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Adhikari TB, Olukolu BA, Paudel R, Pandey A, Halterman D, Louws FJ. Genotyping-by-Sequencing Reveals Population Differentiation and Linkage Disequilibrium in Alternaria linariae from Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:653-661. [PMID: 37750924 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-23-0229-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria linariae is an economically important foliar pathogen that causes early blight disease in tomatoes. Understanding genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and evolutionary potential is crucial to contemplating effective disease management strategies. We leveraged genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology to compare genome-wide variation in 124 isolates of Alternaria spp. (A. alternata, A. linariae, and A. solani) for comparative genome analysis and to test the hypotheses of genetic differentiation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in A. linariae collected from tomatoes in western North Carolina. We performed a pangenome-aware variant calling and filtering with GBSapp and identified 53,238 variants conserved across the reference genomes of three Alternaria spp. The highest marker density was observed on chromosome 1 (7 Mb). Both discriminant analysis of principal components and Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis of A. linariae isolates revealed three subpopulations with minimal admixture. The genetic differentiation coefficients (FST) within A. linariae subpopulations were similar and high (0.86), indicating that alleles in the subpopulations are fixed and the genetic structure is likely due to restricted recombination. Analysis of molecular variance indicated higher variation among populations (89%) than within the population (11%). We found long-range LD between pairs of loci in A. linariae, supporting the hypothesis of low recombination expected for a fungal pathogen with limited sexual reproduction. Our findings provide evidence of a high level of population genetic differentiation in A. linariae, which reinforces the importance of developing tomato varieties with broad-spectrum resistance to various isolates of A. linariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika B Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Bode A Olukolu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Rajan Paudel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Anju Pandey
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Dennis Halterman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Schmey T, Tominello-Ramirez CS, Brune C, Stam R. Alternaria diseases on potato and tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13435. [PMID: 38476108 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria spp. cause different diseases in potato and tomato crops. Early blight caused by Alternaria solani and brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata are most common, but the disease complex is far more diverse. We first provide an overview of the Alternaria species infecting the two host plants to alleviate some of the confusion that arises from the taxonomic rearrangements in this fungal genus. Highlighting the diversity of Alternaria fungi on both solanaceous hosts, we review studies investigating the genetic diversity and genomes, before we present recent advances from studies elucidating host-pathogen interactions and fungicide resistances. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Pleosporales, Family Pleosporaceae, Genus Alternaria. BIOLOGY AND HOST RANGE Alternaria spp. adopt diverse lifestyles. We specifically review Alternaria spp. that cause disease in the two solanaceous crops potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). They are necrotrophic pathogens with no known sexual stage, despite some signatures of recombination. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Symptoms of the early blight/brown spot disease complex include foliar lesions that first present as brown spots, depending on the species with characteristic concentric rings, which eventually lead to severe defoliation and considerable yield loss. CONTROL Good field hygiene can keep the disease pressure low. Some potato and tomato cultivars show differences in susceptibility, but there are no fully resistant varieties known. Therefore, the main control mechanism is treatment with fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schmey
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher S Tominello-Ramirez
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Brune
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Philip B, Behiry SI, Salem MZM, Amer MA, El-Samra IA, Abdelkhalek A, Heflish A. Trichoderma afroharzianum TRI07 metabolites inhibit Alternaria alternata growth and induce tomato defense-related enzymes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1874. [PMID: 38253713 PMCID: PMC10803357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying a viable substitute for the limited array of current antifungal agents stands as a crucial objective in modern agriculture. Consequently, extensive worldwide research has been undertaken to unveil eco-friendly and effective agents capable of controlling pathogens resistant to the presently employed fungicides. This study explores the efficacy of Trichoderma isolates in combating tomato leaf spot disease, primarily caused by Alternaria alternata. The identified pathogen, A. alternata Alt3, was isolated and confirmed through the ITS region (OQ888806). Six Trichoderma isolates were assessed for their ability to inhibit Alt3 hyphal growth using dual culture, ethyl acetate extract, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) techniques. The most promising biocontrol isolate was identified as T. afroharzianum isolate TRI07 based on three markers: ITS region (OQ820171), translation elongation factor alpha 1 gene (OR125580), and RNA polymerase II subunit gene (OR125581). The ethyl acetate extract of TRI07 isolate was subjected to GC-MS analysis, revealing spathulenol, triacetin, and aspartame as the main compounds, with percentages of 28.90, 14.03, and 12.97%, respectively. Analysis of TRI07-VOCs by solid-phase microextraction technique indicated that the most abundant compounds included ethanol, hydroperoxide, 1-methylhexyl, and 1-octen-3-one. When TRI07 interacted with Alt3, 34 compounds were identified, with major components including 1-octen-3-one, ethanol, and hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. In greenhouse experiment, the treatment of TRI07 48 h before inoculation with A. alternata (A3 treatment) resulted in a reduction in disease severity (16.66%) and incidence (44.44%). Furthermore, A3 treatment led to improved tomato growth performance parameters and increased chlorophyll content. After 21 days post-inoculation, A3 treatment was associated with increased production of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD, and PPO), while infected tomato plants exhibited elevated levels of oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2. HPLC analysis of tomato leaf extracts from A3 treatment revealed higher levels of phenolic acids such as gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, and coumaric acids, as well as flavonoid compounds including catechin, rutin, and vanillin. The novelty lies in bridging the gap between strain-specific attributes and practical application, enhancing the understanding of TRI07's potential for integrated pest management. This study concludes that TRI07 isolate presents potential natural compounds with biological activity, effectively controlling tomato leaf spot disease and promoting tomato plant growth. The findings have practical implications for agriculture, suggesting a sustainable biocontrol strategy that can enhance crop resilience and contribute to integrated pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassant Philip
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Amer
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A El-Samra
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Heflish
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
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Schmey T, Small C, Einspanier S, Hoyoz LM, Ali T, Gamboa S, Mamani B, Sepulveda GC, Thines M, Stam R. Small-spored Alternaria spp. (section Alternaria) are common pathogens on wild tomato species. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1830-1846. [PMID: 37171093 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The wild relatives of modern tomato crops are native to South America. These plants occur in habitats as different as the Andes and the Atacama Desert and are, to some degree, all susceptible to fungal pathogens of the genus Alternaria. Alternaria is a large genus. On tomatoes, several species cause early blight, leaf spots and other diseases. We collected Alternaria-like infection lesions from the leaves of eight wild tomato species from Chile and Peru. Using molecular barcoding markers, we characterized the pathogens. The infection lesions were caused predominantly by small-spored species of Alternaria of the section Alternaria, like A. alternata, but also by Stemphylium spp., Alternaria spp. from the section Ulocladioides and other related species. Morphological observations and an infection assay confirmed this. Comparative genetic diversity analyses show a larger diversity in this wild system than in studies of cultivated Solanum species. As A. alternata has been reported to be an increasing problem in cultivated tomatoes, investigating the evolutionary potential of this pathogen is not only interesting to scientists studying wild plant pathosystems. It could also inform crop protection and breeding programs to be aware of potential epidemics caused by species still confined to South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schmey
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Corinn Small
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Severin Einspanier
- Department for Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute for Phytopathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Muñoz Hoyoz
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tahir Ali
- Translational Biodiversity Genomics Centre, Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Soledad Gamboa
- Plant Pathology and Bacteriology, International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru
| | - Betty Mamani
- Instituto Basadre de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología y Recursos Genéticos, Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna, Peru
| | - German C Sepulveda
- Departmento de recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Arapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Marco Thines
- Translational Biodiversity Genomics Centre, Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department for Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute for Phytopathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Ivanović Ž, Blagojević J, Jovanović G, Ivanović B, Žeželj D. New Insight in the Occurrence of Early Blight Disease on Potato Reveals High Distribution of Alternaria solani and Alternaria protenta in Serbia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856898. [PMID: 35401443 PMCID: PMC8984275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early blight is an economically important disease of potato worldwide. Understanding which fungal pathogens are the causal agents of early blight and their distribution on the same host is essential to finding the best strategy for the control of this disease. Previous studies have shown that Alternaria solani is the main early blight pathogen parasitizing potato. Here, we analyzed genetic and phenotypic diversity in isolates of Alternaria spp. covering all potato production areas in Serbia. We showed that the four species of Alternaria were found in areas with different distributions of the species. The occurrence of Alternaria spp. was studied by analyzing isolates from symptomatic potato leaves during multiyear sampling. In addition to Alternaria solani, we detected three more large-spored species identified as A. linariae (syn. A. tomatophila), A. protenta, and A. grandis that were involved in early blight disease on naturally infected potato leaves in Serbia. Differentiation of species was supported by phylogeny obtained from the DNA sequences of the GAPDH, calmodulin and Rpb2 genes. Our findings present a new perspective into the population structure of large-spored Alternaria species associated with early blight disease. Within the groups of large-spored Alternaria present in Serbia, evidence of A. protenta at high frequency reveals new insight into the contribution of Alternaria species in early blight disease. This work opens new perspectives for early blight management, while the distribution of different species on the same host suggests that the etiology of disease could depend on crop organization and the presence of other Alternaria hosts in close proximity to potato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žarko Ivanović
- Department of Plant Disease, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Blagojević
- Department of Plant Disease, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Danica Žeželj
- Department of Plant Disease, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia
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Einspanier S, Susanto T, Metz N, Wolters PJ, Vleeshouwers VG, Lankinen Å, Liljeroth E, Landschoot S, Ivanović Ž, Hückelhoven R, Hausladen H, Stam R. Whole genome sequencing elucidates the species‐wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen
Alternaria solani. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1605-1620. [PMID: 36330303 PMCID: PMC9624079 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early blight of potato is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria solani and is an increasing problem worldwide. The primary strategy to control the disease is applying fungicides such as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI). SDHI‐resistant strains, showing reduced sensitivity to treatments, appeared in Germany in 2013, shortly after the introduction of SDHIs. Two primary mutations in the SDH complex (SdhB‐H278Y and SdhC‐H134R) have been frequently found throughout Europe. How these resistances arose and spread, and whether they are linked to other genomic features, remains unknown. For this project, we performed whole‐genome sequencing for 48 A. solani isolates from potato fields across Europe to better characterize the pathogen's genetic diversity in general and understand the development and spread of the genetic mutations that lead to SDHI resistance. The isolates can be grouped into seven genotypes. These genotypes do not show a geographical pattern but appear spread throughout Europe. We found clear evidence for recombination on the genome, and the observed admixtures might indicate a higher adaptive potential of the fungus than previously thought. Yet, we cannot link the observed recombination events to different Sdh mutations. The same Sdh mutations appear in different, non‐admixed genetic backgrounds; therefore, we conclude they arose independently. Our research gives insights into the genetic diversity of A. solani on a genome level. The mixed occurrence of different genotypes, apparent admixture in the populations, and evidence for recombination indicate higher genomic complexity than anticipated. The conclusion that SDHI tolerance arose multiple times independently has important implications for future fungicide resistance management strategies. These should not solely focus on preventing the spread of isolates between locations but also on limiting population size and the selective pressure posed by fungicides in a given field to avoid the rise of new mutations in other genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Susanto
- Chair of Phytopathology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Nicole Metz
- Chair of Phytopathology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Pieter J. Wolters
- Plant Breeding Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Åsa Lankinen
- Department of Plant Protection Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lomma Sweden
| | - Erland Liljeroth
- Department of Plant Protection Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lomma Sweden
| | | | - Žarko Ivanović
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Hans Hausladen
- Plant Technology Centre Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Chair of Phytopathology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
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Adhikari TB, Muzhinji N, Halterman D, Louws FJ. Genetic diversity and population structure of Alternaria species from tomato and potato in North Carolina and Wisconsin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17024. [PMID: 34426589 PMCID: PMC8382843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early blight (EB) caused by Alternaria linariae or Alternaria solani and leaf blight (LB) caused by A. alternata are economically important diseases of tomato and potato. Little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of these pathogens in the United States. A total of 214 isolates of A. alternata (n = 61), A. linariae (n = 96), and A. solani (n = 57) were collected from tomato and potato in North Carolina and Wisconsin and grouped into populations based on geographic locations and tomato varieties. We exploited 220 single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from DNA sequences of 10 microsatellite loci to analyse the population genetic structure between species and between populations within species and infer the mode of reproduction. High genetic variation and genotypic diversity were observed in all the populations analysed. The null hypothesis of the clonality test based on the index of association \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\left( {\overline{r}_{d} } \right)$$\end{document}r¯d was rejected, and equal frequencies of mating types under random mating were detected in some studied populations of Alternaria spp., suggesting that recombination can play an important role in the evolution of these pathogens. Most genetic differences were found between species, and the results showed three distinct genetic clusters corresponding to the three Alternaria spp. We found no evidence for clustering of geographic location populations or tomato variety populations. Analyses of molecular variance revealed high (> 85%) genetic variation within individuals in a population, confirming a lack of population subdivision within species. Alternaria linariae populations harboured more multilocus genotypes (MLGs) than A. alternata and A. solani populations and shared the same MLG between populations within a species, which was suggestive of gene flow and population expansion. Although both A. linariae and A. solani can cause EB on tomatoes and potatoes, these two species are genetically differentiated. Our results provide new insights into the evolution and structure of Alternaria spp. and can lead to new directions in optimizing management strategies to mitigate the impact of these pathogens on tomato and potato production in North Carolina and Wisconsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika B Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Norman Muzhinji
- Department of Applied and Natural Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 13388, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Dennis Halterman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Peixoto CC, Cabral CS, Fonseca MEN, Boiteux LS, Reis A. Species diversity, novel interactions and absence of well-supported host-guided phylogenetic groupings of Neotropical Alternaria isolates causing foliar lesions in Solanaceae. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2466-2487. [PMID: 33891782 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the characterization of 120 Alternaria isolates inducing early blight-like foliar lesions in nine species of five Solanaceae genera collected across all macrogeographical Brazilian regions. MATERIAL AND RESULTS Phylogenetic relationships were assessed via analyses of the Alternaria alternata allergenic protein-coding, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the calmodulin gene sequences. Most of the tomato isolates were placed into the Alternaria linariae cluster, whereas most of the potato isolates were grouped with Alternaria grandis. Novel host-pathogen interactions were also reported. Seventeen isolates were selected for morphometrical characterization, and a subsample of 13 isolates was employed in pathogenicity assays on tomato, potato, eggplant, scarlet eggplant, Capsicum annuum, Datura stramonium, Physalis angulata and Nicotiana tabacum. Eleven isolates were able to induce foliar lesions in tomatoes but none in C. annuum. Potato was susceptible to a subgroup of isolates but displayed a subset of isolate-specific interactions. Morphological traits were in overall agreement with molecular and host range data. CONCLUSION Alternaria linariae and A. grandis were confirmed as the major causal agents of tomato and potato early blight, respectively. However other Alternaria species are also involved with early blight in solanaceous hosts in Brazil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The diversity and host-specific patterns of the Alternaria isolates from Solanaceae may have practical implications in establishing effective early blight genetic resistance and cultural management strategies especially for tomato and potato crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Peixoto
- Área de Fitossanidade, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - C S Cabral
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - M E N Fonseca
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - L S Boiteux
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.,National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - A Reis
- Área de Fitossanidade, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.,National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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