1
|
de Novaes MIC, Robertson C, Doyle VP, Burk D, Thomas-Sharma S. Distribution and Sequestration of Cercosporin by Cercospora cf. flagellaris. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1822-1831. [PMID: 38700938 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi produce toxins as virulence factors in many plant diseases. In Cercospora leaf blight of soybean caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, symptoms are a consequence of the production of a perylenequinone toxin, cercosporin, which is light-activated to produce damaging reactive oxygen species. Cercosporin is universally toxic to cells, except to the cells of the producer. The current model of self-resistance to cercosporin is largely attributed to the maintenance of cercosporin in a chemically reduced state inside hyphae, unassociated with cellular organelles. However, in another perylenequinone-producing fungus, Phaeosphaeria sp., the toxin was specifically sequestered inside lipid droplets (LDs) to prevent reactive oxygen species production. This study hypothesized that LD-based sequestration of cercosporin occurred in C. cf. flagellaris and that lipid-inhibiting fungicides could inhibit toxin production. Confocal microscopy using light-cultured C. cf. flagellaris indicated that 3-day-old hyphae contained two forms of cercosporin distributed in two types of hyphae. Reduced cercosporin was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of thick, primary hyphae, and, contrary to previous studies, active cercosporin was observed specifically in the LDs of thin, secondary hyphae. The production of hyphae of two different thicknesses, a characteristic of hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, has not been documented in C. cf. flagellaris. No correlation was observed between cercosporin production and total lipid extracted, and two lipid-inhibiting fungicides had little effect on fungal growth in growth-inhibition assays. This study lays a foundation for exploring the importance of pathogen lifestyle, toxin production, and LD content in the pathogenicity and symptomology of Cercospora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Izabel Costa de Novaes
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Clark Robertson
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 20140 Iowa Street, Livingston, LA 70754
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - David Burk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Sara Thomas-Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel J, Allen TW, Buckley B, Chen P, Clubb M, Mozzoni LA, Orazaly M, Florez L, Moseley D, Rupe JC, Shrestha BK, Price PP, Ward BM, Koebernick J. Deciphering genetic factors contributing to enhanced resistance against Cercospora leaf blight in soybean ( Glycine max L.) using GWAS analysis. Front Genet 2024; 15:1377223. [PMID: 38798696 PMCID: PMC11116733 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1377223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB), caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, C. kikuchii, and C. cf. sigesbeckiae, is a significant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] disease in regions with hot and humid conditions causing yield loss in the United States and Canada. There is limited information regarding resistant soybean cultivars, and there have been marginal efforts to identify the genomic regions underlying resistance to CLB. A Genome-Wide Association Study was conducted using a diverse panel of 460 soybean accessions from maturity groups III to VII to identify the genomic regions associated to the CLB disease. These accessions were evaluated for CLB in different regions of the southeastern United States over 3 years. In total, the study identified 99 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) associated with the disease severity and 85 SNPs associated with disease incidence. Across multiple environments, 47 disease severity SNPs and 23 incidence SNPs were common. Candidate genes within 10 kb of these SNPs were involved in biotic and abiotic stress pathways. This information will contribute to the development of resistant soybean germplasm. Further research is warranted to study the effect of pyramiding desirable genomic regions and investigate the role of identified genes in soybean CLB resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinesh Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Tom W. Allen
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Blair Buckley
- LSU AgCenter, Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, United States
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Fisher Delta Research Center, MO University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, United States
| | - Michael Clubb
- Fisher Delta Research Center, MO University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, United States
| | - Leandro A. Mozzoni
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Moldir Orazaly
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Liliana Florez
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - David Moseley
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - John C. Rupe
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Bishnu K. Shrestha
- LSU AgCenter, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro, LA, United States
| | - Paul P. Price
- LSU AgCenter, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro, LA, United States
| | - Brian M. Ward
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shrestha BK, Ward BM, Allen TW, da Silva ET, Zulli H, Dunford W, Doyle V, Bradley CA, Buckley B, Chen P, Clubb M, Kelly H, Koebernick J, Padgett B, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Spurlock TN, Thomas-Sharma S, Tolbert A, Zhou XG, Price PP. Characterization of QoI-Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora Isolates Associated with Cercospora Leaf Blight of Soybean from the Southern United States. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:149-161. [PMID: 37578368 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-23-0588-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) of soybean, caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, C. kikuchii, and C. cf. sigesbeckiae, is an economically important disease in the southern United States. Cultivar resistance to CLB is inconsistent; therefore, fungicides in the quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) class have been relied on to manage the disease. Approximately 620 isolates from plants exhibiting CLB were collected between 2018 and 2021 from 19 locations in eight southern states. A novel polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay based on two genes, calmodulin and histone h3, was developed to differentiate between the dominant species of Cercospora, C. cf. flagellaris, and C. cf. sigesbeckiae. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis of actin, calmodulin, histone h3, ITS rDNA, and transcription elongation factor 1-α was used to confirm PCR-RFLP results and identify remaining isolates. Approximately 80% of the isolates collected were identified as C. cf. flagellaris, while 15% classified as C. cf. sigesbeckiae, 2% as C. kikuchii, and 3% as previously unreported Cercospora species associated with CLB in the United States. PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b (cytb) identified QoI-resistance conferred by the G143A substitution. Approximately 64 to 83% of isolates were determined to be QoI-resistant, and all contained the G143A substitution. Results of discriminatory dose assays using azoxystrobin (1 ppm) were 100% consistent with PCR-RFLP results. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first report of QoI resistance in CLB pathogen populations from Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. In areas where high frequencies of resistance have been identified, QoI fungicides should be avoided, and fungicide products with alternative modes-of-action should be utilized in the absence of CLB-resistant soybean cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Ward
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Tom W Allen
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS
| | - Ernesto T da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Hannah Zulli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Will Dunford
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Vinson Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Carl A Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY
| | - Blair Buckley
- Red River Research Station, LSU AgCenter, Bossier, LA
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO
| | - Michael Clubb
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO
| | - Heather Kelly
- West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson, TN
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Boyd Padgett
- Dean Lee Research and Extension Center, LSU AgCenter, Alexandria, LA
| | - John C Rupe
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Ed J Sikora
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Terry N Spurlock
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sara Thomas-Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Amanda Tolbert
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Xin-Gen Zhou
- Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Beaumont, TX
| | - Paul P Price
- Macon Ridge Research Station, LSU AgCenter, Winnsboro, LA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hosseini B, Voegele RT, Link TI. Diagnosis of Soybean Diseases Caused by Fungal and Oomycete Pathogens: Existing Methods and New Developments. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050587. [PMID: 37233298 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) acreage is increasing dramatically, together with the use of soybean as a source of vegetable protein and oil. However, soybean production is affected by several diseases, especially diseases caused by fungal seed-borne pathogens. As infected seeds often appear symptomless, diagnosis by applying accurate detection techniques is essential to prevent propagation of pathogens. Seed incubation on culture media is the traditional method to detect such pathogens. This method is simple, but fungi have to develop axenically and expert mycologists are required for species identification. Even experts may not be able to provide reliable type level identification because of close similarities between species. Other pathogens are soil-borne. Here, traditional methods for detection and identification pose even greater problems. Recently, molecular methods, based on analyzing DNA, have been developed for sensitive and specific identification. Here, we provide an overview of available molecular assays to identify species of the genera Diaporthe, Sclerotinia, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Cercospora, Septoria, Macrophomina, Phialophora, Rhizoctonia, Phakopsora, Phytophthora, and Pythium, causing soybean diseases. We also describe the basic steps in establishing PCR-based detection methods, and we discuss potentials and challenges in using such assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnoush Hosseini
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Str. 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomas Voegele
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Str. 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Immanuel Link
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Str. 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos Rezende J, Zivanovic M, Costa de Novaes MI, Chen Z. The AVR4 effector is involved in cercosporin biosynthesis and likely affects the virulence of Cercospora cf. flagellaris on soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:53-65. [PMID: 31642594 PMCID: PMC6913201 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most devastating fungal diseases of soybean in the southern USA is Cercospora leaf blight (CLB), which is caused mainly by Cercospora cf. flagellaris. Recent studies found that the fungal effector AVR4, originally identified in Cladosporium fulvum as a chitin-binding protein, is highly conserved among other Cercospora species. We wanted to determine whether it is present in C. cf. flagellaris and, if so, whether it plays a role in the pathogen infection of soybean. We cloned the Avr4 gene and created C. cf. flagellaris ∆avr4 mutants, which produced little cercosporin and significantly reduced expression of cercosporin biosynthesis genes. The ∆avr4 mutants were also more sensitive to chitinase and showed reduced virulence on soybean compared to the wild-type. The observed reduced virulence of C. cf. flagellaris ∆avr4 mutants on detached soybean leaves is likely due to reduced cercosporin biosynthesis. The phenotypes of reduced cercosporin production and cercosporin pathway gene expression, similar to those of the ∆avr4 mutants, were reproduced when wild-type C. cf. flagellaris was treated with double-stranded RNA targeting Avr4 in vitro. These two independent approaches demonstrated for the first time the direct involvement of AVR4 in the biosynthesis of cercosporin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josielle Santos Rezende
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Marija Zivanovic
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Maria Izabel Costa de Novaes
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Subbarao CS, Anchieta A, Ochoa L, Dhar N, Kunjeti SG, Subbarao KV, Klosterman SJ. Detection of Latent Peronospora effusa Infections in Spinach. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1766-1771. [PMID: 30125212 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-1956-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew disease of spinach, caused by Peronospora effusa, is managed in conventional fields by a combination of host resistance and scheduled fungicide applications. Fungicides are currently applied to prevent downy mildew epidemics regardless of the infection status of spinach crops. A more streamlined approach would be to develop methods to target either latent infections for fungicide application in conventional production systems or to hasten harvest in organic production. In this study, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect P. effusa DNA in symptomless spinach leaves in three spatially and temporally separated field plots, each containing four 2-m beds, 35 m in length. Spinach leaves were sampled weekly at 3-m intervals at 48 locations throughout each plot. Initial samples were asymptomatic and yet PCR enabled detection of P. effusa DNA extracted from sampled spinach leaves. Detection of latent downy mildew infection in spinach leaves was confirmed by PCR as early as 7 days prior to symptom development. The limit of pathogen DNA detection in spinach leaves was calculated at 10 pg using the conventional PCR approach. Quantitative PCR with TaqMan methodology revealed the presence of inhibitors from spinach leaf DNA extracts and affected amplification efficiencies, but not when diluted, enabling detection of P. effusa DNA at a concentration of <0.1 pg. In conclusion, detection of latent infections may enable management decisions for earlier-than-normal harvest of infected, symptomless organic crops, and for timing fungicide applications on symptomless plants in conventional production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Anchieta
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Lorena Ochoa
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Nikhilesh Dhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas 93905
| | - Sridhara G Kunjeti
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas 93905
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas 93905
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silva EC, Abhayawardhana PL, Lygin AV, Robertson CL, Liu M, Liu Z, Schneider RW. Coumestrol Confers Partial Resistance in Soybean Plants Against Cercospora Leaf Blight. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:935-947. [PMID: 29451417 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-17-0189-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although previous research showed that the purple symptom of Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) is associated with lower biomass of Cercospora cf. flagellaris and lower concentrations of cercosporin, a reactive oxygen species producer, as compared with blighted leaves, the hypothesis that the purple symptom is a plant reaction to the pathogen has never been tested. In this study, we demonstrated that high levels of coumestrol (COU) were associated with purple symptoms of CLB and that COU has strong antioxidant activity. Additionally, we found that COU is restricted to the pigmented areas of purple leaves, and the pigmentation is restricted to the adaxial surfaces, suggesting that COU may be acting as a sunscreen. Even though COU is associated with the purple leaf symptom, this coumestan is not the direct cause of discoloration in that COU is colorless. Quantification of chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoids suggested that blighted but not purple or asymptomatic leaves were undergoing photooxidative stress. Because the purple symptom is associated with high COU concentrations, lower biomass of C. cf. flagellaris, and lower cercosporin concentrations, we conclude that the purple symptom is a disease resistance reaction, mediated in part by COU, which provides a high level of antioxidant activity and, hence, partial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Silva
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - P L Abhayawardhana
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - A V Lygin
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - C L Robertson
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - M Liu
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - Z Liu
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - R W Schneider
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Albu S, Schneider RW, Price PP, Doyle VP. Cercospora cf. flagellaris and Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae Are Associated with Cercospora Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain on Soybean in North America. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1376-1385. [PMID: 27183302 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0332-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora kikuchii has long been considered the causal agent of Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS) on soybean, but a recent study found C. cf. flagellaris associated with CLB and PSS in Arkansas (United States) and Argentina. Here, we provide a broader perspective on the distribution of C. cf. flagellaris on soybean and alternate hosts within the United States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Kansas). We used a multilocus phylogenetic approach with data from actin, calmodulin, translation elongation factor 1-α, histone 3, the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and the mating-type locus to determine that two species, C. cf. flagellaris (200 of 205 isolates) and C. cf. sigesbeckiae (five of 205 isolates), are associated with CLB and PSS in the United States. In our phylogenetic analyses, species-level lineages were generally well-supported, though deeper-level evolutionary relationships remained unresolved, indicating that these genes do not possess sufficient phylogenetic signal to resolve the evolutionary history of Cercospora. We also investigated the potential for sexual reproduction in C. cf. flagellaris in Louisiana by determining the frequency of MAT1-1/MAT1-2 mating-type idiomorphs within the Louisiana population of C. cf. flagellaris. Though the MAT 1-2 idiomorph was significantly more common in our collection, the presence of both mating types suggests the potential for sexual reproduction exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Albu
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
| | - R W Schneider
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
| | - P P Price
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
| | - V P Doyle
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
| |
Collapse
|