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Miao Z, Sun M, Jiang F, Yao Y, Li Y. Negative Effects of SRD5A1 on Nuclear Activity of Progesterone Receptor Isoform B in JEG3 Cells. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:192-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719115597764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
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Wang B, Parobchak N, Rosen T. RelB/NF-κB2 regulates corticotropin-releasing hormone in the human placenta. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1356-69. [PMID: 22734038 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental CRH may be part of a clock that governs the length of human gestation. The mechanism underlying differential regulation of CRH in the human placenta is poorly understood. We report here that constitutively activated RelB/nuclear factor-κB2 (NF-κB)-2 (p100/p52) acts as an endogenous stimulatory signal to regulate CRH by binding to an NF-κB enhancer of CRH gene promoter in the human placenta. Nuclear staining of NF-κB2 and RelB in villous syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts was coupled with cytoplasmic CRH in syncytial knots of cytotrophoblasts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified that CRH gene associated with both RelB and NF-κB2 (p52). Dexamethasone increased synthesis and nuclear translocation of RelB and NF-κB2 (p52) and their association with the CRH gene. In contrast, progesterone, a down-regulator of placental CRH, repressed NF-κB2 (p100) processing, nuclear translocation of RelB and NF-κB2 (p52), and their association with the CRH gene. Luciferase reporter assay determined that the NF-κB enhancer of CRH was sufficient to regulate transcriptional activity of a heterologous promoter in primary cytotrophoblasts. RNA interference-mediated repression of RelB or NF-κB2 resulted in significant inhibition of CRH at both transcriptional and translational levels and prevented the dexamethasone-mediated up-regulation of CRH transcription and translation. These results suggest that the noncanonical NF-κB pathway regulates CRH production in the human placenta and is responsible for the positive regulation of CRH by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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Abstract
The complex mechanisms controlling human parturition involves mother, fetus, and placenta, and stress is a key element activating a series of physiological adaptive responses. Preterm birth is a clinical syndrome that shares several characteristics with term birth. A major role for the neuroendocrine mechanisms has been proposed, and placenta/membranes are sources for neurohormones and peptides. Oxytocin (OT) is the neurohormone whose major target is uterine contractility and placenta represents a novel source that contributes to the mechanisms of parturition. The CRH/urocortin (Ucn) family is another important neuroendocrine pathway involved in term and preterm birth. The CRH/Ucn family consists of four ligands: CRH, Ucn, Ucn2, and Ucn3. These peptides have a pleyotropic function and are expressed by human placenta and fetal membranes. Uterine contractility, blood vessel tone, and immune function are influenced by CRH/Ucns during pregnancy and undergo major changes at parturition. Among the others, neurohormones, relaxin, parathyroid hormone-related protein, opioids, neurosteroids, and monoamines are expressed and secreted from placental tissues at parturition. Preterm birth is the consequence of a premature and sustained activation of endocrine and immune responses. A preterm birth evidence for a premature activation of OT secretion as well as increased maternal plasma CRH levels suggests a pathogenic role of these neurohormones. A decrease of maternal serum CRH-binding protein is a concurrent event. At midgestation, placental hypersecretion of CRH or Ucn has been proposed as a predictive marker of subsequent preterm delivery. While placenta represents the major source for CRH, fetus abundantly secretes Ucn and adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone in women with preterm birth. The relevant role of neuroendocrine mechanisms in preterm birth is sustained by basic and clinic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Petraglia
- University of Siena, Policlinico, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Unlugedik E, Alfaidy N, Holloway A, Lye S, Bocking A, Challis J, Gibb W. Expression and regulation of prostaglandin receptors in the human placenta and fetal membranes at term and preterm. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:796-807. [PMID: 20450832 DOI: 10.1071/rd09148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in parturition in many species, including humans. The present study examined the distribution of PG receptor subtypes (EP1-4 and FP) in intrauterine tissues at term and preterm birth. Placentas and fetal membranes were collected from patients at term in labour (n = 12) or not in labour (n = 12). Preterm tissue was collected from three different groups of patients: (1) idiopathic preterm labour (PTL) without chorioamnionitis or betamethasone (BM) treatment (n = 9), (2) idiopathic PTL that received BM with no chorioamnionitis (PTL-BM; n = 9) and (3) pregnancies that were complicated with chorioamnionitis and had no BM (PTL-CHA; n = 6). EP1-4 and FP receptors were localised and levels of expression were determined by western blot analysis. All EP receptors and FP were localised to the amnion, placenta and choriodecidua. Moreover, isolated amnion mesenchymal, amnion epithelial, chorion trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells in primary culture also expressed PG receptors. A significant increase was observed in EP1, EP3 and FP expression in placenta, chorion and amnion with labour. Maternal betamethasone treatment increased EP1, EP3 and FP receptor protein expression and chorioamnionitis decreased expression in all the receptor subtypes. These changes in PG receptors in the fetal membranes are consistent with the development of a feed-forwards cascade mediated through PG action that may contribute to the birth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Unlugedik
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5SA8, Canada
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Imperatore A, Wei Li, Petraglia F, Challis JRG. Urocortin 2 Stimulates Estradiol Secretion From Cultured Human Placental Cells: An Effect Mediated by the Type 2 Corticotrophin-releasing Hormone (CRH) Receptor. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:551-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719109332830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Imperatore
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Italy, , Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - John R. G. Challis
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Menon R, Arora CP, Hobel CJ, Fortunato SJ. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated term fetal membranes and amniotic fluid from term and preterm birth in African Americans and Caucasians. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:477-83. [PMID: 18579856 DOI: 10.1177/1933719108315300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to document differences in corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1), and CRH binding protein (CRHBP) gene expression in fetal membranes derived from African Americans and Caucasians in vitro in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and to assess racial disparity in CRH concentrations in the amniotic fluid (AF) of women with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB). Fetal membranes (African American, n = 8; Caucasian, n = 8) at term, placed in an organ explant system, were stimulated with LPS. Microarray analysis documented differences in the mRNA expression pattern of CRH, CRHBP, and CRHR1 between races. CRH was measured in AF (a case [PTB]-control [term] study) and culture media. Between races, LPS significantly increased CRH and CRHR1 expression in African Americans and CRHBP in Caucasians, with no differences in controls. CRH was detectable only in LPS-stimulated African American membranes. AF CRH concentrations were higher in PTB compared with controls (P < .001), and no difference was noticed between races (P = .1). AF analysis did not document racial disparity in CRH concentrations in PTB. In fetal membranes, African Americans showed a higher expression and production of CRH in response to an in vitro stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Menon
- Perinatal Research Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA.
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Tsatsanis C, Androulidaki A, Dermitzaki E, Gravanis A, Margioris AN. Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) and CRF2 agonists exert an anti-inflammatory effect during the early phase of inflammation suppressing LPS-induced TNF-alpha release from macrophages via induction of COX-2 and PGE2. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:774-83. [PMID: 17117478 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the principal regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, also modulates the inflammatory response directly, via its effect on mast cells and macrophages. On macrophages, it augments production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. CRF and its related peptides may also act as anti-inflammatory agents. Aim of the present work was to examine the role of macrophages on the anti-inflammatory effects of CRF-peptides and the mechanism involved. Thus, we examined if CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) and CRF2 agonists exert any anti-inflammatory effect on primary mouse macrophages. We have found that: (a) CRF, Urocortin (UCN)1 and UCN2 transiently suppressed the release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in LPS-activated macrophages, an effect peaking at 4 h. This effect did not involve changes on TNF-alpha transcription. (b) CRF peptide-induced suppression of TNF-alpha release depended on induction of COX-2 and PGE2 synthesis. (c) Use of specific CRF1 and CRF2 antagonists suggested that this effect involved both CRF receptor types. (d) The effect of CRF-peptides on COX-2 was mediated via PI3K and p38MAPK. (e) Longer exposure of macrophages to CRF-peptides resulted in induction of TNF-alpha production via enhancement of its transcription. In conclusion, this is the first report suggesting that CRF1 and CRF2 agonists exert a biphasic effect on macrophages. During the early stages of the inflammatory response, they suppress TNF-alpha release via induction of COX-2/PGE2 while later on they induce TNF-alpha transcription. Hence, the reported anti-inflammatory effect of CRF-peptides appears to involve macrophages and is confined at the early stage of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tsatsanis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry-Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Abstract
This article discusses the initiation of parturition at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Karteris E, Grammatopoulos DK, Randeva HS, Hillhouse EW. The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors in placenta and fetal membranes during human pregnancy. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 72:287-96. [PMID: 11286502 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41 amino acid polypeptide that exerts a wide spectrum of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic functions. Moreover, the placenta and other intrauterine tissues produce and secrete immunoreactive CRH. It has been demonstrated that placental CRH is secreted into the maternal circulation in large amounts during the third trimester of human pregnancy and may play an important role in the onset of labor. CRH exerts a number of functions within the intratuterine environment like induction of prostaglandin production and maintenance of the placental blood flow. Here we present an overview of current knowledge about the CRH receptor subtypes and their signaling properties within the feto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Karteris
- The Sir Quinton Hazel Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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