1
|
Al-Madhagi H, Tarabishi AA. Nutritional aphrodisiacs: Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 9:100783. [PMID: 38974844 PMCID: PMC11225857 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2022, the global prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) was estimated to be at least 150 million cases. This number is greatly suspected to be underestimate as most men withhold information about ED. Also, about 15% of world population have infertility troubles, and male factors are responsible for almost half of these cases. Studies have shown that the quality of semen has decreased in the past several decades owing to various health factors and environmental toxicants. The current medical interventions involve the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 which suffer from serious side effects and costly. One of the popular and most sought interventions are the natural and nutritional remedies as they are foods in essence and potentially with no harm to the body. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide a review of the most common nutritional aphrodisiacs with increasing libido and fertility highlighting the potential active constituents as well as the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|
2
|
Baburski AZ, Becin AP, Travicic DZ, Medar MLJ, Andric SA, Kostic TS. REVERBA couples the circadian clock to Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 38147453 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the molecular clock in regulating cell physiological processes on a specific time scale is a recognized concept, yet its specific impact on optimizing androgen production in Leydig cells has been unclear. This study aimed to confirm the role of the REVERBA (NR1D1) gene in controlling the transcription of key genes related to Leydig cell steroid production. We investigated daily variations by collecting Leydig cells from rats at various times within a 24-h period. Chromatin immunoprecipitation study showed a time-dependent pattern for genes linked to steroid production (Nur77, Star, Cyp11a1, and Cyp17a1), which closely matched the 24-h REVERBA levels in Leydig cells, peaking between zeitgeber time (ZT) 7-11. To understand the physiological significance of REVERBA's interaction with promoters of steroidogenesis-related genes, Leydig cells from rats at two different times (ZT7 and ZT16; chosen based on REVERBA expression levels), were treated with either an agonist (GSK4112) or an antagonist (SR8278). The results revealed that the REVERBA agonist stimulated gene transcription, while the antagonist inhibited it, but only when REVERBA was sufficiently present, indicating a reliance on REVERBA's circadian fluctuation. Moreover, this REVERBA-dependent stimulation had a clear impact on testosterone production in the culture medium, underscoring REVERBA's involvement in the circadian regulation of testosterone. This study indicates that REVERBA, in addition to being a core component of the cellular clock, plays a key role in regulating androgen production in Leydig cells by influencing the transcription of critical steroidogenesis-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Z Baburski
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Alisa P Becin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dijana Z Travicic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija L J Medar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silvana A Andric
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song J, Yuan L, Hua W, Guojuan C, Shaoyu C. Comparison of ET-1 and eNOS expressions in yak testes at different developmental stages. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1542-1550. [PMID: 37724684 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Yak has strong adaptability to plateau hypoxia environment. However, the endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are important regulators in blood oxygen transportation. Yak testes: newborn (3 days), young (1 years), adult (4 years) and old (9 years) were collected for microscopic analyses using haematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, as well as Western blot to compare the expression of ET-1 and eNOS. Furthermore, the levels of ET-1 mRNA and eNOS mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results showed that ET-1 mRNA and eNOS mRNA in old yaks were higher than other developmental stages (p < .01). And the levels of ET-1 and eNOS protein increased with age. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that ET-1 and eNOS were mainly localized in gonocytes and spermatogenic membrane of newborn yaks. These two factors were expressed in both Leydig cells of young yaks and endothelial cells of adult yaks. In old yaks, ET-1 was mainly expressed in Sertoli cells, while eNOS was obviously positive in capillaries and Leydig cells. Therefore, the positive results of ET-1 and eNOS in gonocyte and spermatogenic basement were closely related to the development of testes. The expression of Leydig and Sertoli cells indicated that they played an important role in testes function. The expression in endothelial cells or interstitial capillaries, suggesting that they are involved in the regulation of microcirculation in yak testes. This study could provide clues for further revealing the regulation of yak testicular blood vessels in alpine cold and hypoxic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ligang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wang Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Guojuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Shaoyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Phua TJ. Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: the middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1196648. [PMID: 37384143 PMCID: PMC10293850 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1196648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation pathophysiology are closely associated with human age-related carcinogenesis and chronic diseases. However, the connection between hypoxia and hormonal cell signaling pathways is unclear, but such human age-related comorbid diseases do coincide with the middle-aging period of declining sex hormonal signaling. This scoping review evaluates the relevant interdisciplinary evidence to assess the systems biology of function, regulation, and homeostasis in order to discern and decipher the etiology of the connection between hypoxia and hormonal signaling in human age-related comorbid diseases. The hypothesis charts the accumulating evidence to support the development of a hypoxic milieu and oxidative stress-inflammation pathophysiology in middle-aged individuals, as well as the induction of amyloidosis, autophagy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in aging-related degeneration. Taken together, this new approach and strategy can provide the clarity of concepts and patterns to determine the causes of declining vascularity hemodynamics (blood flow) and physiological oxygenation perfusion (oxygen bioavailability) in relation to oxygen homeostasis and vascularity that cause hypoxia (hypovascularity hypoxia). The middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis could provide the mechanistic interface connecting the endocrine, nitric oxide, and oxygen homeostasis signaling that is closely linked to the progressive conditions of degenerative hypertrophy, atrophy, fibrosis, and neoplasm. An in-depth understanding of these intrinsic biological processes of the developing middle-aged hypoxia could provide potential new strategies for time-dependent therapies in maintaining healthspan for healthy lifestyle aging, medical cost savings, and health system sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teow J. Phua
- Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campolo F, Assenza MR, Venneri MA, Barbagallo F. Once upon a Testis: The Tale of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase in Testicular Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087617. [PMID: 37108780 PMCID: PMC10146088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases are key regulators that fine tune the intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides, given their ability to hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP. They are critical regulators of cAMP/cGMP-mediated signaling pathways, modulating their downstream biological effects such as gene expression, cell proliferation, cell-cycle regulation but also inflammation and metabolic function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified and linked to human genetic diseases and PDEs have been demonstrated to play a potential role in predisposition to several tumors, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. This review summarizes the current knowledge and most relevant findings regarding the expression and regulation of PDE families in the testis focusing on PDEs role in testicular cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Assenza
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, "Kore" University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, "Kore" University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Intake of Fluted Pumpkin Seeds Rebalances Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Aged Rat’s Testes. Andrologia 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6745770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of fluted pumpkin seeds (FPS) consumption on the antioxidant status of the testes of aged Wistar rats was evaluated in this study. Sixty (50 aged, 6 months old, and 10 young, 2 months old) rats were divided into six groups of 10 per each group. Testosterone (15 mg kg-1 body weight, once weekly for 40 days) was injected intraperitoneally and used as positive control. FPS intake (50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 body weight) or vehicle control (corn oil) were administered orally, twice weekly for 40 days and compared with the untreated aged and young control rats. Changes in antioxidant status in the testis of the aged rats was reflected as increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione and decreased lipid peroxidation levels which were attenuated more efficiently by the lowest dose FPS (50 mg kg-1 body weight). Additionally, nitrite concentration that was found to be diminished in the aged rats was raised to the young control values after intake of the FPS (50 mg kg-1 body weight). As expected, testosterone injection increased endogenous testosterone concentration and also remained higher in the untreated aged animals than in young control and treated aged rats. In conclusion, compromised antioxidant defense system of the testes that is associated with ageing could be reversed to the status of the young control by the intake of FPS.
Collapse
|
7
|
Niu Y, Lin G, Pan J, Liu J, Xu Y, Cai Q, Wang T, Luan Y, Chen Y, Feng Y, Yang X, Tian W, Bae WJ, Guan R, Xin Z. Deciphering the myth of icariin and synthetic derivatives in improving erectile function from a molecular biology perspective: a narrative review. Transl Androl Urol 2022; 11:1007-1022. [PMID: 35958901 PMCID: PMC9360520 DOI: 10.21037/tau-22-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Although epimedium herb (EH) has been widely used in ancient Chinese medicine to enhance sexual activity, its pharmacological mechanism is not clear. Modern studies have shown that epimedium herb is rich in icariin (ICA, a flavonoid compound), and 91.2% of icariin is converted to icariside II (ICA II) by hydrolytic enzymes in intestinal bacteria after oral administration. YS-10 is a synthetic derivative of icariside II. The aim of this review was to summarize the contemporary evidence regarding the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic properties, and molecular biological mechanisms of ICA and some ICA derivatives for erectile dysfunction therapy. Methods A detailed search was conducted in the PubMed database using keywords and phrases, such as “icariin” AND “erectile dysfunction”, “icariside II” AND “erectile dysfunction”. The publication time is limited to last 20 years. Articles had to be published in peer reviewed journals. Key Content and Findings ICA and its some derivatives showed the specific inhibition on phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) and the promotion of testosterone synthesis. In addition, by regulating various reliable evidence of signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, TGFβ1/Smad2, p38/MAPK, Wnt and secretion of various cytokines, ICA and ICA derivatives can activate endogenous stem cells (ESCs) leading to endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell proliferation, nerve regeneration and fibrosis inhibition, repair pathological changes in penile tissue and improve erectile function. Conclusions ICA and some of its derivatives could be a potential treatment for restoring spontaneous erections. In addition ICA and his derivatives may also be valuable as a regenerative medicine approach for other diseases, but more clinical and basic researches with high quality and large samples are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,China-Korea Joint Research Center for Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Guiting Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiancheng Pan
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,China-Korea Joint Research Center for Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongde Xu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,China-Korea Joint Research Center for Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Luan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yegang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,China-Korea Joint Research Center for Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Feng
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,China-Korea Joint Research Center for Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- China-Korea Joint Research Center for Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjie Tian
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wong Jin Bae
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ruili Guan
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongcheng Xin
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,China-Korea Joint Research Center for Male Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China.,Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niu Z, Fu M, Li Y, Ren H, Zhang X, Yao L. Osthole alleviates pulmonary vascular remodeling by modulating microRNA-22-3p mediated lipid metabolic reprogramming. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153840. [PMID: 34836745 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the key pathological feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) characterized by a pattern of lipid-related insulin resistance(IR), hormonal derangements and metabolic reprogramming. Our previous studies have demonstrated osthole as natural coumarin compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine is a promising agent for the treatment of pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH. PURPOSE The present study sought to delineate lipid metabolic modulatory mechanism of osthole against pulmonary vascular remodeling by employing an interdisciplinary strategy. METHODS Rat model with PAH induced with MCT and PASMCs proliferation model induced with PDGF-BB were established in this study. Serum and lung tissues were used to lipid-related IR, hormone related indexes, pulmonary vascular remodeling analysis. Then, lipid metabolic gene, key enzymes, metabolites and cell proliferation indexes were examined to investigate metabolic regulatory mechanism in vivo and vitro model of PAH. RESULTS Osthole significantly showed improvement of lipid-related IR and hormone dysregulation in rats with PAH evidenced by elevating testosterone, androgen receptor and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), inhibiting phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5), modulating lipid-related IR indexes total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG)/HDL-C ratio. Additionally, osthole limited key metabolic gene and enzymes to inhibit accumulation of decadienyl-l-carnitine in lipid metabolism, thus to promote oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production through inhibition of miRNA-22-3p, fatty acid translocase (CD36), fatty acid synthase (FAS), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), hexokinase 2 (HK2), activation of metabolic switch isocitrate dehydrogenase 3α (IDH3α), NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1). We found for the first time miRNA-22-3p modulated PASMCs proliferation and vascular remodeling by regulating lipid metabolism reprogramming. Those modifications uncovered therapeutic mechanism of osthole against pulmonary vascular remodeling. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed the function of miRNA-22-3p in PASMCs and demonstrated a novel mechanism that miRNA-22-3p as a regulator can be targeted by osthole to greatly restore dysregulated lipid metabolism thus to alleviate pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, which provides novel insight into the potential therapeutic target for PAH, further highlights the development potential of osthole derived new drug against PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Campolo F, Capponi C, Tarsitano MG, Tenuta M, Pozza C, Gianfrilli D, Magliocca F, Venneri MA, Vicini E, Lenzi A, Isidori AM, Barbagallo F. cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 8A and 8B isoforms are differentially expressed in human testis and Leydig cell tumor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1010924. [PMID: 36277728 PMCID: PMC9585345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1010924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/Protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signaling pathway is the master regulator of endocrine tissue function. The level, compartmentalization and amplitude of cAMP response are finely regulated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). PDE8 is responsible of cAMP hydrolysis and its expression has been characterized in all steroidogenic cell types in rodents including adrenal and Leydig cells in rodents however scarce data are currently available in humans. Here we demonstrate that human Leydig cells express both PDE8A and PDE8B isoforms. Interestingly, we found that the expression of PDE8B but not of PDE8A is increased in transformed Leydig cells (Leydig cell tumors-LCTs) compared to non-tumoral cells. Immunofluorescence analyses further reveals that PDE8A is also highly expressed in specific spermatogenic stages. While the protein is not detected in spermatogonia it accumulates nearby the forming acrosome, in the trans-Golgi apparatus of spermatocytes and spermatids and it follows the fate of this organelle in the later stages translocating to the caudal part of the cell. Taken together our findings suggest that 1) a specific pool(s) of cAMP is/are regulated by PDE8A during spermiogenesis pointing out a possible new role of this PDE8 isoform in key events governing the differentiation and maturation of human sperm and 2) PDE8B can be involved in Leydig cell transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Capponi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tarsitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Magliocca
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mary A. Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Vicini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Barbagallo,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei D, Wu D, Zeng W, Che L, Xu S, Fang Z, Feng B, Li J, Zhuo Y, Wu C, Zhang J, Lin Y. Arginine promotes testicular development in boars through nitric oxide and putrescine. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:266-275. [PMID: 34212433 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to explore the influence and underlying mechanisms involving arginine in testicular development in boars. To this end, thirty 30-day-old male Duroc piglets (7.00 ± 0.30 kg) were randomly sorted into two groups, maintained on either a basal diet (CON, n = 15) or a diet supplemented with 0.8% arginine (ARG, n = 15). Blood and testicular samples were collected during the experimental period to analyse amino acid composition and arginine metabolite levels. The results showed that dietary supplementation with arginine increased number of spermatogonia and height of the seminiferous epithelium (p < 0.05). Sperm density, total number and effective number of sperm of the boars in the ARG group increased significantly compared with those in the CON group (p < 0.05). Although arginine supplementation did not affect plasma amino acid levels, testicular arginine levels in 150-day-old boars exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05). The level of serum nitric oxide (NO) and activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) also increased in 150-day-old boars in the ARG group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, dietary supplementation with arginine increased testicular levels of putrescine in 150-day-old boars (p < 0.05). These results indicated that arginine supplementation increased serum NO levels and testicular arginine and putrescine abundance, thereby improving testicular development and semen quality in boars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rudzinski JK, Govindasamy NP, Lewis JD, Jurasz P. The role of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer-induced platelet aggregation and platelet-induced invasion. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2976-2986. [PMID: 32692888 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic prostate cancer progresses from a hormone sensitive androgen receptor expressing phenotype to a hormone insensitive androgen receptor-independent subtype with low overall survival. Human platelets contribute to metastasis via tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation, which in part enhances cancer cell invasion. Given the more aggressive nature of hormone insensitive prostate cancer, we hypothesized that androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cells exhibit higher platelet aggregation potency and invasive response compared to cells with androgen receptor. OBJECTIVE To characterize the role of androgen receptors in prostate cancer-induced platelet aggregation and platelet-induced invasion. METHODS Tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation experiments were performed with platelets from healthy human donors and benign prostate (RWPE-1) and prostate cancer cell lines positive (LNCaP) and negative for androgen receptor (DU145 and PC3). Immunoblot measured prostate cancer prothrombin. Modified Boyden chamber invasion assays and zymography were performed to assess the effects of platelets on prostate cancer cell invasion and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, respectively. RESULTS Androgen receptor-positive prostate cancer cell lines failed to induce platelet aggregation. However, androgen receptor-inhibited and -negative cell lines all induced platelet aggregation, which was abolished by dabigatran. Androgen receptor-inhibited and -negative cell lines demonstrated greater expression of prothrombin than androgen receptor-positive cells. Platelets enhanced invasion and MMP-2 and -9 expression by androgen receptor-inhibited and negative prostate cancer cells, but not that of the androgen receptor-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Androgen receptor loss within prostate cancer results in increased thrombogenicity due to upregulation of prothrombin expression. Reciprocally, platelets enhance invasion of androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cells via increased MMP expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Rudzinski
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Natasha P Govindasamy
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Jurasz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Interplay between male reproductive system dysfunction and the therapeutic effect of flavonoids. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104756. [PMID: 33069836 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility has affected many families around the world. However, due to the mechanism underlying male reproductive system dysfunction are not completely elucidated, the use of drugs for male reproductive system dysfunction treatment only insignificant higher pregnancy outcomes, low-quality evidence suggests that clinical pregnancy rates may increase. Therefore, the focus in the future will be on developing more viable treatment options to prevent or treatment of male reproductive system dysfunction and achieve the purpose of improving fertility. Interestingly, natural products, as the potential inhibitors for the treatment of male reproductive system dysfunction, have shown a good therapeutic effect. Among many natural products, flavonoids have been extensively investigated for the treatment of male reproductive system dysfunction, such as testicular structural disruption, spermatogenesis disturbance and sperm quality decline. Flavonoids have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulating, anti-apoptotic, anticarcinogenic, anti-allergic and antiviral activities, investigating for the treatment of male reproductive system dysfunction. In this review, we evaluate the therapeutic effects of flavonoids on male reproductive system dysfunction under different cellular scenarios and summarize the therapeutic strategies of flavonoids based on the aforementioned retrospective analysis. In the end, we describe some perspective research areas relevant to the application of flavonoids in the treatment of male reproductive system dysfunction.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gur S, Alzweri L, Yilmaz‐Oral D, Kaya‐Sezginer E, Abdel‐Mageed AB, Dick B, Sikka SC, Volkan Oztekin C, Hellstrom WJG. Testosterone positively regulates functional responses and nitric oxide expression in the isolated human corpus cavernosum. Andrology 2020; 8:1824-1833. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serap Gur
- Department of Urology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Laith Alzweri
- Department of Urology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX USA
| | - Didem Yilmaz‐Oral
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy Cukurova University Adana Turkey
| | - Ecem Kaya‐Sezginer
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Asim B Abdel‐Mageed
- Department of Urology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
| | - Brian Dick
- Department of Urology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
| | - Suresh C. Sikka
- Department of Urology Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
| | - Cetin Volkan Oztekin
- Department of Urology Faculty of Medicine University of KyreniaTurkish Republic of North Cyprus Girne, Mersin 10 Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baburski AZ, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Luteinizing hormone signaling is involved in synchronization of Leydig cell's clock and is crucial for rhythm robustness of testosterone production†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1406-1415. [PMID: 30722003 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, circadian clock regulates concentration of many reproductive hormones including testosterone. Previously, we characterized pattern of circadian transcription of core clock genes in testosterone-producing Leydig cells. Here, the potential role of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR)-cAMP signaling in synchronization of Leydig cell's circadian clock and rhythmic testosterone production were examined. Results showed that activation of LHR-cAMP signaling in primary rat Leydig cell culture increased Star/STAR and changed expression of many clock genes (upregulated Per1/PER1, Dec1/2, and Rorb, and downregulated Bmal1 and Rev-erba/b). Inhibition of protein kinase A prevented LHR-triggered increase in transcription of Per1 and Dec1. Effect of stimulated LHR-cAMP signaling on Leydig cell's clock transcription was also confirmed in vivo, using rats treated with single hCG injection. To analyze in vivo effect of low LH-cAMP activity on rhythmical Leydig cell function, rats with experimental hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were used. Characteristics of hypogonadal rats were decreased LH and testosterone secretion without circadian fluctuation; in Leydig cells decreased arrhythmic cAMP and transcription of steroidogenic genes (Cyp11a1 and Cyp17a1) were observed, while decreased Star/STAR expression retains circadian pattern. However, expression of clock genes, despite changes in transcription levels (increased Bmal1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, Rora, Rorb, Rev-erba/b/REV-ERBB, Dec1, Csnk1e, and decreased Npas2 and PER1) kept circadian patterns observed in control groups. Altogether, the results strengthened the hypothesis about role of LH-cAMP signaling as synchronizer of Leydig cell's clock. However, clock in Leydig cells is not sufficient to sustain rhythmicity of testosterone production in absence of rhythmic activity of LH-cAMP signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Z Baburski
- Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silvana A Andric
- Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ni G, Zhang X, Afedo SY, Rui R. Evaluation of the protective effects of icariin on nicotine-induced reproductive toxicity in male mouse -a pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:65. [PMID: 32552695 PMCID: PMC7302363 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine, a pharmacologically active component of tobacco adversely affects the male reproductive system and fertility whereas icariin (ICA), the main active ingredient in Epimedium herba has been used in the treatment of several male reproductive problems. This study aimed at evaluating the protective or ameliorative effect of ICA against reproductive toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotine in mice. METHODS Using simple random allocation, forty male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (received 0.35 mL physiological saline via gastric gavage), nicotine (0.75 mg/kg BW/day intraperitoneally), ICA (75 mg/kg BW/day gastric gavage), and nicotine plus ICA (nicotine, 0.75 mg/kg BW/day intraperitoneally + ICA, 75 mg/kg BW/day gastric gavage) group. After 35 days of treatment, the mice were weighed, sacrificed, and their reproductive organs (testis and epididymis) were collected and examined for further studies. RESULTS The nicotine-treated group showed significantly decreased epididymal sperm density and serum testosterone concentration relative to the control group. Nicotine also caused oxidative damage shown by significant reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and elevation in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. ICA on the other hand, improved the reduction in sperm density, hormone levels, and activities of antioxidant enzymes altered in the nicotine treated mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that nicotine-induced reproductive toxicity and oxidative damage on male reproductive tissues could be attenuated by ICA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Ni
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Seth Yaw Afedo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Rui
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Proteomic analysis reveals key proteins involved in arginine promotion of testicular development in boars. Theriogenology 2020; 154:181-189. [PMID: 32622198 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of l-arginine on testicular development in boars and its underlying mechanism, thirty 30-day-old Duroc boars (7.0 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly allocated to either a basal diet (CON, n = 15) or a 0.8% arginine diet (ARG, n = 15). Blood samples were collected and weight measurements were done regularly to every pig during the experimental period. Testes were collected for histological and proteomic analysis from 150-day-old boars. Results showed that dietary supplementation with arginine significantly increased testicular weight, the number of spermatogonia, and the height of the seminiferous epithelium (P < 0.05). The serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were also significantly increased in the ARG group (P < 0.05). A total of 154 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, 76 of them were upregulated and 78 were downregulated. Mainly enriched metabolic pathways were the mTOR and Wnt signaling pathways. Functional annotation suggested that 18 DEPs were related to male reproduction. Western blotting results further validated the results from proteomics. This study may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which arginine promotes male testicular development.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ranjan A, Choubey M, Yada T, Krishna A. Nesfatin-1 ameliorates type-2 diabetes-associated reproductive dysfunction in male mice. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:515-528. [PMID: 31691259 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was aimed to demonstrate the recuperative effect of nesfatin-1 on testicular dysfunction in the high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. METHOD AND RESULTS Three experimental groups were formed: (1) vehicle control (VC), (2) T2DM mice, (3) T2DM + nesf-1. The mice with blood glucose level higher than 300 mg/dL following HFD and a single dose of STZ were used for the experiment. The T2DM mice showed increases in body mass, blood glucose and insulin levels, reductions in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, production of antioxidative enzymes, and disturbed lipid profile. These alterations were all ameliorated by administration of nesfatin-1 at 20 μg/Kg BW for 15 days. Nesfatin-1 treatment also increased the production of testosterone (T), improved insulin sensitivity, and effectively ameliorated the testicular aberrations, and increased spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. In addition, nesfatin-1 treatment upregulated the PCNA and Bcl2 expression and inhibited the caspase-3 and prohibitin expression in T2DM mice. Nesfatin-1 increased insulin receptor (IR) and GLUT8 expressions, and lactate production, the changes that further substantiate the increase of energy influx to the testis. CONCLUSION Altogether, the results suggest the ameliorative effect of nesfatin-1 against T2DM-associated testicular dysfunctions and improved insulin sensitivity along with promoting T production and fertility in T2DM mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ranjan
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Choubey
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - A Krishna
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hassanin AM, Abdel-Hamid AZ. Cavernous smooth muscles: innovative potential therapies are promising for an unrevealed clinical diagnosis. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 52:205-217. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Wang C, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wan H, Chen Y, Xia F, Zhang K, Wang N, Lu Y. Novel associations between sex hormones and diabetic vascular complications in men and postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:97. [PMID: 31366359 PMCID: PMC6668151 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between sex hormones and vascular remodeling have been extensively studied, but the results vary widely among different races and sex. We aimed to investigate whether total testosterone (TT), estrogen (E2), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) associate with macrovascular complications and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) among community-dwelling patients with diabetes. Methods A total of 4720 participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited from Shanghai, China. Common carotid artery (CCA) plaques and diameter were assessed by ultrasound. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined by prior diagnosis of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction or stroke. DKD was defined according to the ADA Guidelines. Results (1) In men, TT was negatively associated with CCA diameter (regression coefficient (β) − 0.044, 95% CI − 0.087, 0). E2 levels were positively associated with CVD and CCA plaque prevalence (OR 1.151, 95% CI 1.038, 1.277 and OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.017, 1.255, respectively). DHEA was negatively associated with CVD (OR 0.809, 95% CI 0.734, 0.893). In postmenopausal women, TT levels were negatively associated with CCA diameter (β − 0.046, 95% CI − 0.083, − 0.010) and positively associated with CVD (OR 1.154, 95% CI 1.038, 1.284). (2) In both men and postmenopausal women, TT levels were negatively associated with the albumin/creatinine ratio and DKD (β − 0.098, 95% CI − 0.154, − 0.043 and OR 0.887, 95% CI 0.790, 0.997 vs. β − 0.084, 95% CI − 0.137, − 0.031 and OR 0.822, 95% CI 0.731, 0.924, respectively) and DHEA levels were positively associated with DKD (OR 1.167, 95% CI 1.038, 1.313 vs. OR 1.251, 95% CI 1.104, 1.418, respectively). Conclusions Our study indicates that macrovascular complications were associated with low TT, DHEA and high E2 in men and with high TT in postmenopausal women. DKD was associated with low TT and high DHEA levels in both genders. Sex hormone replacement therapy requires careful and comprehensive consideration. Trial registration ChiCTR1800017573, http://www.chictr.org.cn. Registered 04 August 2018 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0901-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Regulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis: intriguing network of signaling pathways and mitochondrial signalosome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
21
|
Casarini L, Riccetti L, Limoncella S, Lazzaretti C, Barbagallo F, Pacifico S, Guerrini R, Tagliavini S, Trenti T, Simoni M, Sola M, Di Rocco G. Probing the Effect of Sildenafil on Progesterone and Testosterone Production by an Intracellular FRET/BRET Combined Approach. Biochemistry 2018; 58:799-808. [PMID: 30532959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors have been recently applied to the study of biological pathways. In this study, a new biosensor was validated for the first time in live HEK293 and steroidogenic MLTC-1 cell lines for studying the effect of the PDE5 inhibitor on the hCG/LH-induced steroidogenic pathway. The sensor improves FRET between a donor (D), the fluorescein-like diarsenical probe that can covalently bind a tetracysteine motif fused to the PDE5 catalytic domain, and an acceptor (A), the rhodamine probe conjugated to the pseudosubstrate cGMPS. Affinity constant ( Kd) values of 5.6 ± 3.2 and 13.7 ± 0.8 μM were obtained with HEK293 and MLTC-1 cells, respectively. The detection was based on the competitive displacement of the cGMPS-rhodamine conjugate by sildenafil; the Ki values were 3.6 ± 0.3 nM (IC50 = 2.3 nM) in HEK293 cells and 10 ± 1.0 nM (IC50 = 3.9 nM) in MLTC-1 cells. The monitoring of both cAMP and cGMP by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer allowed the exploitation of the effects of PDE5i on steroidogenesis, indicating that sildenafil enhanced the gonadotropin-induced progesterone-to-testosterone conversion in a cAMP-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy.,Center for Genome Research , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41126 Modena , Italy
| | - Laura Riccetti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Silvia Limoncella
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Clara Lazzaretti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Rome "La Sapienza" , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Simonetta Tagliavini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy , Azienda USL of Modena , 41121 Modena , Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy , Azienda USL of Modena , 41121 Modena , Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy.,Center for Genome Research , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41126 Modena , Italy.,Azienda , Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Marco Sola
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou PH, Shi L, Qiu B. Protective effect of controlled release of cytokine response modifier A from chitosan microspheres on rat chondrocytes from interleukin-1β induced inflammation and apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3170-3178. [PMID: 28912867 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) released from chitosan (CS) microspheres in a controlled manner on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes. The CrmA release kinetics were characterized by an initial burst release, which was reduced to a linear release over 8 days. Furthermore, chondrocytes were isolated from 1-week-old Sprague Dawley rats. The cell culture was established by stimulation with 10 ng/ml IL-1β and subsequent incubation with CS-CrmA microspheres. Following stimulation with IL-1β, the viability of chondrocytes was decreased. However, the cell viability was attenuated by CS-CrmA microspheres as revealed by a cell counting kit-8 assay. CS-CrmA microspheres significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation in chondrocytes by attenuating increases in the gene expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as the concentrations of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. CS-CrmA microspheres significantly decreased the number of apoptotic chondrocytes induced by IL-1β as indicated by a terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay. In addition, CS-CrmA microspheres blocked IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and decreasing Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-3 and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase expression at the mRNA and protein levels, as indicated by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results of the present study revealed that CS-CrmA microspheres, as a controlled release system of CrmA, may protect rat chondrocytes from IL-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis via regulating inflammatory and apoptosis-associated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pang-Hu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oloyo AK, Sofola OA, Yakubu MA. Orchidectomy attenuates high-salt diet-induced increases in blood pressure, renovascular resistance, and hind limb vascular dysfunction: role of testosterone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:825-33. [PMID: 27197589 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone-dependent vascular reactivity is an underlying factor contributing to sex differences in salt-dependent hypertension. This study evaluated the role of androgens (testosterone) in high salt-induced increase in blood pressure (BP) and altered vascular reactivity in renal blood flow and perfused hind limb preparation. Weanling male rats (8 weeks old, 180-200 g) were bilaterally orchidectomised or sham operated with or without testosterone replacement (Sustanon 250, 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once in 3 weeks) and placed on a normal (0.3%) or high (4.0%) NaCl diet for 6 weeks. The high-salt diet (HSD) increased arterial BP, renal vascular resistance (RVR) and positive fluid balance (FB). These changes were accompanied by decreased plasma nitric oxide levels. The increased BP, RVR and FB observed in the rats fed a HSD were reversed by orchidectomy while testosterone replacement prevented the reversal. Phenylephrine (PE)-induced increased vascular resistance in the perfused hind limb vascular bed was enhanced by HSD, the enhanced vascular resistance was prevented by orchidectomy and testosterone replacement reversed orchidectomy effect. Vasorelaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were impaired in HSD groups, orchidectomy attenuated the impairment, while testosterone replacement prevented the orchidectomy attenuation. These data suggested that eNOS-dependent and independently-mediated pathways were equally affected by HSD in vascular function impairment and this effect is testosterone-dependent in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Oloyo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Surulere, Nigeria.,Vascular Biology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olusoga A Sofola
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Surulere, Nigeria
| | - Momoh A Yakubu
- Vascular Biology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Blazkova J, Gupta S, Liu Y, Gaudilliere B, Ganio EA, Bolen CR, Saar-Dover R, Fragiadakis GK, Angst MS, Hasni S, Aghaeepour N, Stevenson D, Baldwin N, Anguiano E, Chaussabel D, Altman MC, Kaplan MJ, Davis MM, Furman D. Multicenter Systems Analysis of Human Blood Reveals Immature Neutrophils in Males and During Pregnancy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:2479-2488. [PMID: 28179497 PMCID: PMC5337813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite clear differences in immune system responses and in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases between males and females, there is little understanding of the processes involved. In this study, we identified a gene signature of immature-like neutrophils, characterized by the overexpression of genes encoding for several granule-containing proteins, which was found at higher levels (up to 3-fold) in young (20-30 y old) but not older (60 to >89 y old) males compared with females. Functional and phenotypic characterization of peripheral blood neutrophils revealed more mature and responsive neutrophils in young females, which also exhibited an elevated capacity in neutrophil extracellular trap formation at baseline and upon microbial or sterile autoimmune stimuli. The expression levels of the immature-like neutrophil signature increased linearly with pregnancy, an immune state of increased susceptibility to certain infections. Using mass cytometry, we also find increased frequencies of immature forms of neutrophils in the blood of women during late pregnancy. Thus, our findings show novel sex differences in innate immunity and identify a common neutrophil signature in males and in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blazkova
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, 26999 Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarthak Gupta
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yudong Liu
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Edward A Ganio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christopher R Bolen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ron Saar-Dover
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gabriela K Fragiadakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Martin S Angst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, 26999 Doha, Qatar
| | - Matthew C Altman
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation of Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David Furman
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, 26999 Doha, Qatar;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation of Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Asadi F, Mohseni M, Dadashi Noshahr K, Soleymani FH, Jalilvand A, Heidari A. Effect of Molybdenum Nanoparticles on Blood Cells, Liver Enzymes, and Sexual Hormones in Male Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:50-56. [PMID: 27260534 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increasing surge in application of nanoparticles in industries, there is a serious lack of information concerning their impact on human health and the environment. The present study investigated effects of molybdenum nanoparticles (Mo NPs) injected intraperitoneally into Sprague-Dawley rats at different doses of Mo NPs (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg BW per day) during a period of 28 days. Hematological and biochemical parameters as well as sexual hormones and histopathological examinations of the liver and testis were assessed and compared with control group. The results showed that the serum levels of testosterone decreased significantly in both groups of 10 and 15 mg (Mo NPs)/kg BW in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). However, there were insignificant differences observed in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and hematological parameters when compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The results of liver enzymes showed that serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased significantly in both dosage groups of 5 and 10 mg/kg BW (Mo NPs) when compared with the control group (p < 0.05), and significant decrease obtained in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at dose of 5 mg/kg BW in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The histopathological examination of testis showed a decrease in number of Leydig cells. Also, the number of chronic inflammatory cells increased in portal triad and parenchyma in liver tissue of rats exposed to Mo NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Asadi
- Department of Pediatric, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehran Mohseni
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center (ZMDR), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56111, Iran
| | | | | | - Ahmad Jalilvand
- Department of Pathology, Mousavi Hospital, ZUMS, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Azam Heidari
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center (ZMDR), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56111, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aging has the opposite effect on cAMP and cGMP circadian variations in rat Leydig cells. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:613-623. [PMID: 27915366 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Leydig cell physiology displays a circadian rhythm driven by a complex interaction of the reproductive axis hormones and circadian system. The final output of this regulatory process is circadian pattern of steroidogenic genes expression and testosterone production. Aging gradually decreases robustness of rhythmic testosterone secretion without change in pattern of LH secretion. Here, we analyzed effect of aging on circadian variation of cAMP and cGMP signaling in Leydig cells. Results showed opposite effect of aging on cAMP and cGMP daily variation. Reduced amplitude of cAMP circadian oscillation was probably associated with changed expression of genes involved in cAMP production (increased circadian pattern of Adcy7, Adcy9, Adcy10 and decreased Adcy3); cAMP degradation (increased Pde4a, decreased Pde8b, canceled rhythm of Pde4d, completely reversed circadian pattern of Pde7b and Pde8a); and circadian expression of protein kinase A subunits (Prkac/PRKAC and Prkar2a). Aging stimulates expression of genes responsible for cGMP production (Nos2, Gucy1a3 and Gucy1b3/GUCYB3) and degradation (Pde5a, Pde6a and Pde6h) but the overall net effect is elevation of cGMP circadian oscillations in Leydig cells. In addition, the expression of cGMP-dependent kinase, Prkg1/PRKG1 is up-regulated. It seems that aging potentiate cGMP- and reduce cAMP-signaling in Leydig cells. Since both signaling pathways affect testosterone production and clockwork in the cells, further insights into these signaling pathways will help to unravel disorders linked to the circadian timing system, aging and reproduction.
Collapse
|
27
|
Corona G, Isidori AM, Aversa A, Burnett AL, Maggi M. Endocrinologic Control of Men's Sexual Desire and Arousal/Erection. J Sex Med 2016; 13:317-37. [PMID: 26944463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several hormones and neurotransmitters orchestrate men's sexual response, including the appetitive (sexual desire) and consummative (arousal and penile erection) phases. AIM To provide an overview and recommendations regarding endocrinologic control of sexual desire and arousal and erection and their disturbances. METHODS Medical literature was reviewed by the subcommittee of the International Consultation of Sexual Medicine, followed by extensive internal discussion, and then public presentation and discussion with other experts. The role of pituitary (prolactin, oxytocin, growth hormone, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), thyroid, and testicular hormones was scrutinized and discussed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recommendations were based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, followed by interactive discussion. RESULTS Testosterone has a primary role in controlling and synchronizing male sexual desire and arousal, acting at multiple levels. Accordingly, meta-analysis indicates that testosterone therapy for hypogonadal individuals can improve low desire and erectile dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia is associated with low desire that can be successfully corrected by appropriate treatments. Oxytocin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are important in eliciting sexual arousal; however, use of these peptides, or their analogs, for stimulating sexual arousal is still under investigation. Evaluation and treatment of other endocrine disorders are suggested only in selected cases. CONCLUSION Endocrine abnormalities are common in patients with sexual dysfunction. Their identification and treatment is strongly encouraged in disturbances of sexual desire and arousal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda USL Bologna, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Deptartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- Department of Urology, the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Protective Effect of Adrenomedullin on Rat Leydig Cells from Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway ADM on Rat Leydig Cells from Inflammation and Apoptosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7201549. [PMID: 27212810 PMCID: PMC4861819 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7201549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate whether ADM can modulate LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat Leydig cells. Leydig cells were treated with ADM before LPS-induced cytotoxicity. We determined the concentrations of ROS, MDA, GSH, LDH, and testosterone and the MMP. The mRNA levels of IL-1, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 were obtained, and the concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, NO, and PGE2 were determined. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL and detection of DNA fragmentation. The levels of mRNA and protein were determined for Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and PARP. The protein contents for total and p-Akt were measured. ADM pretreatment significantly elevated the MMP and testosterone concentration and reduced the levels of ROS, MDA, GSH, and LDH. ADM pretreatment significantly decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 and the concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, NO, and PGE2. LPS-induced TUNEL-positive Leydig cells were significantly decreased by ADM pretreatment, a result further confirmed by decreased DNA fragmentation. ADM pretreatment decreased apoptosis by significantly promoting Bcl-2 and inhibiting Bax, caspase-3, and PARP expressions. The LPS activity that reduced p-Akt level was significantly inhibited by ADM pretreatment. ADM protected rat Leydig cells from LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis, which might be associated with PI3K/Akt mitochondrial signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahmedi M, Belguendouz H, Messaoudene D, Mesbah-Amroun H, Terahi M, Lahlou-Boukoffa O, Touil-Boukoffa C. Influence des hormones stéroïdes sur la production de deux marqueurs inflammatoires, l’IL-12 et le monoxyde d’azote, au cours de la maladie de Behçet. J Fr Ophtalmol 2016; 39:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is a multidimensional but common male sexual dysfunction that involves an alteration in any of the components of the erectile response, including organic, relational and psychological. Roles for nonendocrine (neurogenic, vasculogenic and iatrogenic) and endocrine pathways have been proposed. Owing to its strong association with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, cardiac assessment may be warranted in men with symptoms of erectile dysfunction. Minimally invasive interventions to relieve the symptoms of erectile dysfunction include lifestyle modifications, oral drugs, injected vasodilator agents and vacuum erection devices. Surgical therapies are reserved for the subset of patients who have contraindications to these nonsurgical interventions, those who experience adverse effects from (or are refractory to) medical therapy and those who also have penile fibrosis or penile vascular insufficiency. Erectile dysfunction can have deleterious effects on a man's quality of life; most patients have symptoms of depression and anxiety related to sexual performance. These symptoms, in turn, affect his partner's sexual experience and the couple's quality of life. This Primer highlights numerous aspects of erectile dysfunction, summarizes new treatment targets and ongoing preclinical studies that evaluate new pharmacotherapies, and covers the topic of regenerative medicine, which represents the future of sexual medicine.
Collapse
|
32
|
Baburski AZ, Sokanovic SJ, Bjelic MM, Radovic SM, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Circadian rhythm of the Leydig cells endocrine function is attenuated during aging. Exp Gerontol 2016; 73:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
33
|
Hu W, Zhou PH, Rao T, Zhang XB, Wang W, Zhang LJ. Adrenomedullin attenuates interleukin-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat Leydig cells via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:220-30. [PMID: 26511504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the protective effects of adrenomedullin (ADM) on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat Leydig cells and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Leydig cells were isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell culture was established by adding ADM 2h prior to 24h treatment with IL-1β-induced cytotoxicity. We detected cell viability and concentrations of testosterone, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Gene expression levels were measured for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Concentrations were detected for nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Apoptosis was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Levels of gene expression and protein were detected for Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP). Protein levels were measured for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and IκBα. ADM reduced IL-1β-induced cytotoxicity. ADM pretreatment significantly increased testosterone concentrations and decreased ROS, MDA, and GSH concentrations. ADM pretreatment inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation in Leydig cells by decreasing the gene expression levels of iNOS and COX-2, as well as the concentrations of NO and PGE2. ADM pretreatment further decreased the number of TUNEL-positive stained Leydig cells, as confirmed by the increase in gene expression and protein levels of Bcl-2 and the decrease of Bax, caspase-3, and PARP levels. Moreover, ADM pretreatment inhibited NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. ADM has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in IL-1β-induced rat Leydig cells, which might be related to NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Pang-hu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Ting Rao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-bin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Liberation Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yanar K, Atukeren P, Cebe T, Kunbaz A, Ozan T, Kansu AD, Durmaz S, Güleç V, Belce A, Aydın S, Çakatay U, Rizvi SI. Ameliorative Effects of Testosterone Administration on Renal Redox Homeostasis in Naturally Aged Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:299-312. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Yanar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Atukeren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamer Cebe
- Basic Sciences, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmad Kunbaz
- Basic Sciences, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuna Ozan
- Basic Sciences, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Doğukan Kansu
- Basic Sciences, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selahattin Durmaz
- Basic Sciences, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veysel Güleç
- Basic Sciences, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Belce
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Aydın
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Çakatay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dursun M, Özbek E, Otunctemur A, Cakir SS. Possible Association between Erectile Dysfunction and Osteoporosis in Men. Prague Med Rep 2015; 116:24-30. [DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction in general and erectile dysfunction (ED) in particular significantly affect men’s quality of life. Some patients who have ED, also develop osteoporosis. So, in this study we investigated the relationship between erectile dysfunction and osteoporosis in men. 95 men with erectile dysfunction and 82 men with normal sexual function were included in the study. The men’s sexual functions were evaluated by International Index of Erectile Function-5 items (IIEF-5). All men received a Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA; Hologic) scan to measure bone mineral density (BMD) for osteoporosis. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Mean age was 53.5 (38–69) in ED group and 50.1 (31–69) in control group. In ED group the men have lower T score levels than those of the control group. In conclusion, the men who have erectile dysfunction were at more risk for osteoporosis. The results of the present study demonstrate that the men with erectile dysfunction have low bone mineral density and they are at higher risk for osteoporosis. Because of easy and noninvasive evaluation of osteoporosis, patients with ED should be checked for bone mineral density and osteoporotic male subjects should be evaluated for ED.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lin H, Yuan KM, Zhou HY, Bu T, Su H, Liu S, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Hu Y, Shan Y, Lian QQ, Wu XY, Ge RS. Time-course changes of steroidogenic gene expression and steroidogenesis of rat Leydig cells after acute immobilization stress. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21028-44. [PMID: 25405735 PMCID: PMC4264210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leydig cells secrete testosterone, which is essential for male fertility and reproductive health. Stress increases the secretion of glucocorticoid (corticosterone, CORT; in rats), which decreases circulating testosterone levels in part through a direct action by binding to the glucocorticoid receptors (NR3C1) in Leydig cells. The intratesticular CORT level is dependent on oxidative inactivation of glucocorticoid by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) in Leydig cells. In the present study, we investigated the time-course changes of steroidogenic gene expression levels after acute immobilization stress in rats. The plasma CORT levels were significantly increased 0.5, 1, 3 and 6 h after immobilization stress, while plasma testosterone levels were significantly reduced 3 and 6 h, after stress and luteinizing hormone (LH) did not change. Immobilization stress caused the down-regulation of Scarb1, Star and Cyp17a1 expression levels in the rat testis starting at the first hour of stress, ahead of the significant decreases of plasma testosterone levels. Other mRNA levels, including Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1 and Hsd17b3, began to decline after 3 h. Hsd11b1 and Nos2 mRNA levels did not change during the course of stress. Administration of glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 significantly restored plasma testosterone levels. In conclusion, Scarb1, Star and Cyp17a1 expression levels are more sensitive to acute stress, and acute immobilization stress causes the decline of the steroidogenic pathway via elevating the levels of glucocorticoid, which binds to NR3C1 in Leydig cells to inhibit steroidogenic gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Kai-ming Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Hong-yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology of School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tiao Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Huina Su
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qing-quan Lian
- Department of Pharmacology of School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-yun Wu
- Huzhou Maternity & Child Care Hospital, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ren-shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moresco MB, Fleck ADS, Carneiro MFH, Barbosa Júnior F, Amantea SL, Rhoden CR. Trace elements concentration in nails and association with airway inflammation in adolescents. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 161:161-6. [PMID: 25119707 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a multifactorial disease and its severity varies with the inflammatory status of the patient. It has been hypothesized that deficiency of trace elements has an important role in the etiology of asthma. The aim of the study was to evaluate the concentration of trace elements in nails of adolescents with different degrees of airway inflammation. We assessed the prevalence of active and severe asthma in adolescents (n = 106) through the ISAAC questionnaire. Subjects were allocated into two different groups according to the value of fraction exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measured. Also, nail specimens were collected in order to determine the concentration of accumulated trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se) by ICP-MS. It was performed Student's t test to evaluate statistical differences between inflammatory groups considering normally distributed data. On the other hand, when data presented non-normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U test was utilized. Spearman coefficients were calculated to investigate correlations between FeNO and mineral concentrations. Exhaled NO was increased in male subjects. We found association between active asthma and elevated exhaled NO. There was no significant difference in Cu (4.40 vs. 4.52), Zn (84.66 vs. 79.48), Mn (0.59 vs. 0.76), and Se (0.18 vs. 0.19) concentrations (μg/g) among distinct FeNO groups as well as was not observed correlation between exhaled NO levels and any element. Deficiency of trace elements in nails were not associated with increased FeNO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Bianchini Moresco
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Atmospheric Pollution, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Centro, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sokanovic SJ, Baburski AZ, Janjic MM, Stojkov NJ, Bjelic MM, Lalosevic D, Andric SA, Stojilkovic SS, Kostic TS. The opposing roles of nitric oxide and cGMP in the age-associated decline in rat testicular steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3914-24. [PMID: 23885018 PMCID: PMC3776867 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the aging-associated dysfunction of Leydig cells (LCs) is complex and poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP signaling to the age-dependent decline in LC function. Significant (>50%) decreases in serum, intratesticular, and LC androgens in aging rats (15-24 months) were accompanied by a proportional increase in NO production, an up-regulation of cGMP levels, and the expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase-1B and protein kinase G1 in LCs. In contrast, LC cAMP levels decreased with age, most likely reflecting the up-regulation of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase expression. Moreover, the expression of genes encoding enzymes responsible for cholesterol transport and its conversion to T were reduced. Exposing LCs from aged animals to NO further increased cGMP levels and decreased cAMP and androgen production, whereas the addition of cell-permeable 8-bromoguanosine-cGMP alone had the opposite effect. In vivo inhibition of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5 for 3 and 6 months in aged rats led to a partial restoration of androgens, NO, and cyclic nucleotide levels, as well as the expression of steroidogenic and NO/cGMP signaling genes. These results indicate that a progressive increase in NO production contributes to the age-dependent decrease in steroidogenesis in a cGMP-independent manner, whereas the sustained elevation in cGMP levels significantly slows the decline in LC function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan J Sokanovic
- PhD, Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Isidori AM, Buvat J, Corona G, Goldstein I, Jannini EA, Lenzi A, Porst H, Salonia A, Traish AM, Maggi M. A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: from pathophysiology to treatment-a systematic review. Eur Urol 2013; 65:99-112. [PMID: 24050791 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Androgen modulation of erectile function (EF) is widely accepted. However, the use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with erectile dysfunction (ED) has generated an unprecedented debate. OBJECTIVE To summarize the relevant data on the incidence, diagnosis, and management of ED coexisting with hypogonadism and to develop a pathophysiology-based treatment algorithm. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We reviewed the relevant medical literature, with a particular emphasis on original molecular studies, prospective observational data, and randomized controlled trials performed in the past 20 yr. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Testosterone modulates nearly every component involved in EF, from pelvic ganglions to smooth muscle and the endothelial cells of the corpora cavernosa. It also regulates the timing of the erectile process as a function of sexual desire, coordinating penile erection with sex. Epidemiologic studies confirm the significant overlap of hypogonadism and ED; however, most guidelines do not consider the differential diagnosis of hypogonadism or the relevance of subclinical disease. Various clinical tools can help the physician to assess and restore androgen levels in men with ED. Special attention is given to fertility-sparing treatments, due to the increasing number of older men desiring fatherhood. The simultaneous use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) and TRT has recently been questioned. Originally proposed as a salvage therapy for nonresponders to PDE5-Is, this approach has been inappropriately transformed into a combination therapy. Clinical data are consistent when reinterpreted in the proper framework, whereas molecular evidence remains controversial. CONCLUSIONS A body of molecular and clinical evidence supports the use of TRT in hypogonadal patients with ED, although the benefit-risk ratio is uncertain in advanced age. Critical appraisal of this evidence enabled the development of a pathophysiology-oriented algorithm designed to avoid inappropriate treatments and support whether to start with TRT, PDE5-I only, or both. Apparently divergent findings are reconciled when TRT is correctly indicated. An improved diagnosis and individualized management is desirable in light of the many available options.
Collapse
|
40
|
Salomon TB, Hackenhaar FS, Almeida AC, Schüller AK, Gil Alabarse PV, Ehrenbrink G, Benfato MS. Oxidative stress in testis of animals during aging with and without reproductive activity. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:940-6. [PMID: 23834967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging postulates that an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and antioxidant defenses is important in senescence. To address this issue and gain insight into the aging process, we have evaluated the antioxidant defenses and have assessed oxidative damage in testis tissues in aging male rats. In order to relate aging and reproduction, animals with and without reproductive activity were studied. In reproductive animals the results showed a progressive increase in antioxidant enzyme activity until 12 months of age followed by an abrupt fall at 24 months. In non-reproductive animals, antioxidant activity was stable through 12 months of age, but again, fell abruptly at 24 months of age. In addition, increased aconitase activity and increased testosterone levels were found among reproductively active animals. The data demonstrate the existence of metabolic differences in testis of reproductively experienced animals and reproductively naïve animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Boeira Salomon
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Biofísica-IB-UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Stojkov NJ, Janjic MM, Kostic TS, Andric SA. Orally applied doxazosin disturbed testosterone homeostasis and changed the transcriptional profile of steroidogenic machinery, cAMP/cGMP signalling and adrenergic receptors in Leydig cells of adult rats. Andrology 2012; 1:332-47. [PMID: 23413145 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Doxazosin (Doxa) is an α1-selective adrenergic receptor (ADR) antagonist widely used, alone or in combination, to treat high blood pressure, benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, and recently has been suggested as a potential drug for prostate cancer prevention/treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of in vivo Doxa po-application, in clinically relevant dose, on: (i) steroidogenic machinery homeostasis; (ii) cAMP/cGMP signalling; (iii) transcription profile of ADR in Leydig cells of adult rats. The results showed that po-application of Doxa for once (1×Doxa), or for two (2×Doxa) or 10 (10×Doxa) consecutive days significantly disturbed steroidogenic machinery homeostasis in Leydig cells. Doxa po-application significantly decreased circulating luteinizing hormone and androgens levels. The level of androgens in testicular interstitial fluid and that extracted from testes obtained from 1×Doxa/2×Doxa rats decreased, although it remained unchanged in 10×Doxa rats. Similarly, the ex vivo basal androgen production followed in testes isolated from 1×Doxa/2×Doxa rats decreased, while remained unchanged in 10×Doxa rats. Differently, ex vivo testosterone production and steroidogenic capacity of Leydig cells isolated from 1×Doxa/2×Doxa rats was stimulated, while 10×Doxa had opposite effect. In the same cells, cAMP content/release showed similar stimulatory effect, but back to control level in Leydig cells of 10×Doxa. 1×Doxa/2×Doxa decreased transcripts for cAMP specific phosphodiesterases Pde7b/Pde8b, whereas 10×Doxa increased Pde4d. All types of treatment reduced the expression of genes encoding protein kinase A (PRKA) regulatory subunit (Prkar2b), whereas only 10×Doxa stimulated catalytic subunit (Prkaca). Doxa application more affected cGMP signalling: stimulated transcription of constitutive nitric oxide synthases (Nos1, Nos3) in time-dependent manner, whereas reduced inducible Nos2. 10×Doxa increased guanylyl cyclase 1 transcript and PRKG1 protein in Leydig cells. Orally applied Doxa significantly disturbed the transcriptional 'signature' of steroidogenic machinery, cAMP/cGMP signalling and ADRs and β-ADRs kinases in Leydig cells, thus giving new molecular insights into the role of cAMP/cGMP/adrenalin signalling in Leydig cells homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Stojkov
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Anabolic-androgenic steroids induce apoptosis and NOS2 (nitric-oxide synthase 2) in adult rat Leydig cells following in vivo exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:686-93. [PMID: 23085480 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone (T) predominantly taken as drugs of abuse. Using in vivo treatment of adult male rats we investigated the effects of testosterone enanthate (TE) a widely abused AAS, on apoptosis of Leydig cells. Increased T and decreased luteinizing hormone levels in serum and decreased intra-testicular T values were found in 2 and 10 weeks treated groups. Two weeks of TE-treatment stimulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) followed by increased NO production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased prevalence of Leydig cell apoptosis. This was prevented by in vivo administration of androgen receptor blocker. The induced NOS2 level and apoptosis returned to control levels after 10 weeks of TE-treatment but testes contained fewer Leydig cells. Overall, AAS in addition to reduced steroidogenesis induce transient increase of Leydig cells apoptotic rate through mechanism associated with androgen receptor, most likely involving NOS2 induction.
Collapse
|
44
|
Park HO, Bae J. Disturbed relaxin signaling pathway and testicular dysfunction in mouse offspring upon maternal exposure to simazine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44856. [PMID: 22984576 PMCID: PMC3440368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simazine is a triazine herbicide that is being widely applied worldwide and commonly detected in surface and groundwater. Despite its popular use in controlling weeds and algae, very limited information is available regarding its toxicity. In the present study, pregnant mice were orally exposed to low doses (0, 5, 50, or 500 µg/kg body weight per day) of simazine during gestation and lactation, during which no overt maternal toxic response was detected, and their offspring was assessed. Simazine-exposed male offspring showed decreased body, testicular, and epididymis weight, increased testicular apoptosis, and decreased sperm concentrations. Differentially-expressed genes in the testes of male offspring exposed to simazine were identified by DNA microarray, revealing 775 upregulated and 791 downregulated genes; among these, the relaxin-family peptide receptor 1 (Rxfp1), which is the receptor for relaxin hormone, was significantly downregulated. In addition, the expression of target genes in the relaxin pathway, including nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) and Nos3, was significantly decreased in simazine-exposed F1 testes. Moreover, simazine inhibited NO release, and knockdown of Rxfp1 blocked the inhibitory action of simazine on NO production in testicular Leydig cells. Therefore, the present study provides a better understanding of the toxicities associated with the widely used herbicide simazine at environmentally relevant doses by demonstrating that maternal exposure interferes with the pleotropic relaxin-NO signaling pathway, impairing normal development and reproductive activity of male offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Oak Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Janahi I, Saadoon A, Tuffaha A, Panneerselvam B. Effects of age, gender, and environmental exposures on exhaled nitric oxide level in healthy 12 to 18 years Qatari children. Ann Thorac Med 2012; 7:98-103. [PMID: 22558015 PMCID: PMC3339211 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1737.94532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is a useful noninvasive diagnostic tool for asthma and some other pediatric respiratory diseases. Factors affecting FENO level are variable in different populations and studies. AIMS: To estimate the normal values of exhaled nitric oxide for Qataris 12 to 18 years of age. Other objectives were to measure the correlation of anthropometric and other potential factors with FENO levels. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Community-based, cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 438 Qatari national school children from both genders were randomly recruited in cross-sectional study. Of them, 203 were non-atopic and hence included in the statistical analysis. Questionnaires including personal data, demographic data, and other factors that may affect FENO level were distributed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Comparison of means done using t-test. We performed Spearman's rho test to measure correlations. Data analysis was done using PASW 18.0 Release 18.0.0, 2009. RESULTS: The geometric mean of FENO levels for all subjects was 14.1 ppb (upper level CI 95% - 36.3 ppb). FENO was significantly higher in males (R2 = −0.254, P<0.0001) and was negatively correlated with increasing age for the whole study population (P=0.036). This decline was interrupted by a significant upraise at the age of 15 years (P=0.0462) which seems to be driven by the males (P=0.0244). FENO levels were lower in subjects exposed to cats (P=0.019). We could not find significant correlation between FENO and other factors studied. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated FENO level with 95% CI in Qatari children, which is probably close to those in other Gulf countries, will be helpful clinically. The lower level of FENO with female gender, increasing age, and exposure to cats needs to be further studied to establish the association and to understand the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Janahi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stojkov NJ, Janjic MM, Bjelic MM, Mihajlovic AI, Kostic TS, Andric SA. Repeated immobilization stress disturbed steroidogenic machinery and stimulated the expression of cAMP signaling elements and adrenergic receptors in Leydig cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1239-51. [PMID: 22374756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00554.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of acute (2 h daily) and repeated (2 h daily for 2 or 10 consecutive days) immobilization stress (IMO) on: 1) the steroidogenic machinery homeostasis; 2) cAMP signaling; and the expression of receptors for main markers of 3) adrenergic and 4) glucocorticoid signaling in Leydig cells of adult rats. The results showed that acute IMO inhibited steroidogenic machinery in Leydig cells by downregulation of Scarb1 (scavenger receptor class B), Cyp11a1 (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme), Cyp17a1 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase), and Hsd17b3 (17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) expression. In addition to acute IMO effects, repeated IMO increased transcription of Star (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) and Arr19 (androgen receptor corepressor 19 kDa) in Leydig cells. In the same cells, the transcription of adenylyl cyclases (Adcy7, Adcy9, Adcy10) and cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (Pde4a, Pde4b, Pde4d, Pde7a, Pde8a) was stimulated, whereas the expression of the genes encoding protein kinase A subunits were unaffected. Ten times repeated IMO increased the levels of all adrenergic receptors and β-adrenergic receptor kinase (Adrbk1) in Leydig cells. The transcription analysis was supported by cAMP/testosterone production. In this signaling scenario, partial recovery of testosterone production in medium/content was detected. The physiological significance of the present results was proven by ex vivo application of epinephrine, which increased cAMP/testosterone production by Leydig cells from control rats in greater fashion than from stressed. IMO did not affect the expression of transcripts for Crhr1/Crhr2 (corticotropin releasing hormone receptors), Acthr (adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone receptor), Gr (glucocorticoid receptor), and Hsd11b1 [hydroxysteroid (11-β) dehydrogenase 1], while all types of IMO stimulated the expression of Hsd11b2, the unidirectional oxidase with high affinity to inactivate glucocorticoids. Thus, presented data provide new molecular/transcriptional base for "fight/adaptation" of Leydig cells and new insights into the role of cAMP, epinephrine, and glucocorticoid signaling in recovery of stress-impaired Leydig cell steroidogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Androgens/blood
- Animals
- Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/genetics
- Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/metabolism
- Corticosterone/blood
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Leydig Cells/physiology
- Luteinizing Hormone/blood
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Steroids/blood
- Stress, Physiological/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa J Stojkov
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Dept. of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences at Univ. of Novi Sad, Dositeja Obradovica Square 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cavicchia JC, Fóscolo MR, Palmada N, Delgado SM, Sosa ZY. Involvement of the mesenteric ganglia on androstenedione, noradrenaline and nitrite release using a testis ex vivo system. Endocrine 2012; 41:266-73. [PMID: 22147392 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The autonomic nerve fibres converge to the testis along two major pathways, the superior spermatic nerve (SSN) and the inferior spermatic nerve (ISN). The object of this work was to evaluate whether the addition of noradrenaline (NA) in the ganglionic compartment of two ex vivo systems: superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG)-SSN-testis, inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG)-ISN-testis modulate androstenedione (A₂), NA and nitrite release and to determine whether there are secretory differences between the right and the left testis. Each gonad with its respective ganglion was transferred into a cuvette with two compartments and incubated in a Dubnoff metabolic shaker. The testis incubation liquids were collected and analysed for NA by HPLC, A₂ by RIA and nitrites by the Griess method. When NA is added to the IMG, A₂ and NA release diminishes and nitrite increases in the left testis, while in the right gonad, A₂ and NA increase and nitrite decreases. When NA was administered to the SMG, A₂ and NA increase and nitrite diminishes in the left gonad, but they show opposite fluctuations in the right testis. These ex vivo systems appear to be excellent models for studying the sympathetic ganglionic control of the testis though A₂, NA and nitrite release from the male gonad. It is evident that a better knowledge about the role of catecholamines and nitric oxide in the testis physiology may facilitate the understanding of some reproductive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Cavicchia
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Cuyo Medical School, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Post Box 56, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Janjic MM, Stojkov NJ, Bjelic MM, Mihajlovic AI, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Transient rise of serum testosterone level after single sildenafil treatment of adult male rats. J Sex Med 2012; 9:2534-43. [PMID: 22429315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been established in therapy for a variety of physiological disorders including erectile dysfunction. Despite its popularity and wide usage in erectile dysfunction treatment, the short-term effect of PDE5 inhibition on Leydig cell functionality and testosterone dynamics is missing. AIM This study was designed to assess the acute in vivo effects of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) treatment on testosterone production. METHODS Male adult rats were given sildenafil (1.25 mg/kg BW) per os, and testosterone production were analyzed 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after treatment. Additionally, in vitro effect of sildenafil extract on Leydig cell steroidogenesis was estimated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The formation of testicular interstitial fluid (TIF), and testosterone, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content was followed. Occurrence and phosphorylation of mature steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and interaction with protein kinase G 1 (PRKG1) were assessed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot. RESULTS Serum testosterone was increased 60 and 120 minutes after sildenafil treatment. In 60 minutes, TIF volume was doubled and stayed increased till the end of the experimental period. cGMP and testosterone content in TIF were increased 30 minutes after treatment, and cAMP decreased in 60 minutes. Further, sildenafil-induced stimulation of testosterone production was abolished by ex vivo addition of PRKG1 inhibitor but not by protein kinase A inhibitor. Sildenafil treatment increased the level of phosphorylated and total StAR protein. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation of StAR and PRKG1 was increased following sildenafil treatment suggesting the active role of this kinase in initiation of testosterone synthesis. Additionally, sildenafil extract applied in vitro on primary Leydig cell culture increased cGMP accumulation and testosterone production in time- and dose-dependent manner without effect on cAMP level. CONCLUSION Acute sildenafil treatment enlarged TIF volume but also stimulated testosterone production which may be significant considering the positive testosterone effect in regulation of sexual activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija M Janjic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ahmad R, Gupta S, Haldar C. Age dependent expression of melatonin membrane receptor (MT1, MT2) and its role in regulation of nitrosative stress in tropical rodent Funambulus pennanti. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:194-203. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.647690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
| | - Chandana Haldar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ducsay CA, Myers DA. eNOS activation and NO function: differential control of steroidogenesis by nitric oxide and its adaptation with hypoxia. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:259-69. [PMID: 21653733 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in a wide range of physiological processes. Aside from its widely studied function in the regulation of vascular function, NO has been shown to impact steroidogenesis in a number of different tissues. The goal of this review is to explore the effects of NO on steroid production and further, to discern its source(s) and mechanism of action. Attention will be given to the regulation of NO synthases in specific endocrine tissues including ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands. The effects of hypoxia on generation of NO and subsequent effects on steroid biosynthesis will also be examined. Finally, a potential model for the interaction of hypoxia on NO synthesis and steroid production is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Ducsay
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|