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Pierro R, Moussa A, Mori N, Marcone C, Quaglino F, Romanazzi G. Bois noir management in vineyard: a review on effective and promising control strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1364241. [PMID: 38601314 PMCID: PMC11004249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1364241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Among grapevine yellows, Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', represents the biggest threat in the main wine-growing areas worldwide, causing significant losses in berry quality and yields. BN epidemiology involves multiple plant hosts and several insect vectors, making considerably complex the development of effective management strategies. Since application of insecticides on the grapevine canopy is not effective to manage vectors, BN management includes an integrated approach based on treatments to the canopy to make the plant more resistant to the pathogen and/or inhibit the vector feeding, and actions on reservoir plants to reduce possibilities that the vector reaches the grapevine and transmit the phytoplasma. Innovative sustainable strategies developed in the last twenty years to improve the BN management are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carmine Marcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Nutricati E, De Pascali M, Negro C, Bianco PA, Quaglino F, Passera A, Pierro R, Marcone C, Panattoni A, Sabella E, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Signaling Cross-Talk between Salicylic and Gentisic Acid in the ' Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' Interaction with Sangiovese Vines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2695. [PMID: 37514309 PMCID: PMC10383235 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
"Bois noir" disease associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' seriously compromises the production and survival of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in Europe. Understanding the plant response to phytoplasmas should help to improve disease control strategies. Using a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, this work, therefore, investigated the phytoplasma-grapevine interaction in red cultivar Sangiovese in a vineyard over four seasonal growth stages (from late spring to late summer), comparing leaves from healthy and infected grapevines (symptomatic and symptomless). We found an accumulation of both conjugate and free salicylic acids (SAs) in the leaves of 'Ca. P. solani'-positive plants from early stages of infection, when plants are still asymptomatic. A strong accumulation of gentisic acid (GA) associated with symptoms progression was found for the first time. A detailed analysis of phenylpropanoids revealed a significant accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavan 3-ols, and anthocyanin cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, which are extensively studied due to their involvement in the plant response to various pathogens. Metabolomic data corroborated by gene expression analysis indicated that phenylpropanoid biosynthetic and salicylic acid-responsive genes were upregulated in 'Ca. P. solani-positive plants compared to -negative ones during the observed period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Nutricati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria De Pascali
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carmine Marcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Panattoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Jamshidi E, Murolo S, Ravari SB, Salehi M, Romanazzi G. Multilocus Genotyping of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Associated with Grapevine Bois Noir in Iran. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060835. [PMID: 35741356 PMCID: PMC9220303 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding the epidemiological cycle of Bois noir (BN) associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is vital to managing the disease effectively. The genotyping of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains, according to tuf, vmp1, and stamp genes, contributes to a better knowledge of the geographical distribution of BN. In this study, we provide information on the molecular variants of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in Iranian vineyards. We observed six known vmp1 variants and discovered two new ones, V24 and V27. This information is useful for future investigations to more accurately understand the epidemiological cycle(s) of BN in Iranian vineyards, contributing to the management of the disease. Abstract Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. It has been recorded in vineyards throughout Europe as well as in different countries in Asia, where it now constitutes a threat to Iranian viticulture. BN is strictly dependent on ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains, wild host plants, and insect vectors. The molecular typing of ‘Ca. P. solani’, based on the nonribosomal gene tuf and the two hypervariable markers vmp1 and stamp, is valuable for the reconstruction and clarification of the pathways of BN spread. In this study, an RFLP analysis was performed on the vmp1 gene, and a single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed new vmp types in ‘Ca. P. solani’. A stamp gene phylogenetic analysis allowed us to distinguish between the new genotype infections in the grapevines and the ‘weeds’ Convolvulus arvensis and Erigeron bonariensis in Iranian vineyards, highlighting the close genetic relatedness of the strains of ‘Ca. P. solani’ found in Iran and Azerbaijan. The most common genotype in the grapevines was tuf b/V24/stamp III, which was associated with C. arvensis. This information contributes toward the identification of further routes of introduction of ‘Ca. P. solani’ in Iran to sustain the control measures for the management of BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sareh Baghaee Ravari
- Plant Protection Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 1696700, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, AREEO, Zarghan 73415-111, Iran;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204336
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Mehle N, Kavčič S, Mermal S, Vidmar S, Pompe Novak M, Riedle-Bauer M, Brader G, Kladnik A, Dermastia M. Geographical and Temporal Diversity of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in Wine-Growing Regions in Slovenia and Austria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:889675. [PMID: 35668796 PMCID: PMC9164133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.889675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the causal agent of the grapevine yellows disease Bois noir, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' has a major economic impact on grapevines. To improve the control of Bois noir, it is critical to understand the very complex epidemiological cycles that involve the multiple "Ca. P. solani" host plants and insect vectors, of which Hyalesthes obsoletus is the most important. In the present study, multiple genotyping of the tuf, secY, stamp, and vmp1 genes was performed. This involved archived grapevine samples that were collected during an official survey of grapevine yellows throughout the wine-growing regions of Slovenia (from 2003 to 2016), plus samples from Austrian grapevines, stinging nettle, field bindweed, and insect samples (collected from 2012 to 2019). The data show that the tuf-b2 type of the tuf gene has been present in eastern Slovenia since at least 2003. The hypotheses that the occurrence of the haplotypes varies due to the geographical position of Slovenia on the Italian-Slovenian Karst divide and that the haplotypes are similar between Slovenian and Austrian Styria were confirmed. The data also show haplotype changes for host plants and H. obsoletus associated with 'Ca. P. solani,' which might be linked to new epidemiological cycles of this phytoplasma that involve not just new plant sources and new insect vectors, but also climate and land-use changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Mehle
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Sanda Kavčič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Mermal
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Vidmar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Pompe Novak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Monika Riedle-Bauer
- Federal College and Research Institute for Viticulture and Pomology Klosterneuburg, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Günter Brader
- Center for Health & Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Aleš Kladnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Dermastia
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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In Silico Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeling of the SecY Protein of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Strains Associated with Grapevine “Bois Noir” and Its Possible Relationship with Strain Virulence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine “bois noir”, related to the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’), represents a serious threat in several vine-growing areas worldwide. In surveys conducted over two years, mild and/or moderate symptoms and lower pathogen titer were mainly associated with ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains harboring a secY gene sequence variant (secY52), whereas severe symptoms and higher titer were mainly observed in grapevines infected by phytoplasma strains carrying any one of another four variants. A comparison of amino acid sequences of the protein SecY of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains revealed the presence of conservative and semi-conservative substitutions. The deduced three-dimensional (3D) protein analysis unveiled that one semi-conservative substitution identified in the sequence variant secY52 is responsible for a structural disordered region that probably confers a flexibility for binding to distinct molecular complexes. In fact, the other analyzed variants show an organized structure and the 3D in silico prediction allowed the identification of β-sheets. Thus, differences in symptom severity and pathogen concentration observed in grapevines infected by ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains carrying distinct secY gene sequence variants suggest a possible relationship between SecY protein structure and phytoplasma strain virulence.
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Contaldo N, Stepanović J, Pacini F, Bertaccini A, Duduk B. Molecular Variability and Host Distribution of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' Strains from Different Geographic Origins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122530. [PMID: 34946132 PMCID: PMC8705599 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of phytoplasma genetic variability is a tool to study their epidemiology and to implement an effective monitoring and management of their associated diseases. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is associated with “bois noir” disease in grapevines, and yellowing and decline symptoms in many plant species, causing serious damages during the epidemic outbreaks. The epidemiology of the diseases associated with this phytoplasma is complex and related to numerous factors, such as interactions of the host plant and insect vectors and spreading through infected plant propagation material. The genetic variability of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains in different host species and in different geographic areas during the last two decades was studied by RFLP analyses coupled with sequencing on vmp1, stamp, and tuf genes. A total of 119 strains were examined, 25 molecular variants were identified, and the variability of the studied genes was linked to both geographic distribution and year of infection. The crucial question in ‘Ca. P. solani’ epidemiology is to trace back the epidemic cycle of the infections. This study presents some relevant features about differential strain distribution useful for disease monitoring and forecasting, illustrating and comparing the phytoplasma molecular variants identified in various regions, host species, and time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Contaldo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jelena Stepanović
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Francesco Pacini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Bojan Duduk
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (B.D.)
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Multilocus Genotyping Reveals New Molecular Markers for Differentiating Distinct Genetic Lineages among " Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani" Strains Associated with Grapevine Bois Noir. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110970. [PMID: 33233322 PMCID: PMC7700334 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with infection by “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” (CaPsol). In this study, an array of CaPsol strains was identified from 142 symptomatic grapevines in vineyards of northern, central, and southern Italy and North Macedonia. Molecular typing of the CaPsol strains was carried out by analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA and translation elongation factor EF-Tu, as well as eight other previously uncharacterized genomic fragments. Strains of tuf-type a and b were found to be differentially distributed in the examined geographic regions in correlation with the prevalence of nettle and bindweed. Two sequence variants were identified in each of the four genomic segments harboring hlyC, cbiQ-glyA, trxA-truB-rsuA, and rplS-tyrS-csdB, respectively. Fifteen CaPsol lineages were identified based on distinct combinations of sequence variations within these genetic loci. Each CaPsol lineage exhibited a unique collective restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern and differed from each other in geographic distribution, probably in relation to the diverse ecological complexity of vineyards and their surroundings. This RFLP-based typing method could be a useful tool for investigating the ecology of CaPsol and the epidemiology of its associated diseases. Phylogenetic analyses highlighted that the sequence variants of the gene hlyC, which encodes a hemolysin III-like protein, separated into two clusters consistent with the separation of two distinct lineages on the basis of tufB gene sequences. Alignments of deduced full protein sequences of elongation factor-Tu (tufB gene) and hemolysin III-like protein (hlyC gene) revealed the presence of critical amino acid substitutions distinguishing CaPsol strains of tuf-type a and b. Findings from the present study provide new insights into the genetic diversity and ecology of CaPsol populations in vineyards.
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Negro C, Sabella E, Nicolì F, Pierro R, Materazzi A, Panattoni A, Aprile A, Nutricati E, Vergine M, Miceli A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Biochemical Changes in Leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese Infected by Bois Noir Phytoplasma. Pathogens 2020; 9:E269. [PMID: 32272699 PMCID: PMC7238227 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir is a disease associated with the presence of phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' belonging to the Stolbur group (subgroup 16SrXII-A), which has a heavy economic impact on grapevines. This study focused on the changes induced by phytoplasma in terms of the profile and amount of secondary metabolites synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway in leaves of Vitis vinifera L. red-berried cultivar Sangiovese. Metabolic alterations were assessed according to the disease progression through measurements of soluble sugars, chlorophyll, and phenolic compounds produced by plant hosts, in response to disease on symptomatic and asymptomatic Bois noir-positive plants. Significant differences were revealed in the amount of soluble sugars, chlorophyll, and accumulation/reduction of some compounds synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Bois noir-positive and negative grapevine leaves. Our results showed a marked increase in phenolic and flavonoid production and a parallel decrease in lignin content in Bois noir-positive compared to negative leaves. Interestingly, some parameters (chlorophyll a, soluble sugars, total phenolic or flavonoids content, proanthocyanidins, quercetin) differed between Bois noir-positive and negative leaves regardless of symptoms, indicating measurable biochemical changes in asymptomatic leaves. Our grapevine cultivar Sangiovese results highlighted an extensive modulation of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway as a defense mechanism activated by the host plant in response to Bois noir disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Nicolì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Roberto Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Materazzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Panattoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Eliana Nutricati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonio Miceli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
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Pierro R, Panattoni A, Passera A, Materazzi A, Luvisi A, Loni A, Ginanni M, Lucchi A, Bianco PA, Quaglino F. Proposal of A New Bois Noir Epidemiological Pattern Related to ' Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' Strains Characterized by A Possible Moderate Virulence in Tuscany. Pathogens 2020; 9:E268. [PMID: 32272713 PMCID: PMC7238118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (CaPsol), is the most widespread disease of the grapevine yellows complex worldwide. In this work, BN epidemiology was investigated in a case study vineyard where an unusual CaPsol strain, previously detected only in other host plants, was found to be prevalent in grapevine. Experimental activities included: symptom observation; sampling of symptomatic vines, Auchenorrhyncha specimens, and weeds; molecular detection and typing of CaPsol strains; statistical analyses for determining possible relationships between CaPsol relative concentration, strain type, and symptom severity. Among insects, Reptalus quinquecostatus was the most abundant and was found to be highly infected by CaPsol, while Hyalesthes obsoletus, the main CaPsol vector, was not caught. Moreover, R. quinquecostatus harbored CaPsol strains carrying uniquely the stamp sequence variant St10, also identified as prevalent in vines and in the majority of weeds, and all the secY variants identified in the vineyard. Statistical analyses revealed that CaPsol strains carrying the St10 variant are not associated with severe symptoms, suggesting their possible moderate virulence. Based on such evidence, a new BN epidemiological pattern related to these CaPsol strains and involving grapevine, R. quinquecostatus, and/or weeds is proposed. Furthermore, the possible presence of other players (vectors and weeds) involved in CaPsol transmission to grapevines was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandra Panattoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (F.Q.)
| | - Alberto Materazzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Augusto Loni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Marco Ginanni
- Agro-Environmental Research Center “Enrico Avanzi” (CiRAA), University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, 56122 Pisa Italy;
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (F.Q.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (F.Q.)
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Quaglino F, Sanna F, Moussa A, Faccincani M, Passera A, Casati P, Bianco PA, Mori N. Identification and ecology of alternative insect vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' to grapevine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19522. [PMID: 31862945 PMCID: PMC6925216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir, a disease of the grapevine yellows complex, is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and transmitted to grapevines in open fields by the cixiids Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri. In vine-growing areas where the population density of these vectors is low within the vineyard, the occurrence of bois noir implies the existence of alternative vectors. The aim of this study was to identify alternative vectors through screening of the Auchenorrhyncha community, phytoplasma typing by stamp gene sequence analyses, and transmission trials. During field activities, conducted in Northern Italy in a vineyard where the bois noir incidence was extremely high, nine potential alternative insect vectors were identified according to high abundance in the vineyard agro-ecosystem, high infection rate, and harbouring phytoplasma strains characterized by stamp gene sequence variants found also in symptomatic grapevines. Transmission trials coupled with molecular analyses showed that at least eight species (Aphrodes makarovi, Dicranotropis hamata, Dictyophara europaea, Euscelis incisus, Euscelidius variegatus, Laodelphax striatella, Philaenus spumarius, and Psammotettix alienus/confinis) are alternative vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' to grapevines. These novel findings highlight that bois noir epidemiology in vineyard agro-ecosystems is more complex than previously known, opening up new perspectives in the disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Quaglino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sanna
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis - viale dell'università, 16 - Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Faccincani
- Consorzio per la tutela del Franciacorta - via G. Verdi 53, 25030, Erbusco, BS, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Mori
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis - viale dell'università, 16 - Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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