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Schmey T, Small C, Einspanier S, Hoyoz LM, Ali T, Gamboa S, Mamani B, Sepulveda GC, Thines M, Stam R. Small-spored Alternaria spp. (section Alternaria) are common pathogens on wild tomato species. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1830-1846. [PMID: 37171093 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The wild relatives of modern tomato crops are native to South America. These plants occur in habitats as different as the Andes and the Atacama Desert and are, to some degree, all susceptible to fungal pathogens of the genus Alternaria. Alternaria is a large genus. On tomatoes, several species cause early blight, leaf spots and other diseases. We collected Alternaria-like infection lesions from the leaves of eight wild tomato species from Chile and Peru. Using molecular barcoding markers, we characterized the pathogens. The infection lesions were caused predominantly by small-spored species of Alternaria of the section Alternaria, like A. alternata, but also by Stemphylium spp., Alternaria spp. from the section Ulocladioides and other related species. Morphological observations and an infection assay confirmed this. Comparative genetic diversity analyses show a larger diversity in this wild system than in studies of cultivated Solanum species. As A. alternata has been reported to be an increasing problem in cultivated tomatoes, investigating the evolutionary potential of this pathogen is not only interesting to scientists studying wild plant pathosystems. It could also inform crop protection and breeding programs to be aware of potential epidemics caused by species still confined to South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schmey
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Corinn Small
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Severin Einspanier
- Department for Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute for Phytopathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Muñoz Hoyoz
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tahir Ali
- Translational Biodiversity Genomics Centre, Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Soledad Gamboa
- Plant Pathology and Bacteriology, International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru
| | - Betty Mamani
- Instituto Basadre de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología y Recursos Genéticos, Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna, Peru
| | - German C Sepulveda
- Departmento de recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Arapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Marco Thines
- Translational Biodiversity Genomics Centre, Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department for Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute for Phytopathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Small C, Mukerjee S, Jangam D, Gollapudi S, Singh K, Jaye DL, Aung PP, Querfeld C, Yao K, Chisholm KM, Pullarkat S, Wang S, Gru A, Hussaini M, George TI, Ohgami RS. Profiling endogenous, environmental, and infectious disease mutational signatures in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms. Int J Lab Hematol 2023; 45:726-734. [PMID: 37282364 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematopoietic disease derived from plasmacytoid dendritic lineage cells. The disease typically shows skin as well as frequent bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement. However, the pathogenesis of this disease is still not well understood. While somatic point mutations and genetic rearrangements have been described in BPDCN, the types and origins of these mutations and relationships to other cancer types is not well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS To probe the origins of BPDCN, we analyzed the exome sequence data of 9 tumor-normal pair cases of BPDCN. We utilized SignatureAnalyzer, SigProfiler and a custom microbial analysis pipeline to understand the relevance of endogenous and environmental mutagenic processes. RESULTS Our results identified a significant tobacco exposure and aging genetic signature as well as signatures related to nucleotide excision repair deficiency, ultra violet (UV) exposure, and endogenous deamination in BPDCN. We also assessed the samples for microbial infectious disease organisms but did not find a link to a microbial etiology. CONCLUSION The identification of a tobacco exposure and aging genetic signature in patients with BPDCN suggests that environmental and endogenous genetic changes may be central to the oncogenesis of BPDCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinn Small
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Soham Mukerjee
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Diwash Jangam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sumanth Gollapudi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kunwar Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David L Jaye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology and Dermatopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Keluo Yao
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cedar-Sinai, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karen M Chisholm
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sheeja Pullarkat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sa Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alejandro Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Tracy I George
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert S Ohgami
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Kumar J, Patel S, Chang A, Mukherjee S, Small C, Gollapudi S, Butzmann A, Jangam D, Weinberg OK, George TI, Zehnder JL, Ohgami RS. Smoking status in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with worse overall survival and independent of prior nonhematopoietic malignancies, cytogenetic abnormalities, and WHO category. Hum Pathol 2023; 135:45-53. [PMID: 36921727 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematopoietic malignancy with several patient- and disease-associated variables known to impact prognosis. Tobacco smoking is an environmental factor associated with a greater incidence of AML, but there have been limited studies that evaluated smoking toward overall survival. We retrospectively searched for AML cases and collected clinical and diagnostic data for each case. We also used an independent next-generation sequencing (NGS) data set to assess for a distinct mutational signature associated with smoking. When stratified by smoking status, there was a greater number of males, patients aged ≥60 years, and patients with ≥2 comorbidities within the smoking category (P < .05). Survival analysis demonstrated decreased survival probability in the smokers, male smokers, smokers with 1 other comorbidity, and smokers without a prior history of nonhematopoietic malignancy (P < .05) as compared to nonsmokers. Smoking was associated with a decrease in survival within the World Health Organization categories of AML, not otherwise specified (AML NOS; P = .035) and AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities (AML RGA; P = .002). Multivariate analysis showed that patients who were smokers had a greater hazard ratio than nonsmokers after adjusting for the other covariates. Our findings demonstrated that smoking was independently associated with decreased overall survival after adjusting for other potentially confounding factors. In addition, our results suggest that a mutational signature can be recognized using NGS data in a subset of AML patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065 United States.
| | - Samit Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 United States
| | - Abraham Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 United States
| | - Soham Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143 United States
| | - Corinn Small
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143 United States
| | - Sumanth Gollapudi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143 United States
| | - Alexandra Butzmann
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143 United States
| | - Diwash Jangam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 United States
| | - Olga K Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75235 United States
| | - Tracy I George
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132 United States
| | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 United States
| | - Robert S Ohgami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132 United States
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Langridge N, Welch H, Jones D, Small C, Lynch G, Ganatra B. Portfolios in practice: Developing advancing practice within a musculoskeletal competency-based model. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 63:102689. [PMID: 36402698 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of professional portfolios and the relevance of this within professional practice, competency and capability is gaining significant credibility in line with professional requirements. Nursing and medicine in terms of historical perspectives have long held the need for clinicians to maintain a portfolio for professional validation, whilst in other professional groups it is a requirement of registration. The allied health professionals, physiotherapy and ultimately musculoskeletal practice within this context are rapidly developing advancing and consultant practice. This professional development further requires appropriate verification and validation of practice, and achieving this can be through formal and non-formal routes. PURPOSE This paper looks to explore this and give direction to professionals developing portfolios whilst placing the requirements in context to contemporary practice in the U.K. Universities, professional bodies and special interest groups are now aligning in the need to support practice in a multi-format way, that moves away from traditional methods of evaluation into more diverse models of competency-based assessment. IMPLICATIONS With improvement in technology, the development of national frameworks and standards, portfolios in practice although commonly considered as standard practice will be a requirement not only of registration but as a criteria of maintaining status, career development and expansion of roles. BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal (MSK) physiotherapy in the U.K. has moved forward significantly in the last 20 years. Sitting within a clinical reasoned framework, the introduction of additional skills such is image requesting, injection therapies, and non-medical prescribing has further underpinned the advanced practice agenda (Langridge et al., 2015). While these advancements in practice are driving the profession forward, challenges remain in providing the workforce with a clear process of career development. Alongside developing professional pathways methods of evidencing advanced knowledge and skills acquired outside formal routes are required to support practitioners' career pathway into advancing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Welch
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Ireland
| | - D Jones
- Barwon Health and La Trobe University, Australia
| | - C Small
- Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK
| | - G Lynch
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Small C, Sullivan R, O'Hanlon S, Cooney MT, Doyle R. 15 FRAILTY AND ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN HIP FRACTURE PATIENTS. Age Ageing 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac218.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Frailty is highly prevalent in older hip fracture patients, conferring greater risk of poorer outcomes including increased Length of Stay (LOS), Nursing Home (NH) placement and mortality
Methods
This prospective observational study took place in a large university hospital with a daily trauma list and an established orthogeriatric service. We compared 3 different screening tools; Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), Zuckerman’s Functional Recovery Score (FRS) and New Mobility Score (NMS) and their ability to predict outcomes in hip fracture patients. Participants included all hip fracture patients (>/= 60 years old) admitted to the orthopaedic ward from 2016-2018. Scores were assigned by an ortho-geriatrician and were analysed at admission and at 1 year.
Results
Increasing frailty scores were associated with increased mortality, LOS and NH admission rates. Those with a CFS of 4-6 had an increased risk of mortality compared to those with a CFS of 1-3 (OR:3.81, CI 2.15-6.76). Those with a CFS of 7-9 demonstrated increased risk of mortality compared to those without frailty (OR: 8.75, CI 4.58-16.72). Patients with mild-moderate frailty (CFS 4-6) were 5 times more likely to require NH at 1-year (OR 5.09, CI 3.03-8.56) and those with severe frailty (CFS 7-9) were 7 times more likely to be in a NH at 1-year (OR 7.03, CI 3.82-12.94). The moderate frailty group had an inpatient stay 16 days longer than the non-frail group and the severe frailty group, 26 days longer than the non-frail group. Results were similar for FRS and NMS and when adjusted for age. Comparing the discrimination of the different measures for predicting survival, analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves revealed - 0.73 (CFS), 0.72 (NMS) 0.74 (FRS). Interestingly, the mortality rate for men was 32% compared to 21% for females (OR: 1.75 p=0.005).
Conclusion
Assessing frailty with a standardised protocol could reliably estimate the risk of adverse outcomes in hip fracture patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Small
- St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Sullivan
- St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - S O'Hanlon
- St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - M T Cooney
- St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Doyle
- St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
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Ohgami RS, Aung PP, Gru AA, Hussaini M, Singh K, Querfeld C, Yao K, Small C, Gollapudi S, Jaye D, Wang SA, Pullarkat S, George TI. An Analysis of the Pathologic Features of Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm Based on a Comprehensive Literature Database of Cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2022:486909. [PMID: 36170615 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0612-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy with poor outcome. BPDCN diagnostically overlaps with entities such as acute myeloid leukemia, histiocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms, and natural killer/T-cell lymphomas. Unfortunately, large, patient-centered studies that comprehensively analyze clinical, pathologic, and other diagnostic features are lacking. As such, there is an incomplete understanding of this disease. OBJECTIVE.— To better characterize BPDCN, a multicenter working group consisting of hematopathologists and dermatopathologists gathered in person and remotely to review the current understanding of BPDCN, discuss specific issues regarding the diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and perform a retrospective analysis of the literature. DATA SOURCES.— The working group curated a database of published BPDCN patient cases (BPDCN Network literature database) following careful discussion and review, 361 articles were identified, comprising a total of 1513 individually annotated patients. CONCLUSIONS.— By conducting an in-depth analysis, not only did we confirm known findings such as frequent skin involvement (84% of patients; 861 of 1028) and a male predominance among older patients (>60 years old; male to female ratio of 3.5:1; 617:177), but we also identified a number of underrecognized features, such as significant central nervous system involvement (38% of cases; 24 of 64), and a more equal male to female prevalence among patients younger than 40 years (male to female ratio of 1.25:1; 167:134). Furthermore, we were able to accurately summarize the immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular features of this disease. BPDCN is a complex disease with distinct morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings. Continual updates of the literature database generated here and further analysis can allow for prospective refinement of our understanding of this orphan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Ohgami
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Ohgami, Singh, Small, Gollapudi).,Ohgami is now with the Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Phyu P Aung
- From the Dermatopathology Section in the Department of Pathology (Aung), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- From the Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Gru)
| | - Mohammad Hussaini
- From the Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (Hussaini)
| | - Kunwar Singh
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Ohgami, Singh, Small, Gollapudi)
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- From City of Hope and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California (Querfeld, Yao)
| | - Kelou Yao
- From City of Hope and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California (Querfeld, Yao)
| | - Corinn Small
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Ohgami, Singh, Small, Gollapudi)
| | - Sumanth Gollapudi
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Ohgami, Singh, Small, Gollapudi)
| | - David Jaye
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Jaye)
| | - Sa A Wang
- From the Department of Hematopathology (Wang), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sheeja Pullarkat
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Pullarkat)
| | - Tracy I George
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (George)
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Singh KI, Gollapudi S, Kumar J, Butzmann A, Small C, Kreimer S, Saglam EA, Warnke R, Silva O, Ohgami RS. Case Report: Castleman Disease With an Associated Stromal Spindle Cell Proliferation, PDGFRB Mutation and p53 Expression: Clonal Origins of a Rare Disease. Front Oncol 2022; 12:857606. [PMID: 35494027 PMCID: PMC9043324 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.857606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder with distinct clinical subtypes. However, our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of particular subtypes of CD remains unclear. While the characteristic morphologic changes within UCD, including occasional cases of overgrowth of spindled stromal and follicular dendritic cells have been described, the nature and origin of these spindle cells remain elusive. Few reports have suggested that underlying stromal cells in UCD are clonally neoplastic and may be of fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) or follicular dendritic cell (FDC) origins given their close clonal relationship. Although certain histomorphologic features may aid diagnosis, there are no specific biomarkers that can differentiate a reactive process mimicking UCD from true UCD. Hence, we describe an index case with morphology consistent with the hyaline vascular subtype of UCD with concomitant atypical smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive stromal spindle cell proliferation containing a recurrent PDGFRB N666S mutation and upregulation of p53 expression. Further analysis of 21 additional cases of UCD identified increased p53 expression by digital image analysis and SMA positive stromal cells predominantly within the paracortical and intrafollicular areas further strengthening the hypothesis of the stromal cellular derivation and origins of UCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar I Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sumanth Gollapudi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jyoti Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra Butzmann
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Corinn Small
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sara Kreimer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Emine Arzu Saglam
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Roger Warnke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Oscar Silva
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Robert S Ohgami
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Yeung J, Small C. Impact of regional analgesia in surgery. Br J Surg 2021; 108:1009-1010. [PMID: 34131701 PMCID: PMC10364902 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Yeung
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - C Small
- Hereford County Hospital, Wye Valley NHS Trust, Hereford, UK
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Thirion P, Dunne M, Parker I, Small C, Shannon A, Clayton-Lea A, Parker M, Collins C, Coffey J, Elbeltagi N, Fitzpatrick D, McArdle O, Stevenson M, Alvarez-Iglesias A, Moriarty M, Salib O, Gillham C, Armstrong J. CTRIAL-IE (ICORG) 07-11: Phase II Trial Evaluating Radiobiological Based Reirradiation Strategy for Patients with Malignant Spinal Cord Compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C Small
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, County Hospital, Hereford, UK
| | - H Laycock
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Honorary Academic Clinical Lecturer, Imperial College, London, UK
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Yuzon JD, Travadon R, Malar C M, Tripathy S, Rank N, Mehl HK, Rizzo DM, Cobb R, Small C, Tang T, McCown HE, Garbelotto M, Kasuga T. Asexual Evolution and Forest Conditions Drive Genetic Parallelism in Phytophthora ramorum. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E940. [PMID: 32580470 PMCID: PMC7357085 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that asexual lineages are short-lived evolutionarily, yet many asexual organisms can generate genetic and phenotypic variation, providing an avenue for further evolution. Previous work on the asexual plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum NA1 revealed considerable genetic variation in the form of Structural Variants (SVs). To better understand how SVs arise and their significance to the California NA1 population, we studied the evolutionary histories of SVs and the forest conditions associated with their emergence. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that SVs arose by somatic mutations among multiple independent lineages, rather than by recombination. We asked if this unusual phenomenon of parallel evolution between isolated populations is transmitted to extant lineages and found that SVs persist longer in a population if their genetic background had a lower mutation load. Genetic parallelism was also found in geographically distant demes where forest conditions such as host density, solar radiation, and temperature, were similar. Parallel SVs overlap with genes involved in pathogenicity such as RXLRs and have the potential to change the course of an epidemic. By combining genomics and environmental data, we identified an unexpected pattern of repeated evolution in an asexual population and identified environmental factors potentially driving this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer David Yuzon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.T.); (H.K.M.); (D.M.R.); (C.S.); (T.T.); (H.E.M.)
| | - Renaud Travadon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.T.); (H.K.M.); (D.M.R.); (C.S.); (T.T.); (H.E.M.)
| | - Mathu Malar C
- CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (M.M.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (M.M.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Nathan Rank
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA;
| | - Heather K. Mehl
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.T.); (H.K.M.); (D.M.R.); (C.S.); (T.T.); (H.E.M.)
| | - David M. Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.T.); (H.K.M.); (D.M.R.); (C.S.); (T.T.); (H.E.M.)
| | - Richard Cobb
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Corinn Small
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.T.); (H.K.M.); (D.M.R.); (C.S.); (T.T.); (H.E.M.)
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.T.); (H.K.M.); (D.M.R.); (C.S.); (T.T.); (H.E.M.)
| | - Haley E. McCown
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.T.); (H.K.M.); (D.M.R.); (C.S.); (T.T.); (H.E.M.)
| | - Matteo Garbelotto
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Takao Kasuga
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAcute postoperative pain is common. Nearly 20 per cent of patients experience severe pain in the first 24 h after surgery, a figure that has remained largely unchanged in the past 30 years. This review aims to present key considerations for postoperative pain management.MethodsA narrative review of postoperative pain strategies was undertaken. Searches of the Cochrane Library, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were performed using the terms postoperative care, psychological factor, pain management, acute pain service, analgesia, acute pain and pain assessment.ResultsInformation on service provision, preoperative planning, pain assessment, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies relevant to acute postoperative pain management in adults is presented, with a focus on enhanced recovery after surgery pathways.ConclusionAdequate perioperative pain management is integral to patient care and outcomes. Each of the biological, psychological and social dimensions of the pain experience should be considered and understood in order to provide optimum pain management in the postoperative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Small
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - H Laycock
- Department of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Wood P, Small C, Mahoney P. Perioperative and early rehabilitation outcomes following osseointegration in UK military amputees. BMJ Mil Health 2019; 166:294-301. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2019-001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionThis paper examines the pain management, from surgery to specialist rehabilitation, of the first seven military transfemoral amputee patients treated in the UK with femoral osseointegration. All the patients had sustained complex ballistic injuries on the battlefield. The patients were characterised by long-standing problems with functional rehabilitation due to limitations with conventional prostheses, including stump soft tissue issues and impaired biomechanics.MethodsA prospective service investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the pain management of patients undergoing osseointegration. Data were collected by daily direct patient contact, supplemented by a focused review of perioperative and rehabilitation case notes. Physiological and medication details were recorded with specific reference to systemic and regional analgesia and the impact of postoperative complications, including infection and accidental injury.ResultsSeven patients underwent femoral osseointegration and were followed up for a period of up to 3 years following surgery. The perioperative recovery was associated with significant escalation of analgesic requirements. Postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome was identified in six patients, with wound infection persisting in some cases into the rehabilitation phase. Three patients suffered femoral fractures following accidental injuries secondary to increased mobilisation following surgery.ConclusionsSuccessful surgical outcomes were achieved in a difficult patient cohort disadvantaged by previously restricted functional recovery from complex injuries. The importance of supporting the operative and recovery phases with a multidisciplinary pain service is emphasised. We offer this data and the lessons learnt to assist clinicians contemplating the establishment and service development of osseointegration services.
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Altoos B, Small C, Stang K, Miller C, Hutten R, Alite F, Harkenrider M. Patterns of Failure for Patients Treated for Synchronous Primaries with SBRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee KA, Dunne M, Small C, Kelly PJ, McArdle O, O’Sullivan J, Hacking D, Pomeroy M, Armstrong J, Moriarty M, Clayton-Lea A, Parker I, Collins CD, Thirion P. (ICORG 05-03): prospective randomized non-inferiority phase III trial comparing two radiation schedules in malignant spinal cord compression (not proceeding with surgical decompression); the quality of life analysis. Acta Oncol 2018; 57:965-972. [PMID: 29419331 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1433320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal primary external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) radiation schedule for malignant epidural spinal cord compression (MSCC) remains to be determined. The ICORG 05-03 trial assessed if a 10 Gy single fraction radiation schedule was not inferior to one with 20 Gray (Gy) in five daily fractions, in terms of functional motor outcome, for the treatment of MSCC in patients not proceeding with surgical decompression. This article reports on two of the secondary endpoints, Quality of life (QoL), assessed according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ-C30) version 3.0 (EORTC Data Center, Brussels, Belgium) and pain control assessed using a visual analog scale. METHODS A randomized, parallel group, multicenter phase III trial was conducted by Cancer Trials Ireland (formerly All-Ireland Cooperative Oncology Research Group, ICORG), across five hospital sites in Ireland and Northern Ireland. Patients were randomized to 10 Gy single fraction of EBRT or 20 Gy in five fractions in a 1:1 ratio. Patients with baseline and 5-week follow up QoL data are included in this analysis. FINDINGS From 2006 to 2014, 112 eligible patients were enrolled for whom 57 were evaluated for this secondary analysis. After adjusting for pre-intervention scores, there was no statistically significant difference in post-treatment Summary scores (excl. FI and QL), or pain scores between the two RT schedules at 5 weeks and 3 months following EBRT. There was a statistically significant relationship between the pretreatment and post-treatment Summary scores (p = .002) but not between the pre-treatment and post-treatment pain scores. INTERPRETATION Primary radiotherapy for the treatment of MSCC significantly improves QoL in patients not proceeding with surgical decompression. After adjusting for pre-intervention scores, there was no statistically significant difference between a 10 Gy single fraction radiation schedule and one with 20 Gy in five daily fractions on post-treatment QoL Summary scores. For most patients, an effective treatment with low burden would be desirable. A single fraction schedule should be considered for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Lee
- Radiation Oncology Department, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. Dunne
- Clinical Trials Unit, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C. Small
- Radiation Oncology Department, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - P. J. Kelly
- Radiation Oncology Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - O. McArdle
- Radiation Oncology Department, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. O’Sullivan
- Radiation Oncology Department, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - D. Hacking
- Radiation Oncology Department, Whitfield Clinic, Waterford, Ireland
| | - M. Pomeroy
- Radiation Oncology Department, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - J. Armstrong
- Radiation Oncology Department, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. Moriarty
- Radiation Oncology Department, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A. Clayton-Lea
- Operational Services, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I. Parker
- Radiation Oncology Department, All Ireland Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C. D. Collins
- Radiology Department, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P. Thirion
- Radiation Oncology Department, St Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
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Small C, Kemp H, Haywood K, Srivastava D. Current variation in the practice of measuring post-operative pain outcomes: time for a national consensus? Br J Anaesth 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Crawford R, Ellenberg U, Frere E, Hagen C, Baird K, Brewin P, Crofts S, Glass J, Mattern T, Pompert J, Ross K, Kemper J, Ludynia K, Sherley RB, Steinfurth A, Suazo CG, Yorio P, Tamini L, Mangel JC, Bugoni L, Jiménez Uzcátegui G, Simeone A, Luna-Jorquera G, Gandini P, Woehler EJ, Pütz K, Dann P, Chiaradia A, Small C. Tangled and drowned: a global review of penguin bycatch in fisheries. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Hutten R, Surucu M, Joyce C, Alite F, Stang K, Small C, Sethi A, Emami B, Harkenrider M. Association of Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Conformality Index and Posttreatment Radiation Pneumonitis in Early Stage Non–small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Miller C, Stang K, Hutten R, Alite F, Small C, Emami B, Harkenrider M. Predictors of Distant Failure After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Stages I-IIA Non–small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wood P, Small C, Lewis S, Mahoney P. Neuropathic pain treatment and research: experiences from the United Kingdom mission to Afghanistan and future prospects. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2017; 164:207-212. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2017-000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Defence Medical Services (DMS) of the United Kingdom (UK) assumed command of the Role 3 Medical Treatment Facility field hospital during Operation HERRICK in Afghanistan from April 2006 until the final drawdown in November 2014. The signature injury sustained by coalition personnel during this period was traumatic amputation from improvised explosive devices. Many patients who had suffered extensive tissue damage experienced both nociceptive and neuropathic pain (NeuP). This presented as a heterogeneous collection of symptoms that are resistant to treatment. This paper discusses the relationship of NeuP in the context of ballistic injury, drawing in particular on clinical experience from the UK mission to Afghanistan, Operation HERRICK. The role of this paper is to describe the difficulties of assessment, treatment and research of NeuP and make recommendations for future progress within the DMS.
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Solanki AA, Martin B, Korpics M, Small C, Harkenrider MM, Mitin T. Adjuvant Radiotherapy Use by US Radiation Oncologists After Radical Cystectomy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2017; 29:429-435. [PMID: 28242163 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Historic trials suggested significant toxicity with adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) after radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, recent trials have found improved locoregional control and the 2016 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend ART consideration for select patients at high risk of local recurrence. ART practice patterns among US radiation oncologists are unknown and we carried out a survey to explore current trends. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a survey of US radiation oncologists regarding the management of patients with cT2-3N0M0 transitional cell MIBC. Responses were reported using descriptive statistics. Chi-square and univariate logistic regression of clinical and demographic covariates were conducted, followed by multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors predicting for ART use. RESULTS In total, 277 radiation oncologists completed our survey. Nearly half (46%) have used ART for MIBC at least once in the past. In ART users, indications for ART include gross residual disease (93%), positive margins (92%), pathological nodal involvement (64%), pT3 or T4 disease (46%), lymphovascular invasion (16%) and high-grade disease (13%). On univariate logistic regression, ART use was associated with the number of years in practice (P=0.04), pre-cystectomy radiation oncology consultation (P=0.004), primarily treating MIBC patients fit for cystectomy (P=0.01) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy use (P=0.01). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, routine pre-cystectomy radiation oncology consultation (odds ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.04-3.51; P=0.04) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy use (odds ratio 2.77, 95% confidence interval 1.48-5.22; P=0.002) remained associated with ART use. CONCLUSIONS ART use is controversial in bladder cancer, yet unexpectedly has commonly been used among US radiation oncologists treating patients with MIBC after radical cystectomy. NRG-GU001 was a randomised trial in the US randomizing patients with high-risk pathological findings for observation or ART after cystectomy. However, due to poor accrual it recently closed and thus it will be up to other international trials to clarify the role of ART and identify patients benefiting form this adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Solanki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - B Martin
- Clinical Research Office, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - M Korpics
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - C Small
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - M M Harkenrider
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - T Mitin
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Gaffney J, O’Boyle G, Gaffney B, Roshan D, Sullivan F, Ibrahim N, Martin J, Small C. Retrospective analysis of radium-223 treatment for adults with progressive castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer with symptomatic bone metastasis. Eur J Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(17)30697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Miller D, Hampel F, Carr W, Gillespie M, Small C. P150 Evaluation of beclomethasone dipropionate (80 and 160 mcg/day) DELIVERED via breath-actuated inhaler for persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ratner P, Gillespie M, Small C. P143 Beclomethasone dipropionate pharmacokinetics delivered by breath-actuated inhaler and metered-dose inhaler in healthy subjects. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Solanki A, Korpics M, Small C, Harkenrider M, Mitin T. Variability of Radiation Oncologists’ Chemoradiation Therapy Patterns of Care and the Impact of Multidisciplinary Clinics in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Davis JE, Cain J, Small C, Hales DB. Therapeutic effect of flax-based diets on fatty liver in aged laying hens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2624-2632. [PMID: 27143762 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the ability of flax-based ingredients to attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD: ) in aged laying hens-a novel and more physiologically relevant model of human disease. Our results showed only hens supplemented with whole flaxseed ( WFX: ) reduced steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning. Serum AST was also reduced in hens provided WFX and defatted flaxseed meal ( DFM: ). Hepatic ω-3 PUFA enrichment was improved with supplementation of WFX, DFM, and flaxseed oil ( FXO: ). However, this effect was more evident in the WFX group. In contrast, transcript abundance of genes linked to NAFLD were predominantly modified with FXO supplementation. Taken together, our data indicate a potential synergistic relationship between the fatty acid and lignan content in flaxseed which attenuated the progression of NAFLD in aged laying hens. Although more research is necessary, these findings demonstrate the potential use of whole flaxseed for the treatment and prevention of NAFLD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - J Cain
- Department of Biology, Aurora University, Aurora, IL 60506
| | - C Small
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - D B Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901
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Lascelles BG, Taylor PR, Miller MGR, Dias MP, Oppel S, Torres L, Hedd A, Le Corre M, Phillips RA, Shaffer SA, Weimerskirch H, Small C. Applying global criteria to tracking data to define important areas for marine conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. R. Taylor
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge; Sandy UK
| | | | | | - S. Oppel
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge; Sandy UK
| | - L. Torres
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Marine Mammal Institute; Oregon State University; Newport OR USA
| | - A. Hedd
- Memorial University; St John's NF Canada
| | | | | | - S. A. Shaffer
- Department of Biological Sciences; San Jose State University; San Jose CA USA
| | - H. Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé; Villiers-en-Bois France
| | - C. Small
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge; Sandy UK
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Stang K, Alite F, Small C, Sethi A, Emami B, Harkenrider M. Novel Predictors of Esophageal Toxicity With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Central Lung Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alite F, Stang K, Shaikh M, Small C, Sethi A, Nagda S, Emami B, Harkenrider M. Local Control Dependence on Consecutive Versus Nonconsecutive Fractionation in Lung SBRT: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fisher J, D'amario D, Small C, Stopforth M. Effect of colored lenses on muscular performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55:549-556. [PMID: 24921621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The effect of color on physiological parameters appears well documented. However, methodological weaknesses and limitations to practical application suggest it to be substantially under researched with regard to physical performance. The aim of this study was to consider the effects of red, blue and clear (control) colored lens glasses on a muscular endurance task. METHODS Fifteen healthy males (21±1.34 years) were instructed to perform repetitions to failure using their predetermined 25 repetition maximum (RM) on a seated leg press. Participants completed three randomised trials exposed to blue, red and clear lenses. RESULTS A repeated measure ANOVA identified a significant difference in the amount of repetitions performed between the three conditions. A pairwise comparison revealed significantly greater repetitions for the blue lens condition compared to clear lenses (P=0.008). From the data an effect size (ES) of 0.76 was calculated for blue lensed glasses. The red lens condition showed no significant variation from clear lenses in repetitions performed. CONCLUSION The findings of this research suggest that exposure to the color blue improves performance of a muscular endurance based task. Such a simple and inexpensive performance enhancement warrants further investigation to explore different exercise modalities as well as effects of different colored lenses, and the mechanisms as to how color affects performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fisher
- Centre for Health Exercise and Sport Science Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK -
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Aldington D, Small C, Edwards D, Ralph J, Woods P, Jagdish S, Moore RA. A survey of post-amputation pains in serving military personnel. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2013; 160:38-41. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2013-000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kerhet A, Small C, Quon H, Riauka T, Schrader L, Greiner R, Yee D, McEwan A, Roa W. Application of machine learning methodology for PET-based definition of lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:41-7. [PMID: 20179802 PMCID: PMC2826776 DOI: 10.3747/co.v17i1.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We applied a learning methodology framework to assist in the threshold-based segmentation of non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc) tumours in positron-emission tomography–computed tomography (pet–ct) imaging for use in radiotherapy planning. Gated and standard free-breathing studies of two patients were independently analysed (four studies in total). Each study had a pet–ct and a treatment-planning ct image. The reference gross tumour volume (gtv) was identified by two experienced radiation oncologists who also determined reference standardized uptake value (suv) thresholds that most closely approximated the gtv contour on each slice. A set of uptake distribution-related attributes was calculated for each pet slice. A machine learning algorithm was trained on a subset of the pet slices to cope with slice-to-slice variation in the optimal suv threshold: that is, to predict the most appropriate suv threshold from the calculated attributes for each slice. The algorithm’s performance was evaluated using the remainder of the pet slices. A high degree of geometric similarity was achieved between the areas outlined by the predicted and the reference suv thresholds (Jaccard index exceeding 0.82). No significant difference was found between the gated and the free-breathing results in the same patient. In this preliminary work, we demonstrated the potential applicability of a machine learning methodology as an auxiliary tool for radiation treatment planning in nsclc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kerhet
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
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Graham J, Morrissey D, Small C, Twycross-Lewis R, Woledge R. Muscle activation patterns in football code athletes with chronic groin pain: a case control study. Br J Sports Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.081554.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kumar P, DeJesus E, Huhn G, Sloan L, Garcia F, Small C, Edelstein H, Felizarta F, Hao R, Ha B, Stancil B, Ross L, Oie K, Pappa K. SUPPORT: 48-week results of fosamprenavir/ritonavir vs efavirenz with abacavir/lamivudine in under-represented, antiretroviral-naïve patients. J Int AIDS Soc 2010. [PMCID: PMC3113075 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-s4-p7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kerhet A, Small C, Quon H, Riauka T, Schrader L, Greiner R, Yee D, McEwan A, Roa W. 186 APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING METHODOLOGY FOR PETBASED DEFINITION OF LUNG CANCER. Radiother Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)72573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Severin D, Joseph K, Tankel K, Nijjar T, Pedersen J, Small C, Usmani N, Gaetz E, de Gara C, Hennig R, Mihai A. 171 PILOT STUDY OF PRE OPERATIVE INVOLVED FIELD RADIOTHERAPY FOR RECTAL CANCER. Radiother Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)72558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Severin D, Joseph K, Usmani N, Tankel K, Nijjar T, Small C, Hennig R, Gaetz E, Field C, Mihai A. 6038 Pilot study of preoperative involved field radiotherapy in rectal cancer. EJC Suppl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(09)71133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Small C, McEwan A, Kerhet A, Riauka T, Postema E, Roa W. 157 THE ROLE OF 18F-FAZA COMBINED WITH 18F-FDG IN ASSESSING RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH INOPERABLE NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER UNDERGOING RADIOTHERAPY OR CHEMORADIOTHERAPY. Radiother Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)72544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Small C, Chowdhury R, Mackenzie M, Fallone G, Pearcey R, Pervez N. Is the Dose We See the Dose We Get? Analysis of DVHs using Daily Tomotherapy Based MVCT Contouring of Prostate, Bladder and Rectum, to Assess the Actual Dose Received during Treatment as Opposed to Planned DVH. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chowdhury R, Small C, Mackenzie M, Pearcey R, Pervez N. Changes in 3T-MRI Prostate Volumes in High Risk Prostate Cancer Treated with Hypofractionated Radiation using Dynamic IMRT and Varying Hormonal Therapy Duration. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Itman CM, Small C, Griswold M, Nagaraja AK, Matzuk MM, Ernst M, Jans DA, Loveland KA. 232. Developmentally regulated activin A signal transduction by Sertoli cells is required for normal mouse testis development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/srb08abs232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A, a TGF-β superfamily ligand, is critical for normal mouse testis development and quantitatively normal sperm production. Testicular activin production changes during development, being substantially higher in the immature testis relative to the adult [1, 2]. Activin influences the Sertoli cell, the nurse cell to developing sperm, enhancing proliferation during its immature phase, but not following terminal differentiation [3]. In the Inha−/− mouse, chronic excessive activin production results in Sertoli cell-derived tumours [4] whereas reduced activin bioactivity, in the InhbaBK/BK mouse, delays fertility [5]. Activin signals are transduced by the phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factors SMAD2 and SMAD3. By comparing activin signal transduction in immature v. terminally differentiated Sertoli cells, using quantitative confocal microscopy and western blot analysis of total and phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3, we discovered that mouse Sertoli cells exhibit developmentally regulated activin responses. Activin induces nuclear accumulation of SMAD3, but not SMAD2, in immature cells, although both proteins are phosphorylated. In contrast, terminally differentiated cells exhibit nuclear accumulation of both SMAD2 and SMAD3. We observed that this shift coincides with decreased SMAD3 production at puberty and changes in FSH-induced Smad transcription, which favours Smad3 in immature cells but promotes Smad2 synthesis in terminally differentiated cells. Furthermore, whereas removal of SMAD3 from the Inha−/− mouse rescues the tumour phenotype [6], we demonstrated that insufficient SMAD3 production impairs testis growth. We hypothesised that this developmentally regulated SMAD utilisation drives specific transcriptional outcomes. Using microarray and quantitative PCR, we identified novel activin target genes displaying developmental stage-specific expression patterns coinciding with differential SMAD usage, including Gja1 and Serpina5 which are required for male fertility. These mRNAs are also modulated in vivo, increased 1.5–2 fold in Inha−/− testes and decreased by half in InhbaBK/BK testes, confirming that normal testis development requires carefully regulated activin production and responsiveness.
(1) Buzzard J et al. 2004. Endocrinology 145(7): 3532–3541
(2) Barakat et al. 2008. Reproduction 2008 Epub ahead of print
(3) Boitani C et al. 1995. Endocrinology 136(12): 4538–4544
(4) Matzuk M et al. 1992. Nature 360: 313–319
(5) Brown C et al. 2000. Nature Genetics 25(4): 453–457
(6) Li Q et al. 2007. Molecular Endocrinology 21(10: 2472–2486
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Allen EG, Sullivan AK, Marcus M, Small C, Dominguez C, Epstein MP, Charen K, He W, Taylor KC, Sherman SL. Examination of reproductive aging milestones among women who carry the FMR1 premutation. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:2142-2152. [PMID: 17588953 DOI: 10.1093/humanrep/dem148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fragile X premutation is characterized by a large CGG repeat track (55-199 repeats) in the 5' UTR of the FMR1 gene. This X-linked mutation leads to an increased risk for premature ovarian failure; interestingly, the association of repeat size with risk is non-linear. We hypothesize that the premutation-associated ovarian insufficiency is due to a diminished oocyte pool and examined reproductive aging milestones by repeat size group to determine if the same non-linear association is observed. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional reproductive history questionnaire data from 948 women with a wide range of repeat sizes. RESULTS We have confirmed the non-linear relationship among premutation carriers for ovarian insufficiency. The mid-range repeat size group (80-100 repeats), not the highest group, had an increased risk for: altered cycle traits (shortened cycle length, irregular cycles and skipped cycles), subfertility and dizygotic twinning. Smoking, a modifiable risk, decreased the reproductive lifespan of women with the premutation by about 1 year, similar to its effect on non-carriers. As expected, premutation carriers were found to be at an increased risk for osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS Possible molecular mechanisms to explain the non-linear repeat size risk for ovarian insufficiency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Allen EG, Sullivan AK, Marcus M, Small C, Dominguez C, Epstein MP, Charen K, He W, Taylor KC, Sherman SL. Examination of reproductive aging milestones among women who carry the FMR1 premutation. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:2142-52. [PMID: 17588953 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fragile X premutation is characterized by a large CGG repeat track (55-199 repeats) in the 5' UTR of the FMR1 gene. This X-linked mutation leads to an increased risk for premature ovarian failure; interestingly, the association of repeat size with risk is non-linear. We hypothesize that the premutation-associated ovarian insufficiency is due to a diminished oocyte pool and examined reproductive aging milestones by repeat size group to determine if the same non-linear association is observed. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional reproductive history questionnaire data from 948 women with a wide range of repeat sizes. RESULTS We have confirmed the non-linear relationship among premutation carriers for ovarian insufficiency. The mid-range repeat size group (80-100 repeats), not the highest group, had an increased risk for: altered cycle traits (shortened cycle length, irregular cycles and skipped cycles), subfertility and dizygotic twinning. Smoking, a modifiable risk, decreased the reproductive lifespan of women with the premutation by about 1 year, similar to its effect on non-carriers. As expected, premutation carriers were found to be at an increased risk for osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS Possible molecular mechanisms to explain the non-linear repeat size risk for ovarian insufficiency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether effects on food intake are seen in obese subjects receiving exogenous administration of ghrelin. DESIGN Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intravenous ghrelin at doses 1 pmol/kg/min and 5 pmol/kg/min. SUBJECTS In all, 12 healthy lean subjects (mean body mass index (BMI) 20.5+/-0.17 kg/m(2)) and 12 healthy overweight and obese subjects (mean BMI 31.9+/-1.02 kg/m(2)). MEASUREMENTS Food intake, appetite and palatability of food, ghrelin and other obesity-related hormones, growth hormone. RESULTS Low-dose infusion of ghrelin increased ad libitum energy intake at a buffet meal in the obese group only (mean increase 36.6+/-9.4%, P<0.01.) High-dose ghrelin infusion increased energy intake in both groups (mean increase 20.1+/-10.6% in the lean and 70.1+/-15.5% in the obese, P<0.01 in both cases.) Ghrelin infusion increased palatability of food in the obese group. CONCLUSION Ghrelin increases food intake in obese as well as lean subjects. Obese people are sensitive to the appetite-stimulating effects of ghrelin and inhibition of circulating ghrelin may be a useful therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Druce
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College, London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Carbotte SM, Small C, Donnelly K. The influence of ridge migration on the magmatic segmentation of mid-ocean ridges. Nature 2004; 429:743-6. [PMID: 15201906 DOI: 10.1038/nature02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Earth's mid-ocean ridges display systematic changes in depth and shape, which subdivide the ridges into discrete spreading segments bounded by transform faults and smaller non-transform offsets of the axis. These morphological changes have been attributed to spatial variations in the supply of magma from the mantle, although the origin of the variations is poorly understood. Here we show that magmatic segmentation of ridges with fast and intermediate spreading rates is directly related to the migration velocity of the spreading axis over the mantle. For over 9,500 km of mid-ocean ridge examined, leading ridge segments in the 'hotspot' reference frame coincide with the shallow magmatically robust segments across 86 per cent of all transform faults and 73 per cent of all second-order discontinuities. We attribute this relationship to asymmetric mantle upwelling and melt production due to ridge migration, with focusing of melt towards ridge segments across discontinuities. The model is consistent with variations in crustal structure across discontinuities of the East Pacific Rise, and may explain variations in depth of melting and the distribution of enriched lavas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Carbotte
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 61 Rte 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the presence of a single epsilon4 allele of the APOE gene is associated with an increased rate of hippocampal volume loss or decline in cognition in healthy women in their sixth decade of life. METHODS Nine APOE-epsilon4 allele-negative (mean age +/- SD, 60.6 +/- 10.2 years) and 16 APOE-epsilon4 allele-positive (mean age +/- SD, 55.1 +/- 6.0 years) healthy women underwent neurocognitive testing and MRI at the time of entry into the study (baseline) and 2 years later. Neurocognitive testing consisted of the Buschke-Fuld Free Recall, verbal fluency tests, the Rey Figure Test, the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Survey-Revised Block Design. Hippocampal volume determinations were based on manual outlining of sagittal slices aided by axial, coronal, and three-dimensional views of high-resolution 124-slice whole-brain scans; the scans were obtained with a 1.5-tesla scanner using a T1-weighted three-dimensional gradient echo sequence with RF spoiling (TR/TE/flip angle, 24 msec/3 msec/30 degrees ). RESULTS The percent change in hippocampal volume per year was greater in the APOE-epsilon4 allele-positive group (mean +/- SD, 2.32 +/- 1.75%) than in the APOE-epsilon4 allele-negative group (mean +/- SD, 0.77 +/- 1.02%; t = 2.41; p < 0.03, two-tailed test). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of any of the cognitive measures, and hippocampal volume loss was not correlated with changes in any of the above-mentioned cognitive measures. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a single APOE-epsilon4 allele is associated with an increased rate of hippocampal volume loss in healthy women in their sixth decade of life that is not related to any detectable memory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Cohen
- Geriatric Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1274, USA.
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Taheri S, Gardiner J, Hafizi S, Murphy K, Dakin C, Seal L, Small C, Ghatei M, Bloom S. Orexin A immunoreactivity and preproorexin mRNA in the brain of Zucker and WKY rats. Neuroreport 2001; 12:459-64. [PMID: 11234746 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200103050-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary role of the orexins was originally believed to be appetite regulation, but is now believed to be the regulation of sleep, arousal and locomotor activity. Orexin A immunoreactivity (orexin A-IR) and prepro-orexin mRNA were measured in the CNS of obese and lean Zucker rats. There were no differences in orexin A-IR or prepro-orexin mRNA levels between obese and lean Zucker rats. The orexins are therefore unlikely to be important in this model of obesity. Levels of orexin A-IR and prepro-orexin mRNA were measured in the CNS of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, which are hypoactive and have abnormal sleep architecture. Compared to Wistar rats, WKY rats had significantly lower orexin A-IR (with differences of up to 100% in some brain regions) and prepro-orexin mRNA levels. These observations suggest that the sleep and activity phenotype of the WKY strain may be related to orexin deficiency and that this strain may be a useful model of partial orexin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taheri
- Endocrine Unit, Division of Investigative Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, The Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Gillessen S, Mach N, Small C, Mihm M, Dranoff G. Overlapping roles for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 in eosinophil homeostasis and contact hypersensitivity. Blood 2001; 97:922-8. [PMID: 11159518 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.4.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of mice rendered deficient in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) have established unique roles for these cytokines in pulmonary homeostasis, resistance to infection, and antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses. In addition to these distinctive properties, however, GM-CSF and IL-3 also stimulate the development and activation of hematopoietic cells in many similar ways, raising the possibility that each factor might partially compensate for the other's absence in singly deficient mice. To test whether endogenous GM-CSF and IL-3 mediate redundant functions in vivo, we generated mice lacking both cytokines through sequential gene targeting experiments in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Surprisingly, doubly deficient animals, but not single knockouts, showed increased numbers of circulating eosinophils. Doubly deficient mice, moreover, developed weaker contact hypersensitivity reactions to haptens applied epicutaneously than mice deficient in either factor alone. Together, these findings delineate overlapping roles for GM-CSF and IL-3 in hematopoiesis and immunity. (Blood. 2001;97:922-928)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gillessen
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
GDF11, a new member of the TGF-beta gene superfamily, regulates anterior/posterior patterning in the axial skeleton during mouse embryogenesis. Gdf11 null mice display skeletal abnormalities that appear to represent anterior homeotic transformations of vertebrae consistent with high levels of Gdf11 expression in the primitive streak, presomitic mesoderm, and tail bud. However, despite strong Gdf11 expression in the limb throughout development, this structure does not appear to be affected in the knockout mice. In order to understand this dichotomy of Gdf11 expression versus Gdf11 function, we identified the chicken Gdf11 gene and studied its role during limb formation. In the early limb bud, Gdf11 transcripts are detected in the subectodermal mesoderm at the distal tip, in a region overlapping the progress zone. At these stages, Gdf11 is excluded from the central core mesenchyme where precartilaginous condensations will form. Later in development, Gdf11 continues to be expressed in the distal most mesenchyme and can also be detected more proximally, in between the forming skeletal elements. When beads incubated in GDF11 protein were implanted into the early wing bud, GDF11 caused severe truncations of the limb that affected both the cartilage elements and the muscle. Limb shortening appeared to be the result of an inhibition of chondrogenesis and myogenesis and using an in vitro micromass assay, we confirmed the negative effects of GDF11 on both myogenic and chondrogenic cell differentiation. Analysis of molecular markers of skeletal patterning revealed that GDF11 induced ectopic expression of Hoxd-11 and Hoxd-13, but not of Hoxa-11, Hoxa-13, or the Msx genes. These data suggest that GDF11 may be involved in controlling the late distal expression of the Hoxd genes during limb development and that misregulation of these Hox genes by excess GDF11 may cause some of the observed alterations in skeletal element shape. In addition, GDF11 induced the expression of its own antagonist follistatin, indicating that the activity of GFD11 may be limited by a negative feedback mechanism. The data from our studies in the chick suggest that Gdf11 plays a role in the formation and development of the avian limb skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Gamer
- Department of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Genetics Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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