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Ru M, Liang H, Ruan J, Haji RA, Cui Y, Yin C, Wei Q, Huang J. Chicken ovarian follicular atresia: interaction network at organic, cellular, and molecular levels. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103893. [PMID: 38870615 PMCID: PMC11225904 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of follicles undergo a degenerative process called follicular atresia. This process directly affects the egg production of laying hens and is regulated by external and internal factors. External factors primarily include nutrition and environmental factors. In follicular atresia, internal factors are predominantly regulated at 3 levels; organic, cellular and molecular levels. At the organic level, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis plays an essential role in controlling follicular development. At the cellular level, gonadotropins and cytokines, as well as estrogens, bind to their receptors and activate different signaling pathways, thereby suppressing follicular atresia. By contrast, oxidative stress induces follicular atresia by increasing ROS levels. At the molecular level, granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis is not the only factor triggering follicular atresia. Autophagy is also known to give rise to atresia. Epigenetics also plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression in processes that seem to be related to follicular atresia, such as apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, and steroidogenesis. Among these processes, the miRNA regulation mechanism is well-studied. The current review focuses on factors that regulate follicular atresia at organic, cellular and molecular levels and evaluates the interaction network among these levels. Additionally, this review summarizes atretic follicle characteristics, in vitro modeling methods, and factors preventing follicular atresia in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ru
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Haiping Liang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jiming Ruan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ramlat Ali Haji
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jianzhen Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Yang C, Zheng H, Amin A, Faheem MS, Duan A, Li L, Xiao P, Li M, Shang J. Follicular Atresia in Buffalo: Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) and the Underlying Mechanisms. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2138. [PMID: 39123664 PMCID: PMC11311020 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Atresia is a process in ovarian follicles that is regulated by hormone-induced apoptosis. During atresia, granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis is a key mechanism orchestrated through diverse signaling pathways. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) signaling within ovarian GCs has been demonstrated to play a key role in the regulation of follicular atresia in cattle, pigs, and sheep. The present work aimed to investigate the potential local regulatory role of CART in GC apoptosis-induced follicular atresia in buffalo, focusing on the modulation of the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathways, which are the intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell viability. Our findings revealed increased expression of CARTPT and BAX and decreased levels of AKT, β-catenin, and CYP19A1 genes in atretic follicles compared to healthy follicles. Subsequently, CART treatment in the presence of FSH inhibited the FSH-induced increase in GC viability by reducing estradiol production and increasing apoptosis. This change was accompanied by an increase in the gene expression levels of both CARTPT and BAX. At the protein level, treatment with CART in the presence of FSH negatively affected the activity of AKT, β-catenin, and LEF1, while the activity of GSK3β was enhanced. In conclusion, our study shows how CART negatively influences buffalo GC viability, underlying the modulation of the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and promoting apoptosis-a key factor in follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Haiying Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Ahmed Amin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530001, China
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Marwa S. Faheem
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Anqin Duan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
| | - Peng Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Jianghua Shang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (H.Z.); (A.A.); (A.D.); (L.L.); (P.X.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning 530001, China
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Naem A, Krentel H, Moawad G, Naem J, Venezia R, Etrusco A, Terzic S, Laganà AS. Hormonal Therapies before in vitro fertilization in women with endometriosis: The Minotaur's Labyrinth and the Ariadne's Thread. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2024; 95:102500. [PMID: 38772765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2024.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Endometriosis-related infertility is one of the most debated topics in reproductive medicine. In recent years, prolonged pre-cycle hormonal regimens gained attention as a mean of improving the assisted reproduction technologies (ART) success rates in endometriosis patients. GnRH agonists, dienogest, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and aromatase inhibitors are the most studied medications. Conflicting results and a high risk of bias exist in almost all of the conducted studies in the field. However, current evidence suggests that pre-cycle treatment with GnRH agonists may be beneficial for patients with stage III/IV endometriosis. Dienogest and medroxyprogesterone acetate-based progestin-primed ovarian stimulation protocol was shown to be comparable to the prolonged GnRH agonists protocol. Finally, aromatase inhibitors seem to be of limited benefit to the assisted reproductive outcomes of endometriosis patients. Although it is challenging to draw any clinical conclusions, pre-cycle hormonal treatments seem to be best indicated in endometriosis patients who had previously failed ART treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Naem
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology and Senology, Bethesda Hospital Duisburg, 47053 Duisburg, Germany; Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Harald Krentel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology and Senology, Bethesda Hospital Duisburg, 47053 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gaby Moawad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; The Center for Endometriosis and Advanced Pelvic Surgery, Washington, DC 22101, USA
| | - Joelle Naem
- Faculty of Medicine of Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Renato Venezia
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Etrusco
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sanja Terzic
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Zhanybek-Kerey Khans Street 5/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Shao W, Li Y, Wang Y. Impact of dienogest pretreatment on IVF-ET outcomes in patients with endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:166. [PMID: 37587520 PMCID: PMC10428538 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To comprehensively evaluate the influence of dienogest (DNG) versus non-DNG pretreatment on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) outcomes for patients with endometriosis. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP were comprehensively searched for relevant publications until September 14, 2022. Primary outcomes included clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate. Secondary outcomes included retrieved oocytes, mature oocytes, blastocysts, growing follicles, transferrable embryos, fertilization rate, implantation rate, and miscarriage rate. Subgroup analysis was performed according to different grouping methods and embryo types. RESULTS Five studies of 568 females with endometriosis were involved in this systematic review and meta-analysis. DNG treatment exhibited similar effects to non-DNG treatment on either the primary or the secondary outcomes (all P > 0.05). The DNG group had a significantly greater clinical pregnancy rate than the non-hormonal treatment group (pooled relative risk [RR]: 2.055, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.275, 3.312, P = 0.003), and exhibited a significantly lower clinical pregnancy rate than the long gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) group (RR: 0.542, 95%CI: 0.321, 0.916, P = 0.022). For patients undergoing fresh embryo transfer, the DNG group displayed a significantly greater clinical pregnancy rate versus the non-DNG group (pooled RR: 1.848, 95%CI: 1.234, 2.767, P = 0.003). Patients receiving DNG had a significantly greater live birth rate than those with non-hormonal treatment (pooled RR: 2.136, 95%CI: 1.223, 3.734, P = 0.008), while having a significantly lower live birth rate than the long GnRH-a group (RR: 0.441, 95%CI: 0.214, 0.907, P = 0.026). While using fresh embryos, patients with DNG treatment had an increased live birth rate, compared with those without DNG treatment (pooled RR: 2.132, 95%CI: 1.090, 4.169, P = 0.027). CONCLUSION DNG treatment may have similar effects to non-DNG treatment on IVF-ET outcomes. The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate after DNG treatment may be significantly higher than those after non-hormonal treatment. More evidence is warranted to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Avenue, Chaoyang District, Jilin, 130021, Changchun, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Avenue, Chaoyang District, Jilin, 130021, Changchun, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Avenue, Chaoyang District, Jilin, 130021, Changchun, China.
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Hamada H, Hayama T, Ijuin A, Miyakoshi A, Kasai M, Tochihara S, Saito M, Nishi M, Ueno H, Yamamoto M, Komeya M, Yumura Y, Sakakibara H, Miyagi E, Murase M. Fertility preservation immediately after therapeutic abortion results in multiple normal follicular growth with the absence of mature oocytes due to early luteinization: a case report and literature review. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:1050-1053. [PMID: 34304673 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1950135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy has priority over fertility preservation. The time available for fertility preservation in patients with cancer is often very limited and depends on the condition of the underlying disease. This case report presents the results of two rounds of controlled ovarian stimulations (COSs) performed after an induced abortion. The patient had mixed phenotype acute leukemia diagnosed during early pregnancy and underwent a surgical abortion, followed by ovarian stimulation using urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (uFSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Oocyte retrieval was subsequently performed for oocyte cryopreservation. Despite good hormonal and ultrasonic follicular growth, no oocytes were obtained. During a second COS performed at a low human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level (less than 100 IU/L), several mature oocytes were obtained, suggesting that higher hCG levels during COS induce the absence of mature oocytes during normal follicular growth. It is recommended to start COS post-abortion after confirming a low hCG level while considering the timing of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru Hamada
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Gynecology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akifumi Ijuin
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ai Miyakoshi
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michi Kasai
- Maternity and Neonate Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shiori Tochihara
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marina Saito
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nishi
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ueno
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Komeya
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yumura
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideya Sakakibara
- Department of Gynecology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Miyagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mariko Murase
- Reproductive Medical Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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The clinical outcome of Dienogest treatment followed by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in infertile women with endometriosis. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:123. [PMID: 31831028 PMCID: PMC6909621 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is considered to be the most intractable cause of female infertility. Administering any type of treatment for endometriosis before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is an important strategy for improving the IVF-ET outcomes for infertile women with endometriosis. In fact, treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist just before IVF-ET has been reported to improve the clinical outcome in endometriosis patients. However, the benefit of Dienogest (DNG), a synthetic progestin, treatment just before IVF-ET remains unclear. METHODS Sixty-eight infertile women with Stage III or IV endometriosis (ovarian endometrial cyst < 4 cm) were recruited for this study. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: a DNG group (n = 33) and a control group (n = 35). DNG was administered orally every day for 12 weeks prior to the conventional IVF-ET cycle in the DNG group. Standard controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with the GnRH agonist long protocol was performed in the control group. The numbers of mature follicles and retrieved oocytes, fertilization rates, implantation rates, and clinical pregnancy rate were compared between the two groups. In addition, the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidants in follicular fluids were also measured. RESULTS The numbers of growing follicles, retrieved oocytes, fertilized oocytes, and blastocysts were significantly lower in the DNG group than in the control group. The fertilization and blastocyst rates were also lower in the DNG group than in the control group. Although there was no significant difference in the implantation rate between the groups, the cumulative pregnancy rate and live birth rate were lower in the DNG group than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the abortion rate. Our results failed to show that DNG reduces the inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress in follicular fluids. CONCLUSIONS Administering DNG treatment just before IVF-ET did not provide any benefits to improve the clinical outcomes for infertile women with endometriosis.
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Pande HO, Tesfaye D, Hoelker M, Gebremedhn S, Held E, Neuhoff C, Tholen E, Schellander K, Wondim DS. MicroRNA-424/503 cluster members regulate bovine granulosa cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by targeting SMAD7 gene through activin signalling pathway. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:34. [PMID: 29716627 PMCID: PMC5930509 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The granulosa cells are indispensable for follicular development and its function is orchestrated by several genes, which in turn posttranscriptionally regulated by microRNAs (miRNA). In our previous study, the miRRNA-424/503 cluster was found to be highly abundant in bovine granulosa cells (bGCs) of preovulatory dominant follicle compared to subordinate counterpart at day 19 of the bovine estrous cycle. Other study also indicated the involvement of miR-424/503 cluster in tumour cell resistance to apoptosis suggesting this miRNA cluster may involve in cell survival. However, the role of miR-424/503 cluster in granulosa cell function remains elusive Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of miRNA-424/503 cluster in bGCs function using microRNA gain- and loss-of-function approaches. RESULTS The role of miR-424/503 cluster members in granulosa cell function was investigated by overexpressing or inhibiting its activity in vitro cultured granulosa cells using miR-424/503 mimic or inhibitor, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay showed that SMAD7 and ACVR2A are the direct targets of the miRNA-424/503 cluster members. In line with this, overexpression of miRNA-424/503 cluster members using its mimic and inhibition of its activity by its inhibitor reduced and increased, respectively the expression of SMAD7 and ACVR2A. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis indicated that overexpression of miRNA-424/503 cluster members enhanced bGCs proliferation by promoting G1- to S- phase cell cycle transition. Modulation of miRNA-424/503 cluster members tended to increase phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 in the Activin signalling pathway. Moreover, sequence specific knockdown of SMAD7, the target gene of miRNA-424/503 cluster members, using small interfering RNA also revealed similar phenotypic and molecular alterations observed when miRNA-424/503 cluster members were overexpressed. Similarly, to get more insight about the role of miRNA-424/503 cluster members in activin signalling pathway, granulosa cells were treated with activin A. Activin A treatment increased cell proliferation and downregulation of both miRNA-424/503 members and its target gene, indicated the presence of negative feedback loop between activin A and the expression of miRNA-424/503. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the miRNA-424/503 cluster members are involved in regulating bovine granulosa cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Further, miRNA-424/503 cluster members target the SMAD7 and ACVR2A genes which are involved in the activin signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Om Pande
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Integrated Dairy Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelker
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Teaching and Research Station Frankenforst, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Königswinter, Germany.,Center of Integrated Dairy Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Gebremedhn
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Held
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Teaching and Research Station Frankenforst, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Königswinter, Germany
| | - Christiane Neuhoff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ernst Tholen
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Schellander
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Integrated Dairy Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dessie Salilew Wondim
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Hou CC, Zhu JQ. Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: how do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109799-109817. [PMID: 29312650 PMCID: PMC5752563 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the increasing application of nanoparticles (NPs) in many walks of life, environmental exposure to NPs has raised considerable health concerns. When NPs enter a pregnant woman’s body through inhalation, venous injection, ingestion or skin permeation, maternal toxic stress reactions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, apoptosis and endocrine dyscrasia are induced in different organs, particularly in the reproductive organs. Recent studies have shown that NPs disturb the developing oocyte by invading the protective barrier of theca cells, granulosa cell layers and zona pellucida. NPs disrupt sex hormone levels through the hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis or by direct stimulation of secretory cells, such as granule cells, follicle cells, thecal cells and the corpus luteum. Some NPs can cross the placenta into the fetus by passive diffusion or endocytosis, which can trigger fetal inflammation, apoptosis, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, low weight, reproductive deficiency, nervous damage, and immunodeficiency, among others. The toxicity of these NPs depend on their size, dosage, shape, charge, material and surface-coating. We summarize new findings on the toxic effect of various NPs on the ovary and on oogenesis and embryonic development. Meanwhile, we highlight the problems that need to be studied in the future. This manuscript will also provide valuable guidelines for protecting the female reproductive system from the toxicity of NPs and provide a certain reference value for NP application in the area of ovarian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Hou
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Quan Zhu
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Carou M, Cruzans P, Maruri A, Farina M, Fiorito C, Olea G, Lombardo D. Apoptosis of bovine granulosa cells: Intracellular pathways and differentiation. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:462-470. [PMID: 28506467 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Follicular atresia in granulosa and theca cells occurs by apoptosis through weak hormonal stimulation. We have previously proposed an in vitro model to study this process by inducing apoptosis in BGC-1, a bovine granulosa cell line, and in primary cultures from ovaries with or without corpus luteum (CPGB+ and CPGB-, respectively), with different doses of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs (leuprolide acetate (LA) as agonist and antide as antagonist). BGC-1 represent immature granulosa cells, whereas CPGB represent different degrees of luteinization. Our aim was to evaluate the intracellular pathways involved in the GnRH regulation of apoptosis in BGC-1. Treatment with LA 100nM but not with antide led to an increase in BAX over BCL-2 expression, showing antagonism of antide. All treatments inhibited phospholipase-D (PLD) activity compared to control, implying agonist behavior of antide. Progesterone in vitro production and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) expression revealed different degrees of luteinization: BGC-1 were immature, whereas CPGB+ were less differentiated than CPGB-. We concluded that LA-induced apoptosis in BGC-1 occurs by activation of the mitochondrial pathway and by inhibition of PLD activity and that antide might work both as an antagonist of the intrinsic pathway and as an agonist of the extrinsic protection pathway by inhibiting PLD activity.
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Lira-Albarrán S, Larrea-Schiavon MF, González L, Durand M, Rangel C, Larrea F. The effects of levonorgestrel on FSH-stimulated primary rat granulosa cell cultures through gene expression profiling are associated to hormone and folliculogenesis processes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:337-345. [PMID: 27663078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Levonorgestrel (LNG), a synthetic progestin, is used in emergency contraception (EC). The mechanism is preventing or delaying ovulation at the level of the hypothalamic pituitary unit; however, little knowledge exists on LNG effects at the ovary. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of LNG on FSH-induced 17β-estradiol (E2) production, including LNG-mediated changes on global gene expression in rat granulosa cells (GC). Isolated GC from female Wistar rats were incubated in vitro in the presence or absence of human FSH and progestins. At the end of incubations, culture media and cells were collected for E2 and mRNA quantitation. The results showed the ability of LNG to inhibit both hFSH-induced E2 production and aromatase gene expression. Microarray analysis revealed that LNG treatment affects GC functionality particularly that related to folliculogenesis and steroid metabolism. These results may offer additional evidence for the mechanisms of action of LNG as EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Lira-Albarrán
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
| | - Marco F Larrea-Schiavon
- Department of Computational Genomics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Ciudad de México 14610, México.
| | - Leticia González
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
| | - Marta Durand
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
| | - Claudia Rangel
- Department of Computational Genomics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Ciudad de México 14610, México.
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
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11
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Fang L, Chang HM, Cheng JC, Yu Y, Leung PCK, Sun YP. Growth Differentiation Factor-8 Decreases StAR Expression Through ALK5-Mediated Smad3 and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways in Luteinized Human Granulosa Cells. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4684-94. [PMID: 26393302 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8) has been recently shown to be expressed in human granulosa cells, and the mature form of GDF-8 protein can be detected in the follicular fluid. However, the biological function and significance of this growth factor in the human ovary remains to be determined. Here, we investigated the effects of GDF-8 on steroidogenic enzyme expression and the potential mechanisms of action in luteinized human granulosa cells. We demonstrated that treatment with GDF-8 did not affect the mRNA levels of P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, whereas it significantly down-regulated steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression and decreased progesterone production. The suppressive effect of GDF-8 on StAR expression was abolished by the inhibition of the TGF-β type I receptor. In addition, treatment with GDF-8 activated both Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, knockdown of activin receptor-like kinase 5 reversed the effects of GDF-8 on Smad2/3 phosphorylation and StAR expression. The inhibition of Smad3 or ERK1/2 signaling pathways attenuated the GDF-8-induced down-regulation of StAR and production of progesterone. Interestingly, the concentrations of GDF-8 were negatively correlated with those of progesterone in human follicular fluid. These results indicate a novel autocrine function of GDF-8 to down-regulate StAR expression and decrease progesterone production in luteinized human granulosa cells, most likely through activin receptor-like kinase 5-mediated Smad3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that granulosa cells might play a critical role in the regulation of progesterone production to prevent premature luteinization during the final stage of folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Fang
- Reproductive Medical Center (L.F., Y.Y., Y.-P.S.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 450052; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (H.-M.C., J.-C.C., P.C.K.L.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Reproductive Medical Center (L.F., Y.Y., Y.-P.S.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 450052; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (H.-M.C., J.-C.C., P.C.K.L.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Reproductive Medical Center (L.F., Y.Y., Y.-P.S.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 450052; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (H.-M.C., J.-C.C., P.C.K.L.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Yiping Yu
- Reproductive Medical Center (L.F., Y.Y., Y.-P.S.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 450052; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (H.-M.C., J.-C.C., P.C.K.L.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Reproductive Medical Center (L.F., Y.Y., Y.-P.S.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 450052; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (H.-M.C., J.-C.C., P.C.K.L.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Reproductive Medical Center (L.F., Y.Y., Y.-P.S.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 450052; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (H.-M.C., J.-C.C., P.C.K.L.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
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12
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Girard A, Dufort I, Douville G, Sirard MA. Global gene expression in granulosa cells of growing, plateau and atretic dominant follicles in cattle. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:17. [PMID: 25879740 PMCID: PMC4355352 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological state of the dominant follicle is important as it may be linked to the competence of the oocyte within. The objective of this study was to analyze, by transcriptomic analysis, the changes occurring in granulosa cells from dominant follicles at different phases of follicular growth. METHODS Granulosa cells were collected from slaughterhouse dairy cattle follicles with a diameter greater than 9 mm, and were classified at different phases of follicle growth based on flow cytometry profiles of DNA content after staining with propidium iodide. Three phases were identified based on the proportion of cells in -G1 (less than 2n DNA), G0-G1 (2n DNA) or S-M (more than 2n DNA) and follicles were thus allocated to the growing, plateau or atresia group. Between group analysis (BGA) showed clear segregation of the three groups, and the groups were contrasted against each other in a loop design to identify differently expressed genes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to identify the functions and upstream regulators associated with the observed differently expressed genes. RESULTS Major differences were observed between the growth phases. Granulosa cells from follicles in the plateau phase had increased expression of TYRO3 and downregulation of JAM2 compared to growing follicles, supporting the idea of a shift from proliferation to differentiation. On the other hand, genes regulating the response to oxidative stress (VNN1) and angiogenesis (ANGPT2) were upregulated in granulosa cells from atretic follicles. While the predicted activated functions in cells at the plateau stage compared to cells at the growing stage included synthesis and transport of molecules, the predictions for atretic follicles relative to plateau ones included an increase in apoptosis and cell death. CONCLUSION Consistent with previous studies, these observations allowed us to match the presence of specific gene transcripts to a particular physiological status and consequently to classify follicles. The results also demonstrated that the plateau phase is not a simple 'in between' status between growth and atresia, as several characteristics are unique to this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Girard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Dufort
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Gabriel Douville
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marc-André Sirard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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13
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Zhao X, Ze Y, Gao G, Sang X, Li B, Gui S, Sheng L, Sun Q, Cheng J, Cheng Z, Hu R, Wang L, Hong F. Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59378. [PMID: 23565150 PMCID: PMC3615008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2)-induced fertility reduction and ovary injury in animals. To better understand how nano-TiO2 act in mice, female mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg nano-TiO2 by intragastric administration for 90 consecutive days; the ovary injuries, fertility, hormone levels, and inflammation-related or follicular atresia-related cytokine expression were investigated. The results showed that nano-TiO2 was deposited in the ovary, resulting in significant reduction of body weight, relative weight of ovary and fertility, alterations of hematological and serum parameters and sex hormone levels, atretic follicle increases, inflammation, and necrosis. Furthermore, nano-TiO2 exposure resulted in marked increases of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2, epidermal growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, tissue plasminogen activator, interleukin-1β, interleukin -6, Fas, and FasL expression, and significant decreases of insulin-like growth factor-1, luteinizing hormone receptor, inhibin α, and growth differentiation factor 9 expression in mouse ovary. These findings implied that fertility reduction and ovary injury of mice following exposure to nano-TiO2 may be associated with alteration of inflammation-related or follicular atresia-related cytokine expressions, and humans should take great caution when handling nano-TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezi Sang
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suxin Gui
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renping Hu
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Patterns of folliculogenesis in ducks following the administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH) analogue. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Luo W, Zhu C. Expression and regulation of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-2, and LH receptor in the process of follicular atresia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 43:272-9. [PMID: 18726382 DOI: 10.1007/bf02879286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1999] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of mRNAs for IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), and LH receptor (LHR) as well as their regulations during induced follicular atresia was determined. 26-day-old female rats received 15 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropins (PMSG). Through detection, it was demonstrated that apoptosis occurred in some small antral follicles after 48 h of PMSG treatment. At 96 h, apoptosis occurred in preovulatory follicles. At 120 h, numerous apoptotic cells appeared in preovulatory follicles. IGF-I was mainly expressed in preantral and small antral follicles from 48 to 120 h. At 48 and 96 h, the theca cells of preantral and antral follicles expressed high level of IGFBP-2 mRNA. At 48 h, there were strong signals of LHR mRNA in granulosa cells, but the LHR signals in granulosa cells significantly decreased at 96 and 120 h (p<0.001). Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and IGF-I inhibited apoptosis in preantral and antral follicles. Meanwhile, it was observed that EGF promoted IGF-I mRNA expression, and in preovulatory follicles, IGF-I stimulated LHR mRNA expression. These results show that the interaction between ECF and IGF-I may be involved in the regulation of atresia of follicles at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080, Beijing, China
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16
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Effect of exogenous insulin administration on ovarian function, embryo/fetal development during pregnancy in goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 111:202-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Yang H, Lee HH, Lee HC, Ko DS, Kim SS. Assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and apoptosis in the ovarian graft: can exogenous gonadotropin promote angiogenesis after ovarian transplantation? Fertil Steril 2008; 90:1550-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Burke CR, Cárdenas H, Mussard ML, Gasser CL, Day ML. Steroidogenic changes and steady state amount of messenger RNA encoding steroidogenic enzymes, gonadotropin receptors and cell-death signalling in the dominant ovarian follicle during estradiol-induced atresia in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 99:244-57. [PMID: 16842941 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in steroidogenic function and associated gene expression were characterized in dominant ovarian follicles (DF) of cattle where follicles were induced to become atretic by systemic administration of estradiol benzoate (EB). In experiment 1, follicular fluid (FF) steroid concentrations in the DF were measured at 12-hourly time points for 48 h in heifers treated with 1 mg EB i.m./500 kg body weight (EB; n=20) as compared with untreated controls (C; n=19). Treatment with EB promoted a transient reduction in circulating FSH, a rapid (12 h) and sustained reduction in FF estradiol, a rapid (12 h) but transient reduction in FF progesterone and a delayed (36 h) increase in FF testosterone concentrations. In experiment 2, whole follicular wall tissue was collected from DF of mature non-lactating cows allocated to a 0 h control group (0 HC: n=7), a 24h control group (24 HC; n=7) or an EB-treated group where tissue was collected 24 h after administration of 1 mg EB i.m./500 kg body weight (EB; n=8). As for experiment 1, EB promoted a transient reduction in circulating FSH, a pronounced reduction in FF estradiol and a smaller but significant reduction in FF progesterone concentrations. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR on follicular wall tissue revealed that the loss in estrogen activity at 24 h after EB was associated with two-fold reduction in aromatase mRNA, with an apparent acceleration in loss of 17alpha-hydroxylase mRNA. Expression of genes for gonadotropin receptors (LHR and FSHR) and a cell-death signalling pathway (Fas antigen and Fas ligand) were unchanged during the initial 24h of EB-induced atresia. These results suggest that EB initiates atresia in dominant ovarian follicles through a rapid suppression of follicular estradiol synthesis, an effect associated with down-regulation of the aromatase gene. A transient suppression in circulating FSH following administration of EB appears to have initiated these events, and it is suggested that subsequent processes involved in atresia follow this loss in estrogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Burke
- The Ohio State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Taniguchi M, Ikeda A, Arikawa E, Shimizu R, Seki M, Karaki M, Rajamahendran R, Otoi T. Ovarian follicular and corpus luteum changes, progesterone concentrations, estrus and ovulation following estradiol benzoate/progesterone based treatment protocol in cross-bred cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 99:389-94. [PMID: 16989965 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of the stage of the estrous cycle at the start of an estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P) based treatment protocol on new follicular wave emergence, subsequent estrus and ovulation. The experiment was conducted using a crossover design with each cow (five cross-bred cows) being assigned to one of three groups at 3-month intervals within a 1-year period. Estrous cycle stage in individual cows was initially synchronized with prostaglandin F(2)alpha. After detection of estrus, each cow was injected intramuscularly (i.m.) with 2 mg EB and 200 mg P (EB/P) on day 5, 12 or 17 of the estrous cycle (estrus=day 0), followed by 1 mg EB i.m. 12 days after the EB/P treatment. Ovarian ultrasonographic examinations showed that the emergence of a new follicular wave occurred after EB/P treatment in all groups and the mean interval from EB/P treatment to wave emergence did not differ among the groups (3.2-3.8 days). All cows in each group exhibited behavioral estrus and ovulated the newly formed dominant follicle. However, cows in the day-17 group exhibited estrus 1-3 days before the second EB injection. The concentrations of progesterone showed faster reduction, during the treatment period, in the day-12 and -17 groups compared to the day-5 group. These results indicate that the EB/P treatment induces an emergence of a new follicular wave, irrespective of the estrous cycle stage at the start of treatment, but the effect of EB/P protocol on estrous/ovulation synchronization is influenced by the stage of the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Okewole IA, Arowojolu AO, Odusoga OL, Oloyede OA, Adeleye OA, Salu J, Dada OA. Effect of single administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception 2007; 75:372-7. [PMID: 17434019 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levonorgestrel (LNG) 1.5 mg administered within 72 h of unprotected coitus is an established method of emergency contraception. Currently, there is some, although incomplete, knowledge about the mechanism of action. METHODS We administered 1.5 mg LNG peri-ovulatory to determine the effects on serum gonadotrophins, estradiol and progesterone levels. Fourteen women were studied in a pretreatment and treatment cycle; eight women (Group A) took LNG 3 days before the expected day of ovulation, while 6 (Group B) took LNG a day before the expected day of ovulation. RESULTS The women in Group A had a significant delay in their LH peak and onset of the next menses compared with their pretreatment cycles (26.4 vs. 39.1 days, p<.05). Those in Group B had no significant changes in the endocrine parameters but there was a significant shortening of the mean cycle length in comparison with their pretreatment cycles (25.1 vs. 20.2 days). CONCLUSION Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg acts as an emergency contraception by delaying the LH surge and interfering with ovulation. It may also disrupt corpus luteum formation causing premature luteinization of unruptured follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris A Okewole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, P.M.B. 2001, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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21
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De los Reyes M, Villagrán ML, Cepeda R, Duchens M, Parraguez V, Urquieta B. Histological Characteristics and Steroid Concentration of Ovarian Follicles at Different Stages of Development in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Dairy Cows. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:161-73. [PMID: 16400602 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the histological characteristics and steroid concentrations in follicular fluid of different populations of follicles at different stages of development, during pregnancy and the oestrous cycle in cows. Follicles from ovaries collected at a slaughterhouse were allocated into three size categories (small, 2-5.9 mm; medium, 6-13.9 mm; and large, 14-20 mm) in pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Slices were stained with HE and PAS for histological analysis. Follicular fluid was pooled according to size and pregnancy status and estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations in follicular fluid were determined by RIA. Characteristics of healthy follicles did not differ, regardless of follicle size or pregnancy status. Total histological atresia was significantly higher in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows (p < 0.05). Estradiol increased and testosterone decreased significantly, while follicles increased in size, in both non-pregnant and pregnant cows (p < 0.05). Nonpregnant cows had the highest estradiol values in follicles of all sizes. Medium and large follicles from pregnant cows showed the lowest testosterone concentration (p < 0.05). Progesterone levels increased with follicle size only in non-pregnant animals. In large follicles, progesterone concentration was significantly higher in non-pregnant cows than in pregnant cows (p < 0.05). Considering steroid concentration and histological findings, most large follicles might be atretic during pregnancy in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De los Reyes
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile.
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22
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Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hypothalamic neuronal secretory decapeptide that plays a pivotal role in mammalian reproduction. GnRH and its analogues are used extensively in the treatment of hormone dependent diseases and assisted reproductive technology. Fourteen structural variants and three different forms of GnRH, named as hypothalamic GnRH or GnRH-I, mid brain GnRH or GnRH-II and GnRH-III across various species of protochordates and vertebrates have been recognised. The hormone acts by binding to cell surface transmembrane G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and activates Gq/11 subfamily of G proteins. Although hypothalamus and pituitary are the principal source and target sites for GnRH, several reports have recently suggested extra-hypothalamic GnRH and GnRH receptors in various reproductive tissues such as ovaries, placenta, endometrium, oviducts, testes, prostrate, and mammary glands. GnRH-II appears to be predominantly expressed in extra pituitary reproductive tissues where it produces its effect by PLC, PKA2, PLD, and AC cell signalling pathways. In these tissues, GnRH is considered to act by autocrine or paracrine manner and regulate ovarian steroidogenesis by having stimulatory as well as inhibitory effect on the production of steroid hormones and apoptosis in ovarian follicle and corpus luteum. In male gonads, GnRH has been shown to cause a direct stimulatory effect on basal steroidogenesis and an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin-stimulated androgen biosynthesis. Recent studies have shown that GnRH is more abundantly present in ovarian, endometrial and prostrate carcinomas. The presence of type-II GnRH receptors in reproductive tissues (e.g. gonads, prostrate, endometrium, oviduct, placenta, and mammary glands) suggests existence of distinct role(s) for type-II GnRH molecule in these tissues. The existence of different GnRH forms indicates the presence of distinctive cognate receptors types in vertebrates and is a productive area of research and may contribute to the development of new generation of GnRH analogues with highly selective and controlled action on different reproductive tissues and the target-specific GnRH analogues could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ramakrishnappa
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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23
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D'haeseleer M, Cocquyt G, Van Cruchten S, Simoens P, Van den Broeck W. Cell-specific localisation of apoptosis in the bovine ovary at different stages of the oestrous cycle. Theriogenology 2005; 65:757-72. [PMID: 16112721 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis was localized in all ovarian cell types of 23 cows in various stages of the oestrous cycle, using the detection of active caspase-3, in situ end labelling (TUNEL) and DNA fluorescent staining (DAPI). Very few apoptotic cells were found in primordial, primary, secondary and vital tertiary follicles. In contrast, apoptosis in atretic tertiary follicles was much more frequent, and high apoptotic scores were recorded when using the TUNEL technique and lower scores with the caspase-3 assay. Cystic atretic follicles showed in general a higher apoptotic score than obliterative atretic follicles, with intermediate to high scores in granulosa cells and lower scores in theca cells. In corpora lutea, large and small lutein cells had intermediate to high scores using the caspase-3 assay, and intermediate to low scores using the TUNEL assay. Irrespective of the detection method, the scores were higher in lutein cells than in the capsular stroma cells. In all ovarian structures examined, variations in apoptotic scores were seen in the different cycle stages, suggesting a cycle-dependent influence on apoptosis, although correlations with plasma progesterone concentrations were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'haeseleer
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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24
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Burke CR, Cárdenas H, Mussard ML, Day ML. Histological and steroidogenic changes in dominant ovarian follicles during oestradiol-induced atresia in heifers. Reproduction 2005; 129:611-20. [PMID: 15855624 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Histological and steroidogenic changes within dominant ovarian follicles (DFs) undergoing atresia following systemic administration of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) were characterized in beef heifers. At 5.6 ± 0.1 days after the onset of oestrus, heifers received 1 mg ODB i.m./500 kg body weight (ODB; n = 15) or served as controls (n = 15). Timing of treatment initiation was designated as hour (h) 0 on day (d) 0, and coincided with the presence of the DF of the first follicular wave (DF1). Within treatments, the DF1 was collected following ovariectomy in four animals at h 12, h 36 or after ultrasonic detection of a new wave (NW) of ovarian follicular development. In heifers of the NW groups (n = 7 per treatment), blood samples were collected at intervals of 20 min for 12 h beginning at h − 12, 0, 24 and 48 to characterize circulating LH patterns. Administration of ODB suppressed (P < 0.01) mean concentrations of LH at h 24 and h 48 by preventing (P < 0.05) the increase in LH pulse amplitude observed in controls, but had no effect on FSH. Follicular fluid (FF) concentrations of androgens and oestradiol were reduced at h 36 in the ODB-treated group. The diameter of the DF1 and the number of granulosa cell layers were also reduced in ODB-treated as compared with control heifers. Treatment differences were not observed in the proportion of apoptotic granulosa cells as assessed using the TUNEL assay method, and timing of a new wave of follicular development (d 4.6 ± 0.2) was similar (P > 0.1) among treatments. A prominent characteristic of oestradiol-induced atresia of the DF1 of the oestrous cycle in heifers was a loss in oestrogenic function associated with reduced LH support. However, the timing of new follicular development may be influenced by a factor(s) other than the status of the DF undergoing oestradiol-induced atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Burke
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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25
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Hendriksen PJM, Gadella BM, Vos PLAM, Mullaart E, Kruip TAM, Dieleman SJ. Follicular dynamics around the recruitment of the first follicular wave in the cow. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:2036-44. [PMID: 12930722 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.019828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to test the generally accepted view that a follicular wave starts with follicles newly recruited from the population smaller than 3 mm, which later compete for dominance. According to this view, subordinate follicles are expected to be too atretic to join the next follicular wave. Ten cows were ovariectomized shortly prior to the LH surge, thus around the start of the first follicular wave of the cycle. Per cow, on average, 14.4 follicles of >/=3 mm were dissected. Follicular health was determined on the basis of four parameters: 1) judgment of the degree of atresia by stereomicroscope, 2) incidence of apoptotic nuclei among the granulosa cells, 3) estradiol and progesterone concentrations, and 4) insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) binding proteins (IGFBPs)-2, -4, and -5 concentrations in the follicular fluid. In addition to the preovulatory follicle, 3.1 other follicles, mainly sized 3-4.5 mm, were found to be healthy based on the proportion of apoptotic nuclei, and concentrations of estradiol/progesterone, and IGFBPs. The ability of these follicles to respond with growth on the preovulatory and periovulatory FSH surges was supported by a comparison to the follicular population of four cows 31-68 h after the LH surge. The present results point to an alteration of the view on the follicular wave. The larger follicles during the first days of the follicular wave are, in general, derived from follicles that also joined the previous wave. A portion of these growing follicles are estradiol active and compete for dominance. Other growing follicles lack estradiol production and are probably derived from rather atretic follicles. The first newly recruited follicles do not reach the size of 3 mm before 31 h after the preovulatory FSH surge. At that time, the larger follicles are already competing for dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J M Hendriksen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Abstract
Antral follicle growth in cattle occurs in two distinct phases; the first 'slow' growth phase spans the time from antrum acquisition to a size of approximately 3 mm detectable by transrectal ultrasound, and the second 'fast' phase is gondadotrophin-dependent and includes cohort growth, dominant follicle (DF) selection, and DF growth. This review summarises current concepts of the relative roles FSH and LH, ovarian and metabolic hormones play mainly in the second phase of antral follicle growth in animals of different reproductive and nutritional states. It is proposed that differential FSH response may enable one cohort follicle to become selected, and that follicular secretions, particularly inhibin, suppress FSH and thus are responsible for DF selection and dominance. Acute dependence of the DF on LH pulses will determine DF lifespan, and the LH pulse profile can be influenced by metabolic hormones such as leptin, providing one possible link for nutritional state and reproduction. Direct ovarian effects of acute and chronic changes in growth hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I have been described on cohort follicles, DF oestrogen activity and on DF growth. Influences of metabolic hormones on early antral follicles undergoing their first 'slow' growth phase are less well described, yet metabolic hormones appear to enhance growth into the cohort available for FSH-induced emergence, and may influence subsequent developmental competence of oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mihm
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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27
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Kojima FN, Bergfeld EGM, Wehrman ME, Cupp AS, Fike KE, Mariscal-Aguayo DV, Sanchez-Torres T, Garcia-Winder M, Clopton DT, Roberts AJ, Kinder JE. Frequency of luteinizing hormone pulses in cattle influences duration of persistence of dominant ovarian follicles, follicular fluid concentrations of steroids, and activity of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Anim Reprod Sci 2003; 77:187-211. [PMID: 12695054 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(03)00038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine how varying frequency of LH pulses as controlled by varying treatments with progesterone (P4) in cattle would affect: (1) concentration of steroid hormones and activity of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the ovarian follicular fluid and blood plasma, and (2) duration of persistence of largest ovarian follicles. There were four treatment groups (n=7 per group) and a control group (n=5) of mature, non-lactating beef cows. Treatments were: (1) two progesterone releasing intravaginal devices (PRIDs) for 16 days (2PRID); (2) a half PRID for 16 days (0.5PRID); (3) two PRIDs for 8 days, then a half PRID for 8 days (2-0.5PRID); or (4) a half PRID for 8 days, then two PRIDs for 8 days (0.5-2PRID). Treatment was initiated on the fifth day of the estrous cycle, which was designated as Day 0, and continued for 16 days. All P4-treated females were administered prostaglandin F2alpha on Day 0 and 1 to regress their corpora lutea. Frequency of LH pulses was greater during treatment with the smaller dose of P4 compared with treatment with the larger dose of P4 and the control group. Ovarian follicles were classified into five categories based on ultrasonographic observations: growing (G); atretic (A); growing dominant (GD); growing persistent (GP); or atretic persistent (AP). At ovariectomy on Day 16, the largest and second largest follicles collected were re-classified into five categories based on follicular concentration of steroids. Classification of the largest follicle collected on Day 16 was influenced by treatment (P<0.005), with the 2PRID group having A follicles, the 2-0.5PRID group GP follicles, the 0.5-2PRID group AP follicles, and the 0.5PRID group GD and GP follicles. Concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) were greatest in GD and GP follicles (P<0.05). There was less (P<0.05) activity of IGFBP-2 in GD follicles and less (P<0.05) activity of IGFBP-3 in GD and GP follicles than other follicles. Activity of IGFBP-4 and -5 was greater (P<0.05) in A and AP follicles than G, GD, and GP follicles. Maintenance of a frequent release of LH pulses over a 16-day period did not result in maintenance of persistent follicles throughout this period indicating that duration of dominance of these follicles is finite even when there is frequent release of LH pulses. Follicular atresia is associated with greater activity of IGFBP-2, -4, -5, and greater concentrations of P4 in follicles, whereas growing dominant and persistent follicles contained greater concentrations of E2, androstenedione (A4), and less IGFBP-2 activity than follicles of other classes. Follicle classifications based on ultrasonography or follicular concentration of steroids did differ (P<0.05) for the largest follicles from the 2PRID group. Two follicles in this group appeared as GD follicles by ultrasonography, but these were atretic based on follicular steroid contents. Objective 1 of the present study yielded the conclusion that concentrations of steroid hormones in follicular fluid and blood plasma could be predictably controlled by regulating the frequency of LH pulses with varying doses of P4. Objective 2 yielded the conclusion that maintain frequent release of LH pulses over a 16-day period could not maintain persistent follicles throughout this period, indicating that duration of dominance of these follicles is finite even when there is frequent release of LH pulses. Follicular atresia in the present study was associated with increased follicular fluid activity of IGFBP-2, -4, -5, and P4, whereas growing dominant and persistent follicles contained greater concentrations of E2, A4, and less IGFBP-2 activity than follicles of other classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Kojima
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
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28
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Van den Broeck W, D'haeseleer M, Coryn M, Simoens P. Cell-specific distribution of progesterone receptors in the bovine ovary. Reprod Domest Anim 2002; 37:314-20. [PMID: 12354187 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0531.2002.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the localization of progesterone receptors (PR) in the bovine ovary. Ovaries were obtained from 11 non-pregnant and two pregnant cows. Progesterone receptors were visualized by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections. Nuclear staining for PR was observed in cells of the follicles, corpora lutea, theca layers, surface epithelium, tunica albuginea, and in superficial and deep stroma cells. No staining was noticed in apoptotic bodies of atretic follicles. Expression of PR in follicle cells indicates an intrafollicular role of progesterone. The higher expression in thecal cells compared with follicle cells indicates that thecal cells mediate some effects of progesterone on the follicular development. Superficial stroma cells showing high expression might have a similar influence on primordial and primary follicles. In general, luteal cells had a lower expression than follicle cells, which may be explained by the down-regulatory effect of locally produced progesterone. The lower expression in luteal cells during pregnancy can be due to the longer life span of this corpus luteum and concomitant degeneration of its PR. The high and rather constant expression of PR in cells of the surface epithelium remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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29
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Abstract
Ovarian follicle growth in cattle culminates in the selection of a single dominant follicle which attains the ability for final maturation and ovulation once or twice during the luteal phase and at the end of the oestrous cycle, as well as during other reproductive states. This review will describe in detail the first follicle wave of the cycle leading to selection of the first wave dominant follicle, indicating the specific gonadotrophin dependencies of cohort and dominant follicles, and relating follicle fate to steroidogenesis. As a differential gonadotrophin response of growing antral follicles during the follies-stimulating hormone (FSH) decline may determine which follicle becomes selected, first wave follicles are also characterized in relation to intrafollicular growth factors, which may modify the gonadotrophin response, such as inhibins and members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family. Subsequently, the follicular control of the transient FSH rise and decline so crucial to dominant follicle selection will be discussed. It is concluded that successful hormonal manipulation of follicle wave growth and dominant follicle selection will depend on our detailed understanding of the gonadotrophin requirements of differentiating wave follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mihm
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK.
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30
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Van den Broeck W, D'haeseleer M, Coryn M, Simoens P. Cell-specific distribution of progesterone receptors in the bovine ovary. Reprod Domest Anim 2002; 37:164-70. [PMID: 12071891 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0531.2002.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the localization of progesterone receptors (PR) in the bovine ovary. Ovaries were obtained from 11 non-pregnant and two pregnant cows. Progesterone receptors were visualized by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections. Nuclear staining for PR was observed in cells of the follicles, corpora lutea, theca layers, surface epithelium, tunica albuginea, and in superficial and deep stroma cells. No staining was noticed in apoptotic bodies of atretic follicles. Expression of PR in follicle cells indicates an intrafollicular role of progesterone. The higher expression in thecal cells compared with follicle cells indicates that thecal cells mediate some effects of progesterone on the follicular development. Superficial stroma cells showing high expression might have a similar influence on primordial and primary follicles. In general, luteal cells had a lower expression than follicle cells, which may be explained by the down-regulatory effect of locally produced progesterone. The lower expression in luteal cells during pregnancy can be due to the longer life span of this corpus luteum and concomitant degeneration of its PR. The high and rather constant expression of PR in cells of the surface epithelium remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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31
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Durand M, del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG, Durán-Sánchez O, De la Luz Cruz-Hinojosa M, Castell-Rodríguez A, Schiavon R, Larrea F. On the mechanisms of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64:227-34. [PMID: 11747872 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of short-term administration of levonorgestrel (LNG) at different stages of the ovarian cycle on the pituitary-ovarian axis, corpus luteum function, and endometrium were investigated. Forty-five surgically sterilized women were studied during two menstrual cycles. In the second cycle, each women received two doses of 0.75 mg LNG taken 12 h apart on day 10 of the cycle (Group A), at the time of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (Group B), 48 h after positive detection of urinary LH (Group C), or late follicular phase (Group D). In both cycles, transvaginal ultrasound and serum LH were performed from the detection of urinary LH until ovulation. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P(4)) were measured during the complete luteal phase. In addition, an endometrial biopsy was taken at day LH + 9. Eighty percent of participants in Group A were anovulatory, the remaining (three participants) presented significant shortness of the luteal phase with notably lower luteal P4 serum concentrations. In Groups B and C, no significant differences on either cycle length or luteal P4 and E2 serum concentrations were observed between the untreated and treated cycles. Participants in Group D had normal cycle length but significantly lower luteal P4 serum concentrations. Endometrial histology was normal in all ovulatory-treated cycles. It is suggested that interference of LNG with the mechanisms initiating the LH preovulatory surge depends on the stage of follicle development. Thus, anovulation results from disrupting the normal development and/or the hormonal activity of the growing follicle only when LNG is given preovulatory. In addition, peri- and post-ovulatory administration of LNG did not impair corpus luteum function or endometrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durand
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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32
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Manikkam M, Calder MD, Salfen BE, Youngquist RS, Keisler DH, Garverick HA. Concentrations of steroids and expression of messenger RNA for steroidogenic enzymes and gonadotropin receptors in bovine ovarian follicles of first and second waves and changes in second wave follicles after pulsatile LH infusion. Anim Reprod Sci 2001; 67:189-203. [PMID: 11530265 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(01)00120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to compare expression of mRNA for cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase (P450c17), cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Delta(4), Delta(5) isomerase (3beta-HSD), FSH receptor (FSHr) and LH receptor (LHr) in bovine ovarian follicles of the first and second waves of the bovine oestrous cycle and to determine if LH infusion changes growth, steroidogenesis and gene expression in second wave follicles. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to examine follicular size changes during the oestrous cycle in non-lactating Holstein cows (n=31). Saline or purified bovine LH was infused intravenously into cows at emergence of follicular waves for 2 or 4 days using a computer-controlled syringe pump (n=5-6 per treatment). Treatments were: wave 1, saline (W1S); wave 2, saline (W2S) or LH (25 microg/h; W2LH). During infusion, blood samples were collected at 12min intervals for 8h via i.v. catheters for measurement of serum LH concentrations. Ovaries were removed from cows on days 2 or 4 after emergence of follicular waves. Follicles were frozen and stored at -80 degrees C. Follicular fluid (FF, 50 microl) was collected for determination of progesterone (P4), oestradiol-17beta (E2) and androstenedione (A4) concentrations. Frozen sections (14 microm) were used for in situ hybridization to measure expression of mRNA (% pixel intensity) for P450scc, P450c17, P450arom, 3beta-HSD, FSHr, and LHr. LH infusion resulted in a serum LH pattern (high frequency) similar to the early luteal phase. There were no significant differences in size of follicles among the three treatment groups. Follicular fluid concentrations of E2 and A4 in W2S were lower than those of W1S on day 2 of a follicular wave. LH infusion into cows during the midluteal phase increased follicular fluid E2 and A4 concentrations in second wave follicles on day 2 of a follicular wave (W2LH) compared to those of W2S. The increase in follicular fluid E2 on day 2 in wave 2 follicles after LH infusion occurred possibly through an increase in mRNA expression of P450c17 and 3beta-HSD. In conclusion, follicular fluid concentrations of E2 and A4 were lower in W2S than in W1S and E2 and A4 concentrations were restored by infusion of LH in W2LH with an increase in mRNA expression of P450c17 and 3beta-HSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manikkam
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA.
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33
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Bergfelt DR, Gastal EL, Ginther OJ. Response of estradiol and inhibin to experimentally reduced luteinizing hormone during follicle deviation in mares. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:426-32. [PMID: 11466210 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.2.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in LH concentrations at the time of the decrease in FSH concentrations during follicle deviation in mares was studied to determine the role of LH in the production of estradiol and immunoreactive inhibin (ir-inhibin). Ten days after ovulation, all follicles > or =6 mm were ablated, prostaglandin F(2 alpha) was given, and either 0 mg (control group, n = 15) or 100 mg of progesterone in safflower oil (treated group, n = 16) was given daily for 14 days, encompassing the day of diameter deviation. The follicular and hormonal data were normalized to the expected day of the beginning of diameter deviation when the largest follicle first reached > or =20 mm (Day 0). The experimentally induced decrease in LH concentrations during follicle deviation beginning on Day -4 delayed and stunted the increase in circulating concentrations of ir-inhibin and estradiol beginning on Days -3 and -1, respectively, but did not alter the predeviation FSH surge and the initiation of diameter deviation between the two largest follicles. Combined for both groups, the interval to the expected day of deviation was 16.6 days after ovulation when the largest follicle was a mean of 21.6 mm. After deviation, the largest follicle started to regress in the treated group beginning on Day 1 and was associated with decreased concentrations of ir-inhibin and estradiol, and increased concentrations of FSH. The negative influence of the dominant follicle on the postdeviation decrease in FSH observed in the control group was alleviated and concentrations resurged in the treated group. Apparently this is the first in vivo evidence that the increase in LH that precedes follicle deviation has a positive effect in supporting the production of inhibin during diameter deviation. It was concluded that the increase in LH concentrations before diameter deviation played a role in the production of estradiol and inhibin by the largest follicle during deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bergfelt
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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34
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Todoroki J, Yamakuchi H, Mizoshita K, Kubota N, Tabara N, Noguchi J, Kikuchi K, Watanabe G, Taya K, Kaneko H. Restoring ovulation in beef donor cows with ovarian cysts by progesterone-releasing intravaginal silastic devices. Theriogenology 2001; 55:1919-32. [PMID: 11414496 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(01)00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal silastic device (Controlled Internal Drug Release: CIDR) for inducing ovulation in beef cows with persistent ovarian cysts. Fifteen cows with cysts and abnormal cycles for over 40 days were randomly assigned to receive either a single CIDR (CIDR group, n=9), or a CIDR containing no progesterone (blank CIDR) (BLANK group, n=6) for about 14 days. Determination of plasma progesterone levels at the beginning of CIDR treatment indicated 4 of 6 BLANK cows with non-luteinized cysts and 5 of 9 CIDR cows with non-luteinized cysts. In 5 of 6 BLANK cows, one follicular wave appeared and newly emerged dominant follicles increased in size up to 20 mm in diameter and persisted during the experiment, while one cow experienced estrus with spontaneous ovulation. In contrast, during CIDR treatment, 2 or 3 waves, in which dominant follicles were from 7 to 15 mm in diameter, appeared approximately at 7-day intervals. Within 3 days after CIDR removal, estrous behavior was detected followed by ovulation of the dominant follicle in the last wave. All CIDR cows resumed normal cyclicity with 2 follicular waves for over 2 months. Insertion of a CIDR caused a rapid increase of about 2 ng/mL in plasma progesterone. The levels were greater than 1.3 ng/mL until removal of a CIDR, then dropped under 0.3 ng/mL. Concentrations of plasma estradiol in BLANK cows increased during growth of the cystic follicles, with high levels greater than 10 pg/mL for over 10 days. In 4 of 5 cows with non-luteinized cysts, with high plasma estradiol on the day of CIDR insertion, CIDR treatment resulted in rapid decline of estradiol levels. During placement of the CIDR, estradiol levels showed no increase in the growth phase of a newly appeared dominant follicle. After CIDR removal, however, estradiol significantly increased associated with the growth of ovulatory follicles in all 9 cows. A transient increase in plasma FSH levels preceded detection of each follicular or cyst wave in both BLANK and CIDR cows. Pulse frequency and mean concentration of LH in cows with non-luteinized cysts showed values corresponding to those in normal follicular phase. However, throughout CIDR treatment, these parameters reduced to levels found in the normal luteal phase. In cows with luteinized cysts, parameters of LH secretion were as low as in the normal luteal phase before and during CIDR treatment, then increased significantly after CIDR removal. Present results indicate that treatment with CIDR proved effective in restoring ovulation and reestablishing normal cyclicity in beef donor cows with cysts persistent for a long period. The CIDR reduced and maintained LH secretion at normal luteal levels, thereby, inducing atresia of estrogen-active cysts and preventing formation of cysts from the newly emerged follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Todoroki
- Cattle Breeding Development Institute, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
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35
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Ginther OJ, Bergfelt DR, Beg MA, Kot K. Follicle selection in cattle: role of luteinizing hormone. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:197-205. [PMID: 11133675 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.1.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulating concentrations of LH were reduced by administration of 50 mg of progesterone every 8 h for 72 h, beginning when the largest follicle was 6.0 mm (experiment 1; n = 10). Progesterone treatment prevented the transient increase in LH that accompanied deviation (partitioning into dominant and subordinate categories) in control heifers (n = 10). The reduced LH concentrations were associated with reduced growth of the largest follicle, beginning a mean of 31 h after deviation, but did not alter the time of deviation or the growth and regression of the second-largest follicle. In experiment 2, 0 mg (controls) or 50 mg of progesterone was given every 8 h for three injections, beginning when the largest follicle was 7.0 mm (predeviation group) or 9.0 mm (postdeviation group; n = 8 for each of the four groups). Blood samples from the jugular vein and follicular-fluid samples from the two largest follicles were taken 8 h after the last treatment when the largest follicle was a mean of 8.7 mm in the predeviation group and 10.8 mm in the postdeviation group. In the controls, follicular-fluid concentrations of estradiol and free insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in the largest follicle and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2 in the second-largest follicle were higher (P: < 0.05) in the postdeviation group than in the predeviation group. Progesterone treatment lowered (P: < 0.006) the circulating LH concentrations to a similar extent in both groups. In the predeviation group, progesterone treatment did not have a significant effect on any of the characteristics of the largest follicle. In the postdeviation group, the largest follicle of the progesterone-treated heifers had significant reductions in diameter and in follicular-fluid concentrations of estradiol and free IGF-1. Follicular-fluid concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin were not different for any of the comparisons. The results supported the hypothesis that LH has a positive effect on diameter of the largest follicle but not until after the beginning of diameter deviation. In addition, the results indicated that LH is involved in the production of estradiol by the largest follicle and that free IGF-1 concentrations increase in the largest follicle during deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Ginther
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Yang MY, Rajamahendran R. Involvement of apoptosis in the atresia of nonovulatory dominant follicle during the bovine estrous cycle. Biol Reprod 2000; 63:1313-21. [PMID: 11058534 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod63.5.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to 1) investigate whether apoptosis is responsible for the atresia of nonovulatory dominant follicle (DF), 2) to determine if atresia of a nonovulatory DF is associated with alterations in Bcl-2 and Bax expression, 3) to test whether progesterone P(4) has a direct effect on apoptosis in bovine follicles, and 4) to study the pattern of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in follicles at different developmental stages (small, medium, and large). In experiment 1, 16 cycling cows received a norgestomet ear implant at proestrus (Day 1) for 9 days to mimic the subluteal phase. The cows were assigned either to a control (n = 4) or P(4)-treated groups (n = 12). Injections of P(4) (150 mg, i.m.) were given on Day 3 (n = 4); on Days 3 and 4 (n = 4), and on Days 3, 4, and 5 (n = 4) of the implant period. Controls received injections of corn oil on Days 3, 4, and 5. Unilateral ovariectomy was performed on Days 4, 5, and 6 to recover DFs from cows that had been treated with P(4) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. DFs in the control group were collected on Day 6. The onset of atresia of DFs was assessed morphologically by ultrasound to determine DF diameters, histologically by light microscopic inspection of tissue sections, and functionally by quantification of follicular fluid steroid hormone levels. Apoptosis was detected by DNA analysis and in situ TUNEL labeling. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was examined by Western blot analysis. The earliest signs of atresia were detected 24 h after P(4) injection as evidenced by decreased diameter, degeneration and detachment of granulosa cells (GCs) from the basal lamina, and a dramatically reduced ratio of estrogen to P(4). Electrophoretic analysis of DNA extracted from DFs of cows treated with P(4) for 24 h revealed a distinct ladder pattern of DNA fragments. In contrast, this pattern was not obvious in DFs from control cows. Similar results were also obtained from TUNEL analysis of DFs. Furthermore, both Bcl-2 and Bax were found to be present in all DFs; however, the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels was significantly reduced by 24 h of P(4) treatment compared with DFs from the control group (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 investigated the direct effect of P(4) (4 ng/ml) on apoptosis of cultured GCs using ovaries obtained from a local slaughterhouse. In addition, the pattern of expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in follicles at different developmental stages (small, medium, and large) was studied. No increase in apoptotic DNA fragments was detected in GCs treated with P(4). The ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels was variable in small follicles; however, Bax protein level was always relatively higher than that of Bcl-2 in medium and large follicles. In conclusion, our study suggests that apoptosis is the mechanism that underlies the atresia of nonovulatory DFs that develops during the luteal phase of bovine estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Yang MY, Rajamahendran R. Morphological and biochemical identification of apoptosis in small, medium, and large bovine follicles and the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I on spontaneous apoptosis in cultured bovine granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1209-17. [PMID: 10775168 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The first objective of this study was to determine whether the death of bovine granulosa cells (GC) isolated from small (</= 4 mm), medium (5-8 mm), and large (> 8 mm) follicles during follicular atresia occurs by apoptosis. The second objective was to establish an in vitro model system to elucidate the developmental (GC from follicles of different sizes) and hormonal (FSH and insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I]) regulation of bovine GC apoptosis during follicular atresia. Bovine ovaries were obtained from a nearby slaughterhouse. Follicles were classified by morphometric criteria as healthy or atretic. Apoptosis in GC from follicles of different sizes was analyzed by both morphological and biochemical methods. Bovine GC were cultured for 48 h at a density of 5 x 10(6) cells/ml in serum-free media at 39 degrees C to determine the effects of FSH and IGF-I on apoptosis. The results showed that apoptosis occurred in GC from all sizes of follicles. Apoptosis in GC was also detected in some healthy follicles. Degenerate GC displayed the morphological characteristics of apoptosis, including nuclei with marginated chromatin, a single condensed nucleus, multiple nuclear fragments, and/or membrane-bound structures containing variable amounts of chromatin and/or cytoplasm (apoptotic bodies). All GC classified as apoptotic on the basis of their morphology contained fragmented DNA measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) technique. Cells that had undergone apoptosis were observed mainly in GC and in scattered theca cells. Throughout the GC layer, apoptotic cell death was more prevalent among antral GC than among mural GC. Interestingly, morphological results showed that no apoptosis occurred in cumulus cells. A time-dependent, spontaneous onset of apoptosis occurred in GC from small, medium, and large follicles during in vitro serum-free culture. The rate of DNA fragmentation in the culture of GC from small follicles was higher than that from medium and large follicles. FSH attenuated apoptotic cell death in GC from medium follicles more effectively than in those from small follicles. IGF-I also suppressed apoptosis in cultured GC from small follicles. In conclusion, this study showed that 1) GC death during bovine follicular development and atresia occurs by apoptosis; 2) apoptosis occurs in GC and theca cells; however, apoptosis does not occur in cumulus cells even in atretic antral follicles; 3) GC from all small, medium, and large follicles undergo spontaneous onset of apoptosis when cultured under serum-free conditions; and 4) FSH and IGF-I can attenuate apoptosis in cultured bovine GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Poretsky L, Cataldo NA, Rosenwaks Z, Giudice LC. The insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease. Endocr Rev 1999; 20:535-82. [PMID: 10453357 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.20.4.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Poretsky
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Burke CR, Boland MP, Macmillan KL. Ovarian responses to progesterone and oestradiol benzoate administered intravaginally during dioestrus in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 1999; 55:23-33. [PMID: 10099676 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of administering progesterone and oestradiol benzoate (ODB) during mid-dioestrus, on ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle. Twelve cycling cows were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design, with the 4 treatments being initiated on Day 13 of the cycle (oestrus = Day 0) and comprising intravaginal insertion for 5 days of: (i) a progesterone releasing device (CIDR; 'P4'); (ii) a CIDR device with a gelatin capsule containing 10 mg ODB and 1 g lactose (CIDIROL; 'P4/ODB') attached; (iii) a placebo CIDR device with the 10 mg ODB capsule (ODB); and, (iv) a placebo CIDR device alone (CTRL). The ovaries of each cow were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography from Day 7 of the cycle until subsequent ovulation. Blood samples were collected daily from Day 11, and at intervals of 2-4 h during the 24 h period either side of treatment initiation. The second dominant follicle (DF2) emerged on Day 10.7 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM), and was 8.5 +/- 0.2 mm in diameter by Day 13. The DF2 developed through to ovulation (2-wave cycles) in half of the animals in the CTRL group; while in the other half of cases, the ovulatory follicle originated from the third follicle wave that emerged on Day 17.2 +/- 0.4. Administration of a CIDR device alone (P4 group) did not alter the 1:1 ratio of 2 and 3-wave cycles, but the third dominant follicle (DF3) in those cows with 3-wave cycles emerged earlier on Day 15.6 +/- 0.2. In contrast, the DF2 of every animal in the ODB and P4/ODB groups became atretic and was replaced by a DF3 which emerged 4.0 +/- 0.3 days later. The effects of ODB on luteal function were limited to an earlier decline in plasma progesterone concentrations from 2 to 4 days after device insertion and a reduction in diameter of the corpus luteum when administered concurrently with progesterone. Intravaginal administration of 10 mg ODB on Day 13 of the oestrous cycle, with or without progesterone, was effective in promoting follicle wave turnover. In the absence of ODB, progesterone administration alone (P4 group) did not alter the ratio of animals with 2 or 3-wave cycles from that observed in animals in the CTRL group, but did advance the timing of subsequent follicle wave emergence in those animals with 3-wave cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Burke
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Spicer LJ, Chamberlain CS. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3: its biological effect on bovine granulosa cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1999; 16:19-29. [PMID: 10081660 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(98)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 can modulate hormone-dependent differentiation of granulosa cells in vitro. Granulosa cells from small (1 to 5 mm) follicles were collected from cattle, cultured for 2 d in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, washed, and then treated for an additional 2 d in serum-free medium with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (50 ng/ml), recombinant human IGF-I (0, 1.3, 4.0, or 13.3 nM), or recombinant human IGFBP-3 (0 to 4.26 nM). In one series of experiments, IGFBP-3 (0.53 and 2.13 nM) inhibited (51% to 92% decreases; P < 0.05) progesterone and estradiol production induced by 1.3 nM of IGF-I, but did not influence (P > 0.10) granulosa cell numbers or steroidogenesis in the absence of IGF-I. Only 4.26 nM of IGFBP-3 inhibited (by 35%) the increase in granulosa cell numbers induced by 1.3 nM of IGF-I. In another series of experiments, 13.3 nM of IGF-I, but not 4.0 nM of IGF-I, was able to completely overcome the inhibitory effect of 4.26 nM of IGFBP-3 on estradiol production. The increase in cell numbers induced by 4.0 and 13.3 nM of IGF-I was attenuated (P < 0.001) by 4.26 nM of IGFBP-3. In a third series of experiments, IGFBP-3 inhibited 125I-IGF-I binding to granulosa cells. These results indicate that IGFBP-3 has a pronounced inhibitory effect on IGF-I action in cultured bovine granulosa cells, and that this inhibitory effect is likely attributable to IGFBP-3 binding/sequestering IGF-I. Thus, IGFBP-3 may play a significant role in regulating granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis during follicular development in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA.
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