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Wei YY, Liang S, Zhu XM, Liu XH, Lin FC. Recent Advances in Effector Research of Magnaporthe oryzae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1650. [PMID: 38002332 PMCID: PMC10669146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant rice blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which has a significant negative economic reverberation on crop productivity. In order to induce the disease onto the host, M. oryzae positively generates many types of small secreted proteins, here named as effectors, to manipulate the host cell for the purpose of stimulating pathogenic infection. In M. oryzae, by engaging with specific receptors on the cell surface, effectors activate signaling channels which control an array of cellular activities, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The most recent research on effector identification, classification, function, secretion, and control mechanism has been compiled in this review. In addition, the article also discusses directions and challenges for future research into an effector in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wei
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China;
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chen YN, Wu DH, Chen MC, Hsieh MT, Jwo WS, Lin GC, Chen RK, Chou HP, Chen PC. Dynamics of spatial and temporal population structure of Pyricularia oryzae in Taiwan. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4254-4263. [PMID: 37341444 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To gain a better understanding of how Pyricularia oryzae population shifts is important for selecting suitable resistance genes for rice breeding programs. However, the relationships between P. oryzae pathogenic dynamics, geographic distribution, rice varieties, and timeline are not well studied. RESULTS Resistance genes Piz-5, Pi9(t), Pi12(t), Pi20(t), Pita-2, and Pi11 showed stable resistance to the Taiwan rice blast fungus over 8 years of observations. Furthermore, 1749 rice blast isolates were collected from 2014 to 2021 and categorized into five pathotype clusters based on their correlation analysis between the geographic sources and virulence of Lijiangxintuanheigu monogenic lines. A detailed map of their distributions in Taiwan is presented. Isolates collected from the western region of Taiwan had greater pathotype diversity than those from the east region. Isolates collected from the subtropical region had greater diversity than those from the tropical region. Rice cultivars carrying Pik alleles were highly susceptible to pathotype L4. Cultivars with Piz-t were highly susceptible to pathotype L5, and those with Pish were highly susceptible to pathotype L1. The geographical distribution of each pathotype was distinct, and the population size of each pathotype fluctuated significantly each year. CONCLUSION The regional mega cultivars significantly impact the evolution of Pyricularia oryzae in Taiwan within the span of 8 years. However, the annual fluctuation of pathotype populations likely correlate to the rising annual temperatures that selected pathotype clusters by their optimal growth temperature. The results will provide useful information for effective disease management, and enable the R-genes to prolong their function in the fields. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nian Chen
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Hong Wu
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chun Chen
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ting Hsieh
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Shyuan Jwo
- Technical Service Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Cih Lin
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kuen Chen
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Ping Chou
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
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3
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Li J, Lu L, Li C, Wang Q, Shi Z. Insertion of Transposable Elements in AVR-Pib of Magnaporthe oryzae Leading to LOSS of the Avirulent Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15542. [PMID: 37958524 PMCID: PMC10650890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast is a very serious disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which threatens rice production and food supply throughout the world. The avirulence (AVR) genes of rice blast are perceived by the corresponding rice blast resistance (R) genes and prompt specific resistance. A mutation in AVR is a major force for new virulence. Exploring mutations in AVR among M. oryzae isolates from rice production fields could aid assessment of the efficacy and durability of R genes. We studied the probable molecular-evolutionary patterns of AVR-Pib alleles by assaying their DNA-sequence diversification and examining their avirulence to the corresponding Pib resistance gene under natural conditions in the extremely genetically diverse of rice resources of Yunnan, China. PCRs detected results from M. oryzae genomic DNA and revealed that 162 out of 366 isolates collected from Yunnan Province contained AVR-Pib alleles. Among them, 36.1-73.3% isolates from six different rice production areas of Yunnan contained AVR-Pib alleles. Furthermore, 36 (28.6%) out of 126 isolates had a transposable element (TE) insertion in AVR-Pib, which resulted in altered virulence. The TE insertion was identified in isolates from rice rather than from Musa nana Lour. Twelve AVR-Pib haplotypes encoding three novel AVR-Pib variants were identified among the remaining 90 isolates. AVR-Pib alleles evolved to virulent forms from avirulent forms by base substitution and TE insertion of Pot2 and Pot3 in the 5' untranslated region of AVR-Pib. These findings support the hypothesis that functional AVR-Pib possesses varied sequence structures and can escape surveillance by hosts via multiple variation manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Li
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Lin Lu
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China;
| | - Chengyun Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity and Pest Management, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650200, China;
| | - Qun Wang
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Zhufeng Shi
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Q.W.)
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Mutiga SK, Orwa P, Nganga EM, Kyallo MM, Rotich F, Gichuhi E, Kimani JM, Mwongera DT, Were VM, Yanoria MJ, Murori R, Mgonja E, Ziyomo C, Wasilwa L, Bachabi F, Ndjiondjop MN, Ouedraogo I, Correll JC, Talbot NJ. Characterization of Blast Resistance in a Diverse Rice Panel from Sub-Saharan Africa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1278-1288. [PMID: 36802875 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0379-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a recent unparalleled increase in demand for rice in sub-Saharan Africa, yet its production is affected by blast disease. Characterization of blast resistance in adapted African rice cultivars can provide important information to guide growers and rice breeders. We used molecular markers for known blast resistance genes (Pi genes; n = 21) to group African rice genotypes (n = 240) into similarity clusters. We then used greenhouse-based assays to challenge representative rice genotypes (n = 56) with African isolates (n = 8) of Magnaporthe oryzae which varied in virulence and genetic lineage. The markers grouped rice cultivars into five blast resistance clusters (BRC) which differed in foliar disease severity. Using stepwise regression, we found that the Pi genes associated with reduced blast severity were Pi50 and Pi65, whereas Pik-p, Piz-t, and Pik were associated with increased susceptibility. All rice genotypes in the most resistant cluster, BRC 4, possessed Pi50 and Pi65, the only genes that were significantly associated with reduced foliar blast severity. Cultivar IRAT109, which contains Piz-t, was resistant against seven African M. oryzae isolates, whereas ARICA 17 was susceptible to eight isolates. The popular Basmati 217 and Basmati 370 were among the most susceptible genotypes. These findings indicate that most tested genes were not effective against African blast pathogen collections. Pyramiding genes in the Pi2/9 multifamily blast resistance cluster on chromosome 6 and Pi65 on chromosome 11 could confer broad-spectrum resistance capabilities. To gain further insights into genomic regions associated with blast resistance, gene mapping could be conducted with resident blast pathogen collections. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Mutiga
- Biosciences for Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- The University of Arkansas System-Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Martina M Kyallo
- Biosciences for Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Emily Gichuhi
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John M Kimani
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David T Mwongera
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Mary Jeanie Yanoria
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | - Cathrine Ziyomo
- Biosciences for Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lusike Wasilwa
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Famata Bachabi
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Station de M'bé, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Ibrahima Ouedraogo
- Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - James C Correll
- The University of Arkansas System-Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, U.S.A
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Syauqi J, Chen RK, Cheng AH, Wu YF, Chung CL, Lin CC, Chou HP, Wu HY, Jian JY, Liao CT, Kuo CC, Chu SC, Tsai YC, Liao DJ, Wu YP, Abadi AL, Sulistyowati L, Shen WC. Surveillance of Rice Blast Resistance Effectiveness and Emerging Virulent Isolates in Taiwan. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3187-3197. [PMID: 35581907 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2806-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a dangerous threat to rice production and food security worldwide. Breeding and proper deployment of resistant varieties are effective and environmentally friendly strategies to manage this notorious disease. However, a highly dynamic and quickly evolved rice blast pathogen population in the field has made disease control with resistance germplasms more challenging. Therefore, continued monitoring of pathogen dynamics and application of effective resistance varieties are critical tasks to prolong or sustain field resistance. Here, we report a team project that involved evaluation of rice blast resistance genes and surveillance of M. oryzae field populations in Taiwan. A set of International Rice Research Institute-bred blast-resistant lines (IRBLs) carrying single blast resistance genes was utilized to monitor the field effectiveness of rice blast resistance. Resistance genes such as Ptr (formerly Pita2) and Pi9 exhibited the best and most durable resistance against the rice blast fungus population in Taiwan. Interestingly, line IRBLb-B harboring the Pib gene with good field protection has recently shown susceptible lesions in some locations. To dissect the genotypic features of virulent isolates against the Pib resistance gene, M. oryzae isolates were collected and analyzed. Screening of the AvrPib locus revealed that the majority of field isolates still maintained the wild-type AvrPib status but eight virulent genotypes were found. Pot3 insertion appeared to be a major way to disrupt the AvrPib avirulence function. Interestingly, a novel AvrPib double-allele genotype among virulent isolates was first identified. Pot2 repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) fingerprinting analysis indicated that mutation events may occur independently among different lineages in different geographic locations of Taiwan. This study provides our surveillance experience of rice blast disease and serves as the foundation to sustain rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jauhar Syauqi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brawijaya, Lowokwaru, Malang City, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia
| | - Rong-Kuen Chen
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hsinhua District, Tainan 712009, Taiwan
| | - An-Hsiu Cheng
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hsinhua District, Tainan 712009, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Fang Wu
- Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hsinhua District, Tainan 712009, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Taidung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Taidung City 950244, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Ping Chou
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Pingtung County 908126, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuh Wu
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 327005, Taiwan
| | - Jen-You Jian
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 327005, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Liao
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua County 515008, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Kuo
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua County 515008, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Chu
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 363201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Tsai
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien County 973044, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Jing Liao
- Department of Agronomy, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi City 600015, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Pei Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi City 600015, Taiwan
| | - Abdul Latief Abadi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brawijaya, Lowokwaru, Malang City, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia
| | - Liliek Sulistyowati
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brawijaya, Lowokwaru, Malang City, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia
| | - Wei-Chiang Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
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Hu ZJ, Huang YY, Lin XY, Feng H, Zhou SX, Xie Y, Liu XX, Liu C, Zhao RM, Zhao WS, Feng CH, Pu M, Ji YP, Hu XH, Li GB, Zhao JH, Zhao ZX, Wang H, Zhang JW, Fan J, Li Y, Peng YL, He M, Li DQ, Huang F, Peng YL, Wang WM. Loss and Natural Variations of Blast Fungal Avirulence Genes Breakdown Rice Resistance Genes in the Sichuan Basin of China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:788876. [PMID: 35498644 PMCID: PMC9040519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.788876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is the causative agent of rice blast, a devastating disease in rice worldwide. Based on the gene-for-gene paradigm, resistance (R) proteins can recognize their cognate avirulence (AVR) effectors to activate effector-triggered immunity. AVR genes have been demonstrated to evolve rapidly, leading to breakdown of the cognate resistance genes. Therefore, understanding the variation of AVR genes is essential to the deployment of resistant cultivars harboring the cognate R genes. In this study, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of eight known AVR genes, namely, AVR-Pita1, AVR-Pii, AVR-Pia, AVR-Pik, AVR-Pizt, AVR-Pi9, AVR-Pib, and AVR-Pi54 in a total of 383 isolates from 13 prefectures in the Sichuan Basin. We detected the presence of AVR-Pik, AVR-Pi54, AVR-Pizt, AVR-Pi9, and AVR-Pib in the isolates of all the prefectures, but not AVR-Pita1, AVR-Pii, and AVR-Pia in at least seven prefectures, indicating loss of the three AVRs. We also detected insertions of Pot3, Mg-SINE, and indels in AVR-Pib, solo-LTR of Inago2 in AVR-Pizt, and gene duplications in AVR-Pik. Consistently, the isolates that did not harboring AVR-Pia were virulent to IRBLa-A, the monogenic line containing Pia, and the isolates with variants of AVR-Pib and AVR-Pizt were virulent to IRBLb-B and IRBLzt-t, the monogenic lines harboring Pib and Piz-t, respectively, indicating breakdown of resistance by the loss and variations of the avirulence genes. Therefore, the use of blast resistance genes should be alarmed by the loss and nature variations of avirulence genes in the blast fungal population in the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Yan-Yan Huang
| | - Xiao-Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ru-Meng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Hong Feng
- Plant Protection Station, Department of Agriculture Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Liang Peng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Ming Wang
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Wang W, Su J, Chen K, Yang J, Chen S, Wang C, Feng A, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhu X, Lu GD, Zhou B. Dynamics of the Rice Blast Fungal Population in the Field After Deployment of an Improved Rice Variety Containing Known Resistance Genes. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:919-928. [PMID: 32967563 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1348-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice worldwide. Management through the deployment of host resistance genes would be facilitated by understanding the dynamics of the pathogen's population in the field. Here, to investigate the mechanism underlying the breakdown of disease resistance, we conducted a six-year field experiment to monitor the evolution of M. oryzae populations in Qujiang from Guangdong. The new variety of Xin-Yin-Zhan (XYZ) carrying R genes Pi50 and Pib was developed using the susceptible elite variety, Ma-Ba-Yin-Zhan (MBYZ), as the recurrent line. Field trials of disease resistance assessment revealed that the disease indices of XYZ in 2012, 2013, 2016, and 2017 were 0.19, 0.39, 0.70, and 0.90, respectively, indicating that XYZ displayed a very rapid increase of disease severity in the field. To investigate the mechanism underlying the quick erosion of resistance of XYZ, we collected isolates from both XYZ and MBYZ for pathogenicity testing against six different isogenic lines. The isolates collected from XYZ showed a similar virulence spectrum across four different years whereas those from MBYZ showed increasing virulence to the Pi50 and Pib isogenic lines from 2012 to 2017. Molecular analysis of AvrPib in the isolates from MBYZ identified four different AvrPib haplotypes, i.e., AvrPib-AP1-1, AvrPib-AP1-2, avrPib-AP2, and avrPib-AP3, verified by sequencing. AvrPib-AP1-1 and AvrPib-AP1-2 are avirulent to Pib whereas avrPib-AP2 and avrPib-AP3 are virulent. Insertions of a Pot3 and an Mg-SINE were identified in avrPib-AP2 and avrPib-AP3, respectively. Two major lineages based on rep-PCR analysis were further deduced in the field population, implying that the field population is composed of genetically related isolates. Our data suggest that clonal propagation and quick dominance of virulent isolates against the previously resistant variety could be the major genetic events contributing to the loss of varietal resistance against rice blast in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kailing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Congying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Aiqing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Ocean Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
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Xiao G, Yang J, Zhu X, Wu J, Zhou B. Prevalence of Ineffective Haplotypes at the Rice Blast Resistance (R) Gene Loci in Chinese Elite Hybrid Rice Varieties Revealed by Sequence-Based Molecular Diagnosis. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:6. [PMID: 32002696 PMCID: PMC6990218 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-0367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple haplotypes at the same rice blast R-gene locus share extremely high sequence similarity, which makes the gene diagnostic method using molecular markers less effective in differentiation from one another. The composition and distribution pattern of deployed R genes/haplotypes in elite rice varieties has not been extensively analyzed. In this study, we employed PCR amplification and sequencing approach for the diagnosis of R-gene haplotypes in 54 Chinese elite rice varieties. A varied number of functional and nonfunctional haplotypes of 4 target major R-gene loci, i.e., Pi2/9, Pi5, Pik, and Pib, were deduced by referring to the reference sequences of known R genes. Functional haplotypes accounted for relatively low frequencies for the Pi2/9 (15%) and Pik (9%) loci but for relatively high frequencies for the Pi5 (50%) and Pib (54%) loci. Intriguingly, significant frequencies of 33%, 39%, 46% of non-functional haplotypes at the Pi2/9, Pik, and Pib loci, respectively, with traceable original donors were identified, suggesting that they were most likely unintentionally spread by using undesirable donors in various breeding programs. In the case of Pi5 locus, only a single haplotype, i.e., Pi5 was identified. The reactions of 54 rice varieties to the differential isolates were evaluated, which showed a good correlation to the frequency of cognate avirulence (Avr) genes or haplotypes in the differential isolates. Four R genes, i.e., Pi2, Piz-t, Pi50, and Pikm were found to contribute significantly to the resistance of the elite rice varieties. Other two genes, Pi9 and Pikh, which were not utilized in rice varieties, showed promising values in breeding durable resistance due to their high resistance frequencies to the contemporary rice blast population. The sequence-based molecular diagnosis provided a promising approach for the identification and verification of haplotypes in different R-gene loci and effective R genes valuable for breeding durable rice resistance to rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, Hunan China
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Bo Zhou
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
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