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Bu J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Zhuang J, Zhao J, Sun L, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:154-165. [PMID: 38490475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the Meibomian glands (MGs) that is recognized as the leading cause of evaporative dry eye worldwide. Despite its prevalence, however, the pathophysiology of MGD remains elusive, and effective disease management continues to be a challenge. In the past 50 years, different models have been developed to illustrate the pathophysiological nature of MGD and the underlying disease mechanisms. An understanding of these models is crucial if researchers are to select an appropriate model to address specific questions related to MGD and to develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the various models of MGD, discuss their applications and limitations, and provide perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingbin Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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2
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Fleischhauer L, López-Delgado AC, Geurtzen K, Knopf F. Glucocorticoid effects in the regenerating fin reflect tissue homeostasis disturbances in zebrafish by affecting Wnt signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1122351. [PMID: 37334313 PMCID: PMC10273277 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As a treatment for various immune-mediated diseases, the use of glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents is common practice. However, their use is severely hampered by the risk of the development of adverse effects such as secondary osteoporosis, skin atrophy, and peptic ulcer formation. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying those adverse effects, which involve most major organ systems, are not yet fully understood. Therefore, their investigation is of great importance to improve treatment regimens for patients. Here, we investigated the effects of the glucocorticoid prednisolone on cell proliferation and Wnt signaling in homeostatic skin and intestinal tissue and compared them to the anti-regenerative effects in zebrafish fin regeneration. We also investigated a potential recovery from the glucocorticoid treatment and the impact of short-term treatment with prednisolone. We identified a dampening effect of prednisolone on Wnt signaling and proliferation in highly proliferative tissues, namely the skin and intestine, as well as reduced fin regenerate length and Wnt reporter activity in the fin. The presence of the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf1 was enhanced in prednisolone treated skin tissue. A decreased number of mucous producing goblet cells was observed in the intestine of prednisolone treated zebrafish. Unexpectedly, proliferation in bone forming osteoblasts of the skull, homeostatic scales, as well as the brain was not decreased, opposite to the observed effects in the skin, fin, and intestine. Short-term treatment with prednisolone for a few days did not significantly alter fin regenerate length, skin cell proliferation, intestinal leukocyte number and proliferation of intestinal crypt cells. However, it affected the number of mucous-producing goblet cells in the gut. Likewise, discontinuation of prednisolone treatment for a few days saved the skin and intestine from a significant reduction of skin and intestinal cell proliferation, intestinal leukocyte number and regenerate length, but did not rescue goblet cell number. The suppressive effects of glucocorticoids in highly proliferative tissues may be relevant in the context of their therapeutic applications in patients with inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fleischhauer
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandra Cristina López-Delgado
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karina Geurtzen
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franziska Knopf
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Gellisch M, Bablok M, Divvela SSK, Morosan-Puopolo G, Brand-Saberi B. Systemic Prenatal Stress Exposure through Corticosterone Application Adversely Affects Avian Embryonic Skin Development. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050656. [PMID: 37237470 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal stress exposure is considered a risk factor for developmental deficits and postnatal behavioral disorders. While the effect of glucocorticoid-associated prenatal stress exposure has been comprehensively studied in many organ systems, there is a lack of in-depth embryological investigations regarding the effects of stress on the integumentary system. To approach this, we employed the avian embryo as a model organism and investigated the effects of systemic pathologically-elevated glucocorticoid exposure on the development of the integumentary system. After standardized corticosterone injections on embryonic day 6, we compared the stress-exposed embryos with a control cohort, using histological and immunohistochemical analyses as well as in situ hybridization. The overarching developmental deficits observed in the stress-exposed embryos were reflected through downregulation of both vimentin as well as fibronectin. In addition, a deficient composition in the different skin layers became apparent, which could be linked to a reduced expression of Dermo-1 along with significantly reduced proliferation rates. An impairment of skin appendage formation could be demonstrated by diminished expression of Sonic hedgehog. These results contribute to a more profound understanding of prenatal stress causing severe deficits in the integumentary system of developing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Gellisch
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Bablok
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Satya Srirama Karthik Divvela
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriela Morosan-Puopolo
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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4
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Shi X, Chen Y, Yang K, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Liu Q, Wang J, Ni C, Zhang Y, Li H, Lin J, Wang J, Wu W. Disrupted citric acid metabolism inhibits hair growth. J Dermatol 2022; 49:1037-1048. [PMID: 35841232 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) play an essential role in sustaining a persistent hair growth cycle. The activities of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and other cells inside the HFs dominate the process of hair growth. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To investigate the role of citric acid (CA) metabolism in hair growth, we evaluated the effect of citrate synthase (CS)-CA axis on hair growth in vivo and in vitro. Mice hair growth was evaluated by morphology and histopathology analysis. The inflammation and apoptosis levels in mice, HFs, and DPCs were detected by immunohistofluorescence, qPCR, ELISA, western blot, and TUNEL assay. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis in DPCs were analyzed by real-time cell analysis and flow cytometer. We found that subcutaneous injection of CA in mice caused significant hair growth suppression, skin lesion, inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, and promotion of catagen entry, compared with the saline control, by activating p-p65 and apoptosis signaling in an NLRP3-dependent manner. In cultured human HFs, CA attenuated the hair shaft production and accelerated HF catagen entry by regulating the above-mentioned pathways. Additionally, CA hampered the proliferation rate of DPCs via inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Considering that citrate synthase (CS) is responsible for CA production and is a rate-limiting enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, we also investigated the role of CS in CA metabolism and hair growth. As expected, knockdown of CS reduced CA production and reversed CA-induced hair growth inhibition, anagen shrink, inflammation, and apoptosis both in HFs and DPCs. Our experiments demonstrated that CS-CA axis serves as an important mediator and might be a potential therapeutic target in hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji'an Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunya Ni
- Department of Dermatology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinran Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
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5
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Eirefelt S, Stahlhut M, Svitacheva N, Carnerup MA, Da Rosa JMC, Ewald DA, Marstrand TT, Krogh-Madsen M, Dünstl G, Dack KN, Ollerstam A, Norsgaard H. Characterization of a novel non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist optimized for topical treatment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1501. [PMID: 35087193 PMCID: PMC8795149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used topical treatments for skin diseases but are associated with both local and systemic side effects. In this study, we describe a selective non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist for topical use, LEO 134310, which is rapidly deactivated in the blood resulting in low systemic exposure and a higher therapeutic index in the TPA-induced skin inflammation mouse model compared with betamethasone valerate (BMV) and clobetasol propionate (CP). Selectivity of LEO 134310 for GR was confirmed within a panel of nuclear receptors, including the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which has been associated with induction of skin atrophy. Topical treatment with LEO 134310 in minipigs did not result in any significant reduction in epidermal thickness in contrast to significant epidermal thinning induced by treatment with BMV and CP. Thus, the profile of LEO 134310 may potentially provide an effective and safer treatment option for skin diseases compared with currently used glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georg Dünstl
- LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, Denmark
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6
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Pérez P. The mineralocorticoid receptor in skin disease. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3178-3189. [PMID: 34788475 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR or NR3C2) is expressed in all cell types of the different skin compartments and can be bound and activated by glucocorticoids (GCs) with higher affinity than its closely related glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR or NR3C1). As both corticosteroid receptors co-express in skin, and considering the therapeutic relevance of GCs to combat skin inflammatory diseases, it was proposed that several of the major side-effects of topical GCs such as skin atrophy and delayed wound healing were due to unintended activation of the MR. Indeed, cutaneous MR blockade using genetic and pharmacological approaches in mice and human reduced the GC-associated skin atrophy in conditions of endogenous and pharmacological GC excess. While data support the safety of topical MR antagonists combined with GCs, it is crucial to address the efficacy of treatment in skin inflammatory conditions and its impact on the overall metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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7
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β-Ionone Attenuates Dexamethasone-Induced Suppression of Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050619. [PMID: 33919331 PMCID: PMC8143342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a major contributing factor of skin aging, which is clinically characterized by wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and dryness. In particular, glucocorticoids are generally considered key hormones for promoting stress-induced skin aging through binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In this work, we aimed to investigate whether β-ionone (a compound occurring in various foods such as carrots and almonds) attenuates dexamethasone-induced suppression of collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts, and to explore the mechanisms involved. We found that β-ionone promoted collagen production dose-dependently and increased mRNA expression levels, including collagen type I α 1 chain (COL1A1) and COL1A2 in dexamethasone-treated human dermal fibroblasts. It also raised hyaluronic acid synthase mRNA expression and hyaluronic acid levels. Notably, β-ionone inhibited cortisol binding to GR, subsequent dexamethasone-induced GR signaling, and the expression of several GR target genes. Our results reveal the strong potential of β-ionone for preventing stress-induced skin aging and suggest that its effects are related to the inhibition of GR signaling in human dermal fibroblasts.
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8
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Choi S, Zhang B, Ma S, Gonzalez-Celeiro M, Stein D, Jin X, Kim ST, Kang YL, Besnard A, Rezza A, Grisanti L, Buenrostro J, Rendl M, Nahrendorf M, Sahay A, Hsu YC. Corticosterone inhibits GAS6 to govern hair follicle stem-cell quiescence. Nature 2021; 592:428-432. [PMID: 33790465 PMCID: PMC8923613 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic, sustained exposure to stressors can profoundly affect tissue homeostasis, although the mechanisms by which these changes occur are largely unknown. Here we report that the stress hormone corticosterone-which is derived from the adrenal gland and is the rodent equivalent of cortisol in humans-regulates hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) quiescence and hair growth in mice. In the absence of systemic corticosterone, HFSCs enter substantially more rounds of the regeneration cycle throughout life. Conversely, under chronic stress, increased levels of corticosterone prolong HFSC quiescence and maintain hair follicles in an extended resting phase. Mechanistically, corticosterone acts on the dermal papillae to suppress the expression of Gas6, a gene that encodes the secreted factor growth arrest specific 6. Restoring Gas6 expression overcomes the stress-induced inhibition of HFSC activation and hair growth. Our work identifies corticosterone as a systemic inhibitor of HFSC activity through its effect on the niche, and demonstrates that the removal of such inhibition drives HFSCs into frequent regeneration cycles, with no observable defects in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyu Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Present address: School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology and Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meryem Gonzalez-Celeiro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Stein
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Seung Tea Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuan-Lin Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Antoine Besnard
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Present address: CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
| | - Amelie Rezza
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Present address: 4 genOway, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Laura Grisanti
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Buenrostro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amar Sahay
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ya-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Correspondence to: Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Y-C.H. Ya-Chieh Hsu, PhD (Lead Contact),
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9
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Gutierrez-Ortiz C, Garcia-Villasante E, Pinedo-Torres I. COVID-19 and Diabetic Foot: Will the Lamp Burn Bright? INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2020; 19:391. [DOI: 10.1177/1534734620948764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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New insights into the cell- and tissue-specificity of glucocorticoid actions. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:269-278. [PMID: 32868909 PMCID: PMC7456664 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are endogenous hormones that are crucial for the homeostasis of the organism and adaptation to the external environment. Because of their anti-inflammatory effects, synthetic GCs are also extensively used in clinical practice. However, almost all cells in the body are sensitive to GC regulation. As a result, these mediators have pleiotropic effects, which may be undesirable or detrimental to human health. Here, we summarize the recent findings that contribute to deciphering the molecular mechanisms downstream of glucocorticoid receptor activation. We also discuss the complex role of GCs in infectious diseases such as sepsis and COVID-19, in which the balance between pathogen elimination and protection against excessive inflammation and immunopathology needs to be tightly regulated. An understanding of the cell type- and context-specific actions of GCs from the molecular to the organismal level would help to optimize their therapeutic use.
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11
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Sevilla LM, Pérez P. Roles of the Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Skin Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071906. [PMID: 29966221 PMCID: PMC6073661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily comprises approximately 50 evolutionarily conserved proteins that play major roles in gene regulation by prototypically acting as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Besides their central role in physiology, NRs have been largely used as therapeutic drug targets in many chronic inflammatory conditions and derivatives of their specific ligands, alone or in combination, are frequently prescribed for the treatment of skin diseases. In particular, glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly used compounds for treating prevalent skin diseases such as psoriasis due to their anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. However, and despite their therapeutic efficacy, the long-term use of GCs is limited because of the cutaneous adverse effects including atrophy, delayed wound healing, and increased susceptibility to stress and infections. The GC receptor (GR/NR3C1) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR/NR3C2) are members of the NR subclass NR3C that are highly related, both structurally and functionally. While the GR is ubiquitously expressed and is almost exclusively activated by GCs; an MR has a more restricted tissue expression pattern and can bind GCs and the mineralocorticoid aldosterone with similar high affinity. As these receptors share 95% identity in their DNA binding domains; both can recognize the same hormone response elements; theoretically resulting in transcriptional regulation of the same target genes. However, a major mechanism for specific activation of GRs and/or MRs is at the pre-receptor level by modulating the local availability of active GCs. Furthermore, the selective interactions of each receptor with spatio-temporally regulated transcription factors and co-regulators are crucial for the final transcriptional outcome. While there are abundant genome wide studies identifying GR transcriptional targets in a variety of tissue and cell types; including keratinocytes; the data for MR is more limited thus far. Our group and others have studied the role of GRs and MRs in skin development and disease by generating and characterizing mouse and cellular models with gain- and loss-of-function for each receptor. Both NRs are required for skin barrier competence during mouse development and also play a role in adult skin homeostasis. Moreover, the combined loss of epidermal GRs and MRs caused a more severe skin phenotype relative to single knock-outs (KOs) in developing skin and in acute inflammation and psoriasis, indicating that these corticosteroid receptors play cooperative roles. Understanding GR- and MR-mediated signaling in skin should contribute to deciphering their tissue-specific relative roles and ultimately help to improve GC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Whirledge S, DeFranco DB. Glucocorticoid Signaling in Health and Disease: Insights From Tissue-Specific GR Knockout Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:46-64. [PMID: 29029225 PMCID: PMC5761604 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are adrenally produced hormones critically involved in development, general physiology, and control of inflammation. Since their discovery, glucocorticoids have been widely used to treat a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, high doses or prolonged use leads to a number of side effects throughout the body, which preclude their clinical utility. The primary actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor that regulates many complex signaling pathways. Although GR is nearly ubiquitous throughout the body, glucocorticoids exhibit cell- and tissue-specific effects. For example, glucocorticoids stimulate glucose production in the liver, reduce glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle, and decrease insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells. Mouse models represent an important approach to understanding the dynamic functions of GR signaling in normal physiology, disease, and resistance. In the absence of a viable GR null model, gene-targeting techniques utilizing promoter-driven recombination have provided an opportunity to characterize the tissue-specific actions of GR. The aim of the present review is to describe the organ systems in which GR has been conditionally deleted and summarize the functions ascribed to glucocorticoid action in those tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Donald B. DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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Lee SE, Lee EY, Kang SJ, Lee SH. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibition Attenuates the Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids on Dermal Papilla Cells. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:1204-1210. [PMID: 29047245 PMCID: PMC5653486 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucocorticoids, stress-related hormones, inhibit hair growth. Intracellular glucocorticoid availability is regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). 11β-HSD1 was recently detected in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. However, the expression of 11β-HSD1 in human hair follicles remains unknown. We aimed to examine 11β-HSD1 expression in human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and to investigate whether modulation of 11β-HSD1 activity can regulate the negative effects of glucocorticoids on DPCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11β-HSD1 expression in normal human scalp skin was examined by immunohistochemistry. 11β-HSD1 protein was detected in Western blots of human DPCs. Cultured human DPCs were treated with cortisol with or without a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor and subsequently stained for Ki-67 antibody. Expression levels of 11β-HSD1, Wnt5a, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS 11β-HSD1 was detected in dermal papilla in human scalp skin by immunohistochemistry. Human DPCs expressed 11β-HSD1 protein in vitro. Furthermore, cortisol stimulated the expression of 11β-HSD1 in DPCs. Glucocorticoids decreased cellular proliferation and the expression of Wnt5a, ALP, and VEGF in DPCs. A specific 11β-HSD1 inhibitor significantly attenuated the anti-proliferative effects of cortisol and reversed the cortisol-induced suppression of Wnt5a, ALP, and VEGF expression in DPCs. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated the expression of 11β-HSD1 in human DPCs and revealed that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity can partially prevent the negative effect of glucocorticoids on DPCs, suggesting the possible application of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for stress-related hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Danielsen PL, Ru W, Ågren MS, Duke JM, Wood F, Zeng XX, Mao Y, Cen Y. Radiotherapy and corticosteroids for preventing and treating keloid scars. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010883.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Danielsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Copenhagen Denmark 2400
- The University of Western Australia; Burn Injury Research Unit; 35 Stirling Highway Perth WA Australia 6009
| | - Wang Ru
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Clinical Medicine; No. 17, Section Three, Ren Min Nan Lu Avenue Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Magnus S Ågren
- University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Wound Healing Center and Digestive DIsease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark DK-2400
| | - Janine M Duke
- The University of Western Australia; Burn Injury Research Unit; 35 Stirling Highway Perth WA Australia 6009
| | - Fiona Wood
- Royal Perth Hospital; Plastic Surgery; Wellington Street Perth Western Australia Australia 6000
| | - Xiao Xi Zeng
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Clinical Medicine; No. 17, Section Three, Ren Min Nan Lu Avenue Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Yu Mao
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Clinical Medicine; No. 17, Section Three, Ren Min Nan Lu Avenue Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Ying Cen
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery; No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
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15
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Moore AL, Marshall CD, Longaker MT. Minimizing Skin Scarring through Biomaterial Design. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:jfb8010003. [PMID: 28117733 PMCID: PMC5371876 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing continues to be a major burden to patients, though research in the field has expanded significantly. Due to an aging population and increasing comorbid conditions, the cost of chronic wounds is expected to increase for patients and the U.S. healthcare system alike. With this knowledge, the number of engineered products to facilitate wound healing has also increased dramatically, with some already in clinical use. In this review, the major biomaterials used to facilitate skin wound healing will be examined, with particular attention allocated to the science behind their development. Experimental therapies will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra L Moore
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Clement D Marshall
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Epidermal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Plays Beneficial and Adverse Effects in Skin and Mediates Glucocorticoid Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2417-2426. [PMID: 27464843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate skin homeostasis and combat cutaneous inflammatory diseases; however, adverse effects of chronic GC treatments limit their therapeutic use. GCs bind and activate the GC receptor and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), transcription factors that recognize identical hormone responsive elements. Whether epidermal MR mediates beneficial or deleterious GC effects is of great interest for improving GC-based skin therapies. MR epidermal knockout mice exhibited increased keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and showed resistance to GC-induced epidermal thinning. However, crucially, loss of epidermal MR rendered mice more sensitive to inflammatory stimuli and skin damage. MR epidermal knockout mice showed increased susceptibility to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inflammation with higher cytokine induction. Likewise, cultured MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes had increased phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced NF-κB activation, highlighting an anti-inflammatory function for MR. GC-induced transcription was reduced in MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes, at least partially due to decreased recruitment of GC receptor to hormone responsive element-containing sequences. Our results support a role for epidermal MR in adult skin homeostasis and demonstrate nonredundant roles for MR and GC receptor in mediating GC actions.
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17
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Siddique MI, Katas H, Amin MCIM, Ng SF, Zulfakar MH, Jamil A. In-vivo dermal pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of skin targeting nanoparticles for corticosteroid treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int J Pharm 2016; 507:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Rose LF, Chan RK. The Burn Wound Microenvironment. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:106-118. [PMID: 26989577 PMCID: PMC4779284 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: While the survival rate of the severely burned patient has improved significantly, relatively little progress has been made in treatment or prevention of burn-induced long-term sequelae, such as contraction and fibrosis. Recent Advances: Our knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in burn wounds has increased dramatically, and technological advances now allow large-scale genomic studies, providing a global view of wound healing processes. Critical Issues: Translating findings from a large number of in vitro and preclinical animal studies into clinical practice represents a gap in our understanding, and the failures of a number of clinical trials suggest that targeting single pathways or cytokines may not be the best approach. Significant opportunities for improvement exist. Future Directions: Study of the underlying molecular influences of burn wound healing progression will undoubtedly continue as an active research focus. Increasing our knowledge of these processes will identify additional therapeutic targets, supporting informed clinical studies that translate into clinical relevance and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd F. Rose
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Brook Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Rodney K. Chan
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Brook Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
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19
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Klopot A, Baida G, Bhalla P, Haegeman G, Budunova I. Selective Activator of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Compound A Dissociates Therapeutic and Atrophogenic Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Skin. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20:250-9. [PMID: 26734587 PMCID: PMC4699752 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2015.20.4.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoids are effective anti-inflammatory drugs widely used in dermatology and for the treatment of blood cancer patients. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids results in serious metabolic and atrophogenic adverse effects including skin atrophy. Glucocorticoids act via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor that causes either gene transactivation (TA) or transrepression (TR). Compound A (CpdA), a novel non-steroidal GR ligand, does not promote GR dimerization and TA, retains anti-inflammatory potential but induces fewer metabolic side effects compared to classical glucocorticoids when used systemically. As topical effects of CpdA have not been well studied, this work goal was to compare the anti-inflammatory and side effects of topical CpdA and glucocorticoids and to assess their effect on GR TA and TR in keratinocytes. Methods: We used murine immortalized keratinocytes and F1 C57BlxDBA mice. Effect of glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA) and CpdA on gene expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR. The anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in the model of tumor promoter 12-O-tertradecanoyl-acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis and in croton oil-induced ear edema test. Skin atrophy was assessed by analysis of epidermal thickness, keratinocyte proliferation, subcutaneous adipose hypoplasia, and dermal changes after chronic treatment with FA and CpdA. Results: In mouse keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo, CpdA did not activate GR-dependent genes but mimicked closely the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid FA on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. When applied topically, CpdA inhibited TPA-induced skin inflammation and hyperplasia. Unlike glucocorticoids, CpdA itself did not induce skin atrophy which correlated with lack of induction of atrophogene regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) causatively involved in skin and muscle steroid-induced atrophy. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that CpdA and its derivatives represent novel promising class of anti-inflammatory compounds with reduced topical side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klopot
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Bacteriophage Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guy Haegeman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Chulalonkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Farman N, Nguyen VT. A novel actor in skin biology: the mineralocorticoid receptor. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:24-5. [PMID: 26519358 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Farman
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Van Tuan Nguyen
- INSERM UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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21
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Animal Models of Altered Glucocorticoid Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Pérez P. Glucocorticoid receptors, epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/derm.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:369-374. [PMID: 24888781 PMCID: PMC4046116 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human skin has the ability to synthesize glucocorticoids de novo from cholesterol or from steroid intermediates of systemic origin. By interacting with glucocorticoid receptors, they regulate skin immune functions as well as functions and phenotype of the epidermal, dermal and adnexal compartments. Most of the biochemical (enzyme and transporter activities) and regulatory (neuropeptides mediated activation of cAMP and protein kinase A dependent pathways) principles of steroidogenesis in the skin are similar to those operating in classical steroidogenic organs. However, there are also significant differences determined by the close proximity of synthesis and action (even within the same cells) allowing para-, auto- or intracrine modes of regulation. We also propose that ultraviolet light B (UVB) can regulate the availability of 7-dehydrocholesterol for transformation to cholesterol with its further metabolism to steroids, oxysterols or ∆7 steroids, because of its transformation to vitamin D3. In addition, UVB can rearrange locally produced ∆7 steroids to the corresponding secosteroids with a short- or no-side chain. Thus, different mechanisms of regulation occur in the skin that can be either stochastic or structuralized. We propose that local glucocorticosteroidogenic systems and their regulators, in concert with cognate receptors operate to stabilize skin homeostasis and prevent or attenuate skin pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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24
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Tiganescu A, Hupe M, Uchida Y, Mauro T, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Increased glucocorticoid activation during mouse skin wound healing. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:51-61. [PMID: 24464022 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) excess inhibits wound healing causing increased patient discomfort and infection risk. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activates GCs (converting 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone in rodents) in many tissues including skin, where de novo steroidogenesis from cholesterol has also been reported. To examine the regulation of 11β-HSD1 and steroidogenic enzyme expression during wound healing, 5 mm wounds were generated in female SKH1 mice and compared at days 0, 2, 4, 8, 14, and 21 relative to unwounded skin. 11β-HSD1 expression (mRNA and protein) and enzyme activity were elevated at 2 and 4 days post-wounding, with 11β-HSD1 localizing to infiltrating inflammatory cells. 11β-HSD2 (GC-deactivating) mRNA expression and activity were undetectable. Although several steroidogenic enzymes displayed variable expression during healing, expression of the final enzyme required for the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), was lacking in unwounded skin and post-wounding. Consequently, 11-deoxycorticosterone was the principal progesterone metabolite in mouse skin before and after wounding. Our findings demonstrate that 11β-HSD1 activates considerably more corticosterone than is generated de novo from progesterone in mouse skin and drives GC exposure during healing, demonstrating the basis for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to accelerate wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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25
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Yoon HK, Li ZJ, Choi DK, Sohn KC, Lim EH, Lee YH, Kim S, Im M, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Lee JH, Kim CD. Glucocorticoid receptor enhances involucrin expression of keratinocyte in a ligand-independent manner. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 390:289-95. [PMID: 24515279 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in epidermal keratinocytes. In adult normal human skin, GR was highly expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis. Consistent with normal skin, GR expression was increased after calcium treatment of HaCaT keratinocytes cultured in vitro, suggesting that GR is involved in keratinocyte differentiation process. Overexpression of GR using an adenovirus showed that expression of involucrin, an early differentiation marker of keratinocytes, was markedly increased due to GR overexpression. However, treatment with dexamethasone, a GR agonist, did not increase involucrin expression. Overexpression of GR led to phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in the absence of glucocorticoid, suggesting that the GR effect on involucrin expression is related to activation of intracellular signaling cascades. This idea was supported by the fact that GR-mediated involucrin induction was abolished after treatment with JNK and ERK inhibitors. In addition, GR mutants lacking the ligand-binding domain increased involucrin expression concomitantly with increase of ERK phosphorylation. Together, these results suggest that GR modulates involucrin expression of keratinocytes by regulating the intracellular signaling network in a ligand-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 301-747, Korea
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26
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RNAi-mediated knockdown of IKK1 in transgenic mice using a transgenic construct containing the human H1 promoter. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:193803. [PMID: 24523631 PMCID: PMC3913291 DOI: 10.1155/2014/193803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of gene expression through siRNAs is a tool increasingly used for the study of gene function in model systems, including transgenic mice. To achieve perdurable effects, the stable expression of siRNAs by an integrated transgenic construct is necessary. For transgenic siRNA expression, promoters transcribed by either RNApol II or III (such as U6 or H1 promoters) can be used. Relatively large amounts of small RNAs synthesis are achieved when using RNApol III promoters, which can be advantageous in knockdown experiments. To study the feasibility of H1 promoter-driven RNAi-expressing constructs for protein knockdown in transgenic mice, we chose IKK1 as the target gene. Our results indicate that constructs containing the H1 promoter are sensitive to the presence of prokaryotic sequences and to transgene position effects, similar to RNApol II promoters-driven constructs. We observed variable expression levels of transgenic siRNA among different tissues and animals and a reduction of up to 80% in IKK1 expression. Furthermore, IKK1 knockdown led to hair follicle alterations. In summary, we show that constructs directed by the H1 promoter can be used for knockdown of genes of interest in different organs and for the generation of animal models complementary to knockout and overexpression models.
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Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear hormone family of transcription factors, plays key physiological roles in many organs, including the skin. In this issue, Latorre et al. demonstrate that mice lacking GR in the epidermis exhibit increased vulnerability to chemical carcinogenesis. Evidence supporting an involvement of GR signaling in physiological and pathophysiological processes in skin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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28
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Odermatt A, Kratschmar DV. Tissue-specific modulation of mineralocorticoid receptor function by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:168-86. [PMID: 21820034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade significant progress has been made in the understanding of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) function and its implications for physiology and disease. The knowledge on the essential role of MR in the regulation of electrolyte concentrations and blood pressure has been significantly extended, and the relevance of excessive MR activation in promoting inflammation, fibrosis and heart disease as well as its role in modulating neuronal cell viability and brain function is now widely recognized. Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms of MR function in various cell-types are still poorly understood. Key modulators of MR function include the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which may affect MR function by formation of heterodimers and by differential genomic and non-genomic responses on gene expression, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs), which determine the availability of intracellular concentrations of active glucocorticoids. In this review we attempted to provide an overview of the knowledge on MR expression with regard to the presence or absence of GR, 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1/hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) in various tissues and cell types. The consequences of cell-specific differences in the coexpression of MR with these proteins need to be further investigated in order to understand the role of this receptor in a given tissue as well as its systemic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, Switzerland.
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29
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Sanchis A, Alba L, Latorre V, Sevilla LM, Pérez P. Keratinocyte-targeted overexpression of the glucocorticoid receptor delays cutaneous wound healing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29701. [PMID: 22235328 PMCID: PMC3250471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed wound healing is one of the most common secondary adverse effects associated to the therapeutic use of glucocorticoid (GC) analogs, which act through the ligand-dependent transcription factor GC-receptor (GR). GR function is exerted through DNA-binding-dependent and –independent mechanisms, classically referred to as transactivation (TA) and transrepression (TR). Currently both TA and TR are thought to contribute to the therapeutical effects mediated by GR; however their relative contribution to unwanted side effects such as delayed wound healing is unknown. We evaluated skin wound healing in transgenic mice with keratinocyte-restricted expression of either wild type GR or a mutant GR that is TA-defective but efficient in TR (K5-GR and K5-GR-TR mice, respectively). Our data show that at days (d) 4 and 8 following wounding, healing in K5-GR mice was delayed relative to WT, with reduced recruitment of granulocytes and macrophages and diminished TNF-α and IL-1β expression. TGF-β1 and Kgf expression was repressed in K5-GR skin whereas TGF-β3 was up-regulated. The re-epithelialization rate was reduced in K5-GR relative to WT, as was formation of granulation tissue. In contrast, K5-GR-TR mice showed delays in healing at d4 but re-established the skin breach at d8 concomitant with decreased repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors relative to K5-GR mice. Keratinocytes from both transgenic mice closed in vitro wounds slower relative to WT, consistent with the in vivo defects in cell migration. Overall, the delay in the early stages of wound healing in both transgenic models is similar to that elicited by systemic treatment with dexamethasone. Wound responses in the transgenic keratinocytes correlated with reduced ERK activity both in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that the TR function of GR is sufficient for negatively regulating early stages of wound closure, while TA by GR is required for delaying later stages of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanchis
- Department of Pathology and Cell and Molecular Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorena Alba
- Department of Pathology and Cell and Molecular Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Latorre
- Department of Pathology and Cell and Molecular Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lisa M. Sevilla
- Department of Pathology and Cell and Molecular Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Department of Pathology and Cell and Molecular Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Uva L, Miguel D, Pinheiro C, Antunes J, Cruz D, Ferreira J, Filipe P. Mechanisms of action of topical corticosteroids in psoriasis. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:561018. [PMID: 23213332 PMCID: PMC3508578 DOI: 10.1155/2012/561018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a lifelong, chronic, and immune-mediated systemic disease, which affects approximately 1-3% of the Caucasian population. The different presentations of psoriasis require different approaches to treatment and appropriate prescriptions according to disease severity. The use of topical therapy remains a key component of the management of almost all psoriasis patients, and while mild disease is commonly treated only with topical agents, the use of topical therapy as adjuvant therapy in moderate-to-severe disease may also be helpful. This paper focuses on the cutaneous mechanisms of action of corticosteroids and on the currently available topical treatments, taking into account adverse effects, bioavailability, new combination treatments, and strategies to improve the safety of corticosteroids. It is established that the treatment choice should be tailored to match the individual patient's needs and his/her expectations, prescribing to each patient the most suitable vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Uva
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
- *Luís Uva:
| | - Diana Miguel
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinheiro
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Antunes
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Cruz
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Filipe
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
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Cutaneous scarring: Pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and scar reduction therapeutics. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:13-24; quiz 25-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Henneicke H, Herrmann M, Kalak R, Brennan-Speranza TC, Heinevetter U, Bertollo N, Day RE, Huscher D, Buttgereit F, Dunstan CR, Seibel MJ, Zhou H. Corticosterone selectively targets endo-cortical surfaces by an osteoblast-dependent mechanism. Bone 2011; 49:733-42. [PMID: 21722764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis remains ill defined. In this study, we examined the role of the osteoblast in mediating the effects of exogenous glucocorticoids on cortical and trabecular bone, employing the Col2.3-11βHSD2 transgenic mouse model of osteoblast-targeted disruption of glucocorticoid signalling. METHODS Eight week-old male transgenic (tg) and wild-type (WT) mice (n=20-23/group) were treated with either 1.5 mg corticosterone (CS) or placebo for 4 weeks. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) and osteocalcin (OCN) were measured throughout the study. Tibiae and lumbar vertebrae were analysed by micro-CT and histomorphometry at endpoint. RESULTS CS suppressed serum OCN levels in WT and tg mice, although they remained higher in tg animals at all time points (p<0.05). Serum TRAP5b levels increased in WT mice only. The effect of CS on cortical bone differed by site: At the endosteal surface, exposure to CS significantly increased bone resorption and reduced bone formation, resulting in a larger bone marrow cavity cross-sectional area (p<0.01). In contrast, at the pericortical surface bone resorption was significantly decreased accompanied with a significant increase in pericortical cross-sectional area (p<0.05) while bone formation remained unaffected. Vertebral cortical thickness and area were reduced in CS treatment mice. Tg mice were partially protected from the effects of exogenous CS, both on a cellular and structural level. At the CS doses used in this study, trabecular bone remained largely unaffected. CONCLUSION Endocortical osteoblasts appear to be particularly sensitive to the detrimental actions of exogenous glucocorticoids. The increase in tibial pericortical cross-sectional area and the according changes in pericortical circumference suggest an anabolic bone response to GC treatment at this site. The protection of tg mice from these effects indicates that both catabolic and anabolic action of glucocorticoids are, at least in part, mediated by osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Henneicke
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Page A, Cascallana JL, Casanova ML, Navarro M, Alameda JP, Pérez P, Bravo A, Ramírez A. IKKβ Overexpression Leads to Pathologic Lesions in Stratified Epithelia and Exocrine Glands and to Tumoral Transformation of Oral Epithelia. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1329-38. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pérez P. Glucocorticoid receptors, epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:166-74. [PMID: 22110775 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.3.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) exert their biological and therapeutical actions through the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Synthetic GC derivatives are widely prescribed for treating numerous cutaneous inflammatory and immune diseases due to their great efficacy. However, chronic treatment with GCs produces adverse side-effects including skin atrophy, delayed wound healing, and in certain cases, GC resistance. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of the GR in skin have been extensively studied; in contrast, the role of GR as a modulator of epidermal development and homeostasis has received less attention. The ubiquitous functional inactivation of GR results in defective epidermal formation although the underlying mechanisms have not been fully characterized. The use of transcriptomic approaches both in vitro and in vivo allowed the identification of genes that are regulated by GR in developing and adult skin. A main goal to understand the role of GR in skin biology is to identify primary transcriptional targets as well as the signaling pathways mediating GR action. Furthermore, it will be important to decipher the contribution of GR in the different cellular compartments of the skin, including keratinocytes of the interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles, and their respective stem cell progenitors. Additionally, recent findings indicating that the skin acts as a true peripheral endocrine organ implies greater complexity than originally thought. The local production of GCs and other steroid hormones should be considered as a modulator of skin function under homeostatic and diseased conditions. Finally, studying GR function in skin should take into account that the mineralocorticoid receptor may also mediate GC actions and/or regulate transcription either by itself or in combination with GR. Addressing these issues should help to elucidate the mechanisms by which Gr contributes to establishment of a competent epidermal barrier and may also have implications in the context of dermatological treatments based on GC-analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC); Valencia, Spain
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35
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Flammer JR, Rogatsky I. Minireview: Glucocorticoids in autoimmunity: unexpected targets and mechanisms. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1075-86. [PMID: 21511881 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (GC) have been among the most commonly prescribed classes of immunomodulatory drugs. Their unsurpassed immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory activity along with cost-effectiveness makes these compounds a treatment of choice for the majority of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, despite serious side effects that frequently accompany GC therapy. The activated GC receptor (GR) that conveys the signaling information of these steroid ligands to the transcriptional machinery engages a number of pathways to ultimately suppress autoimmune responses. Of those, GR-mediated apoptosis of numerous cell types of hematopoietic origin and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression have been described as the primary mechanisms responsible for the antiinflammatory actions of GC. However, along with the ever-increasing appreciation of the complex functions of the immune system in health and disease, we are beginning to recognize new facets of GR actions in immune cells. Here, we give a brief overview of the extensive literature on the antiinflammatory activities of GC and discuss in greater detail the unexpected pathways, factors, and mechanisms that have recently begun to emerge as novel targets for GC-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Flammer
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Division, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Sevilla LM, Bayo P, Latorre V, Sanchis A, Pérez P. Glucocorticoid receptor regulates overlapping and differential gene subsets in developing and adult skin. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2166-78. [PMID: 20880987 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is required for skin homeostasis and epidermal barrier competence. To understand the transcriptional program by which GR regulates skin development, we performed a microarray analysis using the skin of GR(-/-) and GR(+/+) mice of embryonic d 18.5 and identified 442 differentially expressed genes. Functional clustering demonstrated overrepresentation of genes involved in ectoderm/epidermis development. We found strong repression of genes encoding proteins associated with the later stages of epidermal differentiation, such as several small proline-rich proteins (Sprrs) and corneodesmosin (Cdsn). This, together with the up-regulation of genes induced earlier during epidermal development, including the epithelial-specific gene transcripts E74-like factor 5 (Elf5) and keratin 77 (Krt77), fits with the phenotype of defective epidermal differentiation observed in the GR(-/-) mice. We also found down-regulation of the antimicrobial peptide defensin β 1 (Defb1) and FK506-binding protein 51 (Fkbp51). Skin developmental expression profiling of these genes and studies in cultured keratinocytes from GR(-/-) and wild type embryos demonstrated that gene regulation occurred in a cell-autonomous manner. To investigate the consequences of GR loss in adult epidermis, we generated mice with inducible inactivation of GR restricted to keratinocytes (K14-cre-ER(T2)//GR(loxP/loxP) mice). K14-cre-ER(T2)//GR(loxP/loxP) mice featured thickened skin with increased keratinocyte proliferation and impaired differentiation. Whereas Krt77 and Elf5 expression remained unaffected by loss of GR in adult epidermis, Fkbp51, Sprr2d, and Defb1 were strongly repressed. Importantly, we have identified both Fkbp51 and Defb1 as direct transcriptional targets of GR, and we have shown that GR-mediated regulation of these genes occurs in both developing and adult epidermis. We conclude that both overlapping and differential GR targets are regulated in developing vs. adult skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, E-46010-Valencia, Spain
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IKKbeta leads to an inflammatory skin disease resembling interface dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1598-610. [PMID: 20200541 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IKKbeta is a subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex required for NF-kappaB activation in response to pro-inflammatory signals. NF-kappaB regulates the expression of many genes involved in inflammation, immunity, and apoptosis, and also controls cell proliferation and differentiation in different tissues; however, its function in skin physiopathology remains controversial. In this study we report the alterations caused by increased IKKbeta activity in skin basal cells of transgenic mice. These animals suffered chronic inflammation with abundant macrophages and other CD45(+) infiltrating cells in the skin, which resulted in epidermal basal cell injury and degeneration of hair follicles. They showed histological features characteristic of interface dermatitis (ID). This phenotype is accompanied by an increased production of inflammatory cytokines by transgenic keratinocytes. Accordingly, transcriptome studies show upregulation of genes associated with inflammatory responses. The inflammatory phenotype observed as a consequence of IKKbeta overexpression is independent of T and B lymphocytes, as it also arises in mice lacking these cell types. In summary, our data indicate the importance of IKKbeta in the development of ID and in the homeostasis of stratified epithelia. Our results also support the idea that IKKbeta might be a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases.
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Alfirevic A, Alfirevic Z, Pirmohamed M. Pharmacogenetics in reproductive and perinatal medicine. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:65-79. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of pharmacogenetics has been well accepted by some medical specialties, but not all. The aim of this review is to discuss the current use of pharmacogenetics in reproductive and perinatal medicine and to highlight areas where pharmacogenetics may be able to help in the future to predict response to medicines in terms of efficacy and safety. This applies to drugs that are specific to pregnancy and reproduction, as well as drugs prescribed for the treatment of medical disorders in pregnancy. Our review points out the need for well-designed clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of medicines used in women of childbearing age in order to define the additional utility provided by pharmacogenetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alfirevic
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
| | | | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
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Wang X, Ramirez A, Budunova I. Overexpression of connexin26 in the basal keratinocytes reduces sensitivity to tumor promoter TPA. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:633-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Farman N, Maubec E, Poeggeler B, Klatte JE, Jaisser F, Paus R. The mineralocorticoid receptor as a novel player in skin biology: beyond the renal horizon? Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:100-7. [PMID: 19925636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone regulate renal sodium reabsorption and blood pressure and much knowledge has been accumulated in MR physiopathology, cellular and molecular targets. In contrast, our understanding of this hormonal system in non-classical targets (heart, blood vessels, neurons, keratinocytes...) is limited, particularly in the mammalian skin. We review here the few available data that point on MR in the skin and that document cutaneous MR expression and function, based on mouse models and very limited observations in humans. Mice that overexpress the MR in the basal epidermal keratinocytes display developmental and post-natal abnormalities of the epidermis and hair follicle, raising exciting new questions regarding skin biology. The MR as a transcription factor may be an unexpected novel player in regulating keratinocyte and hair physiology and pathology. Because its activating ligand also includes glucocorticoids, that are widely used in dermatology, we propose that the MR may be also involved in the side-effects of corticoids, opening novel options for therapeutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Farman
- INSERM U 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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41
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Scar Treatments: Preclinical and Clinical Studies. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 206:719-30. [PMID: 18387479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Bayo P, Sanchis A, Bravo A, Cascallana JL, Buder K, Tuckermann J, Schütz G, Pérez P. Glucocorticoid receptor is required for skin barrier competence. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1377-88. [PMID: 18039792 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the contribution of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in skin development and the mechanisms underlying this function, we have analyzed two mouse models in which GR has been functionally inactivated: the knockout GR(-/-) mice and the dimerization mutant GR(dim/dim) that mediates defective DNA binding-dependent transcription. Because GR null mice die perinatally, we evaluated skin architecture of late embryos by histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. Loss of function of GR resulted in incomplete epidermal stratification with dramatically abnormal differentiation of GR(-/-), but not GR(+/-) embryos, as demonstrated by the lack of loricrin, filaggrin, and involucrin markers. Skin sections of GR(-/-) embryos revealed edematous basal and lower spinous cells, and electron micrographs showed increased intercellular spaces between keratinocytes and reduced number of desmosomes. The absent terminal differentiation in GR(-/-) embryos correlated with an impaired activation of caspase-14, which is required for the processing of profilaggrin into filaggrin at late embryo stages. Accordingly, the skin barrier competence was severely compromised in GR(-/-) embryos. Cultured mouse primary keratinocytes from GR(-/-) mice formed colonies with cells of heterogeneous size and morphology that showed increased growth and apoptosis, indicating that GR regulates these processes in a cell-autonomous manner. The activity of ERK1/2 was constitutively augmented in GR(-/-) skin and mouse primary keratinocytes relative to wild type, which suggests that GR modulates skin homeostasis, at least partially, by antagonizing ERK function. Moreover, the epidermis of GR(+/dim) and GR(dim/dim) embryos appeared normal, thus suggesting that DNA-binding-independent actions of GR are sufficient to mediate epidermal and hair follicle development during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bayo
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Avenida Autopista del Saler 16, Camino de las Moreras, E-46013 Valencia, Spain
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Donet E, Bosch P, Sanchis A, Bayo P, Ramírez A, Cascallana JL, Bravo A, Pérez P. Transrepression function of the glucocorticoid receptor regulates eyelid development and keratinocyte proliferation but is not sufficient to prevent skin chronic inflammation. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:799-812. [PMID: 18174358 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a key role in skin homeostasis and stress responses acting through the GC receptor (GR), which modulates gene expression by DNA binding-dependent (transactivation) and -independent (transrepression) mechanisms. To delineate which mechanisms underlie the beneficial and adverse effects mediated by GR in epidermis and other epithelia, we have generated transgenic mice that express a mutant GR (P493R, A494S), which is defective for transactivation but retains transrepression activity, under control of the keratin 5 promoter (K5-GR-TR mice). K5-GR-TR embryos exhibited eyelid opening at birth and corneal defects that resulted in corneal opacity in the adulthood. Transgenic embryos developed normal skin, although epidermal atrophy and focal alopecia was detected in adult mice. GR-mediated transrepression was sufficient to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation induced by acute and chronic phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate exposure, as demonstrated by morphometric analyses, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and repression of keratin 6, a marker of hyperproliferative epidermis. These antiproliferative effects were mediated through negative interference of GR with MAPK/activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB activities, although these interactions occurred with different kinetics. However, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inflammation was only partially inhibited by GR-TR, which efficiently repressed IL-1beta and MMP-3 genes while weakly repressing IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Our data highlight the relevance of deciphering the mechanisms underlying GR actions on epithelial morphogenesis as well as for its therapeutic use to identify more restricted targets of GC administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Donet
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46013 Valencia, Spain
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Donet E, Bayo P, Calvo E, Labrie F, Pérez P. Identification of novel glucocorticoid receptor-regulated genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:8-16. [PMID: 17935973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite that glucocorticoids (GCs), acting through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) exert a pivotal role in skin physiopathology, specific genes regulated by GR in this tissue are largely unknown. We have used a transgenic mouse model overexpressing GR in epidermal basal cells and outer root sheath (ORS) of the hair follicle (HF) under the control of the keratin 5 regulatory sequences (K5-GR mice) to identify GR-regulated genes in mouse skin. We analyzed the transcriptomic profile of adult K5-GR skin as compared to non-transgenic adult mice by using oligonucleotide microarrays and identified 173 genes differentially regulated by GR in this tissue. Our data were further validated by semiquantitative RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. We have identified a large subset of hair keratin intermediate filament (krt) and hair keratin-associated protein (krtap) genes, as well as several hox genes as GC-regulated. Since dysregulation of krt, krtaps and hox genes can cause hair disorders, as it occurs in adult K5-GR mice, our findings strongly suggest a role of GR in HF morphogenesis through the coordinated regulation of these hair-specific genes. In addition, we found that GR repressed several genes related to cell growth, such as the immediate early genes fosb and c-fos, according to the antiproliferative role described for this hormone receptor. By using cultured keratinocytes treated with GR-agonists and -antagonists, we demonstrated that down-regulation of fosb is mediated by GR. Identification of novel GR-regulated genes will help us to better understand the role of GCs as physiological modulators and pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Donet
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe CIPF, Avenida Autopista del Saler 16, Camino de las Moreras, Valencia, Spain
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Chebotaev DV, Yemelyanov AY, Lavker RM, Budunova IV. Epithelial Cells in the Hair Follicle Bulge do not Contribute to Epidermal Regeneration after Glucocorticoid-Induced Cutaneous Atrophy. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2749-58. [PMID: 17657244 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the major adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy is cutaneous atrophy, often followed by the development of resistance to steroids. It is accepted that epithelial stem cells (SCs) located in the hair follicle bulge divide during times of epidermal proliferative need. We determined whether follicular epithelial SCs and their transit amplifying progeny were stimulated to proliferate in response to the chronic application of glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA). After first two applications of FA, keratinocyte proliferation in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and hair follicles was minimal and resulted in significant epidermal hypoplasia. We observed that a 50% depletion of the interfollicular keratinocyte population triggered a proliferative response. Unexpectedly, less than 2% of the proliferating keratinocytes were located in the bulge region of the hair follicle, whereas 82% were in IFE. It is known that cell desensitization to glucocorticoids is mediated via temporary decrease of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. We found that GR expression was significantly decreased in IFE keratinocytes after each FA treatment. In contrast, many bulge keratinocytes retained GR in the nucleus. Our results indicate that bulge keratinocytes, including follicular SCs, are more sensitive to the antiproliferative effect of glucocorticoids than basal keratinocytes, possibly due to the incomplete process of desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Chebotaev
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Segrelles C, Moral M, Lorz C, Santos M, Lu J, Cascallana JL, Lara MF, Carbajal S, Martínez-Cruz AB, García-Escudero R, Beltran L, Segovia JC, Bravo A, DiGiovanni J, Paramio JM. Constitutively active Akt induces ectodermal defects and impaired bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 19:137-49. [PMID: 17959825 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-08-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Akt pathway has been implicated in several human pathologies including cancer. However, current knowledge on the involvement of Akt signaling in development is limited. Previous data have suggested that Akt-mediated signaling may be an essential mediator of epidermal homeostasis through cell autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms. Here we report the developmental consequences of deregulated Akt activity in the basal layer of stratified epithelia, mediated by the expression of a constitutively active Akt1 (myrAkt) in transgenic mice. Contrary to mice overexpressing wild-type Akt1 (Akt(wt)), these myrAkt mice display, in a dose-dependent manner, altered development of ectodermally derived organs such as hair, teeth, nails, and epidermal glands. To identify the possible molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations, gene profiling approaches were used. We demonstrate that constitutive Akt activity disturbs the bone morphogenetic protein-dependent signaling pathway. In addition, these mice also display alterations in adult epidermal stem cells. Collectively, we show that epithelial tissue development and homeostasis is dependent on proper regulation of Akt expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Division of Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Stefanaki C, Chrousos GP, Katsambas A. Glucocorticoid and Sex Hormone Receptors: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Relevance. Dermatol Clin 2007; 25:503-13, viii. [PMID: 17903609 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In general, steroid hormones exert their effects through intracellular receptors, the glucocorticoid (GR), mineralocorticoid (MR), androgen (AR), estrogen (ER), and progesterone (PR) receptors. In this brief review, we will focus on glucocorticoid and sex hormone actions in the skin through their distinct receptors and discuss their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital for Skin Diseases, University of Athens, 5 Ionos Dragoumi Street, Kaisariani, Athens 16121, Greece
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Chebotaev D, Yemelyanov A, Budunova I. The mechanisms of tumor suppressor effect of glucocorticoid receptor in skin. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:732-40. [PMID: 17538956 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones exert a tumor suppressor effect in different experimental models, including mouse skin carcinogenesis. The glucocorticoid control of cellular functions is mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a well-known transcription factor that regulates genes by DNA-binding dependent transactivation, and DNA-binding independent transrepression through negative interaction with other transcription factors. In this perspective, we analyze known mechanisms that underlie the anticancer effect of GR signaling, including effects on cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. We also discuss a novel mechanism for the tumor suppressor effect of the GR in skin: through the regulation of the number and status of follicular epithelial stem cells (SC), which are a target cell population for skin carcinogenesis. Our studies on keratin5.GR transgenic animals that are resistant to skin carcinogenesis, demonstrated that the GR diminishes the number of follicular epithelial SCs, reduces their proliferative and survival potential and affects the expression of follicular SC "signature" genes. The analysis of global effect of the GR on gene expression in follicular epithelial SCs, basal keratinocytes, and mouse skin tumors provided an unexpected evidence that gene transrepression by GR plays an important role in the maintenance of SC and in inhibition of skin carcinogenesis by this steroid hormone receptor. It is known that antiinflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is chiefly mediated by GR transrepression. Thus, our findings suggest the similarity between the mechanisms of antiinflammatory and anticancer effects of the GR signaling. We discuss the potential clinical applications of our findings in light of drug discovery programs focused on the development of selective GR modulators that preferentially induce GR transrepression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Chebotaev
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Sainte Marie Y, Toulon A, Paus R, Maubec E, Cherfa A, Grossin M, Descamps V, Clemessy M, Gasc JM, Peuchmaur M, Glick A, Farman N, Jaisser F. Targeted skin overexpression of the mineralocorticoid receptor in mice causes epidermal atrophy, premature skin barrier formation, eye abnormalities, and alopecia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:846-60. [PMID: 17675581 PMCID: PMC1959477 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor family, activation of which by aldosterone enhances salt reabsorption in the kidney. The MR is also expressed in nonclassical aldosterone target cells (brain, heart, and skin), in which its functions are incompletely understood. To explore the functional importance of MR in mammalian skin, we have generated a conditional doxycycline-inducible model of MR overexpression, resulting in double-transgenic (DT) mice [keratin 5-tTa/tetO-human MR (hMR)], targeting the human MR specifically to keratinocytes of the epidermis and hair follicle (HF). Expression of hMR throughout gestation resulted in early postnatal death that could be prevented by antagonizing MR signaling. DT mice exhibited premature epidermal barrier formation at embryonic day 16.5, reduced HF density and epidermal atrophy, increased keratinocyte apoptosis at embryonic day 18.5, and premature eye opening. When hMR expression was initiated after birth to overcome mortality, DT mice developed progressive alopecia and HF cysts, starting 4 months after hMR induction, preceded by dystrophy and cycling abnormalities of pelage HF. In contrast, interfollicular epidermis, vibrissae, and footpad sweat glands in DT mice were normal. This new mouse model reveals novel biological roles of MR signaling and offers an instructive tool for dissecting nonclassical functions of MR signaling in epidermal, hair follicle, and ocular physiology.
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MESH Headings
- Alopecia/metabolism
- Alopecia/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Embryo, Mammalian/anatomy & histology
- Embryo, Mammalian/pathology
- Embryo, Mammalian/physiology
- Eye Abnormalities/genetics
- Eye Abnormalities/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hair Follicle/cytology
- Humans
- Keratin-15
- Keratin-5/genetics
- Keratin-5/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Skin/anatomy & histology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
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Chebotaev D, Yemelyanov A, Zhu L, Lavker RM, Budunova I. The tumor suppressor effect of the glucocorticoid receptor in skin is mediated via its effect on follicular epithelial stem cells. Oncogene 2006; 26:3060-8. [PMID: 17146443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are potent inhibitors of mouse skin tumorigenesis. The glucocorticoid control of cellular functions is mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a well-known transcription factor. Recently, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing GR under control of the keratin5 (K5) promoter, and showed that K5.GR animals are resistant to skin carcinogenesis. Follicular epithelial stem cells (SCs), located in the bulge region of the hair follicle, are believed to be one of the target cells for skin carcinogenesis. We found that the number of putative hair follicle SC detected as label-retaining cells was significantly less in the K5.GR transgenics compared to wild type (w.t.) littermates. We also showed that GR overexpression led to a reduction in the clonogenicity of the follicular epithelial SCs. We evaluated the global effect of GR on gene expression in a population of follicular SC-enriched bulge keratinocytes isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. We found that GR affected the expression of numerous bulge SC 'signature' genes, genes involved in the maintenance of SC and progenitor cells of non-epidermal origin and proapoptotic genes. Our findings underscore the important role of GR signaling in the homeostasis of follicular epithelial SCs, and suggest that the reduction in their number may underlie the tumor suppressor effect of GR in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chebotaev
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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