1
|
Joubert PM, Krasileva KV. Distinct genomic contexts predict gene presence-absence variation in different pathotypes of Magnaporthe oryzae. Genetics 2024; 226:iyae012. [PMID: 38290434 PMCID: PMC10990425 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi use the accessory gene content of their pangenomes to adapt to their environments. While gene presence-absence variation contributes to shaping accessory gene reservoirs, the genomic contexts that shape these events remain unclear. Since pangenome studies are typically species-wide and do not analyze different populations separately, it is yet to be uncovered whether presence-absence variation patterns and mechanisms are consistent across populations. Fungal plant pathogens are useful models for studying presence-absence variation because they rely on it to adapt to their hosts, and members of a species often infect distinct hosts. We analyzed gene presence-absence variation in the blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae), and found that presence-absence variation genes involved in host-pathogen and microbe-microbe interactions may drive the adaptation of the fungus to its environment. We then analyzed genomic and epigenomic features of presence-absence variation and observed that proximity to transposable elements, gene GC content, gene length, expression level in the host, and histone H3K27me3 marks were different between presence-absence variation genes and conserved genes. We used these features to construct a model that was able to predict whether a gene is likely to experience presence-absence variation with high precision (86.06%) and recall (92.88%) in M. oryzae. Finally, we found that presence-absence variation genes in the rice and wheat pathotypes of M. oryzae differed in their number and their genomic context. Our results suggest that genomic and epigenomic features of gene presence-absence variation can be used to better understand and predict fungal pangenome evolution. We also show that substantial intra-species variation can exist in these features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Joubert
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ksenia V Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baudin M, Le Naour‐Vernet M, Gladieux P, Tharreau D, Lebrun M, Lambou K, Leys M, Fournier E, Césari S, Kroj T. Pyricularia oryzae: Lab star and field scourge. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13449. [PMID: 38619508 PMCID: PMC11018116 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae), is a filamentous ascomycete that causes a major disease called blast on cereal crops, as well as on a wide variety of wild and cultivated grasses. Blast diseases have a tremendous impact worldwide particularly on rice and on wheat, where the disease emerged in South America in the 1980s, before spreading to Asia and Africa. Its economic importance, coupled with its amenability to molecular and genetic manipulation, have inspired extensive research efforts aiming at understanding its biology and evolution. In the past 40 years, this plant-pathogenic fungus has emerged as a major model in molecular plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we focus on the clarification of the taxonomy and genetic structure of the species and its host range determinants. We also discuss recent molecular studies deciphering its lifecycle. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, sub-phylum: Pezizomycotina, class: Sordariomycetes, order: Magnaporthales, family: Pyriculariaceae, genus: Pyricularia. HOST RANGE P. oryzae has the ability to infect a wide range of Poaceae. It is structured into different host-specialized lineages that are each associated with a few host plant genera. The fungus is best known to cause tremendous damage to rice crops, but it can also attack other economically important crops such as wheat, maize, barley, and finger millet. DISEASE SYMPTOMS P. oryzae can cause necrotic lesions or bleaching on all aerial parts of its host plants, including leaf blades, sheaths, and inflorescences (panicles, spikes, and seeds). Characteristic symptoms on leaves are diamond-shaped silver lesions that often have a brown margin and whose appearance is influenced by numerous factors such as the plant genotype and environmental conditions. USEFUL WEBSITES Resources URL Genomic data repositories http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/ Genomic data repositories http://openriceblast.org/ Genomic data repositories http://openwheatblast.net/ Genome browser for fungi (including P. oryzae) http://fungi.ensembl.org/index.html Comparative genomics database https://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/mycocosm/home T-DNA mutant database http://atmt.snu.kr/ T-DNA mutant database http://www.phi-base.org/ SNP and expression data https://fungidb.org/fungidb/app/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maël Baudin
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
- Present address:
Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAVAngersFrance
| | - Marie Le Naour‐Vernet
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Didier Tharreau
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
- CIRAD, UMR PHIMMontpellierFrance
| | - Marc‐Henri Lebrun
- UMR 1290 BIOGER – Campus Agro Paris‐Saclay – INRAE‐AgroParisTechPalaiseauFrance
| | - Karine Lambou
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Marie Leys
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Elisabeth Fournier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Stella Césari
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Thomas Kroj
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu F, Liu X, Wang J. The complete mitochondrial genome of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae Cavara 1892 strain Guy11 and phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:1036-1040. [PMID: 37799450 PMCID: PMC10548847 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2260043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara 1892 strain Guy11 is 34,865 bp in length (GenBank accession number OP095391), containing 29 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 15 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The gene order and orientation are novel compared to other Sordariomycetes species with sequenced mitogenomes in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that P. oryzae Guy11 and 19 other Sordariomycetes species form a monophyletic group. The complete mitochondrial sequence of P. oryzae Guy11 will be a valuable resource for species identification, population genetics, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics studies in Sordariomycetes and Magnaporthales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Le Naour—Vernet M, Charriat F, Gracy J, Cros-Arteil S, Ravel S, Veillet F, Meusnier I, Padilla A, Kroj T, Cesari S, Gladieux P. Adaptive evolution in virulence effectors of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011294. [PMID: 37695773 PMCID: PMC10513199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete proteins called effectors that target host cellular processes to promote disease. Recently, structural genomics has identified several families of fungal effectors that share a similar three-dimensional structure despite remarkably variable amino-acid sequences and surface properties. To explore the selective forces that underlie the sequence variability of structurally-analogous effectors, we focused on MAX effectors, a structural family of effectors that are major determinants of virulence in the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Using structure-informed gene annotation, we identified 58 to 78 MAX effector genes per genome in a set of 120 isolates representing seven host-associated lineages. The expression of MAX effector genes was primarily restricted to the early biotrophic phase of infection and strongly influenced by the host plant. Pangenome analyses of MAX effectors demonstrated extensive presence/absence polymorphism and identified gene loss events possibly involved in host range adaptation. However, gene knock-in experiments did not reveal a strong effect on virulence phenotypes suggesting that other evolutionary mechanisms are the main drivers of MAX effector losses. MAX effectors displayed high levels of standing variation and high rates of non-synonymous substitutions, pointing to widespread positive selection shaping the molecular diversity of MAX effectors. The combination of these analyses with structural data revealed that positive selection acts mostly on residues located in particular structural elements and at specific positions. By providing a comprehensive catalog of amino acid polymorphism, and by identifying the structural determinants of the sequence diversity, our work will inform future studies aimed at elucidating the function and mode of action of MAX effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Naour—Vernet
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Charriat
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Gracy
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Cros-Arteil
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Ravel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Veillet
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Meusnier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - André Padilla
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Kroj
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Stella Cesari
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thierry M, Charriat F, Milazzo J, Adreit H, Ravel S, Cros-Arteil S, borron S, Sella V, Kroj T, Ioos R, Fournier E, Tharreau D, Gladieux P. Maintenance of divergent lineages of the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae through niche separation, loss of sex and post-mating genetic incompatibilities. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010687. [PMID: 35877779 PMCID: PMC9352207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of fungal plant pathogens coexist as multiple lineages on the same host, but the factors underlying the origin and maintenance of population structure remain largely unknown. The rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae is a widespread model plant pathogen displaying population subdivision. However, most studies of natural variation in P. oryzae have been limited in genomic or geographic resolution, and host adaptation is the only factor that has been investigated extensively as a contributor to population subdivision. In an effort to complement previous studies, we analyzed genetic and phenotypic diversity in isolates of the rice blast fungus covering a broad geographical range. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping data for 886 isolates sampled from 152 sites in 51 countries, we showed that population subdivision of P. oryzae in one recombining and three clonal lineages with broad distributions persisted with deeper sampling. We also extended previous findings by showing further population subdivision of the recombining lineage into one international and three Asian clusters, and by providing evidence that the three clonal lineages of P. oryzae were found in areas with different prevailing environmental conditions, indicating niche separation. Pathogenicity tests and bioinformatic analyses using an extended set of isolates and rice varieties indicated that partial specialization to rice subgroups contributed to niche separation between lineages, and differences in repertoires of putative virulence effectors were consistent with differences in host range. Experimental crosses revealed that female sterility and early post-mating genetic incompatibilities acted as strong additional barriers to gene flow between clonal lineages. Our results demonstrate that the spread of a fungal pathogen across heterogeneous habitats and divergent populations of a crop species can lead to niche separation and reproductive isolation between distinct, widely distributed, lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Thierry
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Mycology Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Florian Charriat
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Joëlle Milazzo
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
| | - Henri Adreit
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Ravel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Cros-Arteil
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia borron
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Violaine Sella
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Mycology Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Thomas Kroj
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Ioos
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Mycology Unit, Malzéville, France
| | - Elisabeth Fournier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Tharreau
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (DT); (PG)
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (DT); (PG)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahmud NU, Gupta DR, Paul SK, Chakraborty M, Mehebub MS, Surovy MZ, Rabby SF, Rahat AAM, Roy PC, Sohrawardy H, Amin MA, Masud MK, Ide Y, Yamauchi Y, Hossain MS, Islam T. Daylight-Driven Rechargeable TiO 2 Nanocatalysts Suppress Wheat Blast Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Uddin Mahmud
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Dipali Rani Gupta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Paul
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Moutoshi Chakraborty
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shabab Mehebub
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Musrat Zahan Surovy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - S.M. Fajle Rabby
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mahbub Rahat
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Chandra Roy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Hossain Sohrawardy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ide
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Md. Shahriar Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stam R, Gladieux P, Vinatzer BA, Goss EM, Potnis N, Candresse T, Brewer MT. Population Genomic- and Phylogenomic-Enabled Advances to Increase Insight Into Pathogen Biology and Epidemiology. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:8-11. [PMID: 33513042 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0528-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Population genetics has been a key discipline in phytopathology for many years. The recent rise in cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies, allows sequencing of dozens, if not hundreds of specimens, turning population genetics into population genomics and opening up new, exciting opportunities as described in this Focus Issue. Without the limitations of genetic markers and the availability of whole or near whole-genome data, population genomics can give new insights into the biology, evolution and adaptation, and dissemination patterns of plant-associated microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remco Stam
- Phytopathology, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- UMR BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Boris A Vinatzer
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | | | - Marin Talbot Brewer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|