1
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Cai Y, Mu X, Li G, Xu D. Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Elucidation of the Catalytic Mechanism of Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase as an Epoxidase. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10338-10350. [PMID: 38010510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) functions as a mono-zinc bifunctional enzyme with aminopeptidase and epoxidase activities. While the aminopeptidase mechanism is well understood, the epoxidase mechanism remains less clear. In continuation of our prior research, we undertook an in-depth exploration of the LTA4H catalytic role as an epoxidase, employing a combined SCC-DFTB/CHARMM method. In the current work, we found that the conversion of LTA4 to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) involves three successive steps: epoxy ring opening (RO), nucleophilic attack (NA), and proton transfer (PT) reactions at the epoxy oxygen atom. Among these steps, the RO and NA stages constitute the potential rate-limiting step within the entire epoxidase mechanism. Notably, the NA step implicates D375 as the general base catalyst, while the PT step engages protonated E271 as the general acid catalyst. Additionally, we delved into the mechanism behind the formation of the isomer product, Δ6-trans-Δ8-cis-LTB4. Our findings debunked the feasibility of a direct LTB4 to iso-LTB4 conversion. Instead, we highlight the possibility of isomerization from LTA4 to its isomeric conjugate (iso-LTA4), showing comparable energy barriers of 5.1 and 5.5 kcal/mol in aqueous and enzymatic environments, respectively. The ensuing dynamics of iso-LTA4 hydrolysis subsequently yield iso-LTB4 via a mechanism akin to LTA4 hydrolysis, albeit with a heightened barrier. Our computations firmly support the notion that substrate isomerization exclusively takes place prior to or during the initial substrate-binding phase, while LTA4 remains the dominant conformer. Notably, our simulations suggest that irrespective of the active site's constrained L-shape, isomerization from LTA4 to its isomeric conjugate remains plausible. The mechanistic insights garnered from our simulations furnish a valuable understanding of LTA4H's role as an epoxidase, thereby facilitating potential advancements in inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xia Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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2
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Qin R, Wang H, Yan A. Classification and QSAR models of leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) inhibitors by machine learning methods. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:411-431. [PMID: 33896285 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1910862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is an important anti-inflammatory target which can convert leukotriene A4 (LTA4) into pro-inflammatory substance leukotriene B4 (LTB4). In this paper, we built 18 classification models for 463 LTA4H inhibitors by using support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN). The best classification model (Model 2A) was built from RF and MACCS fingerprints. The prediction accuracy of 88.96% and the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.74 had been achieved on the test set. We also divided the 463 LTA4H inhibitors into six subsets using K-Means. We found that the highly active LTA4H inhibitors mostly contained diphenylmethane or diphenyl ether as the scaffold and pyridine or piperidine as the side chain. In addition, six quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for 172 LTA4H inhibitors were built by multiple linear regression (MLR) and SVM. The best QSAR model (Model 6A) was built by using SVM and CORINA Symphony descriptors. The coefficients of determination of the training set and the test set were equal to 0.81 and 0.79, respectively. Classification and QSAR models could be used for subsequent virtual screening, and the obtained fragments that were important for highly active inhibitors would be helpful for designing new LTA4H inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - A Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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3
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Morstein J, Awale M, Reymond JL, Trauner D. Mapping the Azolog Space Enables the Optical Control of New Biological Targets. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:607-618. [PMID: 31041380 PMCID: PMC6487453 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photopharmacology relies on molecules that change their biological activity upon irradiation. Many of these are derived from known drugs by replacing their core with an isosteric azobenzene photoswitch (azologization). The question is how many of the known bioactive ligands could be addressed in such a way. Here, we systematically assess the space of molecules amenable to azologization from databases of bioactive molecules (DrugBank, PDB, CHEMBL) and the Cambridge Structural Database. Shape similarity scoring functions (3DAPfp) and analyses of dihedral angles are employed to quantify the structural homology between a bioactive molecule and the cis or trans isomer of its corresponding azolog ("azoster") and assess which isomer is likely to be active. Our analysis suggests that a very large number of bioactive ligands (>40 000) is amenable to azologization and that many new biological targets could be addressed with photopharmacology. N-Aryl benzamides, 1,2-diarylethanes, and benzyl phenyl ethers are particularly suited for this approach, while benzylanilines and sulfonamides appear to be less well-matched. On the basis of our analysis, the majority of azosters are expected to be active in their trans form. The broad applicability of our approach is demonstrated with photoswitches that target a nuclear hormone receptor (RAR) and a lipid processing enzyme (LTA4 hydrolase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Morstein
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Mahendra Awale
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Center for Competence in Research
NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Center for Competence in Research
NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
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4
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Scarpati M, Qi Y, Govind S, Singh S. A combined computational strategy of sequence and structural analysis predicts the existence of a functional eicosanoid pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211897. [PMID: 30753230 PMCID: PMC6372189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on a putative eicosanoid biosynthesis pathway in Drosophila melanogaster and challenges the currently held view that mechanistic routes to synthesize eicosanoid or eicosanoid-like biolipids do not exist in insects, since to date, putative fly homologs of most mammalian enzymes have not been identified. Here we use systematic and comprehensive bioinformatics approaches to identify most of the mammalian eicosanoid synthesis enzymes. Sensitive sequence analysis techniques identified candidate Drosophila enzymes that share low global sequence identities with their human counterparts. Twenty Drosophila candidates were selected based upon (a) sequence identity with human enzymes of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase branches, (b) similar domain architecture and structural conservation of the catalytic domain, and (c) presence of potentially equivalent functional residues. Evaluation of full-length structural models for these 20 top-scoring Drosophila candidates revealed a surprising degree of conservation in their overall folds and potential analogs for functional residues in all 20 enzymes. Although we were unable to identify any suitable candidate for lipoxygenase enzymes, we report structural homology models of three fly cyclooxygenases. Our findings predict that the D. melanogaster genome likely codes for one or more pathways for eicosanoid or eicosanoid-like biolipid synthesis. Our study suggests that classical and/or novel eicosanoids mediators must regulate biological functions in insects–predictions that can be tested with the power of Drosophila genetics. Such experimental analysis of eicosanoid biology in a simple model organism will have high relevance to human development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scarpati
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yan Qi
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shubha Govind
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shaneen Singh
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Mu X, Xu D. QM/MM Molecular Dynamics Investigations of the Substrate Binding of Leucotriene A4 Hydrolase: Implication for the Catalytic Mechanism. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7253-7263. [PMID: 29965770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
LTA4H is a monozinc bifunctional enzyme which exhibits both aminopeptidase and epoxide hydrolase activities. Its dual functions in anti- and pro-inflammatory roles have attracted wide attention to the inhibitor design. In this work, we tried to construct Michaelis complexes of LTA4H with both a native peptide substrate and LTA4 molecule using combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations. First of all, the zinc ion is coordinated by H295, H299, and E318. For its aminopeptidase activity, similar to conventional peptidases, the fourth ligand to the zinc ion is suggested to be an active site water, which is further hydrogen bonded with a downstream glutamic acid, E296. For the epoxide hydrolase activity, the fourth ligand to the zinc ion is found to be an epoxy oxygen atom. The potential of mean force calculation indicates about an 8.5 kcal/mol activation barrier height for the ring-opening reaction, which will generate a metastable carbenium intermediate. Subsequent frontier molecular orbital analyses suggest that the next step would be the nucleophilic attacking reaction at the C12 atom by a water molecule activated by D375. Our simulations also analyzed functions of several important residues like R563, K565, E271, Y383, and Y378 in the binding of peptide and LTA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , People's Republic of China 610064
| | - Dingguo Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , People's Republic of China 610064
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6
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Vanga SR, Sävmarker J, Ng L, Larhed M, Hallberg M, Åqvist J, Hallberg A, Chai SY, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H. Structural Basis of Inhibition of Human Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Aryl Sulfonamides. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4509-4521. [PMID: 30023895 PMCID: PMC6045421 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a membrane-bound zinc metallopeptidase with many important regulatory functions. It has been demonstrated that inhibition of IRAP by angiotensin IV (Ang IV) and other peptides, as well as more druglike inhibitors, improves cognition in several rodent models. We recently reported a series of aryl sulfonamides as small-molecule IRAP inhibitors and a promising scaffold for pharmacological intervention. We have now expanded with a number of derivatives, report their stability in liver microsomes, and characterize the activity of the whole series in a new assay performed on recombinant human IRAP. Several compounds, such as the new fluorinated derivative 29, present submicromolar affinity and high metabolic stability. Starting from the two binding modes previously proposed for the sulfonamide scaffold, we systematically performed molecular dynamics simulations and binding affinity estimation with the linear interaction energy method for the full compound series. The significant agreement with experimental affinities suggests one of the binding modes, which was further confirmed by the excellent correlation for binding affinity differences between the selected pair of compounds obtained by rigorous free energy perturbation calculations. The new experimental data and the computationally derived structure-activity relationship of the sulfonamide series provide valuable information for further lead optimization of novel IRAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751
24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University,
BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leelee Ng
- Biomedicine
Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University,
BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The
Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division
of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751
24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University,
BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Biomedicine
Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- E-mail: . Phone: +61 3 990 52515. Fax: +61 3 990 52547 (S.Y.C.)
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751
24 Uppsala, Sweden
- E-mail: . Phone: +46 18 471 5056. Fax: +46 18 53 69 71 (H.G.-d.-T.)
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7
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Wang H, Xue K, Li P, Yang Y, He Z, Zhang W, Zhang W, Tang B. In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging of the Activity of the Inflammatory Biomarker LTA4H in a Mouse Pneumonia Model. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6020-6027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Xue
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyun Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixu He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Saroj Devi N, Shanmugam R, Ghorai J, Ramanan M, Anbarasan P, Doble M. Ligand-based Modeling for the Prediction of Pharmacophore Features for Multi-targeted Inhibition of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade. Mol Inform 2017; 37. [PMID: 28991413 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The single-target drugs against the arachidonic acid inflammatory pathway are associated with serious side effects, hence, as a first step towards multi-target drugs, we have studied the pharmacophoric features common to the inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), microsomal prostaglandin E-synthase 1 (mPGES-1) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). FLAP and mPGES-1 shared subfamily-specific positions (SSPs) and four mPGES-1 inhibitors binding to them mapped onto the pharmacophore derived from FLAP inhibitors (Ph-FLAP). The reactions of mPGES-1 and LTA4H had high structural similarity. The pharmacophore derived from two substrate mimic inhibitors of LTA4H (Ph-LTA4H) also mapped onto three mPGES-1 inhibitors. Screening of in-house database for Ph-FLAP and Ph-LTA4H identified one compound, C1. It inhibited the production of the mPGES-1 product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by 97.8±1.6 % at 50 μM in HeLa cells and can be a starting point for designing molecules inhibiting all three targets simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Saroj Devi
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036
| | - Rajasekar Shanmugam
- CYB 104A, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036
| | - Jayanta Ghorai
- CYB 104A, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036
| | - Meera Ramanan
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- CYB 104A, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036
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9
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Oi N, Yamamoto H, Langfald A, Bai R, Lee MH, Bode AM, Dong Z. LTA4H regulates cell cycle and skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:728-737. [PMID: 28575166 PMCID: PMC6248358 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), a bifunctional zinc metallo-enzyme, is reportedly overexpressed in several human cancers. Our group has focused on LTA4H as a potential target for cancer prevention and/or therapy. In the present study, we report that LTA4H is a key regulator of cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase acting by negatively regulating p27 expression in skin cancer. We found that LTA4H is overexpressed in human skin cancer tissue. Knocking out LTA4H significantly reduced skin cancer development in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted two-stage skin cancer mouse model. LTA4H depletion dramatically decreased anchorage-dependent and -independent skin cancer cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, our findings showed that depletion of LTA4H enhanced p27 protein stability, which was associated with decreased phosphorylation of CDK2 at Thr160 and inhibition of the CDK2/cyclin E complex, resulting in down-regulated p27 ubiquitination. These findings indicate that LTA4H is critical for skin carcinogenesis and is an important mediator of cell cycle and the data begin to clarify the mechanisms of LTA4H's role in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Oi
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Alyssa Langfald
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ruihua Bai
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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10
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The leukotriene B 4-leukotriene B 4 receptor axis promotes cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by modulating neutrophil recruitment. Kidney Int 2017; 92:89-100. [PMID: 28318626 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent and widely used in treatment of various solid organ malignancies, including head and neck, ovarian, and testicular cancers. However, the induction of acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of its main side effects. Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) mediates the majority of physiological effects of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid chemoattractant generated at inflammation sites, but the role of the LTB4-BLT1 axis in cisplatin-induced AKI remains unknown. Here we found upregulated LTB4 synthesis and BLT1 expression in the kidney after cisplatin administration. Cisplatin was found to directly upregulate gene expression of leukotriene A4 hydrolase and stimulate LTB4 production in renal tubular epithelial cells. Reduced kidney structural/functional damage, inflammation, and apoptosis were observed in BLT1-/- mice, as well as in wild-type mice treated with the LTA4H inhibitor SC-57461A and the BLT1 antagonist U-75302. Neutrophils were likely the target of this pathway, as BLT1 absence induced a significant decrease in infiltrating neutrophils in the kidney. Adoptive transfer of neutrophils from wild-type mice restored kidney injury in BLT1-/- mice following cisplatin challenge. Thus, the LTB4-BLT1 axis contributes to cisplatin-induced AKI by mediating kidney recruitment of neutrophils, which induce inflammation and apoptosis in the kidney. Hence, the LTB4-BLT1 axis could be a potential therapeutic target in cisplatin-induced AKI.
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11
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Lu W, Yao X, Ouyang P, Dong N, Wu D, Jiang X, Wu Z, Zhang C, Xu Z, Tang Y, Zou S, Liu M, Li J, Zeng M, Lin P, Cheng F, Huang J. Drug Repurposing of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors That Alleviate Neutrophilic Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis via Inhibiting Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase and Blocking LTB4 Biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1817-1828. [PMID: 28218840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are both serious public health problems with high incidence and mortality rate in adults, and with few drugs available for the efficient treatment in clinic. In this study, we identified that two known histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA, 1) and its analogue 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide (2), are effective inhibitors of Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), across a panel of 18 HDAC inhibitors, using enzymatic assay, thermofluor assay, and X-ray crystallographic investigation. Importantly, both 1 and 2 markedly diminish early neutrophilic inflammation in mouse models of ALI and IPF under a clinical safety dose. Detailed mechanisms of down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines by 1 or 2 were determined in vivo. Collectively, 1 and 2 would provide promising agents with well-known clinical safety for potential treatment in patients with ALI and IPF via pharmacologically inhibiting LAT4H and blocking LTB4 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xue Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ningning Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xingwu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhongyu Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shien Zou
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Center for Complex Networks Research, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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12
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Horn T, Adel S, Schumann R, Sur S, Kakularam KR, Polamarasetty A, Redanna P, Kuhn H, Heydeck D. Evolutionary aspects of lipoxygenases and genetic diversity of human leukotriene signaling. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 57:13-39. [PMID: 25435097 PMCID: PMC7112624 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, which are biosynthesized via the lipoxygenase pathway of the arachidonic acid cascade. Lipoxygenases form a family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes and human lipoxygenase isoforms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative (cancer) and neurodegenerative diseases. Lipoxygenases are not restricted to humans but also occur in a large number of pro- and eucaryotic organisms. Lipoxygenase-like sequences have been identified in the three domains of life (bacteria, archaea, eucarya) but because of lacking functional data the occurrence of catalytically active lipoxygenases in archaea still remains an open question. Although the physiological and/or pathophysiological functions of various lipoxygenase isoforms have been studied throughout the last three decades there is no unifying concept for the biological importance of these enzymes. In this review we are summarizing the current knowledge on the distribution of lipoxygenases in living single and multicellular organisms with particular emphasis to higher vertebrates and will also focus on the genetic diversity of enzymes and receptors involved in human leukotriene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, 95064 Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Susan Adel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saubashya Sur
- Institute of Microbiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kumar Reddy Kakularam
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Aparoy Polamarasetty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India
| | - Pallu Redanna
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, Telangana, India
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Andersson P, Bratt J, Heimbürger M, Cederholm T, Palmblad J. Inhibition of Neutrophil-Dependent Cytotoxicity for Human Endothelial Cells by ACE Inhibitors. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:339-45. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Andersson
- Department of Medicine; Stockholm Soder Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. Bratt
- Department of Rheumatology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Heimbürger
- Department of Rheumatology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - T. Cederholm
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and of Geriatrics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - J. Palmblad
- Department of Hematology; Karolinska University Hospital; Center for Inflammation and Hematology Research; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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14
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Quantitative structure activity relationship and binding investigation of N-alkyl glycine amides as inhibitors of Leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Paige M, Wang K, Burdick M, Park S, Cha J, Jeffery E, Sherman N, Shim YM. Role of leukotriene A4 hydrolase aminopeptidase in the pathogenesis of emphysema. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5059-68. [PMID: 24771855 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is a bifunctional enzyme with epoxy hydrolase and aminopeptidase activities. We hypothesize that the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity alleviates neutrophilic inflammation, which contributes to cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema by clearing proline-glycine-proline (PGP), a triamino acid chemokine known to induce chemotaxis of neutrophils. To investigate the biological contributions made by the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity in CS-induced emphysema, we exposed wild-type mice to CS over 5 mo while treating them with a vehicle or a pharmaceutical agent (4MDM) that selectively augments the LTA4H aminopeptidase without affecting the bioproduction of leukotriene B4. Emphysematous phenotypes were assessed by premortem lung physiology with a small animal ventilator and by postmortem histologic morphometry. CS exposure acidified the airspaces and induced localization of the LTA4H protein into the nuclei of the epithelial cells. This resulted in accumulation of PGP in the airspaces by suppressing the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity. When the LTA4H aminopeptidase activity was selectively augmented by 4MDM, the levels of PGP in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs were significantly reduced without affecting the levels of leukotriene B4. This protected murine lungs from CS-induced emphysematous alveolar remodeling. In conclusion, CS exposure promotes the development of CS-induced emphysema by suppressing the enzymatic activities of the LTA4H aminopeptidase in lung tissues and accumulating PGP and neutrophils in the airspaces. However, restoring the leukotriene A4 aminopeptidase activity with a pharmaceutical agent protected murine lungs from developing CS-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikell Paige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030
| | - Kan Wang
- Center for Drug Discovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Marie Burdick
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Sunhye Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Josiah Cha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Erin Jeffery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Nicholas Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Y Michael Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
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16
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Poras H, Duquesnoy S, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Ratinaud-Giraud C, Roques BP, Ouimet T. A sensitive fluorigenic substrate for selective in vitro and in vivo assay of leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity. Anal Biochem 2013; 441:152-61. [PMID: 23851339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is a bifunctional zinc-dependent metalloprotease bearing both an epoxide hydrolase, producing the pro-inflammatory LTB4 leukotriene, and an aminopeptidase activity, whose physiological relevance has long been ignored. Distinct substrates are commonly used for each activity, although none is completely satisfactory; LTA4, substrate for the hydrolase activity, is unstable and inactivates the enzyme, whereas aminoacids β-naphthylamide and para-nitroanilide, used as aminopeptidase substrates, are poor and nonselective. Based on the three-dimensional structure of LTA4H, we describe a new, specific, and high-affinity fluorigenic substrate, PL553 [L-(4-benzoyl)phenylalanyl-β-naphthylamide], with both in vitro and in vivo applications. PL553 possesses a catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of 3.8±0.5×10⁴ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ using human recombinant LTA4H and a limit of detection and quantification of less than 1 to 2 ng. The PL553 assay was validated by measuring the inhibitory potency of known LTA4H inhibitors and used to characterize new specific amino-phosphinic inhibitors. The LTA4H inhibition measured with PL553 in mouse tissues, after intravenous administration of inhibitors, was also correlated with a reduction in LTB4 levels. This authenticates the assay as the first allowing the easy measurement of endogenous LTA4H activity and in vitro specific screening of new LTA4H inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Poras
- Pharmaleads, Paris BioPark, 75013 Paris, France
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17
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Development of predictive quantitative structure–activity relationship model and its application in the discovery of human leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:27-40. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human LTA4H catalyzes the conversion of LTA4 to LTB4 and plays a key role in innate immune responses. Inhibition of this enzyme can be a valid method in the treatment of inflammatory response exhibited through LTB4. Results & discussion: The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed using genetic function approximation and validated. A training set of 26 diverse compounds and their molecular descriptors were used to develop highly correlating QSAR models. A six-descriptor model explaining the biological activity of the training and test sets with correlation values of 0.846 and 0.502, respectively, was selected as the best model and used in a database screening of drug-like Maybridge database followed by molecular docking. Conclusion: Based on the predicted potent inhibitory activities, expected binding mode and molecular interactions at the active site of hLTA4H final leads were selected as to be utilized in designing future hLTA4H inhibitors.
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18
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Çalışkan B, Banoglu E. Overview of recent drug discovery approaches for new generation leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:49-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.735228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Çalışkan
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Taç Sok. No:3 Yenimahalle, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Taç Sok. No:3 Yenimahalle, 06330 Ankara, Turkey ; ;
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19
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Paz PB, Vega-Hissi EG, Estrada MR, Garro Martinez JC. In SilicoModeling of the Molecular Structure and Binding of Leukotriene A4 into Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:902-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Thangapandian S, John S, Lazar P, Choi S, Lee KW. Structural origins for the loss of catalytic activities of bifunctional human LTA4H revealed through molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41063. [PMID: 22848428 PMCID: PMC3405069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukotriene A4 hydrolase (hLTA4H), which is the final and rate-limiting enzyme of arachidonic acid pathway, converts the unstable epoxide LTA4 to a proinflammatory lipid mediator LTB4 through its hydrolase function. The LTA4H is a bi-functional enzyme that also exhibits aminopeptidase activity with a preference over arginyl tripeptides. Various mutations including E271Q, R563A, and K565A have completely or partially abolished both the functions of this enzyme. The crystal structures with these mutations have not shown any structural changes to address the loss of functions. Molecular dynamics simulations of LTA4 and tripeptide complex structures with functional mutations were performed to investigate the structural and conformation changes that scripts the observed differences in catalytic functions. The observed protein-ligand hydrogen bonds and distances between the important catalytic components have correlated well with the experimental results. This study also confirms based on the structural observation that E271 is very important for both the functions as it holds the catalytic metal ion at its location for the catalysis and it also acts as N-terminal recognition residue during peptide binding. The comparison of binding modes of substrates revealed the structural changes explaining the importance of R563 and K565 residues and the required alignment of substrate at the active site. The results of this study provide valuable information to be utilized in designing potent hLTA4H inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundarapandian Thangapandian
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Core Research Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shalini John
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Prettina Lazar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Core Research Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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21
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GRICE CHERYLA, FOURIE ANNEM, LEE-DUTRA ALICE. Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase: Biology, Inhibitors and Clinical Applications. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase is a zinc-containing cytosolic enzyme with both hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity. LTA4H stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of the unstable epoxide LTA4 to the potent pro-inflammatory mediator LTB4. Variations in the lta4h gene have been linked to susceptibility to multiple diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke and asthma. Pre-clinical animal models and human biomarker data have implicated LTB4 in inflammatory diseases. Several groups have now identified selective inhibitors of LTA4H, many of which were influenced by the disclosure of a protein crystal structure a decade ago. Clinical validation of LTA4H remains elusive despite the progression of inhibitors into pre-clinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHERYL A. GRICE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ANNE M. FOURIE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ALICE LEE-DUTRA
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
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22
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Thangapandian S, John S, Arooj M, Lee KW. Molecular dynamics simulation study and hybrid pharmacophore model development in human LTA4H inhibitor design. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34593. [PMID: 22496831 PMCID: PMC3320645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukotriene A4 hydrolase (hLTA4H) is a bi-functional enzyme catalyzes the hydrolase and aminopeptidase functions upon the fatty acid and peptide substrates, respectively, utilizing the same but overlapping binding site. Particularly the hydrolase function of this enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the leukotriene (LT) cascade that converts the LTA4 to LTB4. This product is a potent pro-inflammatory activator of inflammatory responses and thus blocking this conversion provides a valuable means to design anti-inflammatory agents. Four structurally very similar chemical compounds with highly different inhibitory profile towards the hydrolase function of hLTA4H were selected from the literature. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the complexes of hLTA4H with these inhibitors were performed and the results have provided valuable information explaining the reasons for the differences in their biological activities. Binding mode analysis revealed that the additional thiophene moiety of most active inhibitor helps the pyrrolidine moiety to interact the most important R563 and K565 residues. The hLTA4H complexes with the most active compound and substrate were utilized in the development of hybrid pharmacophore models. These developed pharmacophore models were used in screening chemical databases in order to identify lead candidates to design potent hLTA4H inhibitors. Final evaluation based on molecular docking and electronic parameters has identified three compounds of diverse chemical scaffolds as potential leads to be used in novel and potent hLTA4H inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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23
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Zhao F, Chen L, Perl A, Chen S, Ma H. Proteomic changes in grape embryogenic callus in response to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:485-495. [PMID: 21889056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation is highly required for studies of grapevine gene function and of huge potential for tailored variety improvements. However, grape is recalcitrant to transformation, and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. To better understand the overall response of grapevine to A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation, the proteomic profile of cv. Prime embryogenic callus (EC) after co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Over 1100 protein spots were detected in both inoculated and control EC, 69 of which showed significantly differential expression; 38 of these were successfully identified. The proteins significantly up-regulated 3 d after inoculation were PR10, resistance protein Pto, secretory peroxidase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and different expression regulators; down-regulated proteins were ascorbate peroxidase, tocopherol cyclase, Hsp 70 and proteins involved in the ubiquitin-associated protein-degradation pathway. A. tumefaciens transformation-induced oxidative burst and modified protein-degradation pathways were further validated with biochemical measurements. Our results reveal that agrobacterial transformation markedly inhibits the cellular ROS-removal system, mitochondrial energy metabolism and the protein-degradation machinery for misfolded proteins, while the apoptosis signaling pathway and hypersensitive response are strengthened, which might partially explain the low efficiency and severe EC necrosis in grape transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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24
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Thangapandian S, John S, Sakkiah S, Lee KW. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening and Bayesian model for the identification of potential human leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1593-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Ascher DB, Cromer BA, Morton CJ, Volitakis I, Cherny RA, Albiston AL, Chai SY, Parker MW. Regulation of insulin-regulated membrane aminopeptidase activity by its C-terminal domain. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2611-22. [PMID: 21348480 DOI: 10.1021/bi101893w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), a membrane-bound zinc metallopeptidase, is a promising approach for the discovery of drugs for the treatment of memory loss such as that associated with Alzheimer's disease. There is, however, no consensus in the literature about the mechanism by which inhibition occurs. Sequence alignments, secondary structure predictions, and homology models based on the structures of recently determined related metallopeptidases suggest that the extracellular region consists of four domains. Partial proteolysis and mass spectrometry reported here confirm some of the domain boundaries. We have produced purified recombinant fragments of human IRAP on the basis of these data and examined their kinetic and biochemical properties. Full-length extracellular constructs assemble as dimers with different nonoverlapping fragments dimerizing as well, suggesting an extended dimer interface. Only recombinant fragments containing domains 1 and 2 possess aminopeptidase activity and bind the radiolabeled hexapeptide inhibitor, angiotensin IV (Ang IV). However, fragments lacking domains 3 and 4 possess reduced activity, although they still bind a range of inhibitors with the same affinity as longer fragments. In the presence of Ang IV, IRAP is resistant to proteolysis, suggesting significant conformational changes occur upon binding of the inhibitor. We show that IRAP has a second Zn(2+) binding site, not associated with the catalytic region, which is lost upon binding Ang IV. Modulation of activity caused by domains 3 and 4 is consistent with a conformational change regulating access to the active site of IRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Ascher
- Centre for Structural Neurobiology and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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27
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Helgstrand C, Hasan M, Uysal H, Haeggström JZ, Thunnissen MMGM. A leukotriene A4 hydrolase-related aminopeptidase from yeast undergoes induced fit upon inhibitor binding. J Mol Biol 2010; 406:120-34. [PMID: 21146536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate leukotriene A(4) hydrolases are bifunctional zinc metalloenzymes with an epoxide hydrolase and an aminopeptidase activity. In contrast, highly homologous enzymes from lower organisms only have the aminopeptidase activity. From sequence comparisons, it is not clear why this difference occurs. In order to obtain more information on the evolutionary relationship between these enzymes and their activities, the structure of a closely related leucine aminopeptidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that only shows a very low epoxide hydrolase activity was determined. To investigate the molecular architecture of the active site, the structures of both the native protein and the protein in complex with the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin were solved. These structures show a more spacious active site, and the protected cavity in which the labile substrate leukotriene A(4) is bound in the human enzyme is partially obstructed and in other parts is more solvent accessible. Furthermore, the enzyme undergoes induced fit upon binding of the inhibitor bestatin, leading to a movement of the C-terminal domain. The main triggers for the domain movement are a conformational change of Tyr312 and a subtle change in backbone conformation of the PYGAMEN fingerprint region for peptide substrate recognition. This leads to a change in the hydrogen-bonding network pulling the C-terminal domain into a different position. Inasmuch as bestatin is a structural analogue of a leucyl dipeptide and may be regarded as a transition state mimic, our results imply that the enzyme undergoes induced fit during substrate binding and turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Helgstrand
- Centre of Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, SE 22100 Lund, Sweden
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28
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Albiston AL, Pham V, Ye S, Ng L, Lew RA, Thompson PE, Holien JK, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Chai SY. Phenylalanine-544 plays a key role in substrate and inhibitor binding by providing a hydrophobic packing point at the active site of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:600-7. [PMID: 20628006 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) improve memory and are being developed as a novel treatment for memory loss. In this study, the binding of a class of these inhibitors to human IRAP was investigated using molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. Four benzopyran-based IRAP inhibitors with different affinities were docked into a homology model of the catalytic site of IRAP. Two 4-pyridinyl derivatives orient with the benzopyran oxygen interacting with the Zn(2+) ion and a direct parallel ring-stack interaction between the benzopyran rings and Phe544. In contrast, the two 4-quinolinyl derivatives orient in a different manner, interacting with the Zn(2+) ion via the quinoline nitrogen, and Phe544 contributes an edge-face hydrophobic stacking point with the benzopyran moiety. Mutagenic replacement of Phe544 with alanine, isoleucine, or valine resulted in either complete loss of catalytic activity or altered hydrolysis velocity that was substrate-dependent. Phe544 is also important for inhibitor binding, because these mutations altered the K(i) in some cases, and docking of the inhibitors into the corresponding Phe544 mutant models revealed how the interaction might be disturbed. These findings demonstrate a key role of Phe544 in the binding of the benzopyran IRAP inhibitors and for optimal positioning of enzyme substrates during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Albiston
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Newcomer ME, Gilbert NC. Location, location, location: compartmentalization of early events in leukotriene biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25109-14. [PMID: 20507998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.125880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), derived from arachidonic acid (AA) released from the membrane by the action of phospholipase A(2), are potent lipid mediators of the inflammatory response. In 1983, Dahlén et al. demonstrated that LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4) mediate antigen-induced constriction of bronchi in tissue obtained from subjects with asthma (Dahlén, S. E., Hansson, G., Hedqvist, P., Björck, T., Granström, E., and Dahlén, B. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 1712-1716). Over the last 25+ years, substantial progress has been made in understanding how LTs exert their effects, and a broader appreciation for the numerous biological processes they mediate has emerged. LT biosynthesis is initiated by the action of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), which catalyzes the transformation of AA to LTA(4) in a two-step reaction. Ca(2+) targets 5-LOX to the nuclear membrane, where it co-localizes with the 5-LOX-activating protein FLAP and, when present, the downstream enzyme LTC(4) synthase, both transmembrane proteins. Crystal structures of the AA-metabolizing LOXs, LTC(4) synthase, and FLAP combined with biochemical data provide a framework for understanding how subcellular organizations optimize the biosynthesis of these labile hydrophobic signaling compounds, which must navigate pathways that include both membrane and soluble enzymes. The insights these structures afford and the questions they engender are discussed in this minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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Sandanayaka V, Mamat B, Mishra RK, Winger J, Krohn M, Zhou LM, Keyvan M, Enache L, Sullins D, Onua E, Zhang J, Halldorsdottir G, Sigthorsdottir H, Thorlaksdottir A, Sigthorsson G, Thorsteinnsdottir M, Davies DR, Stewart LJ, Zembower DE, Andresson T, Kiselyov AS, Singh J, Gurney ME. Discovery of 4-[(2S)-2-{[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenoxy]methyl}-1-pyrrolidinyl]butanoic acid (DG-051) as a novel leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor of leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2010; 53:573-85. [PMID: 19950900 DOI: 10.1021/jm900838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Both in-house human genetic and literature data have converged on the identification of leukotriene 4 hydrolase (LTA(4)H) as a key target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. We combined fragment-based crystallography screening with an iterative medicinal chemistry effort to optimize inhibitors of LTA(4)H. Ligand efficiency was followed throughout our structure-activity studies. As applied within the context of LTA(4)H inhibitor design, the chemistry team was able to design a potent compound 20 (DG-051) (K(d) = 26 nM) with high aqueous solubility (>30 mg/mL) and high oral bioavailability (>80% across species) that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of myocardial infarction and stroke. The structural biology-chemistry interaction described in this paper provides a sound alternative to conventional screening techniques. This is the first example of a gene-to-clinic paradigm enabled by a fragment-based drug discovery effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sandanayaka
- Medicinal Chemistry, deCODE Chemistry, Inc., 2501 Davey Road, Woodridge, Illinois 60517, USA
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Davies DR, Mamat B, Magnusson OT, Christensen J, Haraldsson MH, Mishra R, Pease B, Hansen E, Singh J, Zembower D, Kim H, Kiselyov AS, Burgin AB, Gurney ME, Stewart LJ. Discovery of leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors using metabolomics biased fragment crystallography. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4694-715. [PMID: 19618939 PMCID: PMC2722745 DOI: 10.1021/jm900259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
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We describe a novel fragment library termed fragments of life (FOL) for structure-based drug discovery. The FOL library includes natural small molecules of life, derivatives thereof, and biaryl protein architecture mimetics. The choice of fragments facilitates the interrogation of protein active sites, allosteric binding sites, and protein−protein interaction surfaces for fragment binding. We screened the FOL library against leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) by X-ray crystallography. A diverse set of fragments including derivatives of resveratrol, nicotinamide, and indole were identified as efficient ligands for LTA4H. These fragments were elaborated in a small number of synthetic cycles into potent inhibitors of LTA4H representing multiple novel chemotypes for modulating leukotriene biosynthesis. Analysis of the fragment-bound structures also showed that the fragments comprehensively recapitulated key chemical features and binding modes of several reported LTA4H inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Davies
- deCODE biostructures, Inc., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, USA
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Enomoto H, Morikawa Y, Miyake Y, Tsuji F, Mizuchi M, Suhara H, Fujimura KI, Horiuchi M, Ban M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-mercaptoacylcysteine derivatives as leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:442-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wei D, Jiang X, Zhou L, Chen J, Chen Z, He C, Yang K, Liu Y, Pei J, Lai L. Discovery of Multitarget Inhibitors by Combining Molecular Docking with Common Pharmacophore Matching. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7882-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengguo Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chong He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianfeng Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Enomoto H, Morikawa Y, Miyake Y, Tsuji F, Mizuchi M, Suhara H, Fujimura KI, Horiuchi M, Ban M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-mercaptoacylproline and N-mercaptoacylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4529-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bauvois C, Jacquamet L, Huston AL, Borel F, Feller G, Ferrer JL. Crystal structure of the cold-active aminopeptidase from Colwellia psychrerythraea, a close structural homologue of the human bifunctional leukotriene A4 hydrolase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23315-25. [PMID: 18539590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of a cold-active aminopeptidase (ColAP) from Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H has been determined, extending the number of crystal structures of the M1 metallopeptidase family to four among the 436 members currently identified. In agreement with their sequence similarity, the overall structure of ColAP displayed a high correspondence with leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), a human bifunctional enzyme that converts leukotriene A4 (LTA4) in the potent chemoattractant leukotriene B4. Indeed, both enzymes are composed of three domains, an N-terminal saddle-like domain, a catalytic thermolysin-like domain, and a less conserved C-terminal alpha-helical flat spiral domain. Together, these domains form a deep cavity harboring the zinc binding site formed by residues included in the conserved HEXXHX(18)H motif. A detailed structural comparison of these enzymes revealed several plausible determinants of ColAP cold adaptation. The main differences involve specific amino acid substitutions, loop content and solvent exposure, complexity and distribution of ion pairs, and differential domain flexibilities. Such elements may act synergistically to allow conformational flexibility needed for an efficient catalysis in cold environments. Furthermore, the region of ColAP corresponding to the aminopeptidase active site of LTA4H is much more conserved than the suggested LTA4 substrate binding region. This observation supports the hypothesis that this region of the LTA4H active site has evolved in order to fit the lipidic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bauvois
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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37
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Ye S, Chai SY, Lew RA, Ascher DB, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Albiston AL. Identification of modulating residues defining the catalytic cleft of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:251-61. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been demonstrated to facilitate memory in rodents, making IRAP a potential target for the development of cognitive enhancing therapies. In this study, we generated a 3-D model of the catalytic domain of IRAP based on the crystal structure of leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). This model identified two key residues at the ‘entrance’ of the catalytic cleft of IRAP, Ala427 and Leu483, which present a more open arrangement of the S1 subsite compared with LTA4H. These residues may define the size and 3-D structure of the catalytic pocket, thereby conferring substrate and inhibitor specificity. Alteration of the S1 subsite by the mutation A427Y in IRAP markedly increased the rate of substrate cleavage V of the enzyme for a synthetic substrate, although a corresponding increase in the rate of cleavage of peptide substrates Leu-enkephalin and vasopressin was was not apparent. In contrast, [L483F]IRAP demonstrated a 30-fold decrease in activity due to changes in both substrate affinity and rate of substrate cleavage. [L483F]IRAP, although capable of efficiently cleaving the N-terminal cysteine from vasopressin, was unable to cleave the tyrosine residue from either Leu-enkephalin or Cyt6-desCys1-vasopressin (2–9), both substrates of IRAP. An 11-fold reduction in the affinity of the peptide inhibitor norleucine1-angiotensin IV was observed, whereas the affinity of angiotensin IV remained unaltered. In additionm we predict that the peptide inhibitors bind to the catalytic site, with the NH2-terminal P1 residue occupying the catalytic cleft (S1 subsite) in a manner similar to that proposed for peptide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Ye
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca A. Lew
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David B. Ascher
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Albiston
- Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Kirkland TA, Adler M, Bauman JG, Chen M, Haeggström JZ, King B, Kochanny MJ, Liang AM, Mendoza L, Phillips GB, Thunnissen M, Trinh L, Whitlow M, Ye B, Ye H, Parkinson J, Guilford WJ. Synthesis of glutamic acid analogs as potent inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4963-83. [PMID: 18394906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma. As a method to decrease the level of LTB(4) and possibly identify novel treatments, inhibitors of the LTB(4) biosynthetic enzyme, leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)-h), have been explored. Here we describe the discovery of a potent inhibitor of LTA(4)-h, arylamide of glutamic acid 4f, starting from the corresponding glycinamide 2. Analogs of 4f are then described, focusing on compounds that are both active and stable in whole blood. This effort culminated in the identification of amino alcohol 12a and amino ester 6b which meet these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kirkland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States.
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Whatling C, McPheat W, Herslöf M. The potential link between atherosclerosis and the 5-lipoxygenase pathway: investigational agents with new implications for the cardiovascular field. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 16:1879-93. [PMID: 18041998 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.12.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase pathway is responsible for the production of leukotrienes--inflammatory lipid mediators that have a role in innate immunity, but that can also have pathological effects in inflammatory diseases. Recently, a potential link between leukotriene production and atherosclerosis has been proposed. The expression of leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes and leukotriene receptors has been identified in coronary and carotid atherosclerotic plaques, and the levels of biosynthetic enzymes have been correlated with the clinical symptoms of unstable plaques. Genetic variants in 5-lipoxygenase pathway genes have also been associated with a relative risk of developing myocardial infarction and stroke. On the basis of these discoveries, antileukotriene compounds are now being evaluated for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Several tool compounds have been shown to limit the progression of lesion development in preclinical models of atherosclerosis, and three compounds, including two drugs previously developed for asthma, are undergoing clinical trials in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Whatling
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Bioscience Department, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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Pham VL, Cadel MS, Gouzy-Darmon C, Hanquez C, Beinfeld MC, Nicolas P, Etchebest C, Foulon T. Aminopeptidase B, a glucagon-processing enzyme: site directed mutagenesis of the Zn2+-binding motif and molecular modelling. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2007; 8:21. [PMID: 17974014 PMCID: PMC2241622 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminopeptidase B (Ap-B; EC 3.4.11.6) catalyzes the cleavage of basic residues at the N-terminus of peptides and processes glucagon into miniglucagon. The enzyme exhibits, in vitro, a residual ability to hydrolyze leukotriene A4 into the pro-inflammatory lipid mediator leukotriene B4. The potential bi-functional nature of Ap-B is supported by close structural relationships with LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H ; EC 3.3.2.6). A structure-function analysis is necessary for the detailed understanding of the enzymatic mechanisms of Ap-B and to design inhibitors, which could be used to determine the complete in vivo functions of the enzyme. RESULTS The rat Ap-B cDNA was expressed in E. coli and the purified recombinant enzyme was characterized. 18 mutants of the H325EXXHX18E348 Zn2+-binding motif were constructed and expressed. All mutations were found to abolish the aminopeptidase activity. A multiple alignment of 500 sequences of the M1 family of aminopeptidases was performed to identify 3 sub-families of exopeptidases and to build a structural model of Ap-B using the x-ray structure of LTA4H as a template. Although the 3D structures of the two enzymes resemble each other, they differ in certain details. The role that a loop, delimiting the active center of Ap-B, plays in discriminating basic substrates, as well as the function of consensus motifs, such as RNP1 and Armadillo domain are discussed. Examination of electrostatic potentials and hydrophobic patches revealed important differences between Ap-B and LTA4H and suggests that Ap-B is involved in protein-protein interactions. CONCLUSION Alignment of the primary structures of the M1 family members clearly demonstrates the existence of different sub-families and highlights crucial residues in the enzymatic activity of the whole family. E. coli recombinant enzyme and Ap-B structural model constitute powerful tools for investigating the importance and possible roles of these conserved residues in Ap-B, LTA4H and M1 aminopeptidase catalytic sites and to gain new insight into their physiological functions. Analysis of Ap-B structural model indicates that several interactions between Ap-B and proteins can occur and suggests that endopeptidases might form a complex with Ap-B during hormone processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Laï Pham
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, FRE 2852 (CNRS), Protéines : Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Structures et Fonctions des Aminopeptidases, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Marie-Sandrine Cadel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, FRE 2852 (CNRS), Protéines : Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Structures et Fonctions des Aminopeptidases, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Cécile Gouzy-Darmon
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, FRE 2852 (CNRS), Protéines : Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Structures et Fonctions des Aminopeptidases, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Chantal Hanquez
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, FRE 2852 (CNRS), Protéines : Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Structures et Fonctions des Aminopeptidases, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Margery C Beinfeld
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pierre Nicolas
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, FRE 2852 (CNRS), Protéines : Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Structures et Fonctions des Aminopeptidases, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Catherine Etchebest
- Université Denis Diderot-Paris7, UMR S 726, INSERM, Laboratoire de Bioinformatique Génomique et Moléculaire, Paris, F-75251 France
| | - Thierry Foulon
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, FRE 2852 (CNRS), Protéines : Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Structures et Fonctions des Aminopeptidases, Paris, F-75005 France
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Albiston AL, Peck GR, Yeatman HR, Fernando R, Ye S, Chai SY. Therapeutic targeting of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase: heads and tails? Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:417-27. [PMID: 17900701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, IRAP, is an abundant protein that was initially cloned from a rat epididymal fat pad cDNA library as a marker protein for specialized vesicles containing the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4, wherein it is thought to participate in the tethering and trafficking of GLUT4 vesicles. The same protein was independently cloned from human placental cDNA library as oxytocinase and is proposed to have a primary role in the regulation of circulating oxytocin (OXY) during the later stages of pregnancy. More recently, IRAP was identified as the specific binding site for angiotensin IV, and we propose that it mediates the memory-enhancing effects of the peptide. This protein appears to have multiple physiological roles that are tissue- and domain-specific; thus the protein can be specifically targeted for treating different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Albiston
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Several other proteins, including cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2α) and FLAP (5-LO-activating protein) also assemble at the perinuclear region before production of LTA4. LTC4 synthase is an integral membrane protein that is present at the nuclear envelope; however, LTA4 hydrolase remains cytosolic. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by ω-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by β-oxidation from the ω-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. Other specific pathways of leukotriene metabolism include the 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/15-oxo-prostaglandin-13-reductase that forms a series of conjugated diene metabolites that have been observed to be excreted into human urine. Metabolism of LTC4 occurs by sequential peptide cleavage reactions involving a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase that forms LTD4 (leukotriene D4) and a membrane-bound dipeptidase that converts LTD4 into LTE4 (leukotriene E4) before ω-oxidation. These metabolic transformations of the primary leukotrienes are critical for termination of their biological activity, and defects in expression of participating enzymes may be involved in specific genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Mail Stop 8303, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA
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43
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McArdle BM, Quinn RJ. Identification of protein fold topology shared between different folds inhibited by natural products. Chembiochem 2007; 8:788-98. [PMID: 17429823 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have withstood the test of time as therapeutics, but new lead-generation strategies have focussed away from natural products. A new approach that uses natural-product recognition to drive an understanding of biological space might provide an impetus for renewed focus on natural-product starting points. Protein fold topology (PFT) has been shown to be an underlying factor for natural-product recognition. An investigation of natural product inhibitors of the Zincin-like fold has demonstrated their capacity also to inhibit targets of different fold types. Analysis of crystal structure complexes for natural products cocrystallised within different fold types has shown similarity at the PFT level. Two new PFT(T) (where subscript T denotes PFT shared between therapeutic targets) relationships have been established: the Zincin-like- metallohydrolase/oxidoreductase PFT(T) and the Zincin-like-phosphorylase/hydrolase PFT(T). The PFT relationship between a natural product's biosynthetic enzyme and therapeutic target, and now between different fold targets of the same natural product, suggests that PFT is the simplest descriptor of biological space. This fundamental factor for recognition could facilitate a rational approach to drug development guided by natural products.
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Liang AM, Claret E, Ouled-Diaf J, Jean A, Vogel D, Light DR, Jones SW, Guilford WJ, Parkinson JF, Snider RM. Development of a Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence Leukotriene B4Assay for Determining the Activity of Leukotriene A4Hydrolase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:536-45. [PMID: 17384330 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107299873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4(LTA4) hydrolase catalyzes a rate-limiting final biosynthetic step of leukotriene B4(LTB4), a potent lipid chemotatic agent and proinflammatory mediator. LTB4has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, and thus LTA4hydrolase is regarded as an attractive therapeutic target for anti-inflammation. To facilitate identification and optimization of LTA4hydrolase inhibitors, a specific and efficient assay to quantify LTB4is essential. This article describes the development of a novel 384-well homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay for LTB4(LTB4HTRF®assay) and its application to establish an HTRF-based LTA4hydrolase assay for lead optimization. This LTB4HTRF assay is based on competitive inhibition and was established by optimizing the reagent concentration, buffer composition, incubation time, and assay miniaturization. The optimized assay is sensitive, selective, and robust, with a Z' factor of 0.89 and a subnanomolar detection limit for LTB4. By coupling this LTB4HTRF assay to the LTA4hydrolase reaction, an HTRF-based LTA4hydrolase assay was established and validated. Using a test set of 16 LTA4hydrolase inhibitors, a good correlation was found between the IC50values obtained using LTB4HTRF with those determined using the LTB enzyme-linked immunoassay ( R = 0.84). The HTRF-based LTA4hydrolase assay was shown to be an efficient and suitable4assay for determining compound potency and library screening to guide the development of potent inhibitors of LTA4hydrolase. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:536-545)
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Liang
- Molecular Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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45
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Ye S, Chai SY, Lew RA, Albiston AL. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase: analysis of peptide substrate and inhibitor binding to the catalytic domain. Biol Chem 2007; 388:399-403. [PMID: 17391061 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) accelerate spatial learning and facilitate memory retention and retrieval by binding competitively to the catalytic site of the enzyme and inhibiting its catalytic activity. IRAP belongs to the M1 family of Zn2+-dependent aminopeptidases characterized by a catalytic domain that contains two conserved motifs, the HEXXH(X)18E Zn2+-binding motif and the GXMEN exopeptidase motif. To elucidate the role of GXMEN in binding peptide substrates and competitive inhibitors, site-directed mutagenesis was performed on the motif. Non-conserved mutations of residues G428, A429 and N432 resulted in mutant enzymes with altered catalytic activity, as well as divergent changes in kinetic properties towards the synthetic substrate leucine beta-naphthylamide. The affinities of the IRAP inhibitors angiotensin IV, Nle1-angiotensin IV, and LVV-hemorphin-7 were selectively decreased. Substrate degradation studies using the in vitro substrates vasopressin and Leu-enkephalin showed that replacement of G428 by either D, E or Q selectively abolished the catalysis of Leu-enkephalin, while [A429G]IRAP and [N432A]IRAP mutants were incapable of cleaving both substrates. These mutational studies indicate that G428, A429 and N432 are important for binding of both peptide substrates and inhibitors, and confirm previous results demonstrating that peptide IRAP inhibitors competitively bind to its catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Ye
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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46
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Hambly K, Danzer J, Muskal S, Debe DA. Interrogating the druggable genome with structural informatics. Mol Divers 2006; 10:273-81. [PMID: 17031532 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-006-9035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Structural genomics projects are producing protein structure data at an unprecedented rate. In this paper, we present the Target Informatics Platform (TIP), a novel structural informatics approach for amplifying the rapidly expanding body of experimental protein structure information to enhance the discovery and optimization of small molecule protein modulators on a genomic scale. In TIP, existing experimental structure information is augmented using a homology modeling approach, and binding sites across multiple target families are compared using a clique detection algorithm. We report here a detailed analysis of the structural coverage for the set of druggable human targets, highlighting drug target families where the level of structural knowledge is currently quite high, as well as those areas where structural knowledge is sparse. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of TIP's intra- and inter-family binding site similarity analysis using a series of retrospective case studies. Our analysis underscores the utility of a structural informatics infrastructure for extracting drug discovery-relevant information from structural data, aiding researchers in the identification of lead discovery and optimization opportunities as well as potential "off-target" liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hambly
- Eidogen-Sertanty, Inc., 9381 Judicial Dr.,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Lyons PJ, Mattatall NR, Ro HS. Modeling and functional analysis of AEBP1, a transcriptional repressor. Proteins 2006; 63:1069-83. [PMID: 16538615 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 (AEBP1) is a transcriptional repressor of the aP2 gene, which encodes the adipocyte lipid binding protein and is involved in the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. It is an isoform of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP), which is a part of the extracellular matrix. AEBP1 and ACLP contain a conserved carboxypeptidase domain which is critical for the function of AEBP1 as a transcriptional repressor. Homology modeling and multiple alignment of AEBP1 homologues were performed to identify putative domains and critical residues that were then deleted or mutated in mouse AEBP1. Expression of wild-type and mutant AEBP1 proteins in CHO cells was performed, and their function in transcriptional repression was assayed by luciferase assay. All deletion forms of AEBP1 were able to repress transcription driven by the aP2 promoter. The DNA binding domain of AEBP1 was mapped by electrophoretic mobility shift assays to a region of the C-terminus rich in basic residues. However, wild-type AEBP1 was not able to interact strongly with DNA, suggesting that AEBP1 might function predominantly as a corepressor, independent of DNA binding. AEBP1 was also found to interact with Ca2+/calmodulin through this basic region, suggesting another mechanism of functional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Tholander F, Kull F, Ohlson E, Shafqat J, Thunnissen MMGM, Haeggström JZ. Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase, Insights into the Molecular Evolution by Homology Modeling and Mutational Analysis of Enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33477-86. [PMID: 16024909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase is a bifunctional zinc metalloenzyme possessing an Arg/Ala aminopeptidase and an epoxide hydrolase activity, which converts LTA4 into the chemoattractant LTB4. We have previously cloned an LTA4 hydrolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a primitive epoxide hydrolase activity and a Leu aminopeptidase activity, which is stimulated by LTA4. Here we used a modeled structure of S. cerevisiae LTA4 hydrolase, mutational analysis, and binding studies to show that Glu-316 and Arg-627 are critical for catalysis, allowing us to a propose a mechanism for the epoxide hydrolase activity. Guided by the structure, we engineered S. cerevisiae LTA4 hydrolase to attain catalytic properties resembling those of human LTA4 hydrolase. Thus, six consecutive point mutations gradually introduced a novel Arg aminopeptidase activity and caused the specific Ala and Pro aminopeptidase activities to increase 24 and 63 times, respectively. In contrast to the wild type enzyme, the hexuple mutant was inhibited by LTA4 for all tested substrates and to the same extent as for the human enzyme. In addition, these mutations improved binding of LTA4 and increased the relative formation of LTB4, whereas the turnover of this substrate was only weakly affected. Our results suggest that during evolution, the active site of an ancestral eukaryotic zinc aminopeptidase has been reshaped to accommodate lipid substrates while using already existing catalytic residues for a novel, gradually evolving, epoxide hydrolase activity. Moreover, the unique ability to catalyze LTB4 synthesis appears to be the result of multiple and subtle structural rearrangements at the catalytic center rather than a limited set of specific amino acid substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Tholander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Divisions of Chemistry 1 and 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden
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Abe M, Yoshimoto T. [Leukotriene-lipoxygenase pathway and drug discovery]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2005; 124:415-25. [PMID: 15572846 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.124.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The first drugs affecting the leukotriene-lipoxygenase pathway, which have been introduced in clinical application, inhibit effects of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Although, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor was first used in clinical practice as an anti-asthma drug, cysteinyl-leukotriene type 1 receptor (cysLT(1)R) antagonists are preferred as anti-asthma and anti-rhinitis drugs because they are almost as effective as the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors but have fewer side effects. The cloning of genes related to lipoxygenase-leukotriene metabolism prompted us to try to elucidate the role of leukotrienes in various inflammations. There are at least two types of cysLTRs known: cysLT(1)R and cysLT(2)R. CysLT(1)R plays an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma; however, the role of the cysLT(2)R remains unknown. The abundant distribution of cysLT(2)R in heart and brain tissues suggests that cysLTs play an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart diseases or arrhythmias and through this receptor (cysLT(2)R), psychoneurological disorders. The use of a selective cysLT(2)R antagonist may clarify these questions. Since the 5-lipoxygenase pathway is abundantly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, and 12/15-lipoxygenase is able to oxygenate polyunsaturated fatty acid esterified in the membranous phospholipids, 5-lipoxygenase or 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitors may prevent progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, it has been reported that 15-lipoxygenase participates in suppression of prostate cancer. In conclusion, the leukotriene-lipoxygenase metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiology of acute inflammatory to chronic progressive disorders. We think that more drugs modifying leukotriene-lipoxygenase metabolism will be introduced into clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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50
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Newman JW, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Epoxide hydrolases: their roles and interactions with lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:1-51. [PMID: 15748653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes present in all living organisms, which transform epoxide containing lipids by the addition of water. In plants and animals, many of these lipid substrates have potent biologically activities, such as host defenses, control of development, regulation of inflammation and blood pressure. Thus the EHs have important and diverse biological roles with profound effects on the physiological state of the host organisms. Currently, seven distinct epoxide hydrolase sub-types are recognized in higher organisms. These include the plant soluble EHs, the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase, the hepoxilin hydrolase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and the insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. While our understanding of these enzymes has progressed at different rates, here we discuss the current state of knowledge for each of these enzymes, along with a distillation of our current understanding of their endogenous roles. By reviewing the entire enzyme class together, both commonalities and discrepancies in our understanding are highlighted and important directions for future research pertaining to these enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Newman
- Department of Entomology, UCDavis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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