 DPI in Bap246. Infection occurred most quickly on "Juxin," with 60% of the root hairs infected at 10 DPI, followed by Bap055 (31% of the root hairs infected at 12 DPI) and Bap246 (20% of the root hairs infected at 14 DPI). Secondary infection of "Juxin" was first observed at 8 DPI, while in Bap055 and Bap246, secondary infection was first observed at 10 DPI. At 14 DPI, the percentage of cortical infection in "Juxin," Bap055 and Bap246 was 93.3, 20.0, and 11.1%, respectively. Although cortical infection was more widespread in Bap055 than in Bap246, secondary infection in both of these hosts was restricted relative to the susceptible check, and the vascular system remained intact. A large number of binucleate secondary plasmodia were observed in "Juxin" and the vascular system was disrupted at 16 DPI; in Bap055 and Bap246, only a few secondary plasmodia were visible, with no binucleate secondary plasmodia. The defense mechanisms and expression of resistance appears to differ between Chinese cabbage cultivars carrying different sources of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rifei Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheau-Fang Hwang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shifan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujiang Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Decroës A, Li JM, Richardson L, Mutasa-Gottgens E, Lima-Mendez G, Mahillon M, Bragard C, Finn RD, Legrève A. Metagenomics approach for Polymyxa betae genome assembly enables comparative analysis towards deciphering the intracellular parasitic lifestyle of the plasmodiophorids. Genomics 2021; 114:9-22. [PMID: 34798282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genomic knowledge of the tree of life is biased to specific groups of organisms. For example, only six full genomes are currently available in the rhizaria clade. Here, we have applied metagenomic techniques enabling the assembly of the genome of Polymyxa betae (Rhizaria, Plasmodiophorida) RES F41 isolate from unpurified zoospore holobiont and comparison with the A26-41 isolate. Furthermore, the first P. betae mitochondrial genome was assembled. The two P. betae nuclear genomes were highly similar, each with just ~10.2 k predicted protein coding genes, ~3% of which were unique to each isolate. Extending genomic comparisons revealed a greater overlap with Spongospora subterranea than with Plasmodiophora brassicae, including orthologs of the mammalian cation channel sperm-associated proteins, raising some intriguing questions about zoospore physiology. This work validates our metagenomics pipeline for eukaryote genome assembly from unpurified samples and enriches plasmodiophorid genomics; providing the first full annotation of the P. betae genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Decroës
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, China
| | - Lorna Richardson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Euphemia Mutasa-Gottgens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Mahillon
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robert D Finn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Anne Legrève
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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13
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Askarian H, Akhavan A, González LG, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Genetic Structure of Plasmodiophora brassicae Populations Virulent on Clubroot Resistant Canola ( Brassica napus). PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3694-3704. [PMID: 33507096 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-1980-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is a significant threat to the canola (Brassica napus L.) industry in Canada. Clubroot resistance has been overcome in more than 200 fields since 2013, representing one of the biggest challenges to sustainable canola production. The genetic structure of 36 single-spore isolates derived from 12 field isolates of P. brassicae collected before and after the introduction of clubroot resistant (CR) canola cultivars (2005-2014) was evaluated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Polymorphisms were detected in 32 loci with the identification of 93 distinct alleles. A low level of genetic diversity was found among the single-spore isolates. Haploid linkage disequilibrium and number of migrants suggested that recombination and migration were rare or almost absent in the tested P. brassicae population. A relatively clear relationship was found between the genetic structure and virulence phenotypes of the pathogen as defined on the differential hosts of Somé et al., Williams, and the Canadian Clubroot Differential (CCD) set. Although genetic variability within each pathotype group, as classified on each differential system, was low, significant genetic differentiation was observed among the pathotypes. The highest correlation between genetic structure and virulence was found among matrices produced with genetic data and the hosts of the CCD set, with a threshold index of disease of 50% to distinguish susceptible from resistant reactions. Genetically homogeneous single-spore isolates provided a more complete and clearer picture of the population genetic structure of P. brassicae, and the results suggest some promise for the development of pathotype-specific primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Askarian
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Alireza Akhavan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Leonardo Galindo González
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Sheau-Fang Hwang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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14
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Chen W, Li Y, Yan R, Ren L, Liu F, Zeng L, Sun S, Yang H, Chen K, Xu L, Liu L, Fang X, Liu S. SnRK1.1-mediated resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to clubroot disease is inhibited by the novel Plasmodiophora brassicae effector PBZF1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1057-1069. [PMID: 34165877 PMCID: PMC8358996 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a series of strategies to combat pathogen infection. Plant SnRK1 is probably involved in shifting carbon and energy use from growth-associated processes to survival and defence upon pathogen attack, enhancing the resistance to many plant pathogens. The present study demonstrated that SnRK1.1 enhanced the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to clubroot disease caused by the plant-pathogenic protozoan Plasmodiophora brassicae. Through a yeast two-hybrid assay, glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, a P. brassicae RxLR effector, PBZF1, was shown to interact with SnRK1.1. Further expression level analysis of SnRK1.1-regulated genes showed that PBZF1 inhibited the biological function of SnRK1.1 as indicated by the disequilibration of the expression level of SnRK1.1-regulated genes in heterogeneous PBZF1-expressing A. thaliana. Moreover, heterogeneous expression of PBZF1 in A. thaliana promoted plant susceptibility to clubroot disease. In addition, PBZF1 was found to be P. brassicae-specific and conserved. This gene was significantly highly expressed in resting spores. Taken together, our results provide new insights into how the plant-pathogenic protist P. brassicae employs an effector to overcome plant resistance, and they offer new insights into the genetic improvement of plant resistance against clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical EngineeringWuhan Polytechnic UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Ruibin Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Li Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Fan Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lingyi Zeng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Huihui Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Kunrong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Li Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
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15
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Hossain MM, Pérez-López E, Todd CD, Wei Y, Bonham-Smith PC. Endomembrane-Targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae Effectors Modulate PAMP Triggered Immune Responses in Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651279. [PMID: 34276588 PMCID: PMC8282356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating obligate, intracellular, biotrophic pathogen that causes clubroot disease in crucifer plants. Disease progression is regulated by effector proteins secreted by P. brassicae. Twelve P. brassicae putative effectors (PbPEs), expressed at various stages of disease development [0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post inoculation (DPI)] in Arabidopsis and localizing to the plant endomembrane system, were studied for their roles in pathogenesis. Of the 12 PbPEs, seven showed an inhibitory effect on programmed cell death (PCD) as triggered by the PCD inducers, PiINF1 (Phytophthora infestans Infestin 1) and PiNPP1 (P. infestans necrosis causing protein). Showing the strongest level of PCD suppression, PbPE15, a member of the 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe (II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily and with gene expression during later stages of infection, appears to have a role in tumorigenesis as well as defense signaling in plants. PbPE13 produced an enhanced PiINF1-induced PCD response. Transient expression, in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves of these PbPEs minus the signal peptide (SP) (Δsp PbPEGFPs), showed localization to the endomembrane system, targeting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies and nucleo-cytoplasm, suggesting roles in manipulating plant cell secretion and vesicle trafficking. Δsp PbPE13GFP localized to plasma membrane (PM) lipid rafts with an association to plasmodesmata, suggesting a role at the cell-to-cell communication junction. Membrane relocalization of Δsp PbPE13GFP, triggered by flagellin N-terminus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (flg22 - known to elicit a PAMP triggered immune response in plants), supports its involvement in raft-mediated immune signaling. This study is an important step in deciphering P. brassicae effector roles in the disruption of plant immunity to clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laval University, CRIV, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher D Todd
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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16
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Jin C, Liao R, Zheng J, Fang X, Wang W, Fan J, Yuan S, Du J, Yang H. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase MAPKKK7 from Plasmodiophora brassicae Regulates Low-Light-Dependent Nicotiana benthamiana Immunity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1017-1028. [PMID: 33258412 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0323-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAPKKK is the largest family of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and is known to play important roles in plant pathogen interaction by regulating fungal cell proliferation, growth, and pathogenicity. Thus far, only a few have been characterized because of the functional redundancy of MAPKKKs. In this study, it is interesting that Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb)MAPKKK7 was clustered into the A3 subgroup of plant MAPKKKs by a phylogenetic analysis and also with the BCK1 and STE groups of fungal MAPKKKs. PbMAPKKK7 function in reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana was characterized. Agroinfiltration with the PbMAPKKK7 mutated protein kinase domain relieved these changes. Interestingly, the induction of cell death was dependent on light intensity. Transcriptional profiling analysis demonstrated that PbMAPKKK7 was highly expressed during cortex infection stages, indicating its important role in P. brassicae infection. These functional analyses of PbMAPKKK7 build knowledge of new roles of the MAPK cascade pathway in N. benthamiana and P. brassicae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Jin
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rong Liao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
- The Agricultural Technology Popularization Station of Chengdu, Chengdu Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xingyan Fang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Research Center for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Campus, Chengdu 611130, China
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17
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González-García M, Pérez-López E. Looking for a Cultured Surrogate for Effectome Studies of the Clubroot Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:650307. [PMID: 34122364 PMCID: PMC8193517 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.650307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melaine González-García
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculté des Sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculté des Sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en sciences du végétal (Centre SÈVE), Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT), Québec, QC, Canada
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18
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Hasan J, Megha S, Rahman H. Clubroot in Brassica: recent advances in genomics, breeding, and disease management. Genome 2021; 64:735-760. [PMID: 33651640 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, affects Brassica oilseed and vegetable production worldwide. This review is focused on various aspects of clubroot disease and its management, including understanding the pathogen and resistance in the host plants. Advances in genetics, molecular biology techniques, and omics research have helped to identify several major loci, QTL, and genes from the Brassica genomes involved in the control of clubroot resistance. Transcriptomic studies have helped to extend our understanding of the mechanism of infection by the pathogen and the molecular basis of resistance/susceptibility in the host plants. A comprehensive understanding of the clubroot disease and host resistance would allow developing a better strategy by integrating the genetic resistance with cultural practices to manage this disease from a long-term perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakir Hasan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Swati Megha
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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19
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Schwelm A, Ludwig-Müller J. Molecular Pathotyping of Plasmodiophora brassicae-Genomes, Marker Genes, and Obstacles. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030259. [PMID: 33668372 PMCID: PMC7996130 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review the usefulness of the currently available genomic information for the molecular identification of pathotypes. We focused on effector candidates and genes implied to be pathotype specific and tried to connect reported marker genes to Plasmodiophora brassicae genome information. The potentials for practical applications, current obstacles and future perspectives are discussed.
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Biocontrol arsenals of bacterial endophyte: An imminent triumph against clubroot disease. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Neik TX, Amas J, Barbetti M, Edwards D, Batley J. Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions in Brassica napus in the Omics Era. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1336. [PMID: 33050509 PMCID: PMC7599536 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brassica napus (canola/oilseed rape/rapeseed) is an economically important crop, mostly found in temperate and sub-tropical regions, that is cultivated widely for its edible oil. Major diseases of Brassica crops such as Blackleg, Clubroot, Sclerotinia Stem Rot, Downy Mildew, Alternaria Leaf Spot and White Rust have caused significant yield and economic losses in rapeseed-producing countries worldwide, exacerbated by global climate change, and, if not remedied effectively, will threaten global food security. To gain further insights into the host-pathogen interactions in relation to Brassica diseases, it is critical that we review current knowledge in this area and discuss how omics technologies can offer promising results and help to push boundaries in our understanding of the resistance mechanisms. Omics technologies, such as genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches, allow us to understand the host and pathogen, as well as the interaction between the two species at a deeper level. With these integrated data in multi-omics and systems biology, we are able to breed high-quality disease-resistant Brassica crops in a more holistic, targeted and accurate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Neik
- Sunway College Kuala Lumpur, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Junrey Amas
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Martin Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
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Pérez‐López E, Hossain MM, Tu J, Waldner M, Todd CD, Kusalik AJ, Wei Y, Bonham‐Smith PC. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Plasmodiophora brassicae Secondary Infection Effector Candidates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:337-351. [PMID: 31925980 PMCID: PMC7317818 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.) is an obligate intracellular plant pathogen affecting Brassicas worldwide. Identification of effector proteins is key to understanding the interaction between P. brassicae and its susceptible host plants. To date, there is very little information available on putative effector proteins secreted by P. brassicae during a secondary infection of susceptible host plants, resulting in root gall production. A bioinformatics pipeline approach to RNA-Seq data from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. root tissues at 17, 20, and 24 d postinoculation (dpi) identified 32 small secreted P. brassicae proteins (SSPbPs) that were highly expressed over this secondary infection time frame. Functional signal peptides were confirmed for 31 of the SSPbPs, supporting the accuracy of the pipeline designed to identify secreted proteins. Expression profiles at 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 dpi verified the involvement of some of the SSPbPs in secondary infection. For seven of the SSPbPs, a functional domain was identified using Blast2GO and 3D structure analysis and domain functionality was confirmed for SSPbP22, a kinase localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez‐López
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
| | | | - Jiangying Tu
- Agriculture and Agri‐food CanadaSaskatoon Research CentreSaskatoonSKS7N 0X2Canada
| | - Matthew Waldner
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5C9Canada
| | | | - Anthony J. Kusalik
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5C9Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
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