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Román Ramos AE, Aucique-Perez CE, Debona D, Dallagnol LJ. Nitrogen and Silicon Contribute to Wheat Defense's to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, but in an Independent Manner. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1426. [PMID: 38891235 PMCID: PMC11174962 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) are mineral elements that have shown a reduction in the damage caused by tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr)) in wheat. However, the effects of these elements were studied separately, and the N and Si interaction effect on wheat resistance to tan spot remains elusive. Histocytological and biochemical defense responses against Ptr in wheat leaves treated with Si (+Si) at low (LN) and high N (HN) inputs were investigated. Soil amendment with Si reduced the tan spot severity in 18% due to the increase in the leaf Si concentration (around 30%), but it was affected by the N level used. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in +Si plants and inoculated with Ptr, leading to early and higher H2O2 and callose accumulation in wheat leaf. Interestedly, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was induced by the Si supplying, being negatively affected by the HN rate. Meanwhile, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities showed differential response patterns according to the Si and N rates used. Tan spot severity was reduced by both elements, but their interaction does not evidence synergic effects in this disease's control. Wheat plants from -Si and HN and +Si and LN treatments recorded lower tan spot severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Elizabeth Román Ramos
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural Sciences Natural Resources and the Environment Faculty, Bolivar State University, Guaranda EC020150, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Eduardo Aucique-Perez
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniel Debona
- Agronomy Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná—Campus Santa Helena, Santa Helena 85892-000, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Leandro José Dallagnol
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
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Lata-Tenesaca LF, Oliveira MJB, Barros AV, Picanço BBM, Rodrigues FÁ. Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Silicon-Mediated Resistance in Maize against Maydis Leaf Blight. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:531. [PMID: 38498536 PMCID: PMC10893398 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Maydis leaf blight (MLB), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris maydis, has caused considerable yield losses in maize production. The hypothesis that maize plants with higher foliar silicon (Si) concentration can be more resistant against MLB was investigated in this study. This goal was achieved through an in-depth analysis of the photosynthetic apparatus (parameters of leaf gas exchange chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments) changes in activities of defense and antioxidative enzymes in leaves of maize plants with (+Si; 2 mM) and without (-Si; 0 mM) Si supplied, as well as challenged and not with B. maydis. The +Si plants showed reduced MLB symptoms (smaller lesions and lower disease severity) due to higher foliar Si concentration and less production of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and radical anion superoxide compared to -Si plants. Higher values for leaf gas exchange (rate of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance to water vapor, and transpiration rate) and Chl a fluorescence (variable-to-maximum Chl a fluorescence ratio, photochemical yield, and yield for dissipation by downregulation) parameters along with preserved pool of chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids were noticed for infected +Si plants compared to infected -Si plants. Activities of defense (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase) and antioxidative (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase) enzymes were higher for infected +Si plants compared to infected -Si plants. Collectively, this study highlights the importance of using Si to boost maize resistance against MLB considering the more operative defense reactions and the robustness of the antioxidative metabolism of plants along with the preservation of their photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil; (L.F.L.-T.); (M.J.B.O.); (A.V.B.); (B.B.M.P.)
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Foliar Silicon Spray before Summer Cutting Propagation Enhances Resistance to Powdery Mildew of Daughter Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073803. [PMID: 35409165 PMCID: PMC8998806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has beneficial effects on not only plant growth but also against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a few studies focus on how Si application helps strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) resist powdery mildew. The aim of this work was to find out the optimal Si application method before cutting propagation to enhance the resistance to powdery mildew in strawberry “daughter” plants. Naturally infected “mother” plants of ‘Sulhyang’, ‘Maehyang’, and ‘Kuemsil’ strawberries were supplied with Si. Potassium silicate (K2SiO3) at a final concentration of 75 mg·L−1 Si was either added to the medium for drenching or sprayed to the leaves of the “mother” or “daughter” plant, or soluble Si fertilizer was used to dress the “mother” plant. The Si application significantly increased the shoot fresh weight of the “daughter” plants. Supplemental Si also increased the contents of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg). In addition, the Si treatment decreased the damage of powdery mildew by increased level of proline content and suppressive reactive oxygen species. After applying Si, the length and density of hyphae on the leaf surface decreased. In addition, the infected area of “daughter” plant leaves covered with powdery mildew decreased. This study also demonstrated that Si increased the expression of resistance-gene and decreased the expression of susceptibility-gene of strawberry. Overall, Si application promoted the growth of the “daughter” plants regardless of the application method. Direct foliar Si spray to the “daughter” plants before cutting propagation is recommended to increase their resistance to powdery mildew.
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Galindo FS, Pagliari PH, Rodrigues WL, Fernandes GC, Boleta EHM, Santini JMK, Jalal A, Buzetti S, Lavres J, Teixeira Filho MCM. Silicon Amendment Enhances Agronomic Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilization in Maize and Wheat Crops under Tropical Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071329. [PMID: 34209953 PMCID: PMC8309197 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable management strategies are needed to improve agronomic efficiency and cereal yield production under harsh abiotic climatic conditions such as in tropical Savannah. Under these environments, field-grown crops are usually exposed to drought and high temperature conditions. Silicon (Si) application could be a useful and sustainable strategy to enhance agronomic N use efficiency, leading to better cereal development. This study was developed to explore the effect of Si application as a soil amendment source (Ca and Mg silicate) associated with N levels applied in a side-dressing (control, low, medium and high N levels) on maize and wheat development, N uptake, agronomic efficiency and grain yield. The field experiments were carried out during four cropping seasons, using two soil amendment sources (Ca and Mg silicate and dolomitic limestone) and four N levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg N ha−1). The following evaluations were performed in maize and wheat crops: the shoots and roots biomass, total N, N-NO3−, N-NH4+ and Si accumulation in the shoots, roots and grain tissue, leaf chlorophyll index, grain yield and agronomic efficiency. The silicon amendment application enhanced leaf chlorophyll index, agronomic efficiency and N-uptake in maize and wheat plants, benefiting shoots and roots development and leading to a higher grain yield (an increase of 5.2 and 7.6%, respectively). It would be possible to reduce N fertilization in maize from 185–180 to 100 kg N ha−1 while maintaining similar grain yield with Si application. Additionally, Si application would reduce N fertilization in wheat from 195–200 to 100 kg N ha−1. Silicon application could be a key technology for improving plant-soil N-management, especially in Si accumulator crops, leading to a more sustainable cereal production under tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Shintate Galindo
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13416-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulo Humberto Pagliari
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, Southwest Research and Outreach Center (SWROC), University of Minnesota (UMN), Lamberton, MN 56152, USA;
| | - Willian Lima Rodrigues
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
| | - Guilherme Carlos Fernandes
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
| | - Eduardo Henrique Marcandalli Boleta
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
| | - José Mateus Kondo Santini
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
| | - Arshad Jalal
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
| | - Salatiér Buzetti
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
| | - José Lavres
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
| | - Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira 15345-000, Brazil; (W.L.R.); (G.C.F.); (E.H.M.B.); (J.M.K.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (M.C.M.T.F.)
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Bathoova M, Švubová R, Bokor B, Neděla V, Tihlaříková E, Martinka M. Silicon triggers sorghum root enzyme activities and inhibits the root cell colonization by Alternaria alternata. PLANTA 2021; 253:29. [PMID: 33423117 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon inhibits the growth of Alternaria alternata into sorghum root cells by maintaining their integrity through stimulating biochemical defense reactions rather than by silica-based physical barrier creation. Although the ameliorating effect of silicon (Si) on plant resistance against fungal pathogens has been proven, the mechanism of its action needs to be better understood on a cellular level. The present study explores the effect of Si application in sorghum roots infected with fungus Alternaria alternata under controlled in vitro conditions. Detailed anatomical and cytological observations by both fluorescent and electron microscopy revealed that Si supplementation results in the inhibition of fungal hyphae growth into the protoplast of root cells. An approach of environmental scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy enabling spatial detection of Si even at low concentrations showed that there is no continual solid layer of silica in the root cell walls of the rhizodermis, mesodermis and exodermis physically blocking the fungal growth into the protoplasts. Additionally, biochemical evidence suggests that Si speeds up the onset of activities of phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases involved in phenolic compounds production and deposition to plant cell walls. In conclusion, Si alleviates the negative impact of A. alternata infection by limiting hyphae penetration through sorghum root cell walls into protoplasts, thus maintaining their structural and functional integrity. This might occur by triggering plant biochemical defense responses rather than by creating compact Si layer deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bathoova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.
| | - Renáta Švubová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 8, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tihlaříková
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
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Silicon biostimulant enhances the growth characteristics and fortifies the bioactive compounds in common and Tartary buckwheat plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-020-00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Galindo FS, Buzetti S, Rodrigues WL, Boleta EHM, Silva VM, Tavanti RFR, Fernandes GC, Biagini ALC, Rosa PAL, Teixeira Filho MCM. Inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense associated with silicon as a liming source to improve nitrogen fertilization in wheat crops. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6160. [PMID: 32273589 PMCID: PMC7145820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was developed to investigate whether inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in combination with silicon (Si) can enhance N use efficiency (NUE) in wheat and to evaluate and correlate nutritional and productive components and wheat grain yield. The study was carried out on a Rhodic Hapludox under a no-till system with a completely randomized block design with four replications in a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial scheme: two liming sources (with Ca and Mg silicate as the Si source and limestone); two inoculations (control - without inoculation and seed inoculation with A. brasilense) and five side-dress N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1). The results of this study showed positive improvements in wheat growth production parameters, NUE and grain yield as a function of inoculation associated with N rates. Inoculation can complement and optimize N fertilization, even with high N application rates. The potential benefits of Si use were less evident; however, the use of Si can favour N absorption, even when associated with A. brasilense. Therefore, studies conducted under tropical conditions with Ca and Mg silicate are necessary to better understand the role of Si applied alone or in combination with growth-promoting bacteria such as A. brasilense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Shintate Galindo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salatiér Buzetti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Lima Rodrigues
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Marcandalli Boleta
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Martins Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Francisco Rimoldi Tavanti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Carlos Fernandes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Leonardo Campos Biagini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, P.O. BOX 15385-000, Av. Brasil Sul, 830 - Centro, Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Silicon Improves the Production of High Antioxidant or Structural Phenolic Compounds in Barley Cultivars under Aluminum Stress. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the main growth and yield limiting factors for barley grown on acid soils. Silicon (Si) ameliorates Al toxicity as well as it promotes the phenolic compounds production that have antioxidant or structural role. We evaluated the time-dependent kinetics of Al and Si uptake and the impact of Si on the production of antioxidant- or structural- phenols in barley cultivars at the short-term. Two barley cultivars with contrasting Al tolerance (Hordeum vulgare ‘Sebastian’, Al tolerant; and H. vulgare ‘Scarlett’, Al sensitive), exposed to either −Al (0 mM) or +Al (0.2 mM) nutrient solutions without Si (−Si) or with 2 mM (+Si) were cultured for 48 h. Aluminum and Si concentration decreased in plants at all harvest times when Al and Si were simultaneously supplied; this effect was more noticeable in ‘Scarlett’. Nevertheless, Si influenced the antioxidant system of barley irrespective of the Al tolerance of the cultivar, decreasing oxidative damage and enhancing radical scavenging activity, the production of phenolic compounds, and lignin accumulation in barley with short-term exposure to Al.
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