Expression pattern and functional analysis of kinesin-14 KIFC1 in spermatogenesis of Macaca mulatta

C-terminal kinesin motor KIFC1 is increasingly concerned with an essential role in germ cell development. During the spermatogenesis of mice, rats, and crustaceans, KIFC1 functions in regulating meiotic chromosome separation, acrosome vesicle transportation, and nuclear morphology maintenance. The expression pattern of KIFC1 is conservatively concentrated at the acrosome and nucleus of haploid sperm cells. However, whether KIFC1 has similar functions in non-human primates remains unknown. In this study, we constructed the testis-specific cDNA library and cloned different transcripts of KIFC1 based on the genomic sequence. New variants of KIFC1 were identified, and showed different functional domains from the predicted isoforms. The spatio-temporal expression of KIFC1 proteins in seminiferous tubules of rhesus monkeys showed an obvious nuclear localization, specifically expressed in the spermatocytes and early haploid spermatids. The transcripts of KIFC1 also exhibited considerable expression in the nucleus of rhesus LLC-MK2 cells. Besides, we demonstrated that KIFC1 located at the acrosome and microtubule flagella of the mature sperm, and KIFC1 inhibition resulted in sperm tail deformation as well as increased the instability of head-to-tail connection. In summary, this study filled a gap in the reproductive research of the KIFC1 gene in non-human primates.

The function of the cytoplasmic dynein light chain PTKM23 in the transport of PTSMAD2 during spermatogenesis in Portunus trituberculatus†

Cytoplasmic dynein participates in transport functions and is essential in spermatogenesis. KM23 belongs to the dynein light chain family. The TGFβ signaling pathway is indispensable in spermatogenesis, and Smad2 is an important member of this pathway. We cloned PTKM23 and PTSMAD2 from Portunus trituberculatus and measured their expression during spermatogenesis. PTKM23 may be related to cell division, acrosome formation, and nuclear remodeling, and PTSMAD2 may participate in regulating the expression of genes related to spermatogenesis. We assessed the localization of PTKM23 with PTDHC and α-tubulin, and the results suggested that PTKM23 functions in intracellular transport during spermatogenesis. We knocked down PTKM23 in vivo, and the expression of p53, B-CATAENIN and CYCLIN B decreased significantly, further suggesting a role of PTKM23 in transport and cell division. The localization of PTDIC with α-tubulin and that of PTSMAD2 with PTDHC changed after PTKM23 knockdown. We transfected PTKM23 and PTSMAD2 into HEK-293 T cells and verified their colocalization. These results indicate that PTKM23 is involved in the assembly of cytoplasmic dynein and microtubules during spermatogenesis and that PTKM23 mediates the participation of cytoplasmic dynein in the transport of PTSMAD2 during spermatogenesis.

In search of the genetic variants of human sex ratio at birth: was Fisher wrong about sex ratio evolution?

The human sex ratio (fraction of males) at birth is close to 0.5 at the population level, an observation commonly explained by Fisher's principle. However, past human studies yielded conflicting results regarding the existence of sex ratio-influencing mutations-a prerequisite to Fisher's principle, raising the question of whether the nearly even population sex ratio is instead dictated by the random X/Y chromosome segregation in male meiosis. Here we show that, because a person's offspring sex ratio (OSR) has an enormous measurement error, a gigantic sample is required to detect OSR-influencing genetic variants. Conducting a UK Biobank-based genome-wide association study that is more powerful than previous studies, we detect an OSR-associated genetic variant, which awaits verification in independent samples. Given the abysmal precision in measuring OSR, it is unsurprising that the estimated heritability of OSR is effectively zero. We further show that OSR's estimated heritability would remain virtually zero even if OSR is as genetically variable as the highly heritable human standing height. These analyses, along with simulations of human sex ratio evolution under selection, demonstrate the compatibility of the observed genetic architecture of human OSR with Fisher's principle and render it plausible that multiple OSR-influencing genetic variants segregate among humans.

The expression spectrum of yak epididymal epithelial cells reveals the functional diversity of caput, corpus and cauda regions

Sperm undergo a series of changes in the epididymis region before acquiring the ability to move and fertilize, and the identification of genes expressed in a region-specific manner in the epididymis provides a valuable insight into functional differences between regions. We collected epididymal tissue from three yaks and cultured epithelial cells from the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the yak epididymis using the tissue block method. RNA sequencing analysis (RNA-seq) technology was used to detect gene expression in yak epididymal caput, corpus and cauda epithelial cells. The results showed that the DEGs were highest in the caput vs. corpus comparison, and lowest in the corpus vs. cauda comparison. Six DEGs were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), consistent with transcriptome sequencing results. The significantly enriched DNA replication pathway in the caput vs. corpus was coordinated with cell proliferation, while upregulated DEGs such as POLD1 and MCM4 were found in the DNA replication pathway. The AMPK signaling pathway was found significantly enriched in the caput vs cauda, suggesting its involvement in sperm maturation and capacitation. The TGF beta signaling pathway was screened in the corpus vs cauda and is crucial for mammalian reproductive regulation. Upregulated DEGs (TGFB3, INHBA, INHBB) are involved in the TGF beta signaling pathway. This study provides a reference for culturing yak epididymal epithelial cells in vitro, and elucidates the transcriptional profiles of epithelial cells in different segments of the epididymis, revealing the regulatory and functional differences between different segments, providing basic data for exploring the molecular mechanism of yak sperm maturation and improving the reproductive capacity of high-altitude mammals.

Screening of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in Tissues and during Testis Development, and Application to Analyze the Expression of kifc1 in Hemibarbus labeo (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)

The selection of proper reference genes is vital for ensuring precise quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays. This study evaluates the stability of the expression of nine candidate reference genes in different tissues and during testicular development in H. labeo. The results show that eef1a is recommended as a reference gene for qPCR analysis in tissues and during testicular development. Furthermore, we evaluated the optimal number of reference genes needed when calculating gene expression levels using the geomean method, revealing that two reference genes are sufficient. Specifically, eef1a and rps27 are recommended for analysis of gene expression in tissues, whereas eef1a and actb are advised for evaluating gene expression during testicular development. In addition, we examined the expression pattern of kifc1, a kinesin involved in the reshaping of spermatids. We detected peak expression levels of kifc1 in testes, with its expression initially increasing before decreasing throughout testicular development. The highest expression of kifc1 was observed in stage IV testes, the active period of spermiogenesis, suggesting a possible role for kifc1 in the regulation of the reshaping of spermatids and hence testicular development. This study represents the first investigation of reference genes for H. labeo, providing a foundation for studying gene expression patterns and investigating gene expression regulation during testicular development.

Ursolic acid attenuates oligospermia in busulfan-induced mice by promoting motor proteins

Background

Oligospermia is one of the most common reasons for male infertility which is troubling numerous couples of child-bearing age. This investigation scrutinizes the implications and mechanistic underpinnings of ursolic acid's effect on busulfan-induced oligospermia in mouse models.

Methods

A singular intraperitoneal injection of busulfan at a dosage of 30 mg/kg induced oligospermia. Two weeks subsequent to this induction, mice were subjected to various dosages of ursolic acid (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively) on a daily basis for four consecutive weeks. Following this treatment period, a meticulous analysis of epididymal sperm parameters, encompassing concentration and motility, was conducted using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The histopathology of the mice testes was performed utilizing hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the cytoskeleton regeneration of the testicular tissues was analyzed via immunofluorescent staining. Serum hormone levels, including testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, as well as reactive oxygen species levels (inclusive of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde), were gauged employing specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Differentially expressed genes of testicular mRNA between the oligospermia-induced group and the various ursolic acid treatment groups were identified through RNA sequencing analysis.

Results

The results revealed that a dosage of 50 mg/kg ursolic acid treatment could increase the concentration of epididymal sperm in oligospermia mice, promote the recovery of testicular morphology, regulate hormone levels and ameliorate oxidative damage. The mechanism research results indicated that ursolic acid increased the expression level of genes related to motor proteins in oligospermia mice.

Role of microRNAs in tumor progression by regulation of kinesin motor proteins

Aberrant cell proliferation is one of the main characteristics of tumor cells that can be affected by many cellular processes and signaling pathways. Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are motor proteins that are involved in cytoplasmic transportations and chromosomal segregation during cell proliferation. Therefore, regulation of the KIF functions as vital factors in chromosomal stability is necessary to maintain normal cellular homeostasis and proliferation. KIF deregulations have been reported in various cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and signaling pathways are important regulators of KIF proteins. MiRNAs have key roles in regulation of the cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In the present review, we discussed the role of miRNAs in tumor biology through the regulation of KIF proteins. It has been shown that miRNAs have mainly a tumor suppressor function via the KIF targeting. This review can be an effective step to introduce the miRNAs/KIFs axis as a probable therapeutic target in tumor cells.

KIF2A Upregulates PI3K/AKT Signaling through Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) to Affect the Proliferation and Apoptosis Levels of Eriocheir sinensis Spermatogenic Cells

E. sinensis is an animal model for studying the reproduction and development of crustaceans. In this study, we knocked down the Es-Kif2a gene by injecting dsRNA into E. sinensis and inhibited Es-Plk1 gene expression by injecting PLK1 inhibitor BI6727 into E. sinensis. Then, the cell proliferation level, apoptosis level, and PI3K/AKT signaling expression level were detected. Our results showed that the proliferation level of spermatogenic cells decreased, while the apoptosis level increased after Es-Kif2a knockdown or Es-Plk1 inhibition. In order to verify whether these changes are caused by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, we detected the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins after Es-Kif2a knockdown or Es-Plk1 inhibition. Western Blot showed that in both the Es-Kif2a knockdown group and the Es-Plk1 inhibition group, the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins decreased. In addition, immunofluorescence showed that Es-KIF2A and Es-PLK1 proteins were co-localized during E. sinensis spermatogenesis. To further explore the upstream and downstream relationship between Es-KIF2A and Es-PLK1, we detected the expression level of Es-PLK1 after Es-Kif2a knockdown as well as the expression level of Es-KIF2A after Es-Plk1 inhibition. Western Blot showed that the expression of Es-PLK1 decreased after Es-Kif2a knockdown, while there was no significant change of Es-KIF2A after Es-Plk1 inhibition, indicating that Es-PLK1 may be a downstream factor of Es-KIF2A. Taken together, these results suggest that Es-KIF2A upregulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through Es-PLK1 during the spermatogenesis of E. sinensis, thereby affecting the proliferation and apoptosis levels of spermatogenic cells.

Targeted mutation and inactivation of the kinesin light chain 3 protein-encoding gene have no impact on mouse fertility†

The kinesin light chain 3 protein (KLC3) is the only member of the kinesin light chain protein family that was identified in post-meiotic mouse male germ cells. It plays a role in the formation of the sperm midpiece through its association with both spermatid mitochondria and outer dense fibers (ODF). Previous studies showed a significant correlation between its expression level and sperm motility and quantitative semen parameters in humans, while the overexpression of a KLC3-mutant protein unable to bind ODF also affected the same traits in mice. To further assess the role of KLC3 in fertility, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in mice and investigated the phenotypes induced by the invalidation of the gene or of a functional domain of the protein. Both approaches gave similar results, i.e. no detectable change in male or female fertility. Testis histology, litter size and sperm count were not altered. Apart from the line-dependent alterations of Klc3 mRNA levels, testicular transcriptome analysis did not reveal any other changes in the genes tested. Western analysis supported the absence of KLC3 in the gonads of males homozygous for the inactivating mutation and a strong decrease in expression in males homozygous for the allele lacking one out of the five tetratricopeptide repeats. Overall, these observations raise questions about the supposedly critical role of this kinesin in reproduction, at least in mice where its gene mutation or inactivation did not translate into fertility impairment.

Expression Dynamics Indicate Potential Roles of KIF17 for Nuclear Reshaping and Tail Formation during Spermiogenesis in Phascolosoma esculenta

Kinesin family member17 (KIF17), a homologous dimer of the kinesin-2 protein family, has important microtubule-dependent and -independent roles in spermiogenesis. Little is known about KIF17 in the mollusk, Phascolosoma esculenta, a newly developed mariculture species in China. Here, we cloned the open reading frame of Pe-kif17 and its related gene, Pe-act, and performed bioinformatics analysis on both. Pe-KIF17 and Pe-ACT are structurally conserved, indicating that they may be functionally conserved. The expression pattern of kif17/act mRNA performed during spermiogenesis revealed their expression in diverse tissues, with the highest expression level in the coelomic fluid of P. esculenta. The expressions of Pe-kif17 and Pe-act mRNA were relatively high during the breeding season (July-September), suggesting that Pe-KIF17/ACT may be involved in spermatogenesis, particularly during spermiogenesis. Further analysis of Pe-kif17 mRNA via fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed the continuous expression of this mRNA during spermiogenesis, suggesting potential functions in this process. Immunofluorescence showed that Pe-KIF17 co-localized with α-tubulin and migrated from the perinuclear cytoplasm to one side of the spermatid, forming the sperm tail. Pe-KIF17 and Pe-ACT also colocalized. KIF17 may participate in spermiogenesis of P. esculenta, particularly in nuclear reshaping and tail formation by interacting with microtubule structures similar to the manchette. Moreover, Pe-KIF17 with Pe-ACT is also involved in nuclear reshaping and tail formation in the absence of microtubules. This study provides evidence for the role of KIF17 during spermiogenesis and provides theoretical data for studies of the reproductive biology of P. esculenta. These findings are important for spermatogenesis in mollusks.

A Single-Step Genome-Wide Association Study for Semen Traits of Egyptian Buffalo Bulls

The present study aimed to contribute to the limited research on buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) semen traits by incorporating genomic data. A total of 8465 ejaculates were collected. The genotyping procedure was conducted using the Axiom® Buffalo Genotyping 90 K array designed by the Affymetrix Expert Design Program. After conducting a quality assessment, we utilized 67,282 SNPs genotyped in 192 animals. We identified several genomic loci explaining high genetic variance by employing single-step genomic evaluation. The aforementioned regions were located on buffalo chromosomes no. 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 16, 20, 22, and the X-chromosome. The X-chromosome exhibited substantial influence, accounting for 4.18, 4.59, 5.16, 5.19, and 4.31% of the genomic variance for ejaculate volume, mass motility, livability, abnormality, and concentration, respectively. In the examined genomic regions, we identified five novel candidate genes linked to male fertility and spermatogenesis, four in the X-chromosome and one in chromosome no. 16. Additional extensive research with larger sample sizes and datasets is imperative to validate these findings and evaluate their applicability for genomic selection.

Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms for age at first calving, inter-calving period and scrotal circumference in Bonsmara cattle

BACKGROUND

Reproduction is a key feature of the sustainability of a species and thus represents an important component in livestock genetic improvement programs. Most reproductive traits are lowly heritable. In order to gain a better understanding of the underlying genetic basis of these traits, a genome-wide association was conducted for age at first calving (AFC), first inter-calving period (ICP) and scrotal circumference (SC) within the South African Bonsmara breed. Phenotypes and genotypes (120,692 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) post editing) were available on 7,128 South African Bonsmara cattle; the association analyses were undertaken using linear mixed models.

RESULTS

Genomic restricted maximum likelihood analysis of the 7,128 SA Bonsmara cattle yielded genomic heritability's of 0.183 (SE = 0.021) for AFC, 0.207 (SE = 0.022) for ICP and 0.209 (SE = 0.019) for SC. A total of 16, 23 and 51 suggestive (P ≤ 4 × 10-6) SNPs were associated with AFC, ICP and SC, while 11, 11 and 44 significant (P ≤ 4 × 10-7) SNPs were associated with AFC, ICP and SC respectively. A total of 11 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and 11 candidate genes were co-located with these associated SNPs for AFC, with 10 QTL harbouring 11 candidate genes for ICP and 41 QTL containing 40 candidate genes for SC. The QTL identified were close to genes previously associated with carcass, fertility, growth and milk-related traits. The biological pathways influenced by these genes include carbohydrate catabolic processes, cellular development, iron homeostasis, lipid metabolism and storage, immune response, ovarian follicle development and the regulation of DNA transcription and RNA translation.

CONCLUSIONS

This was the first attempt to study the underlying polymorphisms associated with reproduction in South African beef cattle. Genes previously reported in cattle breeds for numerous traits bar AFC, ICP or SC were detected in this study. Over 20 different genes have not been previously reported in beef cattle populations and may have been associated due to the unique genetic composite background of the SA Bonsmara breed.

Discovery of 2-(3-Benzamidopropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxylate Inhibitors of the Kinesin HSET (KIFC1) and the Development of Cellular Target Engagement Probes

The existence of multiple centrosomes in some cancer cells can lead to cell death through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles and consequent aberrant cell division. Many cancer cells rely on HSET (KIFC1) to cluster the extra centrosomes into two groups to mimic the bipolar spindle formation of non-centrosome-amplified cells and ensure their survival. Here, we report the discovery of a novel 2-(3-benzamidopropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxylate with micromolar in vitro inhibition of HSET (KIFC1) through high-throughput screening and its progression to ATP-competitive compounds with nanomolar biochemical potency and high selectivity against the opposing mitotic kinesin Eg5. Induction of the multipolar phenotype was shown in centrosome-amplified human cancer cells treated with these inhibitors. In addition, a suitable linker position was identified to allow the synthesis of both fluorescent- and trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-tagged probes, which demonstrated direct compound binding to the HSET protein and confirmed target engagement in cells, through a click-chemistry approach.

Dynamic cellular and molecular characteristics of spermatogenesis in the viviparous marine teleost Sebastes schlegelii†

Spermatogenesis is a dynamic cell developmental process that is essential for reproductive success. Vertebrates utilize a variety of reproductive strategies, including sperm diversity, and internal and external fertilization. Research on the cellular and molecular dynamic changes involved in viviparous teleost spermatogenesis, however, is currently lacking. Here, we combined cytohistology, 10 × genomic single-cell RNA-seq, and transcriptome technology to determine the dynamic development characteristics of the spermatogenesis of Sebastes schlegelii. The expressions of lhcgr (Luteinizing hormone/Choriogonadotropin receptor), fshr (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor), ar (androgen receptor), pgr (progesterone receptor), and cox (cyclo-oxygen-ase), as well as the prostaglandin E and F levels peaked during the maturation period, indicating that they were important for sperm maturation and mating. Fifteen clusters were identified based on the 10 × genomic single-cell results. The cell markers of the sub-cluster were identified by their upregulation; piwil, dazl, and dmrt1 were upregulated and identified as spermatogonium markers, and sycp1/3 and spo11 were identified as spermatocyte markers. For S. schlegelii, the sperm head nucleus was elongated (spherical to streamlined in shape), which is a typical characteristic for sperm involved in internal fertilization. We also identified a series of crucial genes associated with spermiogenesis, such as spata6, spag16, kif20a, trip10, and klf10, while kif2c, kifap3, fez2, and spaca6 were found to be involved in nucleus elongation. The results of this study will enrich our cellular and molecular knowledge of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in fish that undergo internal fertilization.

Transcriptomes of Testes at Different Developmental Stages in the Opsariichthys bidens Predict Key Genes for Testis Development and Spermatogenesis

Testis development is a complex process involving multiple genes, and the molecular mechanisms underlying testis development in Opsariichthys bidens remain unclear. We performed transcriptome sequencing analysis on a total of 12 samples of testes from stages II, III, IV, and V of O. bidens and obtained a total of 79.52 Gb clean data, as well as 288,573 transcripts and 116,215 unigenes. Differential expression analysis showed that 22,857 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in six comparison groups (III vs. II, IV vs. II, V vs. II, IV vs. III, V vs. III, and V vs. IV). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that six comparison groups were significantly enriched for a total of 20 significantly up- or down-regulated pathways, including six pathways related to signal transduction, three pathways related to energy metabolism, five pathways related to disease, and two pathways related to ribosomes. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that DEGs were enriched in several important functional pathways, such as Huntington's disease signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, and ribosome signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEGs identified 63 up-regulated hub genes, including 9 kinesin genes and 2 cytoplasmic dynein genes, and 39 down-regulated hub genes, including 13 ribosomal protein genes. This result contributes to the knowledge of spermatogenesis and testis development in O. bidens.

Developmental RNA-Seq transcriptomics of haploid germ cells and spermatozoa uncovers novel pathways associated with teleost spermiogenesis

In non-mammalian vertebrates, the molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation of haploid germ cells (HGCs) into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis) are largely unknown. Here, we investigated this process in the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) through the examination of the changes in the transcriptome between cell-sorted HGCs and ejaculated sperm (SPZEJ). Samples were collected under strict quality controls employing immunofluorescence microscopy as well as by determining the sperm motion kinematic parameters by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Deep sequencing by RNA-seq identified a total of 7286 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (p-value < 0.01) between both cell types, of which nearly half were upregulated in SPZEJ compared to HCGs. In addition, approximately 9000 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were found, of which 56% were accumulated or emerged de novo in SPZEJ. The upregulated transcripts are involved in transcriptional and translational regulation, chromatin and cytoskeleton organization, metabolic processes such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and also include a number of ion and water channels, exchangers, transporters and receptors. Pathway analysis conducted on DEGs identified 37 different signaling pathways enriched in SPZEJ, including 13 receptor pathways, from which the most predominant correspond to the chemokine and cytokine, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and platelet derived growth factor signaling pathways. Our data provide new insight into the mRNA and lncRNA cargos of teleost spermatozoa and uncover the possible involvement of novel endocrine mechanisms during the differentiation and maturation of spermatozoa.

The potential function of KIF17 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) spermatid remodeling: molecular characterization and expression pattern during spermiogenesis

KIF17, which belongs to the kinesin-2 protein family, plays an indispensable role in mammalian spermiogenesis. However, the role of KIF17 in fish spermatid remodeling during spermiogenesis remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of KIF17 in spermatid remodeling during Larimichthys crocea (L. crocea) spermiogenesis. The kif17 cDNA sequence, 3247 bp in length, was cloned from L. crocea testis, which consisted of a 347-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), 413-bp 3' -UTR, and 2487-bp open reading frame. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that KIF17 obtained from L. crocea (Lc-KIF17) exhibited a high sequence identity compared with those from other teleosts and possessed the structural features of other kinesin-2 proteins. Based on structural similarity, we speculate that the role of Lc-KIF17 may be similar to that of KIF17 in other animals. Lc-kif17 mRNA was diffusely expressed in L. crocea tissues and was highly expressed in the testis, especially at stage IV testicular development. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Lc-KIF17 signals colocalized with β-tubulin signals and migrated from the perinuclear cytoplasm to the side of the nucleus where the tail forms during spermiogenesis. These findings revealed that KIF17 may be involved in L. crocea spermiogenesis. In particular, KIF17 may participate in spermatid remodeling by interacting with perinuclear microtubules during L. crocea spermiogenesis. Collectively, this study contributes to an improved understanding of the mechanism underlying L. crocea spermiogenesis and provides a basis for further research on L. crocea reproduction and development.

Kinesins in Mammalian Spermatogenesis and Germ Cell Transport

In mammalian testes, the apical cytoplasm of each Sertoli cell holds up to several dozens of germ cells, especially spermatids that are transported up and down the seminiferous epithelium. The blood-testis barrier (BTB) established by neighboring Sertoli cells in the basal compartment restructures on a regular basis to allow preleptotene/leptotene spermatocytes to pass through. The timely transfer of germ cells and other cellular organelles such as residual bodies, phagosomes, and lysosomes across the epithelium to facilitate spermatogenesis is important and requires the microtubule-based cytoskeleton in Sertoli cells. Kinesins, a superfamily of the microtubule-dependent motor proteins, are abundantly and preferentially expressed in the testis, but their functions are poorly understood. This review summarizes recent findings on kinesins in mammalian spermatogenesis, highlighting their potential role in germ cell traversing through the BTB and the remodeling of Sertoli cell-spermatid junctions to advance spermatid transport. The possibility of kinesins acting as a mediator and/or synchronizer for cell cycle progression, germ cell transit, and junctional rearrangement and turnover is also discussed. We mostly cover findings in rodents, but we also make special remarks regarding humans. We anticipate that this information will provide a framework for future research in the field.

Kif15 Is Required in the Development of Auditory System Using Zebrafish as a Model

Kif15, a kinesin family member, is powerful in the formation of bipolar spindles. There is emerging evidence indicating that Kif15 plays vital roles in influencing the growth of axons and interference with the progression of the tumor. However, the function of Kif15 in the auditory organs remains unknown. The Western blotting test was used to examine the effect of Kif15 downregulation by specific morpholino targeting Kif15 (Kif15-MO). The development of the inner ear and posterior lateral line (PLL) system in zebrafish was under continuous observation from spawns to 96 h postfertilization (hpf) to investigate the potential role of Kif15 in the auditory and vestibular system. We uncovered that Kif15 inhibition induced otic organ deformities in zebrafish, including malformed semicircular canals, abnormal number and location of otoliths, and reduced number of hair cells (HCs) both in utricle and saccule. Furthermore, a remarkable reduction in the number of PLL neuromasts was also explored in Kif15-MO morphants compared to the normal larvae. We also detected notably reduced activity in locomotion after Kif15 was knocked down. Additionally, we performed rescue experiments with co-injection of Kif15 mRNA and found that the Kif15 splicing MO-induced deformities in otic vesicle and PLL of zebrafish were successfully rescued, and the severely reduced locomotor activity caused by Kif15-MO was partially rescued compared to the control-MO (Con-MO) embryos. Our findings uncover that Kif15 is essential in the early development of auditory and vestibular organs using zebrafish as models.

Loss of Axdnd1 causes sterility due to impaired spermatid differentiation in mice

Purpose

Spermiogenesis, the process of deformation of sperm head morphology and flagella formation, is a phenomenon unique to sperm. Axonemal dynein light chain proteins are localized to sperm flagella and are known to be involved in sperm motility. Here, we focused on the gene axonemal dynein light chain domain containing 1 (Axdnd1) with the aim to determine the function of its protein product AXDND1.

Methods

To elucidate the role of AXDND1 in spermatogenesis, we generated Axdnd1 knockout (KO) mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The generated mice were subjected to fertility tests and analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Result

The Axdnd1 KO mouse exhibited sterility caused by impaired spermiogenesis during the elongation step as well as abnormal nuclear shaping and manchette, which are essential for spermiogenesis. Moreover, AXDND1 showed enriched testicular expression and was localized from the mid-pachytene spermatocytes to the early spermatids.

Conclusion

Axdnd1 is essential for spermatogenesis in the mouse testes. These findings improve our understanding of spermiogenesis and related defects. According to a recent report, deleterious heterozygous mutations in AXDND1 were found in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients. Therefore, Axdnd1 KO mice could be used as a model system for NOA, which will greatly contribute to future NOA treatment studies.

Fractionated Seminal Plasma of Boar Ejaculates Analyzed by LC-MS/MS: Its Effects on Post-Thaw Semen Quality

This study aimed to characterize the protein composition of fractionated seminal plasma (SP) by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis and investigate its effects on survival of frozen-thaw (FT) boar spermatozoa following storage. Seminal plasma (SP) was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography to give two fractions, SP1 with more than 40 kDa (>40 kDa) and SP2 with less than 40 kDa (<40 kDa). SP1 and SP2 were subjected to LC–MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis. Following cryopreservation, FT boar semen (n = 7) was thawed in Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS), BTS + SP1 or BTS + SP2, stored at different periods and subjected to post-thaw (PT) quality assessment. A total of 52 and 22 abundant proteins were detected in SP1 and SP2, respectively. FN1, ANGPTL1, and KIF15 proteins were more abundance in SP1, whereas a high abundance of spermadhesins (PSP-I and PSP-II) was detected in SP2. Proteins of the fractionated SP were involved in various biological processes, such as cell motility and signal transduction. The dominant pathway of SP1 proteins was the apelin signaling pathway (GNA13, MEF2D, SPHK2, and MEF2C), whereas a pathway related to lysosome (CTSH, CTSB, and NPC2) was mainly represented by SP2 proteins. In most of the boars, significantly higher motility characteristics, membrane integrity, and viability were observed in FT spermatozoa exposed to SP1 or SP2 compared with BTS. The results of our study confirm that a combination of several proteins from the fractionated SP exerted beneficial effects on the sperm membrane, resulting in improved quality characteristics following PT storage.

Expression and functional analysis of cytoplasmic dynein during spermatogenesis in Portunus trituberculatus

The mechanism of acrosome formation in the crab sperm is a hot topic in crustacean reproduction research. Dynein is a motor protein that performs microtubule-dependent retrograde transport and plays an essential role in spermatogenesis. However, whether cytoplasmic dynein participates in acrosome formation in the crab sperm remains poorly understood. In this study, we cloned the cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain gene (Pt-DIC) from Portunus trituberculatus testis. Pt-DIC is composed of a p150glued-binding domain, a dynein light chain (DLC)-binding domain, and a dynein heavy chain (DHC)-binding domain. The Pt-DIC gene is widely expressed in different tissues, showing the highest expression in the testis, and it is expressed in different stages of spermatid development, indicating important functions in spermatogenesis. We further observed the colocalization of Pt-DIC and Pt-DHC, Pt-DHC and tubulin, and Pt-DHC and GM130, and the results indicated that cytoplasmic dynein may participate in nuclear shaping and acrosome formation via vesicle transport. In addition, we examined the colocalization of Pt-DHC and a mitochondrion (MT) tracker and that of Pt-DHC and prohibitin (PHB). The results indicated that cytoplasmic dynein participated in mitochondrial transport and mitochondrial degradation. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that cytoplasmic dynein participates in acrosome formation, nuclear shaping, and mitochondrial transport during spermiogenesis in P. trituberculatus. This study will provide valuable guidance for the artificial fertilization and reproduction of P. trituberculatus.

Molecular characterization, dynamic transcription, and potential function of KIF3A/KIF3B during spermiogenesis in Opsariichthys bidens

Spermiogenesis is the final phase of spermatogenesis, wherein the spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa via complex morphological transformation. In this process, kinesin plays an important role. Here, we observed the morphological transformation of spermatids and analyzed the characterization, dynamic transcription, and potential function of kinesin KIF3A/KIF3B during spermiogenesis in Chinese hook snout carp (Opsariichthys bidens). We found that the full-length cDNAs of O. bidens kif3a and kif3b were 2544 and 2806 bp in length comprising 119 bp and 259 bp 5' untranslated region (UTR), 313 bp and 222 bp 3' UTR, and 2112 bp and 2325 bp open reading frame encoding 703 and 774 amino acids, respectively. Ob-KIF3A/KIF3B proteins have three domains, namely N-terminal head, coiled-coil stalk, and C-terminal tail, and exhibit high similarity with homologous proteins in vertebrates and invertebrates. Ob-kif3a/kif3b mRNAs were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression in the brain and stage-IV testis. Immunofluorescence results showed that Ob-KIF3A was co-localized with tubulin and the mitochondria. Particularly, in early spermatids, Ob-KIF3A, tubulin, and the mitochondrial signals were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm, whereas in middle spermatids, they were distributed around the nucleus. In the late stage, the signals were concentrated on one side of the nucleus, where the tail is formed, whereas in mature sperms, they were detected in the midpiece and flagellum. These results indicate that Ob-KIF3A/KIF3B may participate in nuclear reshaping, flagellum formation, and mitochondrial aggregation in the midpiece during spermiogenesis.

Sperm Functional Genome Associated With Bull Fertility

Bull fertility is an important economic trait in sustainable cattle production, as infertile or subfertile bulls give rise to large economic losses. Current methods to assess bull fertility are tedious and not totally accurate. The massive collection of functional data analyses, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics, helps researchers generate extensive knowledge to better understand the unraveling physiological mechanisms underlying subpar male fertility. This review focuses on the sperm phenomes of the functional genome and epigenome that are associated with bull fertility. Findings from multiple sources were integrated to generate new knowledge that is transferable to applied andrology. Diverse methods encompassing analyses of molecular and cellular dynamics in the fertility-associated molecules and conventional sperm parameters can be considered an effective approach to determine bull fertility for efficient and sustainable cattle production. In addition to gene expression information, we also provide methodological information, which is important for the rigor and reliability of the studies. Fertility is a complex trait influenced by several factors and has low heritability, although heritability of scrotal circumference is high and that it is a known fertility maker. There is a need for new knowledge on the expression levels and functions of sperm RNA, proteins, and metabolites. The new knowledge can shed light on additional fertility markers that can be used in combination with scrotal circumference to predict the fertility of breeding bulls. This review provides a comprehensive review of sperm functional characteristics or phenotypes associated with bull fertility.

Brain and testis: more alike than previously thought?

Several strands of evidence indicate the presence of marked similarities between human brain and testis. Understanding these similarities and their implications has become a topic of interest among the scientific community. Indeed, an association of intelligence with some semen quality parameters has been reported and a relation between dysfunctions of the human brain and testis has also been evident. Numerous common molecular features are evident when these tissues are compared, which is reflected in the huge number of common proteins. At the functional level, human neurons and sperm share a number of characteristics, including the importance of the exocytotic process and the presence of similar receptors and signalling pathways. The common proteins are mainly involved in exocytosis, tissue development and neuron/brain-associated biological processes. With this analysis, we conclude that human brain and testis share several biochemical characteristics which, in addition to their involvement in the speciation process, could, at least in part, be responsible for the expression of a huge number of common proteins. Nonetheless, this is an underexplored topic, and the connection between these tissues needs to be clarified, which could help to understand the dysfunctions affecting brain and testis, as well as to develop improved therapeutic strategies.

Chronic Exposure to Cadmium Induces Differential Methylation in Mice Spermatozoa

Cadmium exposure is ubiquitous and has been linked to diseases including cancers and reproductive defects. Since cadmium is nonmutagenic, it is thought to exert its gene dysregulatory effects through epigenetic reprogramming. Several studies have implicated germline exposure to cadmium in developmental reprogramming. However, most of these studies have focused on maternal exposure, while the impact on sperm fertility and disease susceptibility has received less attention. In this study, we used reduced representation bisulfite sequencing to comprehensively investigate the impact of chronic cadmium exposure on mouse spermatozoa DNA methylation. Adult male C57BL/J6 mice were provided water with or without cadmium chloride for 9 weeks. Sperm, testes, liver, and kidney tissues were collected at the end of the treatment period. Cadmium exposure was confirmed through gene expression analysis of metallothionein-1 and 2, 2 well-known cadmium-induced genes. Analysis of sperm DNA methylation changes revealed 1788 differentially methylated sites present at regulatory regions in sperm of mice exposed to cadmium compared with vehicle (control) mice. Furthermore, most of these differential methylation changes positively correlated with changes in gene expression at both the transcription initiation stage as well as the splicing levels. Interestingly, the genes targeted by cadmium exposure are involved in several critical developmental processes. Our results present a comprehensive analysis of the sperm methylome in response to chronic cadmium exposure. These data, therefore, highlight a foundational framework to study gene expression patterns that may affect fertility in the exposed individual as well as their offspring, through paternal inheritance.

Genome-wide association study to identify genomic regions and positional candidate genes associated with male fertility in beef cattle

Fertility plays a key role in the success of calf production, but there is evidence that reproductive efficiency in beef cattle has decreased during the past half-century worldwide. Therefore, identifying animals with superior fertility could significantly impact cow-calf production efficiency. The objective of this research was to identify candidate regions affecting bull fertility in beef cattle and positional candidate genes annotated within these regions. A GWAS using a weighted single-step genomic BLUP approach was performed on 265 crossbred beef bulls to identify markers associated with scrotal circumference (SC) and sperm motility (SM). Eight windows containing 32 positional candidate genes and five windows containing 28 positional candidate genes explained more than 1% of the genetic variance for SC and SM, respectively. These windows were selected to perform gene annotation, QTL enrichment, and functional analyses. Functional candidate gene prioritization analysis revealed 14 prioritized candidate genes for SC of which MAP3K1 and VIP were previously found to play roles in male fertility. A different set of 14 prioritized genes were identified for SM and five were previously identified as regulators of male fertility (SOD2, TCP1, PACRG, SPEF2, PRLR). Significant enrichment results were identified for fertility and body conformation QTLs within the candidate windows. Gene ontology enrichment analysis including biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components revealed significant GO terms associated with male fertility. The identification of these regions contributes to a better understanding of fertility associated traits and facilitates the discovery of positional candidate genes for future investigation of causal mutations and their implications.

Profiling of miRNAs in porcine Sertoli cells

Background

Sertoli cells (SCs) create a specialized environment to support and dictate spermatogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a kind of ~ 22 nt small noncoding RNAs, have been reported to be highly abundant in mouse SCs and play critical roles in spermatogenesis. However, the miRNAs of porcine SCs remain largely unknown.

Methods

We isolated porcine SCs and conducted small RNA sequencing. By comparing miRNAs in germ cells, we systematically analyzed the miRNA expression pattern of porcine SCs. We screened the highly enriched SC miRNAs and predicted their functions by Gene Ontology analysis. The dual luciferase assay was used to elucidate the regulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) by ssc-miR-149.

Results

The analysis showed that 18 miRNAs were highly expressed in SCs and 15 miRNAs were highly expressed in germ cells. These miRNAs were predicted to mediate SC and germ cell functions. In addition, ssc-miR-149 played critical roles in SCs by targeting TRAF3.

Conclusion

Our findings provide novel insights into the miRNA expression pattern and their regulatory roles of porcine SCs.

Knockdown of Circ_CCNB2 Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Radiation Through Repressing Autophagy by the miR-30b-5p/KIF18A Axis

Background: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently emerged as crucial regulatory molecules in prostate cancer (PCa), but few researches focus on the effects of circRNAs on PCa radiosensitivity. The issue will be addressed in this study using circRNA Cyclin B2 (circ_CCNB2) as an object. Materials and Methods: All RNA and protein levels were severally examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Colony formation assay and flow cytometry were implemented for detecting cell colony capacity and apoptotic cells, respectively. Cellular migration and invasion abilities were evaluated by transwell assay. The combination between potential target molecules was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The effect of circ_CCNB2 on PCa radiosensitivity in vivo was explored using xenograft models in mice. Results: Circ_CCNB2 was upregulated in irradiation-resistant PCa tissues and cells. Circ_CCNB2 knockdown had promoted effect on the radiosensitivity of irradiation-resistant PCa cells by inhibiting autophagy. Besides, circ_CCNB2 could directly sponge miR-30b-5p, and the promotion of circ_CCNB2 knockdown on PCa radiosensitivity was achieved by elevating miR-30b-5p. MiR-30b-5p enhanced the radiosensitivity of irradiation-resistant PCa cells through repressing the expression of its target kinesin family member 18A (KIF18A). Furthermore, circ_CCNB2 regulated the KIF18A level through targeting miR-30b-5p. Circ_CCNB2 downregulation facilitated PCa radiosensitivity in vivo through inhibiting autophagy by miR-30b-5p/KIF18A. Conclusions: In this study, knockdown of circ_CCNB2 was shown to promote PCa radiosensitivity through autophagy repression by miR-30b-5p/KIF18A axis, developing a molecular resistance mechanism of PCa radiotherapy and a feasible strategy to increase radiosensitivity.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) mediates spermatogenesis in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis by regulating kinesin motor KIFC1 expression

The TGF-beta superfamily is widely involved in cell events such as cell division and differentiation, while bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to one of the subgroups. Their functions in crustacean spermatogenesis are still unknown. In this study, we first identified the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (bmp2) from Eriocheir sinensis (E. sinensis) testis. The es-BMP2 shows high expression in E. sinensis testis. We found that es-BMP2 is expressed in spermatids. The successfully knockdown of es-BMP2 through in vivo RNAi are used for functional analysis. Compared with the control group, the proportion of abnormal nuclear cup morphology in mature spermatozoa increased significantly after es-bmp2 RNAi, suggesting that es-BMP2 plays an important role in mature sperm morphogenesis. Immunofluorescence results confirm this finding. In order to study the specific mechanism of es-BMP2 involved in spermiogenesis, we tested kinesin-14 KIFC1, which functions in the nucleus formation of spermatozoa in E. sinensis. The results showed that knockdown of es-BMP2 caused a significant decrease of es-KIFC1 expression. We further performed es-bmp2 knockdown in vitro in primary cultured testis cells. es-KIFC1 expression was significantly reduced after es-bmp2 RNAi. The above results indicate that es-BMP2 participates in maintaining the spermiogenesis of E. sinensis by regulating es-KIFC1 expression.

Sperm Differentiation: The Role of Trafficking of Proteins

Sperm differentiation encompasses a complex sequence of morphological changes that takes place in the seminiferous epithelium. In this process, haploid round spermatids undergo substantial structural and functional alterations, resulting in highly polarized sperm. Hallmark changes during the differentiation process include the formation of new organelles, chromatin condensation and nuclear shaping, elimination of residual cytoplasm, and assembly of the sperm flagella. To achieve these transformations, spermatids have unique mechanisms for protein trafficking that operate in a coordinated fashion. Microtubules and filaments of actin are the main tracks used to facilitate the transport mechanisms, assisted by motor and non-motor proteins, for delivery of vesicular and non-vesicular cargos to specific sites. This review integrates recent findings regarding the role of protein trafficking in sperm differentiation. Although a complete characterization of the interactome of proteins involved in these temporal and spatial processes is not yet known, we propose a model based on the current literature as a framework for future investigations.

'Kinesinopathies': emerging role of the kinesin family member genes in birth defects

Motor kinesins are a family of evolutionary conserved proteins involved in intracellular trafficking of various cargoes, first described in the context of axonal transport. They were discovered to have a key importance in cell-cycle dynamics and progression, including chromosomal condensation and alignment, spindle formation and cytokinesis, as well as ciliogenesis and cilia function. Recent evidence suggests that impairment of kinesins is associated with a variety of human diseases consistent with their functions and evolutionary conservation. Through the advent of gene identification using genome-wide sequencing approaches, their role in monogenic disorders now emerges, particularly for birth defects, in isolated as well as multiple congenital anomalies. We can observe recurrent phenotypical themes such as microcephaly, certain brain anomalies, and anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, as well as syndromic phenotypes reminiscent of ciliopathies. Together with the molecular and functional data, we suggest understanding these ‘kinesinopathies’ as a recognisable entity with potential value for research approaches and clinical care.

Mutational analysis of Aurora kinase C gene in Egyptian patients with macrozoospermia

Macrozoospermia is a rare syndrome. The key marker of the disease is a high percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal phenotypes namely enlarged head and multiple tails. The presence of at least 70% of spermatozoa with a large head is usually associated with Aurora kinase C gene (AURKC) mutations. We sought to assess AURKC as a potential genetic actor of macrozoospermia in a sample of infertile Egyptian men. We recruited 30 patients and conducted a clinical examination, semen analysis, and DNA sequencing and RFLP for AURKC. We diagnosed 17 patients with characteristic macrozoospermia and classified them into eight severe and nine mild cases. We detected genetic variants of AURKC in five patients (29.4%): Three patients with severe macrozoospermia had c.144delC mutations in exon 3 (37.5% of the severe), and two mild cases had c.1157G>A polymorphism in the 3' UTR (22.2% of the mild). A successful intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was achieved only with a severe macrozoospermia patient without apparent AURKC mutation. The present study is the first report to link macrozoospermia and AURKC mutations in Egypt. The study recommends macrozoospermia patients to perform AURKC gene analysis and attempt ICSI, even those with a high percentage of large head spermatozoa.

KIFC1 is essential for normal spermatogenesis and its depletion results in early germ cell apoptosis in the Kuruma shrimp, Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus

In order to explore the dynamic mechanisms during spermatogenesis of the penaeid prawns, the full length of kifc1 was cloned from testis cDNA of Penaeus japonicus through RACE. Both semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot results indicated that KIFC1 was extensive expressed in different tissue of P. japonicus. Compared with other tissue, the highest expression of KIFC1 occurred in the testis. According to the immunofluorescence results, the KIFC1 protein was detected at each stage of whole process of spermatogenesis. In the spermatogonial phase, KIFC1 mainly dispersed in cytoplasm and co-localized with microtubules, while abundant KIFC1 signal was detected in the nucleus of spermatocytes. At the early stage of spermatids, KIFC1 was transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, and it assisted microtubule assembly onto one side of the nucleus. Finally, in mature sperm, it was weakly expressed in the acrosome. This implies that KIFC1 may participate in the mitosis of spermatogonia, meiosis of spermatocyte, and acrosome formation during spermiogenesis; it may also play functions in acrosome maintaining in mature sperm. In addition, the results of KIFC1 knockdown by dsRNA injection in vivo reveal that decreased KIFC1 expression may induce aberrant microtubule assembly, and it leads to spermatogonia and spermatocyte apoptosis.

The effects of di-butyl phthalate exposure from medications on human sperm RNA among men

Endocrine disruptors, such as phthalates, are suspected of affecting reproductive function. The Mesalamine and Reproductive Health Study (MARS) was designed to address the physiological effect of in vivo phthalate exposure on male reproduction in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). As part of this effort, the effect on sperm RNAs to DBP exposure were longitudinally assessed using a cross-over cross-back binary design of high or background, exposures to DBP. As the DBP level was altered, numerous sperm RNA elements (REs) were differentially expressed, suggesting that exposure to or removal from high DBP produces effects that require longer than one spermatogenic cycle to resolve. In comparison, small RNAs were minimally affected by DBP exposure. While initial study medication (high or background) implicates different biological pathways, initiation on the high-DBP condition activated oxidative stress and DNA damage pathways. The negative correlation of REs with specific genomic repeats suggests a regulatory role. Using ejaculated sperm, this work provides insight into the male germline's response to phthalate exposure.

Molecular Evaluation of Impacted Reproductive Physiology in Fathead Minnow Testes Provides Mechanistic Insights into Insensitive Munitions Toxicology

Previous toxicological investigations of the insensitive munition (IM), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), demonstrated histopathological and physiological impacts in mammalian testes. The implications of these findings for fish was unknown, therefore we investigated the effects of chronic (21 day) exposures to NTO and an NTO-containing IM formulation called IMX-101 (composed of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ), and NTO) in adult male fathead minnows to assess if impacts on testes were conserved. The NTO exposure caused no significant mortality through the maximum exposure concentration (720 mg/L, measured), however NTO elicited testicular impacts causing significant asynchrony in spermatogenesis and necrosis in secondary spermatocytes at the two highest exposure concentrations (383 mg/L and 720 mg/L) and testicular degeneration at the highest exposure. Microarray-based transcriptomics analysis identified significant enrichment of steroid metabolism pathways and mTORC-signal control of spermatogonia differentiation in NTO exposures each having logical connections to observed asynchronous spermatogenesis. Additionally, NTO impaired transcriptional expression for genes supporting sperm structural and flagellar development including sperm-associated antigen 6 (Spag6). These functional transcriptomic responses are hypothesized contributors to impacted reproductive physiology in NTO exposures that ultimately lead to reductions in spermatozoa. In contrast to NTO, the IMX-101 formulation elicited significant mortality at the two highest exposure concentrations of 25.2 and 50.9 mg/L (DNAN nominal + NTO measured + NQ measured). Unlike NTO and NQ, the DNAN component of the IMX-101 formulation underwent significant transformation in the 21d exposure. From previous investigations, neither NTO nor NQ caused mortality in fish at >1000 mg/L suggesting that mortality in the present study arose from DNAN / DNAN-attributable transformation products. The 12.6 mg/L IMX-101 exposure caused significant sublethal impacts on testes including sperm necrosis, interstitial fibrosis, and Sertoli-like cell hyperplasia. Transcriptional profiles for IMX-101 indicated significant enrichment on multiple signaling pathways supporting spermatogenesis, mitosis / meiosis, and flagellar structure, all logically connected to observed sperm necrosis. Additionally, pronounced transcriptional increases within the PPARα-RXRα pathway, a known DNAN target, has been hypothesized to correspond to Sertoli cell hyperplasia, presumably as a compensatory response to fulfill the nurse-function of Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis. Overall, the transcriptional results indicated unique molecular responses for NTO and IMX-101. Regarding chemical hazard, NTO impacted testes and impaired spermatogenesis, but at high exposure concentrations (≥ 192 mg/L), whereas the IMX-101 formulation, elicited mortality and impacts on reproductive physiology likely caused by DNAN and its transformation products present at concentrations well below the NTO-component concentration within the IMX-101 mixture formulation.

Pyridine boronic acid-polyoxometalate based porous hybrid for efficient depletion of high abundant glycoproteins in plasma

A porous hybrid, namely PW₁₂@TiO₂-Si(Et)Si/Pba, is fabricated by the modification of PW₁₂@TiO₂-Si(Et)Si with pyridine boronic acid via a solvothermal method. The covalent interactions between the boronic acid group of the hybrid and the glycosylated site of proteins provide the as-prepared hybrid with favorable adsorption performance towards glycoproteins. The adsorption behaviors of glycoproteins onto the hybrid fit well with the Langmuir model, and the adsorption capacities for glycoprotein IgG and Trf are high, up to 348.5 mg g^-1 and 262.6 mg g^-1, respectively. Thus, a protocol for the depletion of high abundant glycoproteins from human plasma is proposed. The percentage contents of Trf, IgG, haptoglobinis and IgM are reduced from 7.38%, 5.5%, 3.01% and 1.02% to 0.951%, 4.7%, 0.126% and 0.76%, respectively. 85 low abundant proteins are identified from the raw plasma after the depletion of the high abundance proteins, demonstrating the potential of PW₁₂@TiO₂-Si(Et)Si/Pba hybrid in proteomic studies.

Detection of genomic structural variations in Guizhou indigenous pigs and the comparison with other breeds

Genomic structural variation (SV) is noticed for the contribution to genetic diversity and phenotypic changes. Guizhou indigenous pig (GZP) has been raised for hundreds of years with many special characteristics. The present paper aimed to uncover the influence of SV on gene polymorphism and the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic traits for GZP. Eighteen GZPs were chosen for resequencing by Illumina sequencing platform. The confident SVs of GZP were called out by both programs of pindel and softSV simultaneously and compared with the SVs deduced from the genomic data of European pig (EUP) and the native pig outside of Guizhou, China (NPOG). A total of 39,166 SVs were detected and covered 27.37 Mb of pig genome. All of 76 SVs were confirmed in GZP pig population by PCR method. The SVs numbers in NPOG and GZP were about 1.8 to 1.9 times higher than that in EUP. And a SV hotspot was found out from the 20 Mb of chromosome X of GZP, which harbored 29 genes and focused on histone modification. More than half of SVs was positioned in the intergenic regions and about one third of SVs in the introns of genes. And we found that SVs tended to locate in genes produced multi-transcripts, in which a positive correlation was found out between the numbers of SV and the gene transcripts. It illustrated that the primary mode of SVs might function on the regulation of gene expression or the transcripts splicing process. A total of 1,628 protein-coding genes were disturbed by 1,956 SVs specific in GZP, in which 93 GZP-specific SV-related genes would lose their functions due to the SV interference and gathered in reproduction ability. Interestingly, the 1,628 protein-coding genes were mainly enriched in estrogen receptor binding, steroid hormone receptor binding, retinoic acid receptor binding, oxytocin signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, axon guidance and cholinergic synapse pathways. It suggested that SV might be a reason for the strong adaptability and low fecundity of GZP, and 51 candidate genes would be useful for the configuration phenotype in Xiang pig breed.