1
|
Bulasag AS, Ashida A, Miura A, Pring S, Kuroyanagi T, Camagna M, Tanaka A, Sato I, Chiba S, Ojika M, Takemoto D. Botrytis cinerea detoxifies the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin through multiple metabolizing pathways. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 172:103895. [PMID: 38679292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that infects across a broad range of plant hosts, including high-impact crop species. Its generalist necrotrophic behavior stems from its ability to detoxify structurally diverse phytoalexins. The current study aims to provide evidence of the ability of B. cinerea to tolerate the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin rishitin, which is produced by potato and tomato. While the growth of potato pathogens Phytophthora infestans (late blight) and Alternaria solani (early blight) was severely inhibited by rishitin, B. cinerea was tolerant to rishitin. After incubation of rishitin with the mycelia of B. cinerea, it was metabolized to at least six oxidized forms. Structural analysis of these purified rishitin metabolites revealed a variety of oxidative metabolism including hydroxylation at C7 or C12, ketone formation at C5, and dihydroxylation at the 10,11-olefin. Six rishitin metabolites showed reduced toxicity to P. infestans and A. solani, indicating that B. cinerea has at least 5 distinct enzymatic reactions to detoxify rishitin. Four host-specialized phytopathogenic Botrytis species, namely B. elliptica, B. allii, B. squamosa, and B. tulipae also had at least a partial ability to metabolize rishitin as B. cinerea, but their metabolic capacity was significantly weaker than that of B. cinerea. These results suggest that the ability of B. cinerea to rapidly metabolize rishitin through multiple detoxification mechanisms could be critical for its pathogenicity in potato and tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abriel Salaria Bulasag
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Akira Ashida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sreynich Pring
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kuroyanagi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coca-Ruiz V, Suárez I, Aleu J, Cantoral JM, González C, Garrido C, Brito N, Collado IG. Unravelling the Function of the Sesquiterpene Cyclase STC3 in the Lifecycle of Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5125. [PMID: 38791163 PMCID: PMC11120764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome sequencing of Botrytis cinerea supplies a general overview of the map of genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis. B. cinerea genomic data reveals that this phytopathogenic fungus has seven sesquiterpene cyclase (Bcstc) genes that encode proteins involved in the farnesyl diphosphate cyclization. Three sesquiterpene cyclases (BcStc1, BcStc5 and BcStc7) are characterized, related to the biosynthesis of botrydial, abscisic acid and (+)-4-epi-eremophilenol, respectively. However, the role of the other four sesquiterpene cyclases (BcStc2, BcStc3, BcStc4 and BcStc6) remains unknown. BcStc3 is a well-conserved protein with homologues in many fungal species, and here, we undertake its functional characterization in the lifecycle of the fungus. A null mutant ΔBcstc3 and an overexpressed-Bcstc3 transformant (OvBcstc3) are generated, and both strains show the deregulation of those other sesquiterpene cyclase-encoding genes (Bcstc1, Bcstc5 and Bcstc7). These results suggest a co-regulation of the expression of the sesquiterpene cyclase gene family in B. cinerea. The phenotypic characterization of both transformants reveals that BcStc3 is involved in oxidative stress tolerance, the production of reactive oxygen species and virulence. The metabolomic analysis allows the isolation of characteristic polyketides and eremophilenols from the secondary metabolism of B. cinerea, although no sesquiterpenes different from those already described are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Coca-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ivonne Suárez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Josefina Aleu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Cantoral
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.C.); (C.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Celedonio González
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.C.); (C.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Nélida Brito
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou L, Liu Y, Kong F, Jia S, Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Huang X. Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea from Vineyards to Boscalid, Isofetamid, and Pydiflumetofen in Shandong Province, China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1068-1074. [PMID: 38105240 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0369-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides are the most commonly and effectively used class of fungicides for controlling gray mold. Among them, only boscalid has been registered in China for controlling grape gray mold, whereas isofetamid and pydiflumetofen are two new SDHI fungicides that have demonstrated high efficacy against various fungal diseases. However, the sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea isolates from vineyards in China to these three fungicides is currently unknown. In this study, the sensitivity of 55 B. cinerea isolates from vineyards to boscalid, isofetamid, and pydiflumetofen was determined, with the effective concentrations for inhibiting 50% of spore germination (EC50) values ranging from 1.10 to 393, 0.0300 to 42.0, and 0.0990 to 25.5 μg ml-1, respectively. The resistance frequencies for boscalid, isofetamid, and pydiflumetofen were 60.0, 7.2, and 12.8%, respectively. Three mutations (H272R, H272Y, and P225F) were detected in the SdhB subunit, with H272R being the most prevalent (75.7%), followed by H272Y (16.2%) and P225F (8.1%). All three mutations are associated with resistance to boscalid, and of them, H272R mutants exhibited high resistance. Only P225F and H272Y mutants exhibited resistance to isofetamid and pydiflumetofen, respectively. A weakly positive cross-resistance relationship was observed between boscalid and pydiflumetofen (r = 0.38, P < 0.05). Additionally, the H272R mutants showed no significant fitness costs, whereas the remaining mutants exhibited reduced mycelial growth (P225F) and sporulation (H272Y and P225F). These results suggest that isofetamid and pydiflumetofen are effective fungicides against B. cinerea in vineyards, but appropriate rotation strategies must be implemented to reduce the selection of existing SDHI-resistant isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianzhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fanfang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An JX, Zhang BQ, Liang HJ, Zhang ZJ, Liu YQ, Zhang SY. Antifungal Activity and Putative Mechanism of HWY-289, a Semisynthetic Protoberberine Derivative, against Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7716-7726. [PMID: 38536397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of resistant pathogens has increased the demand for alternative fungicides. The use of natural products as chemical scaffolds is a potential method for developing fungicides. HWY-289, a semisynthetic protoberberine derivative, demonstrated broad-spectrum and potent activities against phytopathogenic fungi, particularly Botrytis cinerea (with EC50 values of 1.34 μg/mL). SEM and TEM imaging indicated that HWY-289 altered the morphology of the mycelium and the internal structure of cells. Transcriptomics revealed that it could break down cellular walls through amino acid sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In addition, it substantially decreased chitinase activity and chitin synthase gene (BcCHSV) expression by 53.03 and 82.18% at 1.5 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, this impacted the permeability and integrity of cell membranes. Finally, HWY-289 also hindered energy metabolism, resulting in a significant reduction of ATP content, ATPase activities, and key enzyme activities in the TCA cycle. Therefore, HWY-289 may be a potential candidate for the development of plant fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia An
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bao-Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jie Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nielsen KAG, Skårn MN, Talgø V, Pettersson M, Fløistad IS, Strømeng GM, Brurberg MB, Stensvand A. Fungicide-Resistant Botrytis in Forest Nurseries May Impact Disease Control in Norway Spruce. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:139-148. [PMID: 37578357 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-23-0037-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold, caused by Botrytis spp., is a serious problem in Norway spruce seedling production in forest nurseries. From 2013 to 2019, 125 isolates of Botrytis were obtained from eight forest nurseries in Norway: 53 from Norway spruce seedlings, 16 from indoor air, 52 from indoor surfaces, and four from weeds growing close to seedlings. The majority of isolates were identified as B. cinerea, and over 60% of these were characterized as Botrytis group S. B. pseudocinerea isolates were obtained along with isolates with DNA sequence similarities to B. prunorum. Fungicide resistance was assessed with a mycelial growth assay, and resistance was found for the following: boscalid (8.8%), fenhexamid (33.6%), fludioxonil (17.6%), pyraclostrobin (36.0%), pyrimethanil (13.6%), and thiophanate-methyl (50.4%). Many isolates (38.4%) were resistant to two to six different fungicides. A selection of isolates was analyzed for the presence of known resistance-conferring mutations in the cytb, erg27, mrr1, sdhB, and tubA genes, and mutations leading to G143A, F412S, ΔL497, H272R, and E198A/F200Y were detected, respectively. Detection of fungicide resistance in Botrytis from Norway spruce and forest nursery facilities reinforces the necessity of employing resistance management strategies to improve control and delay development of fungicide resistance in the gray mold pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ann Gredvig Nielsen
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences (IPV), Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Magne Nordang Skårn
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
| | - Venche Talgø
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
| | - Inger Sundheim Fløistad
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
| | - Gunn Mari Strømeng
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences (IPV), Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Arne Stensvand
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås 1431, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences (IPV), Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brauna-Morževska E, Stoddard FL, Bankina B, Kaņeps J, Bimšteine G, Petrova I, Neusa-Luca I, Roga A, Fridmanis D. Evaluation of pathogenicity of Botrytis species isolated from different legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1069126. [PMID: 37051088 PMCID: PMC10083380 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1069126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of genus Botrytis are important pathogens of legumes, causing gray mold and chocolate spot diseases. The use of molecular methods to identify pathogens has resulted in the discovery of several new Botrytis species and new associations of pathogens with diseases. Thus, chocolate spot of faba bean is now associated with at least four species: B. fabae, B. cinerea, B. pseudocinerea and B. fabiopsis. Species of Botrytis differ in host plant, pathogenicity, fungicide resistance and other relevant properties that affect disease control. The aim of this study was to identify the species of Botrytis isolated from different legume crops and to evaluate their in vitro pathogenicity. Between 2014 and 2019, 278 isolates of Botrytis were obtained from infected legumes in Latvia. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out by sequencing three nuclear genes, RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH, considered to be diagnostic for species in this genus. A set of 21 representative isolates was selected for pathogenicity tests on detached leaves of faba bean, field pea, lupin and soybean using 5-mm mycelium-agar plugs. The diameter of the formed lesions under the inoculated plug was measured crosswise each day. The datasets were subjected to analysis of variance with the split-plot design of the experiment and repeated-measures model. Six species were identified: B. cinerea, B. fabae, B. pseudocinerea, B. fabiopsis, B. euroamericana and B. medusae. In addition to the expected combinations of host and pathogen, naturally occurring infections of B. fabiopsis were found on chickpea, B. euroamericana on faba bean and B. medusae in lupin seeds. Species and isolate had significant effects on pathogenicity on all crops tested. Several isolates were pathogenic on two or more host species: two of B. pseudocinerea, two of B. cinerea, two of B. fabiopsis and the one of B. medusae. One isolate of B. pseudocinerea and two of B. fabiopsis caused primary lesions on all five host species. The results show that these Botrytis species have a broad host range that should be borne in mind when planning crop sequences and rotations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elīna Brauna-Morževska
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Frederick L. Stoddard
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, and Helsinki Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Biruta Bankina
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Jānis Kaņeps
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Gunita Bimšteine
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Irina Petrova
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ingrīda Neusa-Luca
- Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ance Roga
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dāvids Fridmanis
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bi K, Liang Y, Mengiste T, Sharon A. Killing softly: a roadmap of Botrytis cinerea pathogenicity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:211-222. [PMID: 36184487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a widespread plant pathogen with a necrotrophic lifestyle, causes gray mold disease in many crops. Massive secretion of enzymes and toxins was long considered to be the main driver of infection, but recent studies have uncovered a rich toolbox for B. cinerea pathogenicity. The emerging picture is of a multilayered infection process governed by the exchange of factors that collectively contribute to disease development. No plant shows complete resistance against B. cinerea, but pattern-triggered plant immune responses have the potential to significantly reduce disease progression, opening new possibilities for producing B. cinerea-tolerant plants. We examine current B. cinerea infection models, highlight knowledge gaps, and suggest directions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moparthi S, Parikh LP, Gunnink Troth EE, Burrows ME. Identification and Prevalence of Seedborne Botrytis spp. in Dry Pea, Lentil, and Chickpea in Montana. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:382-392. [PMID: 35822889 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1236-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis spp. cause gray mold and are significant pathogens of pulse crops (dry pea, lentil, and chickpea). Seedling infection can result in plant stunting and death. In this study, 100 Botrytis isolates were recovered from pulse crop seed samples that were submitted to the Regional Pulse Crop Diagnostic Laboratory at Montana State University. Nine Botrytis spp. were found to be associated with pulse seeds in Montana based on a combination of cultural characteristics; the amplification of partial sequences of the G3PDH, HSP60, and RPB2 genes; and phylogenetic analysis. Botrytis cinerea (n = 54) was the predominant species, followed by B. euroamericana (n = 22) and B. prunorum (n = 11). There were a few isolates of B. mali and five novel Botrytis spp. that included one cryptic species. To determine the pathogenicity and aggressiveness of the isolates, dry pea cultivar Lifter, lentil cultivar Richlea, and chickpea cultivar Sierra, detached leaves were inoculated using mycelial plugs. Lesion diameter produced by Botrytis isolates on three hosts differed (P < 0.05). Aggressiveness of B. cinerea was high in all three hosts and varied among the tested isolates. Spore inoculations were conducted on greenhouse-grown dry pea, lentil and chickpea plants using one sporulating isolate each of B. cinerea, B. prunorum, and Botrytis sp. 1. Results indicated that these isolates were pathogenic on the tested hosts. This study illustrates that many species of Botrytis are associated with pulse crop seed in Montana and can be aggressive on multiple crops, which may have implications for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalatha Moparthi
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Lipi P Parikh
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Erin E Gunnink Troth
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Mary E Burrows
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Makris G, Nikoloudakis N, Samaras A, Karaoglanidis GS, Kanetis LI. Under Pressure: A Comparative Study of Botrytis cinerea Populations from Conventional and Organic Farms in Cyprus and Greece. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2236-2247. [PMID: 35671479 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0510-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The highly heterogeneous nature of Botrytis cinerea provides adaptive benefits to variable environmental regimes. Disentangling pathogen population structure in anthropogenic agroecosystems is crucial to designing more effective management schemes. Herein, we studied how evolutionary forces exerted in different farming systems, in terms of agrochemicals-input, shape B. cinerea populations. In total, 360 B. cinerea isolates were collected from conventional and organic, strawberry and tomato farms in Cyprus and Greece. The occurrence and frequency of sensitivities to seven botryticides were estimated. Results highlighted widespread fungicide resistance in conventional farms since only 15.5% of the isolates were sensitive. A considerable frequency of fungicide-resistant isolates was also detected in the organic farms (14.9%). High resistance frequencies were observed for boscalid (67.7%), pyraclostrobin (67.3%), cyprodinil (65.9%), and thiophanate-methyl (61.4%) in conventional farms, while high levels of multiple fungicide resistance were also evident. Furthermore, B. cinerea isolates were genotyped using a set of seven microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeat [SSR] markers). Index of association analyses (Ia and rBarD) suggest asexual reproduction of the populations, even though the mating-type idiomorphs were equally distributed, indicating frequency-dependent selection. Fungicide resistance was correlated with farming systems across countries and crops, while SSRs were able to detect population structure associated with resistance to thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and cyprodinil. The expected heterozygosity in organic farms was significantly higher than in conventional, suggesting the absence of selective pressure that may change the allelic abundance in organic farms. However, genetic variance among strawberry and tomato populations was high, ranking host specificity higher than other selection forces studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Makris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Anastasios Samaras
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios S Karaoglanidis
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Loukas I Kanetis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prasannath K, Shivas RG, Galea VJ, Akinsanmi OA. Novel Botrytis and Cladosporium Species Associated with Flower Diseases of Macadamia in Australia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:898. [PMID: 34829187 PMCID: PMC8622590 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) is endemic to eastern Australia and produces an edible nut that is widely cultivated in commercial orchards globally. A survey of fungi associated with the grey and green mold symptoms of macadamia flowers found mostly species of Botrytis (Sclerotiniaceae, Leotiomycetes) and Cladosporium (Cladosporiaceae, Dothideomycetes). These isolates included B. cinerea, C. cladosporioides, and unidentified isolates. Amongst the unidentified isolates, one novel species of Botrytis and three novel species of Cladosporium were delimited and characterized by molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new species are Botrytis macadamiae, Cladosporium devikae, C. macadamiae, and C. proteacearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandeeparoopan Prasannath
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Roger G. Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Victor J. Galea
- School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - Olufemi A. Akinsanmi
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Richards JK, Xiao CL, Jurick WM. Botrytis spp.: A Contemporary Perspective and Synthesis of Recent Scientific Developments of a Widespread Genus that Threatens Global Food Security. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:432-436. [PMID: 33231498 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-20-0475-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This perspective presents a synopsis of the topics contained in the Phytopathology Pathogen Spotlight on Botrytis spp. causing gray mold, including pathogen biology and systematics, genomic characterization of new species, perspectives on genome editing, and fungicide resistance. A timely breakthrough to engineer host plant resistance against the gray mold fungus has been demonstrated in planta and may augment chemical controls in the near future. While B. cinerea has garnered much of the research attention, other economically important Botrytis spp. have been identified and characterized via morphological and genome-based approaches. Gray mold control is achieved primarily through fungicide applications but resistance to various chemical classes is a major concern that threatens global plant health and food security. In this issue, new information on molecular mechanism(s) of fungicide resistance and ways to manage control failures are presented. Finally, a significant leap in fundamental pathogen biology has been achieved via development of CRISPR/Cas9 to assess gene function in the fungus which likely will spawn new control mechanisms and facilitate gene discovery studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Richards
- Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- Supervisory Research Plant Pathologist, Commodity Protection and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Lead Scientist and Research Plant Pathologist, Food Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| |
Collapse
|