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Rogers EE, Stone AL, Burchard E, Sherman DJ, Dardick C. Almond Can Be Infected by Plum Pox Virus-D Isolate Penn4 and Is a Transmission-Competent Host. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1486-1490. [PMID: 38372721 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1910-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Although it is currently eradicated from the United States, Plum pox virus (PPV) poses an ongoing threat to U.S. stone fruit production. Although almond (Prunus dulcis) is known to be largely resistant to PPV, there is conflicting evidence about its potential to serve as an asymptomatic reservoir host for the virus and thus serve as a potential route of entry. Here, we demonstrate that both Tuono and Texas Mission cultivars can be infected by the U.S. isolate PPV Dideron (D) Penn4 and that Tuono is a transmission-competent host, capable of serving as a source of inoculum for aphid transmission of the virus. These findings have important implications for efforts to keep PPV out of the United States and highlight the need for additional research to test the susceptibility of almond to other PPV-D isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Rogers
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Andrew L Stone
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Erik Burchard
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Diana J Sherman
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Chris Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV 25430
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Collum TD, Stone AL, Sherman DJ, Damsteegt VD, Schneider WL, Rogers EE. Viral Reservoir Capacity of Wild Prunus Alternative Hosts of Plum Pox Virus Through Multiple Cycles of Transmission and Dormancy. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:101-106. [PMID: 34293916 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0802-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is a significant pathogen of Prunus worldwide and is known for having a broad experimental host range. Many of these hosts represent epidemiological risks as potential wild viral reservoirs. A comparative study of the PPV reservoir capacity of three commonly found native North American species, western choke cherry (Prunus virginiana var. demissa), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and American plum (Prunus americana) was conducted. Pennsylvania isolates of PPV-D were transmitted from the original host peach (Prunus persica cv. GF305) to all three species. Viral accumulation and transmission rates to alternative hosts and peach were monitored over the course of five vegetative growth and cold induced dormancy (CID) cycles. The three alternative host species demonstrated differences in their ability to maintain PPV-D and the likelihood of transmission to additional alternative hosts or back transmission to peach. Western choke cherry had low (5.8%) initial infection levels, PPV-D was not transmissible to additional western choke cherry, and transmission of PPV-D from western choke cherry to peach was only possible before the first CID cycle. Black cherry had intermediate initial infection levels (26.6%) but did not maintain high infection levels after repeated CID cycles. Conversely, American plum had a high level (50%) of initial infection that was not significantly different from initial infection in peach (72.2%) and maintained moderate levels (15 to 25%) of infection and PPV-D transmission to both American plum and peach through all five cycles of CID. Our results indicate that American plum has the greatest potential to act as a reservoir host for Pennsylvania isolates of PPV-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Collum
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Andrew L Stone
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Diana J Sherman
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Vernon D Damsteegt
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - William L Schneider
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
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Tamukong YB, Collum TD, Stone AL, Kappagantu M, Sherman DJ, Rogers EE, Dardick C, Culver JN. Dynamic changes impact the plum pox virus population structure during leaf and bud development. Virology 2020; 548:192-199. [PMID: 32758716 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is a worldwide threat to stone fruit production. Its woody perennial hosts provide a dynamic environment for virus evolution over multiple growing seasons. To investigate the impact seasonal host development plays in PPV population structure, next generation sequencing of ribosome associated viral genomes, termed translatome, was used to assess PPV variants derived from phloem or whole leaf tissues over a range of plum leaf and bud developmental stages. Results show that translatome PPV variants occur at proportionately higher levels in bud and newly developing leaf tissues that have low infection levels while more mature tissues with high infection levels display proportionately lower numbers of viral variants. Additional variant analysis identified distinct groups based on population frequency as well as sets of phloem and whole tissue specific variants. Combined, these results indicate PPV population dynamics are impacted by the tissue type and developmental stage of their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette B Tamukong
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tamara D Collum
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, USA; USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Stone
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Madhu Kappagantu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Diana J Sherman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Dardick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - James N Culver
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, USA.
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Maejima K, Hashimoto M, Hagiwara‐Komoda Y, Miyazaki A, Nishikawa M, Tokuda R, Kumita K, Maruyama N, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Intra-strain biological and epidemiological characterization of plum pox virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:475-488. [PMID: 31978272 PMCID: PMC7060144 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is one of the most important plant viruses causing serious economic losses. Thus far, strain typing based on the definition of 10 monophyletic strains with partially differentiable biological properties has been the sole approach used for epidemiological characterization of PPV. However, elucidating the genetic determinants underlying intra-strain biological variation among populations or isolates remains a relevant but unexamined aspect of the epidemiology of the virus. In this study, based on complete nucleotide sequence information of 210 Japanese and 47 non-Japanese isolates of the PPV-Dideron (D) strain, we identified five positively selected sites in the PPV-D genome. Among them, molecular studies showed that amino acid substitutions at position 2,635 in viral replicase correlate with viral titre and competitiveness at the systemic level, suggesting that amino acid position 2,635 is involved in aphid transmission efficiency and symptom severity. Estimation of ancestral genome sequences indicated that substitutions at amino acid position 2,635 were reversible and peculiar to one of two genetically distinct PPV-D populations in Japan. The reversible amino acid evolution probably contributes to the dissemination of the virus population. This study provides the first genomic insight into the evolutionary epidemiology of PPV based on intra-strain biological variation ascribed to positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masayoshi Hashimoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yuka Hagiwara‐Komoda
- Department of Sustainable AgricultureCollege of Agriculture, Food and Environment SciencesRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Akio Miyazaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masanobu Nishikawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ryosuke Tokuda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kohei Kumita
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Noriko Maruyama
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Collum TD, Stone AL, Sherman DJ, Rogers EE, Dardick C, Culver JN. Translatome Profiling of Plum Pox Virus-Infected Leaves in European Plum Reveals Temporal and Spatial Coordination of Defense Responses in Phloem Tissues. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:66-77. [PMID: 31347973 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-19-0152-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is the causative agent of sharka, a devastating disease of stone fruits including peaches, apricots, and plums. PPV infection levels and associated disease symptoms can vary greatly, depending upon the virus strain, host species, or cultivar as well as developmental age of the infected tissues. For example, peaches often exhibit mild symptoms in leaves and fruit while European plums typically display severe chlorotic rings. Systemic virus spread into all host tissues occurs via the phloem, a process that is poorly understood in perennial plant species that undergo a period of dormancy and must annually renew phloem tissues. Currently, little is known about how phloem tissues respond to virus infection. Here, we used translating ribosome affinity purification followed by RNA sequencing to identify phloem- and nonphloem-specific gene responses to PPV infection during leaf development in European plum (Prunus domestica L.). Results showed that, during secondary leaf morphogenesis (4- and 6-week-old leaves), the phloem had a disproportionate response to PPV infection with two- to sixfold more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in phloem than nonphloem tissues, despite similar levels of viral transcripts. In contrast, in mature 12-week-old leaves, virus transcript levels dropped significantly in phloem tissues but not in nonphloem tissues. This drop in virus transcripts correlated with an 18-fold drop in phloem-specific DEGs. Furthermore, genes associated with defense responses including RNA silencing were spatially coordinated in response to PPV accumulation and were specifically induced in phloem tissues at 4 to 6 weeks. Combined, these findings highlight the temporal and spatial dynamics of leaf tissue responses to virus infection and reveal the importance of phloem responses within a perennial host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Collum
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, U.S.A
| | - Andrew L Stone
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, U.S.A
| | - Diana J Sherman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Dardick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, U.S.A
| | - James N Culver
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A
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James D, Sanderson D, Varga A, Sheveleva A, Chirkov S. Genome Sequence Analysis of New Isolates of the Winona Strain of Plum pox virus and the First Definitive Evidence of Intrastrain Recombination Events. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:407-416. [PMID: 26667187 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-15-0211-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is genetically diverse with nine different strains identified. Mutations, indel events, and interstrain recombination events are known to contribute to the genetic diversity of PPV. This is the first report of intrastrain recombination events that contribute to PPV's genetic diversity. Fourteen isolates of the PPV strain Winona (W) were analyzed including nine new strain W isolates sequenced completely in this study. Isolates of other strains of PPV with more than one isolate with the complete genome sequence available in GenBank were included also in this study for comparison and analysis. Five intrastrain recombination events were detected among the PPV W isolates, one among PPV C strain isolates, and one among PPV M strain isolates. Four (29%) of the PPV W isolates analyzed are recombinants; one of which (P2-1) is a mosaic, with three recombination events identified. A new interstrain recombinant event was identified between a strain M isolate and a strain Rec isolate, a known recombinant. In silico recombination studies and pairwise distance analyses of PPV strain D isolates indicate that a threshold of genetic diversity exists for the detectability of recombination events, in the range of approximately 0.78×10(-2) to 1.33×10(-2) mean pairwise distance. RDP4 analyses indicate that in the case of PPV Rec isolates there may be a recombinant breakpoint distinct from the obvious transition point of strain sequences. Evidence was obtained that indicates that the frequency of PPV recombination is underestimated, which may be true for other RNA viruses where low genetic diversity exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delano James
- First, second, and third authors: Centre for Plant Health-Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Road, North Saanich, British Columbia, V8L 1H3, Canada; and fourth and fifth authors: Department of Virology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory MSU 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dan Sanderson
- First, second, and third authors: Centre for Plant Health-Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Road, North Saanich, British Columbia, V8L 1H3, Canada; and fourth and fifth authors: Department of Virology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory MSU 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aniko Varga
- First, second, and third authors: Centre for Plant Health-Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Road, North Saanich, British Columbia, V8L 1H3, Canada; and fourth and fifth authors: Department of Virology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory MSU 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Sheveleva
- First, second, and third authors: Centre for Plant Health-Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Road, North Saanich, British Columbia, V8L 1H3, Canada; and fourth and fifth authors: Department of Virology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory MSU 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergei Chirkov
- First, second, and third authors: Centre for Plant Health-Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Road, North Saanich, British Columbia, V8L 1H3, Canada; and fourth and fifth authors: Department of Virology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory MSU 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Chirkov S, Ivanov P, Sheveleva A, Kudryavtseva A, Prikhodko Y, Mitrofanova I. Occurrence and characterization of plum pox virus strain D isolates from European Russia and Crimea. Arch Virol 2015; 161:425-30. [PMID: 26530833 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous plum pox virus (PPV) strain D isolates have been found in geographically distant regions of European Russia and the Crimean peninsula on different stone fruit hosts. Phylogenetic analysis of their partial and complete genomes suggests multiple introductions of PPV-D into Russia. Distinct natural isolates from Prunus tomentosa were found to bear unique amino acid substitutions in the N-terminus of the coat protein (CP) that may contribute to the adaptation of PPV-D to this host. Serological analysis using the PPV-D-specific monoclonal antibody 4DG5 provided further evidence that mutations at positions 58 and 59 of the CP are crucial for antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Ivanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Rimbaud L, Dallot S, Delaunay A, Borron S, Soubeyrand S, Thébaud G, Jacquot E. Assessing the Mismatch Between Incubation and Latent Periods for Vector-Borne Diseases: The Case of Sharka. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1408-16. [PMID: 26512749 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-15-0014-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The relative durations of the incubation period (the time between inoculation and symptom expression) and of the latent period (the time between inoculation and infectiousness of the host) are poorly documented for plant diseases. However, the extent of asynchrony between the ends of these two periods (i.e., their mismatch) can be a key determinant of the epidemic dynamics for many diseases and consequently it is of primary interest in the design of disease management strategies. In order to assess this mismatch, an experimental approach was developed and applied using sharka, a severe disease caused by Plum pox virus (PPV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) affecting trees belonging to the genus Prunus. Leaves of infected young peach trees were used individually as viral sources in aphid-mediated transmission tests carried out at different time points postinoculation in order to bracket symptom onset. By fitting a nonlinear logistic model to the obtained transmission rates, we demonstrated that the first symptoms appear on leaves 1 day before they rapidly become infectious. In addition, among symptomatic leaves, symptom intensity and transmission rate are positively correlated. These results strengthen the conclusion that, under our experimental conditions, incubation and latent periods of PPV infection are almost synchronous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loup Rimbaud
- First author: Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and fifth author: INRA, UR 546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvie Dallot
- First author: Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and fifth author: INRA, UR 546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Agnès Delaunay
- First author: Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and fifth author: INRA, UR 546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Sonia Borron
- First author: Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and fifth author: INRA, UR 546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Samuel Soubeyrand
- First author: Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and fifth author: INRA, UR 546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Gaël Thébaud
- First author: Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and fifth author: INRA, UR 546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Emmanuel Jacquot
- First author: Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: INRA, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and fifth author: INRA, UR 546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
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Rimbaud L, Dallot S, Gottwald T, Decroocq V, Jacquot E, Soubeyrand S, Thébaud G. Sharka epidemiology and worldwide management strategies: learning lessons to optimize disease control in perennial plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:357-78. [PMID: 26047559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many plant epidemics that cause major economic losses cannot be controlled with pesticides. Among them, sharka epidemics severely affect prunus trees worldwide. Its causal agent, Plum pox virus (PPV; genus Potyvirus), has been classified as a quarantine pathogen in numerous countries. As a result, various management strategies have been implemented in different regions of the world, depending on the epidemiological context and on the objective (i.e., eradication, suppression, containment, or resilience). These strategies have exploited virus-free planting material, varietal improvement, surveillance and removal of trees in orchards, and statistical models. Variations on these management options lead to contrasted outcomes, from successful eradication to widespread presence of PPV in orchards. Here, we present management strategies in the light of sharka epidemiology to gain insights from this worldwide experience. Although focused on sharka, this review highlights more general levers and promising approaches to optimize disease control in perennial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loup Rimbaud
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI (Biology and Genetics of Plant-Pathogen Interactions), 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;
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10
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García JA, Glasa M, Cambra M, Candresse T. Plum pox virus and sharka: a model potyvirus and a major disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:226-41. [PMID: 24102673 PMCID: PMC6638681 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS Plum pox virus (PPV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. PPV diversity is structured into at least eight monophyletic strains. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION First discovered in Bulgaria, PPV is nowadays present in most of continental Europe (with an endemic status in many central and southern European countries) and has progressively spread to many countries on other continents. GENOMIC STRUCTURE Typical of potyviruses, the PPV genome is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), with a protein linked to its 5' end and a 3'-terminal poly A tail. It is encapsidated by a single type of capsid protein (CP) in flexuous rod particles and is translated into a large polyprotein which is proteolytically processed in at least 10 final products: P1, HCPro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, VPg, NIapro, NIb and CP. In addition, P3N-PIPO is predicted to be produced by a translational frameshift. PATHOGENICITY FEATURES PPV causes sharka, the most damaging viral disease of stone fruit trees. It also infects wild and ornamental Prunus trees and has a large experimental host range in herbaceous species. PPV spreads over long distances by uncontrolled movement of plant material, and many species of aphid transmit the virus locally in a nonpersistent manner. SOURCES OF RESISTANCE A few natural sources of resistance to PPV have been found so far in Prunus species, which are being used in classical breeding programmes. Different genetic engineering approaches are being used to generate resistance to PPV, and a transgenic plum, 'HoneySweet', transformed with the viral CP gene, has demonstrated high resistance to PPV in field tests in several countries and has obtained regulatory approval in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio García
- Departmento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Sochor J, Babula P, Adam V, Krska B, Kizek R. Sharka: the past, the present and the future. Viruses 2012; 4:2853-901. [PMID: 23202508 PMCID: PMC3509676 DOI: 10.3390/v4112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members the Potyviridae family belong to a group of plant viruses that are causing devastating plant diseases with a significant impact on agronomy and economics. Plum pox virus (PPV), as a causative agent of sharka disease, is widely discussed. The understanding of the molecular biology of potyviruses including PPV and the function of individual proteins as products of genome expression are quite necessary for the proposal the new antiviral strategies. This review brings to view the members of Potyviridae family with respect to plum pox virus. The genome of potyviruses is discussed with respect to protein products of its expression and their function. Plum pox virus distribution, genome organization, transmission and biochemical changes in infected plants are introduced. In addition, techniques used in PPV detection are accentuated and discussed, especially with respect to new modern techniques of nucleic acids isolation, based on the nanotechnological approach. Finally, perspectives on the future of possibilities for nanotechnology application in PPV determination/identification are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Sochor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.B.); (V.A.); (R.K.)
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.B.); (V.A.); (R.K.)
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.B.); (V.A.); (R.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Krska
- Department of Fruit Growing, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic;
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.B.); (V.A.); (R.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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