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Surovy MZ, Islam T, von Tiedemann A. Role of seed infection for the near and far distance dissemination of wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1040605. [PMID: 36819053 PMCID: PMC9929367 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT) is a devastating fungal phytopathogen causing wheat blast disease which threatens wheat production particularly in warmer climate zones. Effective disease control is hampered by the limited knowledge on the life cycle, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of MoT. Since MoT mainly infects and colonizes the inflorescences of wheat, infection, invasion routes and colonization of MoT on wheat ears and in wheat seeds were investigated in order to assess potential seed transmission pathways. MoT was spray inoculated on two wheat cultivars (Sumai 3, susceptible and Milan, resistant) at three ear maturity stages [full ear emergence, growth stage (GS) 59; mid flowering, GS 65; and end of flowering, GS 69]. Incidence of MoT on Sumai 3 seeds was 100% and 20-25% on Milan. MoT sporulation rate on Sumai 3 contaminated seeds was more than 15 times higher than on Milan. Repeated washes of seed samples for removing paraffin fixation hampers seed microscopy. To overcome the damage of seed samples, we used hand-sectioned seed samples instead of paraffin-fixed microtome samples to facilitate microscopy. The colonization of MoT within various seed tissues was followed by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Invasion of MoT in seeds predominantly occurred in the caryopsis germ region, but entry via other seed parts was also observed, confirming the potential of intense colonization of MoT in wheat grains. Fungal spread in wheat plants growing from MoT infected seeds was monitored through plating, microscopic and molecular techniques. Under greenhouse conditions, no spread of MoT from infected seeds to seedlings later than GS 21 or to ears was detected, neither in Milan nor in Sumai 3. We therefore conclude, that MoT may not systemically contaminate inflorescences and seeds in neither susceptible nor resistant wheat cultivars. However, initial blast symptoms, only found on seedlings of Sumai 3 but not Milan, resulted in the formation of new conidia, which may serve as inoculum source for plant-to-plant dissemination by airborne infection of plant stands in the field (short distance spread). Ultimately the inoculum may infect young inflorescences in the field and contaminate seeds. Our findings again stress the risk of long-distance dissemination of wheat blast across continents through MoT-contaminated seeds. This underlines the importance of mandatory use of healthy seeds in strategies to control any further spread of wheat blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musrat Zahan Surovy
- Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh,*Correspondence: Musrat Zahan Surovy, ✉
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,Andreas von Tiedemann, ✉
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Identification of Genomic Regions and Sources for Wheat Blast Resistance through GWAS in Indian Wheat Genotypes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040596. [PMID: 35456402 PMCID: PMC9025667 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat blast (WB) is a devastating fungal disease that has recently spread to Bangladesh and poses a threat to the wheat production in India, which is the second-largest wheat producing country in the world. In this study, 350 Indian wheat genotypes were evaluated for WB resistance in 12 field experiments in three different locations, namely Jashore in Bangladesh and Quirusillas and Okinawa in Bolivia. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome were obtained using DArTseq® technology, and 7554 filtered SNP markers were selected for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). All the three GWAS approaches used identified the 2NS translocation as the only major source of resistance, explaining up to 32% of the phenotypic variation. Additional marker-trait associations were located on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4D, 5A and 7A, and the combined effect of three SNPs (2B_180938790, 7A_752501634 and 5A_618682953) showed better resistance, indicating their additive effects on WB resistance. Among the 298 bread wheat genotypes, 89 (29.9%) carried the 2NS translocation, the majority of which (60 genotypes) were CIMMYT introductions, and 29 were from India. The 2NS carriers with a grand mean WB index of 6.6 showed higher blast resistance compared to the non-2NS genotypes with a mean index of 46.5. Of the 52 durum wheats, only one genotype, HI 8819, had the 2NS translocation and was the most resistant, with a grand mean WB index of 0.93. Our study suggests that the 2NS translocation is the only major resistance source in the Indian wheat panel analysed and emphasizes the urgent need to identify novel non-2NS resistance sources and genomic regions.
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Roy C, Juliana P, Kabir MR, Roy KK, Gahtyari NC, Marza F, He X, Singh GP, Chawade A, Joshi AK, Singh PK. New Genotypes and Genomic Regions for Resistance to Wheat Blast in South Asian Germplasm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122693. [PMID: 34961165 PMCID: PMC8708018 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat blast (WB) disease, since its first identification in Bangladesh in 2016, is now an established serious threat to wheat production in South Asia. There is a need for sound knowledge about resistance sources and associated genomic regions to assist breeding programs. Hence, a panel of genotypes from India and Bangladesh was evaluated for wheat blast resistance and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed. Disease evaluation was done during five crop seasons-at precision phenotyping platform (PPPs) for wheat blast disease at Jashore (2018-19), Quirusillas (2018-19 and 2019-20) and Okinawa (2019 and 2020). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the genome were obtained using DArTseq genotyping-by-sequencing platform, and in total 5713 filtered markers were used. GWAS revealed 40 significant markers associated with WB resistance, of which 33 (82.5%) were in the 2NS/2AS chromosome segment and one each on seven chromosomes (3B, 3D, 4A, 5A, 5D, 6A and 6B). The 2NS markers contributed significantly in most of the environments, explaining an average of 33.4% of the phenotypic variation. Overall, 22.4% of the germplasm carried 2NS/2AS segment. So far, 2NS translocation is the only effective WB resistance source being used in the breeding programs of South Asia. Nevertheless, the identification of non-2NS/2AS genomic regions for WB resistance provides a hope to broaden and diversify resistance for this disease in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Roy
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour 813210, India;
| | - Philomin Juliana
- BISA/CIMMYT-India, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi 110012, India; (P.J.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Muhammad R. Kabir
- Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI), Nashipur, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh; (M.R.K.); (K.K.R.)
| | - Krishna K. Roy
- Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI), Nashipur, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh; (M.R.K.); (K.K.R.)
| | - Navin C. Gahtyari
- ICAR–Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anushandhan Sansthan, Almora 263601, India;
| | - Felix Marza
- Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF), La Paz, Bolivia;
| | - Xinyao He
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico DF 06600, Mexico;
| | - Gyanendra P. Singh
- ICAR—Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Maharaja Agarsain Marg, P.O. Box 158, Karnal 132001, India;
| | - Aakash Chawade
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden;
| | - Arun K. Joshi
- BISA/CIMMYT-India, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi 110012, India; (P.J.); (A.K.J.)
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico DF 06600, Mexico;
| | - Pawan K. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico DF 06600, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Du Y, Qi Z, Liang D, Yu J, Yu M, Zhang R, Cao H, Yong M, Pan X, Yin X, Qiao J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Song T, Liu W, Zhang Z, Liu Y. Pyricularia sp. jiangsuensis, a new cryptic rice panicle blast pathogen from rice fields in Jiangsu Province, China. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5463-5480. [PMID: 34288342 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae is a multi-host pathogen causing cereal disease, including the devastating rice blast. Panicle blast is a serious stage, leading to severe yield loss. Thirty-one isolates (average 4.1%) were collected from the rice panicle lesions at nine locations covering Jiangsu province from 2010 to 2017. These isolates were characterized as Pyricularia sp. jiangsuensis distinct from known Pyricularia species. The representative strain 18-2 can infect rice panicle, root and five kinds of grasses. Intriguingly, strain 18-2 can co-infect rice leaf with P. oryzae Guy11. The whole genome of P. sp. jiangsuensis 18-2 was sequenced. Nine effectors were distributed in translocation or inversion region, which may link to the rapid evolution of effectors. Twenty-one homologues of known blast-effectors were identified in strain 18-2, seven effectors including the homologues of SLP1, BAS2, BAS113, CDIP2/3, MoHEG16 and Avr-Pi54, were upregulated in the sample of inoculated panicle with strain 18-2 at 24 hpi compared with inoculation at 8 hpi. Our results provide evidences that P. sp. jiangsuensis represents an addition to the mycobiota of blast disease. This study advances our understanding of the pathogenicity of P. sp. jiangsuensis to hosts, which sheds new light on the adaptability in the co-evolution of pathogen and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Junqing Qiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Youzhou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wende Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,International Rice Research Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
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