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Fernandes P, Pimentel D, Ramiro RS, Silva MDC, Fevereiro P, Costa RL. Dual transcriptomic analysis reveals early induced Castanea defense-related genes and Phytophthora cinnamomi effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1439380. [PMID: 39188543 PMCID: PMC11345161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1439380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands devastates forest species worldwide, causing significant ecological and economic impacts. The European chestnut (Castanea sativa) is susceptible to this hemibiotrophic oomycete, whereas the Asian chestnuts (Castanea crenata and Castanea mollissima) are resistant and have been successfully used as resistance donors in breeding programs. The molecular mechanisms underlying the different disease outcomes among chestnut species are a key foundation for developing science-based control strategies. However, these are still poorly understood. Dual RNA sequencing was performed in C. sativa and C. crenata roots inoculated with P. cinnamomi. The studied time points represent the pathogen's hemibiotrophic lifestyle previously described at the cellular level. Phytophthora cinnamomi expressed several genes related to pathogenicity in both chestnut species, such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, host nutrient uptake transporters, and effectors. However, the expression of effectors related to the modulation of host programmed cell death (elicitins and NLPs) and sporulation-related genes was higher in the susceptible chestnut. After pathogen inoculation, 1,556 and 488 genes were differentially expressed by C. crenata and C. sativa, respectively. The most significant transcriptional changes occur at 2 h after inoculation (hai) in C. sativa and 48 hai in C. crenata. Nevertheless, C. crenata induced more defense-related genes, indicating that the resistant response to P. cinnamomi is controlled by multiple loci, including several pattern recognition receptors, genes involved in the phenylpropanoid, salicylic acid and ethylene/jasmonic acid pathways, and antifungal genes. Importantly, these results validate previously observed cellular responses for C. crenata. Collectively, this study provides a comprehensive time-resolved description of the chestnut-P. cinnamomi dynamic, revealing new insights into susceptible and resistant host responses and important pathogen strategies involved in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Fernandes
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Diana Pimentel
- InnovPlantProtect Collaborative Laboratory, Elvas, Portugal
| | | | - Maria do Céu Silva
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fevereiro
- InnovPlantProtect Collaborative Laboratory, Elvas, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB, Green-It Unit), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Lourenço Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Fernández-Calleja L, García-Domínguez M, Redondo BI, Martín JLG, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Isolation of two triterpenoids from Phlomis purpurea, one of them with anti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi, and insights into its biosynthetic pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1180808. [PMID: 37692445 PMCID: PMC10485375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is an important plant pathogen responsible for dieback diseases in plant genera including Quercus, Fagus, Castanea, Eucalyptus, and Pinus, among others, all over the world. P. cinnamomi infection exerts tremendous ecological and economic losses. Several strategies have been developed to combat this pathogenic oomycete, including the search for novel anti-oomycete compounds. In this work, a Mediterranean vascular plant, Phlomis purpurea, has been screened for secondary bioactivity against this pathogen. The genus Phlomis includes a group of herbaceous plants and shrubs described as producers of many different bioactive compounds, including several triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are well-known molecules synthesized by plants and microorganisms with potent antioxidant, antitumoral, and antimicrobial activities. We have isolated by HPLC-DAD and characterized by HPLC-MS and NMR two nortriterpenoid compounds (phlomispentaol A and phlomispurtetraolone) from the root extracts of P. purpurea. One of them (phlomispentaol A) is active against the plant pathogenic oomycete P. cinnamomi (based on in vitro inhibition bioassays). Based on their chemical structure and their relationship to other plant triterpenoids, oleanolic acid is proposed to be the common precursor for these molecules. The anti-oomycete activity shown by phlomispentaol A represents a promising alternative to counteract the worldwide-scale damage caused to forest ecosystems by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Fernández-Calleja
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. García-Domínguez
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - B. Isabel Redondo
- Department Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. L. Gómez Martín
- Research and Development Department, Campojerez SL, Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain
| | - C. J. Villar
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - F. Lombó
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC”, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Dorado FJ, Alías JC, Chaves N, Solla A. Warming Scenarios and Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection in Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:556. [PMID: 36771639 PMCID: PMC9921032 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The main threats to chestnut in Europe are climate change and emerging pathogens. Although many works have separately addressed the impacts on chestnut of elevated temperatures and Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Pc) infection, none have studied their combined effect. The objectives of this work were to describe the physiology, secondary metabolism and survival of 6-month-old C. sativa seedlings after plants were exposed to ambient temperature, high ambient temperature and heat wave events, and subsequent infection by Pc. Ten days after the warming scenarios, the biochemistry of plant leaves and roots was quantified and the recovery effect assessed. Plant growth and root biomass under high ambient temperature were significantly higher than in plants under ambient temperature and heat wave event. Seven secondary metabolite compounds in leaves and three in roots were altered significantly with temperature. Phenolic compounds typically decreased in response to increased temperature, whereas ellagic acid in roots was significantly more abundant in plants exposed to ambient and high ambient temperature than in plants subjected to heat waves. At recovery, leaf procyanidin and catechin remained downregulated in plants exposed to high ambient temperature. Mortality by Pc was fastest and highest in plants exposed to ambient temperature and lowest in plants under high ambient temperature. Changes in the secondary metabolite profile of plants in response to Pc were dependent on the warming scenarios plants were exposed to, with five compounds in leaves and three in roots showing a significant 'warming scenario' × 'Pc' interaction. The group of trees that best survived Pc infection was characterised by increased quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, 3-feruloylquinic acid, gallic acid ethyl ester and ellagic acid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the combined effects of global warming and Pc infection in chestnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Dorado
- Faculty of Forestry, Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Alías
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Natividad Chaves
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Solla
- Faculty of Forestry, Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
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Nerva L, Dalla Costa L, Ciacciulli A, Sabbadini S, Pavese V, Dondini L, Vendramin E, Caboni E, Perrone I, Moglia A, Zenoni S, Michelotti V, Micali S, La Malfa S, Gentile A, Tartarini S, Mezzetti B, Botta R, Verde I, Velasco R, Malnoy MA, Licciardello C. The Role of Italy in the Use of Advanced Plant Genomic Techniques on Fruit Trees: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:977. [PMID: 36674493 PMCID: PMC9861864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is deeply impacting the food chain production, lowering quality and yield. In this context, the international scientific community has dedicated many efforts to enhancing resilience and sustainability in agriculture. Italy is among the main European producers of several fruit trees; therefore, national research centers and universities undertook several initiatives to maintain the specificity of the 'Made in Italy' label. Despite their importance, fruit crops are suffering from difficulties associated with the conventional breeding approaches, especially in terms of financial commitment, land resources availability, and long generation times. The 'new genomic techniques' (NGTs), renamed in Italy as 'technologies for assisted evolution' (TEAs), reduce the time required to obtain genetically improved cultivars while precisely targeting specific DNA sequences. This review aims to illustrate the role of the Italian scientific community in the use of NGTs, with a specific focus on Citrus, grapevine, apple, pear, chestnut, strawberry, peach, and kiwifruit. For each crop, the key genes and traits on which the scientific community is working, as well as the technological improvements and advancements on the regeneration of local varieties, are presented. Lastly, a focus is placed on the legal aspects in the European and in Italian contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nerva
- Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Angelo Ciacciulli
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabbadini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vera Pavese
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Dondini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Vendramin
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Caboni
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Vania Michelotti
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 29017 Fiorenzuola D’Arda, Italy
| | - Sabrina Micali
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano La Malfa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Ignazio Verde
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Mickael Arnaud Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Concetta Licciardello
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 95024 Acireale, Italy
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Guilengue N, Silva MDC, Talhinhas P, Neves-Martins J, Loureiro A. Subcuticular−Intracellular Hemibiotrophy of Colletotrichum lupini in Lupinus mutabilis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3028. [PMID: 36432755 PMCID: PMC9696939 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lupini is the most important disease affecting lupin cultivation worldwide. Lupinus mutabilis has been widely studied due to its high protein and oil content. However, it has proved to be sensitive to anthracnose, which limits the expansion of its cultivation. In this work, we seek to unveil the strategy that is used by C. lupini to infect and colonize L. mutabilis tissues using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On petioles, pathogen penetration occurred from melanized appressoria, subcuticular intramural hyphae were seen 2 days after inoculation (dai), and the adjacent host cells remained intact. The switch to necrotrophy was observed 3 dai. At this time, the hyphae extended their colonization to the epidermal, cortex, and vascular cells. Wall degradation was more evident in the epidermal cells. TEM observations also revealed a loss of plasma membrane integrity and different levels of cytoplasm disorganization in the infected epidermal cells and in those of the first layers of the cortex. The disintegration of organelles occurred and was particularly visible in the chloroplasts. The necrotrophic phase culminated with the development of acervuli 6 dai. C. lupini used the same infection strategy on stems, but there was a delay in the penetration of host tissues and the appearance of the first symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Guilengue
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- Agricultural Faculty, Agricultural Engineering Course, Instituto Superior Politécnico de Gaza, Lionde, Chókwè 1204, Mozambique
| | - Maria do Céu Silva
- CIFC, Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo de Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Talhinhas
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Neves-Martins
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Loureiro
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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Fernandes P, Colavolpe MB, Serrazina S, Costa RL. European and American chestnuts: An overview of the main threats and control efforts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951844. [PMID: 36092400 PMCID: PMC9449730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chestnuts are multipurpose trees significant for the economy and wildlife. These trees are currently found around the globe, demonstrating their genetic adaptation to different environmental conditions. Several biotic and abiotic stresses have challenged these species, contributing to the decline of European chestnut production and the functional extinction of the American chestnut. Several efforts started over the last century to understand the cellular, molecular, and genetic interactions behind all chestnut biotic and abiotic interactions. Most efforts have been toward breeding for the primary diseases, chestnut blight and ink disease caused by the pathogens, Cryphonectria parasitica and Phytophthora cinnamomi, respectively. In Europe and North America, researchers have been using the Asian chestnut species, which co-evolved with the pathogens, to introgress resistance genes into the susceptible species. Breeding woody trees has several limitations which can be mostly related to the long life cycles of these species and the big genome landscapes. Consequently, it takes decades to improve traits of interest, such as resistance to pathogens. Currently, the availability of genome sequences and next-generation sequencing techniques may provide new tools to help overcome most of the problems tree breeding is still facing. This review summarizes European and American chestnut's main biotic stresses and discusses breeding and biotechnological efforts developed over the last decades, having ink disease and chestnut blight as the main focus. Climate change is a rising concern, and in this context, the adaptation of chestnuts to adverse environmental conditions is of extreme importance for chestnut production. Therefore, we also discuss the abiotic challenges on European chestnuts, where the response to abiotic stress at the genetic and molecular level has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Fernandes
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Green-It Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | - Susana Serrazina
- BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Lourenço Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Rodrigues da Silva A, da Costa Silva D, Dos Santos Pinto KN, Santos Filho HP, Coelho Filho MA, Dos Santos Soares Filho W, Ferreira CF, da Silva Gesteira A. Epigenetic responses to Phytophthora citrophthora gummosis in citrus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111082. [PMID: 34763867 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies show that DNA methylation is associated with plant immunity but little is known as to how this epigenetic mechanism assists plants in adjusting their responses to biotic stress, especially when interacting with an hemibiotrophic pathogen such as citrus Phytophthora. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of scion-rootstock interaction on plant resistance to P. citrophthora infection and DNA methylation patterns in 'Pera' sweet orange and 'Tahiti' acid lime grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime and 'Tropical' sunki rootstocks reinoculated with P. citrophthora. Results showed that reinoculated plants of the 'Pera' sweet orange/'Rangpur' lime and 'Tahiti' acid lime/'Tropical' sunki combinations with more and less sensitive varieties to Phytophthora, presented smaller stem lesions and increased frequency of full methylation and hemimethylation rates, compared to inoculated plants. In contrast, 'Tahiti' acid lime/'Rangpur' lime, two highly sensitive varieties, and 'Pera'/'Tropical' sunki, two much less sensitive varieties, showed high increases in the frequency of hemimethylation and non-methylation levels. Results suggest that in citrus, both the scion-rootstock interaction and DNA methylation affect the response to P. citrophthora infection. Reinoculated plants, depending on the combination, showed changes in intracellular hyphae growth through the formation of sets of fibers and crystal accumulation in the periderm, cortex, and phloem. In addition, starch grain concentration was higher in reinoculated plants in comparison to inoculated plants. These findings support the assumption that DNA methylation is a plant defense mechanism and therefore may be exploited to improve the response of plants to the gummosis of P. citrophthora in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adielle Rodrigues da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Delmira da Costa Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abelmon da Silva Gesteira
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil; Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, 44380-000, Brazil.
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Pavese V, Moglia A, Gonthier P, Torello Marinoni D, Cavalet-Giorsa E, Botta R. Identification of Susceptibility Genes in Castanea sativa and Their Transcription Dynamics following Pathogen Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050913. [PMID: 34063239 PMCID: PMC8147476 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Castanea sativa is one of the main multipurpose tree species valued for its timber and nuts. This species is susceptible to two major diseases, ink disease and chestnut blight, caused by Phytophthora spp. and Cryphonectria parasitica, respectively. The loss-of-function mutations of genes required for the onset of pathogenesis, referred to as plant susceptibility (S) genes, are one mechanism of plant resistance against pathogens. On the basis of sequence homology, functional domain identification, and phylogenetic analyses, we report for the first time on the identification of S-genes (mlo1, dmr6, dnd1, and pmr4) in the Castanea genus. The expression dynamics of S-genes were assessed in C. sativa and C. crenata plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi and C. parasitica. Our results highlighted the upregulation of pmr4 and dmr6 in response to pathogen infection. Pmr4 was strongly expressed at early infection phases of both pathogens in C. sativa, whereas in C. crenata, no significant upregulation was observed. The infection of P. cinnamomi led to a higher increase in the transcript level of dmr6 in C. sativa compared to C. crenata-infected samples. For a better understanding of plant responses, the transcript levels of defense genes gluB and chi3 were also analyzed.
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Transformation of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) Using RITA® Temporary Immersion Bioreactors and We Vitro Containers. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) was almost completely wiped out by the fungal pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr. Another invasive pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is devastating American chestnuts in the southern region of the United States. An alternative approach for controlling these pathogens is to use genetic engineering or gene editing. We successfully transformed American chestnut with a detoxifying enzyme, oxalate oxidase, to enhance blight tolerance and more recently with the Cast_Gnk2-like gene, which encodes for an antifungal protein, to be tested for P. cinnamomi putative tolerance. Eight somatic embryo lines were transformed using three methods of selection: semisolid medium in Petri plates, liquid medium in RITA® temporary immersion bioreactors, or liquid medium in We Vitro containers. No significant differences were found between the treatments. These methods will allow for further testing of transgenes and the development of enhanced pathogen resistance in chestnut. It can serve as a model for other tree species threatened by invasive pests and pathogens.
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