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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Zaman S, Begum Y, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Bungau SG, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pigatto PD, Costa A, Guzzi G. Are mercury and Alzheimer's disease linked? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:1579-1580. [PMID: 28889904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D Pigatto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, IRCCS Galeazzi Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Costa
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, Maggiore Hospital Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Guzzi
- Italian Association for Metals and Biocompatibility Research - A.I.R.M.E.B., Milan, Italy.
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Chan MC, Bautista E, Alvarado-Cruz I, Quintanilla-Vega B, Segovia J. Inorganic mercury prevents the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells: Amyloid precursor protein, microtubule associated proteins and ROS as potential targets. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 41:119-128. [PMID: 28209268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury (Hg) occurs through different pathways and forms including methylmecury (MeHg) from seafood and rice, ethylmercury (EtHg), and elemental Hg (Hg0) from dental amalgams and artisanal gold mining. Once in the brain all these forms are transformed to inorganic Hg (I-Hg), where it bioaccumulates and remains for long periods. Hg is a well-known neurotoxicant, with its most damaging effects reported during brain development, when cellular key events, such as cell differentiation take place. A considerable number of studies report an impairment of neuronal differentiation due to MeHg exposure, however the effects of I-Hg, an important form of Hg found in brain, have received less attention. In this study, we decided to examine the effects of I-Hg exposure (5, 10 and 20μM) on the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells induced by retinoic acid (RA, 10μM). We observed extension of neuritic processes and increased expression of neuronal markers (MAP2, tubulin-βIII, and Tau) after RA stimulation, all these effects were decreased by the co-exposure to I-Hg. Interestingly, I-Hg increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) accompanied with increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDHA1). Remarkably I-Hg decreased levels of nitric oxide synthase neuronal (nNOS). Moreover I-Hg reduced the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) a protein recently involved in neuronal differentiation. These data suggest that the exposure to I-Hg impairs cell differentiation, and point to new potential targets of Hg toxicity such as APP and NO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chin Chan
- Departmento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche 4039, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Bautista
- Departmento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, 52786, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | - Isabel Alvarado-Cruz
- Departmento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico
| | - Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega
- Departmento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico
| | - José Segovia
- Departmento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico.
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Sensitivity of neural stem cell survival, differentiation and neurite outgrowth within 3D hydrogels to environmental heavy metals. Toxicol Lett 2015; 242:9-22. [PMID: 26621541 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the sensitivity of embryonic murine neural stem cells exposed to 10 pM-10 μM concentrations of three heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb), continuously for 14 days within 3D collagen hydrogels. Critical endpoints for neurogenesis such as survival, differentiation and neurite outgrowth were assessed. Results suggest significant compromise in cell viability within the first four days at concentrations ≥10 nM, while lower concentrations induced a more delayed effect. Mercury and lead suppressed neural differentiation at as low as 10 pM concentration within 7 days, while all three metals inhibited neural and glial differentiation by day 14. Neurite outgrowth remained unaffected at lower cadmium or mercury concentrations (≤100 pM), but was completely repressed beyond day 1 at higher concentrations. Higher metal concentrations (≥100 pM) suppressed NSC differentiation to motor or dopaminergic neurons. Cytokines and chemokines released by NSCs, and the sub-cellular mechanisms by which metals induce damage to NSCs have been quantified and correlated to phenotypic data. The observed degree of toxicity in NSC cultures is in the order: lead>mercury>cadmium. Results point to the use of biomimetic 3D culture models to screen the toxic effects of heavy metals during developmental stages, and investigate their underlying mechanistic pathways.
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Effect of thimerosal, methylmercury, and mercuric chloride in Jurkat T Cell Line. Interdiscip Toxicol 2013; 5:159-61. [PMID: 23554557 PMCID: PMC3600517 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant that causes a wide range of adverse health effects in humans. Three forms of mercury exist: elemental, inorganic and organic. Each of them has its own profile of toxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of thimerosal, a topical antiseptic and preservative in vaccines routinely given to children, methyl mercury, and mercuric chloride on cellular viability measured by MTT in Jurkat T cells, a human T leukemia cell line. The treatment of Jurkat T cells with thimerosal caused a significant decrease in cellular viability at 1 μM (25%, p<0.05; IC50: 10 μM). Methyl mercury exhibited a significant decrease in cellular viability at 50 μM (33%, p<0.01; IC50: 65 μM). Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) did not show any significant change in cellular survival. Our findings showed that contrary to thimerosal and methyl mercury, mercuric chloride did not modify Jurkat T cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Ferrari D, Binda E, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL. Isolation of neural stem cells from neural tissues using the neurosphere technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 2:Unit2D.6. [PMID: 21049474 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d06s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes protocols for the derivation, characterization, and expansion of neural stem cell (NSC) lines from the adult mouse subventricular zone (mNSCs), embryonic mouse brain and from the human fetal brain (hNSCs). NSCs can be isolated by enzymatic digestion of specific regions (NSCs niches) of the central nervous system (CNS) and grown in suspension. By using this methodology, NSCs form spherical clusters called neurospheres, which are mechanically dissociated to a single-cell suspension and replated in the selective culture medium. Removal of growth factors and plating cells on an adherent substrate allows cells to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, the main cell type of the CNS. Correct culturing of NSCs, according to this methodology, will allow cells to expand over 100 passages without alteration of cell karyotype, growth ability, and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferrari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Harrill JA, Freudenrich TM, Machacek DW, Stice SL, Mundy WR. Quantitative assessment of neurite outgrowth in human embryonic stem cell-derived hN2 cells using automated high-content image analysis. Neurotoxicology 2010; 31:277-90. [PMID: 20188755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Throughout development neurons undergo a number of morphological changes including neurite outgrowth from the cell body. Exposure to neurotoxic chemicals that interfere with this process may result in permanent deficits in nervous system function. Traditionally, rodent primary neural cultures and immortalized human and non-human clonal cell lines have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling neurite outgrowth and examine chemical effects on this process. The present study characterizes the molecular phenotype of hN2 human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neural cells and uses automated high-content image analysis to measure neurite outgrowth in vitro. At 24h post-plating hN2 cells express a number of protein markers indicative of a neuronal phenotype, including: nestin, beta(III)-tubulin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and phosphorylated neurofilaments. Neurite outgrowth in hN2 cells proceeded rapidly, with a majority of cells extending one to three neurites by 48h in culture. In addition, concentration-dependent decreases in neurite outgrowth and ATP-content were observed following treatment of hN2 cells with either bisindolylmaleimide I, U0126, lithium chloride, sodium orthovanadate and brefeldin A, all of which have previously been shown to inhibit neurite outgrowth in primary rodent neural cultures. Overall, the molecular phenotype, rate of neurite outgrowth and sensitivity of hN2 cells to neurite outgrowth inhibitors were comparable to other in vitro models previously characterized in the literature. hN2 cells provide a model in which to investigate chemical effects on neurite outgrowth in a non-transformed human-derived cells and provide an alternative to the use of primary rodent neural cultures or immortalized clonal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Harrill
- Systems Biology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
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Moors M, Rockel TD, Abel J, Cline JE, Gassmann K, Schreiber T, Schuwald J, Weinmann N, Fritsche E. Human neurospheres as three-dimensional cellular systems for developmental neurotoxicity testing. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1131-8. [PMID: 19654924 PMCID: PMC2717141 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) of environmental chemicals is a serious threat to human health. Current DNT testing guidelines propose investigations in rodents, which require large numbers of animals. With regard to the "3 Rs" (reduction, replacement, and refinement) of animal testing and the European regulation of chemicals [Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH)], alternative testing strategies are needed in order to refine and reduce animal experiments and allow faster and less expensive screening. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to establish a three-dimensional test system for DNT screening based on human fetal brain cells. METHODS We established assays suitable for detecting disturbances in basic processes of brain development by employing human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), which grow as neurospheres. Furthermore, we assessed effects of mercury and oxidative stress on these cells. RESULTS We found that human neurospheres imitate proliferation, differentiation, and migration in vitro. Exposure to the proapoptotic agent staurosporine further suggests that human neurospheres possess functioning apoptosis machinery. The developmental neurotoxicants methylmercury chloride and mercury chloride decreased migration distance and number of neuronal-like cells in differentiated hNPCs. Furthermore, hNPCs undergo caspase-independent apoptosis when exposed toward high amounts of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Human neurospheres are likely to imitate basic processes of brain development, and these processes can be modulated by developmental neurotoxicants. Thus, this three-dimensional cell system is a promising approach for DNT testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ellen Fritsche
- Address correspondence to E. Fritsche, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung gGmbH an der Heinrich Heine-Universität, Toxicology, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Telephone: 00492113389217. Fax: 00492113190910. E-mail:
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Guzzi G, La Porta CAM. Molecular mechanisms triggered by mercury. Toxicology 2007; 244:1-12. [PMID: 18077077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is an ubiquitous environmental toxin that causes a wide range of adverse health effects in humans. Three forms of mercury exist: elemental, inorganic and organic. Each of them has its own profile of toxicity. Exposure to mercury typically occurs by inhalation or ingestion. Mercury can be an indoor air pollutant, however industry emission remains the most important source of inhaled mercury. Furthermore, fresh water and ocean fish may contain large amounts of mercury and dental amalgam can be another important source of inorganic and mercury vapor. The present review discusses the current information on mercury toxicity and the distinct toxicologic profile of the three forms of mercury. The existing therapeutics, new therapeutics development or agents for treating mercury poisoning will also discussed. Since in general low levels of mercurial are tolerable, herein, we also discuss the defensive mechanisms developed by the cell to protect itself against mercury injury. This aspect may be useful to provide a biological protection against toxic effects exerted by mercury or by specific forms of mercury in view of a medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- GianPaolo Guzzi
- AIRMEB Italian Association for Metals and Biocompatibility Research, Italy
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Geraci F, Turturici G, Galli D, Cossu G, Giudice G, Sconzo G. Stress response in mesoangioblast stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2005; 13:1057-63. [PMID: 16282982 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are presumed to survive various stresses, since they are recruited to areas of tissue damage and regeneration, where inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic cells may result in severe cell injury. We explored the ability of mesoangioblasts to respond to different cell stresses such as heat, heavy metals and osmotic stress, by analyzing heat shock protein (HSP)70 synthesis as a stress indicator. We found that the A6 mesoangioblast stem cells constitutively synthesize HSP70 in a heat shock transcription factor (HSF)-independent way. However, A6 respond to heat shock and cadmium treatment by synthesizing HSP70 over the constitutive expression and this synthesis is HSF1 dependent. The exposure of A6 to copper or to a hypertonic medium does neither induce HSP70 synthesis nor activation of HSF1, while a constitutive binding of constitutive heat shock element binding factor was found. Together, these data suggest that mesoangioblasts constitutively express HSP70 as an 'a priori' activation mechanism, while they maintain the ability to respond to stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Geraci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Eisele K, Lang PA, Kempe DS, Klarl BA, Niemöller O, Wieder T, Huber SM, Duranton C, Lang F. Stimulation of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine exposure by mercury ions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 210:116-22. [PMID: 16137732 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sequelae of mercury intoxication include induction of apoptosis. In nucleated cells, Hg2+-induced apoptosis involves mitochondrial damage. The present study has been performed to elucidate effects of Hg2+ in erythrocytes which lack mitochondria but are able to undergo apoptosis-like alterations of the cell membrane. Previous studies have documented that activation of a Ca2+-sensitive erythrocyte scramblase leads to exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface, a typical feature of apoptotic cells. The erythrocyte scramblase is activated by osmotic shock, oxidative stress and/or energy depletion which increase cytosolic Ca2+ activity and/or activate a sphingomyelinase leading to formation of ceramide. Ceramide sensitizes the scramblase to Ca2+. The present experiments explored the effect of Hg2+ ions on erythrocytes. Phosphatidylserine exposure after mercury treatment was estimated from annexin binding as determined in FACS analysis. Exposure to Hg2+ (1 microM) indeed significantly increased annexin binding from 2.3+/-0.5% (control condition) to 23+/-6% (n=6). This effect was paralleled by activation of a clotrimazole-sensitive K+-selective conductance as measured by patch-clamp recordings and by transient cell shrinkage. Further experiments revealed also an increase of ceramide formation by approximately 66% (n=7) after challenge with mercury (1 microM). In conclusion, mercury ions activate a clotrimazole-sensitive K+-selective conductance leading to transient cell shrinkage. Moreover, Hg2+ increases ceramide formation. The observed mechanisms could similarly participate in the triggering of apoptosis in nucleated cells by Hg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Eisele
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Li J, Spletter ML, Johnson DA, Wright LS, Svendsen CN, Johnson JA. Rotenone-induced caspase 9/3-independent and -dependent cell death in undifferentiated and differentiated human neural stem cells. J Neurochem 2005; 92:462-76. [PMID: 15659217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We used human neural stem cells (hNSCs) and their differentiated cultures as a model system to evaluate the mechanism(s) involved in rotenone (RO)- and camptothecin (CA)-induced cytotoxicity. Results from ultrastructural damage and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining indicated that RO-induced cytotoxicity resembled CA-induced apoptosis more than H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis. However, unlike CA-induced, caspase 9/3-dependent apoptosis, there was no increased activity in caspase 9, caspase 3 or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage in RO-induced cytotoxicity, in spite of time-dependent release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) following mitochondrial membrane depolarization and a significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation. Equal doses of RO and CA used in hNSCs induced caspase 9/3-dependent apoptosis in differentiated cultures. Time-dependent ATP depletion occurred earlier and to a greater extent in RO-treated hNSCs than in CA-treated hNSCs, or differentiated cultures treated with RO or CA. In conclusion, these results represent a unique ultrastructural and molecular characterization of RO- and CA-induced cytotoxicity in hNSCs and their differentiated cultures. Intracellular ATP levels may play an important role in determining whether neural progenitors or their differentiated cells follow a caspase 9/3-dependent or -independent pathway in response to acute insults from neuronal toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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Mutter J, Naumann J, Sadaghiani C, Walach H, Drasch G. Amalgam studies: disregarding basic principles of mercury toxicity. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 207:391-7. [PMID: 15471104 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dental amalgam, which has been used for over 150 years in dental practice, consists of about 50% metallic mercury. Studies on animal and humans show that mercury is continuously released from dental amalgam and absorbed by several body tissues. It is widely accepted that the main source of mercury vapor is dental amalgam and it contributes substantially to mercury load in human body tissues. There is still a controversy about the consequences of this additional mercury exposure from amalgam to human health. Many studies were performed to evaluate possible adverse effects. In this comment, these studies were analyzed with regard to their methodical quality by considering the newest findings on mercury toxicity and metabolism. In sum, a number of studies are methodically flawed drawing inaccurate conclusions as to the safety of dental amalgam.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mutter
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany.
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