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Shevela EY, Loginova TA, Munkuev AS, Volskaya TE, Sergeeva SA, Rashchupkin IM, Kafanova MY, Degtyareva VG, Sosnovskaya AV, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER. Intranasal Immunotherapy with M2 Macrophage Secretome Ameliorates Language Impairments and Autistic-like Behavior in Children. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3079. [PMID: 38892790 PMCID: PMC11173137 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The intranasal delivery of various neurotropic substances is considered a new attractive therapeutic approach for treating neuropathologies associated with neuroinflammation and altered regeneration. Specific language impairment (SLI) that arises as a result of damage to the cortical speech zones during the developmental period is one of the most common problems in preschool children, and it is characterized by persistent difficulties in the acquisition, understanding, and use of language. This study's objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal immunotherapy using the M2 macrophage secretome as a rich source of immunoregulatory and neurotrophic factors for the treatment of severe language impairment in children. Methods: Seventy-one children (54 boys and 17 girls, aged 3 to 13 years) were recruited to participate in a clinical trial (NCT04689282) in two medical centers. The children were examined before, 1 month after, and 6 months after the start of therapy. In the vast majority of children (55/71), language impairment was associated with autistic-like symptoms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Results: Daily intranasal inhalations of M2 macrophage-conditioned medium (for 30 days) were well tolerated and led to a decrease in the severity of language impairments, autistic-like behavior, and ADHD symptoms. The clinical effect appeared within a month after the first procedure and persisted or intensified during a 6-month follow-up. Two-thirds of the children showed a clear clinical improvement, while the rest had less pronounced improvement. Conclusions: Thus, the use of the M2 macrophage secretome and its intranasal delivery is safe, well tolerated, and clinically effective in children with severe language impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Ya. Shevela
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Tatiana A. Loginova
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Alexandr S. Munkuev
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Tatiana E. Volskaya
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Svetlana A. Sergeeva
- Medical Center “Almadeya”, 194223 Saint-Petersburgh, Russia; (T.A.L.); (A.S.M.); (T.E.V.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Ivan M. Rashchupkin
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Marina Yu. Kafanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Novosibirsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | | | | | - Alexandr A. Ostanin
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Elena R. Chernykh
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.M.R.); (A.A.O.); (E.R.C.)
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Bhogale S, Seward C, Stubbs L, Sinha S. SEAMoD: A fully interpretable neural network for cis-regulatory analysis of differentially expressed genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.09.565900. [PMID: 38014229 PMCID: PMC10680628 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.565900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A common way to investigate gene regulatory mechanisms is to identify differentially expressed genes using transcriptomics, find their candidate enhancers using epigenomics, and search for over-represented transcription factor (TF) motifs in these enhancers using bioinformatics tools. A related follow-up task is to model gene expression as a function of enhancer sequences and rank TF motifs by their contribution to such models, thus prioritizing among regulators. We present a new computational tool called SEAMoD that performs the above tasks of motif finding and sequence-to-expression modeling simultaneously. It trains a convolutional neural network model to relate enhancer sequences to differential expression in one or more biological conditions. The model uses TF motifs to interpret the sequences, learning these motifs and their relative importance to each biological condition from data. It also utilizes epigenomic information in the form of activity scores of putative enhancers and automatically searches for the most promising enhancer for each gene. Compared to existing neural network models of non-coding sequences, SEAMoD uses far fewer parameters, requires far less training data, and emphasizes biological interpretability. We used SEAMoD to understand regulatory mechanisms underlying the differentiation of neural stem cell (NSC) derived from mouse forebrain. We profiled gene expression and histone modifications in NSC and three differentiated cell types and used SEAMoD to model differential expression of nearly 12,000 genes with an accuracy of 81%, in the process identifying the Olig2, E2f family TFs, Foxo3, and Tcf4 as key transcriptional regulators of the differentiation process.
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VEGF/VEGFR-2 system exerts neuroprotection against Phoneutria nigriventer spider envenomation through PI3K-AKT-dependent pathway. Toxicon 2020; 185:76-90. [PMID: 32649934 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to elucidate why VEGF/VEGFR-2 is elevated in the hippocampus of rats injected with Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV). PNV delays Na+ channels inactivation; blocks Ca2+ and K+ channels, increases glutamate release, causes blood-brain breakdown (BBBb), brain edema and severe excitotoxicity. Analytical FT-IR spectroscopy showed profound alteration in molecular biochemical state, with evidences for VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) signaling mediation. By blocking VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding via pre-treatment with itraconazole we demonstrated that animals' condition was deteriorated soon at 1-2 h post-PNV exposure concurrently with decreased expression of VEGF, BBB-associated proteins, ZO-1, β-catenin, laminin, P-gp (P-glycoprotein), Neu-N (neuron's viability marker) and MAPKphosphorylated-p38, while phosphorylated-ERK and Src pathways were increased. At 5 h and coinciding with incipient signs of animals' recuperation, the proteins associated with protection (HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, Neu-N, occludin, β-catenin, laminin, P-gp efflux protein, phosphorylated-p38) increased thus indicating p38 pathway activation together with paracellular route strengthening. However, the BBB transcellular trafficking and caspase-3 increased (pro-apoptotic pathway activation). At 24 h, the transcellular route reestablished physiological state but the pro-survival pathway PI3K/(p-Akt) dropped in animals underwent VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding inhibition, whereas it was significantly activated at matched interval in PNV group without prior itraconazole; these results demonstrate impaired VEGF' survival effects at 24 h. The inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding identified 5 h as turning point at which multi-level dynamic interplay was elicited to reverse hippocampal damage. Collectively, the data confirmed VEGFR-2 signaling via serine-threonine kinase Akt as neuroprotective pathway against PNV-induced damage. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying PNV effects.
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Morrell BC, Zhang L, Schütz LF, Perego MC, Maylem ERS, Spicer LJ. Regulation of the transcription factor E2F8 gene expression in bovine ovarian cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110572. [PMID: 31493442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcription factor, E2F8, has been associated with ovarian cancer. Objectives of this study were to determine: 1) if E2F8 gene expression in granulosa cells (GC) and theca cells (TC) change with follicular development, and 2) if E2F8 mRNA abundance in TC and GC is hormonally regulated. Using real-time PCR, E2F8 mRNA abundance in GC and TC was greater (P < 0.05) in small than large follicles. FGF9 induced an increase (P < 0.05) in E2F8 mRNA abundance by 1.6- to 7-fold in large-follicle (8-20 mm) TC and GC as well as in small-follicle (1-5 mm) GC. Abundance of E2F8 mRNA in TC was increased (P < 0.05) with FGF2, FGF9 or VEGFA treatments alone in vitro, and concomitant treatment of VEGFA with FGF9 increased (P < 0.05) abundance of E2F8 mRNA above any of the singular treatments; BMP4, WNT3A and LH were without effect. IGF1 amplified the stimulatory effect of FGF9 on E2F8 mRNA abundance by 2.7-fold. Collectively, our studies show for the first time that follicular E2F8 is developmentally and hormonally regulated indicating that E2F8 may be involved in follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne C Morrell
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Lingna Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Luis F Schütz
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - M Chiara Perego
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Excel Rio S Maylem
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Nichols JA, Perego MC, Schütz LF, Hemple AM, Spicer LJ. Hormonal regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) gene expression in granulosa and theca cells of cattle1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3034-3045. [PMID: 31077271 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) stimulates angiogenesis and is associated with increased vascularity in ovarian follicles of cattle. The objectives of this study were to investigate the developmental and hormonal regulation of VEGFA expression in ovarian granulosa and theca cells (TC) of cattle. Bovine ovaries were collected from a local slaughterhouse and granulosa cells (GC) and TC were collected from small (SM; 1 to 5 mm) and large (LG; 8 to 20 mm) follicles. Cells were collected fresh or cultured in serum-free medium and treated with various factors that regulate angiogenesis and follicular development. RNA was collected for analysis of VEGFA mRNA abundance via quantitative PCR. In SM-follicle GC (SMGC), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and FSH decreased (P < 0.05) VEGFA mRNA abundance by 30 to 46%, whereas in LG-follicle GC (LGGC), PGE2 and FSH were without effect (P > 0.10). In SMGC, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) decreased (P < 0.05) VEGFA expression by 30 to 40%. Fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF9) and estradiol (E2) were without effect (P > 0.10) on VEGFA mRNA in both SMGC and LGGC, whereas progesterone increased (P < 0.05) VEGFA mRNA in LGGC but had no effect in LGTC. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4), LH, and FGF9 increased (P < 0.05) abundance of VEGFA mRNA by 1.5- to 1.9-fold in LGTC. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) was without effect (P > 0.10) on VEGFA mRNA in both TC and GC. An E2F transcription factor inhibitor, HLM0064741 (E2Fi), dramatically (i.e., 8- to 13-fold) stimulated (P < 0.01) the expression of VEGFA mRNA expression in both SMGC and LGTC. Abundance of VEGFA mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) in LGGC and SMGC than in LGTC. Also, SMTC had greater (P < 0.05) abundance of VEGFA mRNA than LGTC. In conclusion, VEGFA mRNA abundance was greater in GC than TC, and VEGFA expression decreased in TC during follicle development. Some treatments either suppressed, stimulated, or had no effect on VEGFA expression depending on the cell type. The inhibition of E2F transcription factors had the greatest stimulatory effect of all treatments evaluated, and thus, E2Fs may play an important role in regulating angiogenesis during follicle growth in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Nichols
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Maria Chiara Perego
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Luis F Schütz
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Amber M Hemple
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
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McGrory CL, Ryan KM, Kolshus E, McLoughlin DM. Peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA in depression and following electroconvulsive therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:380-385. [PMID: 30365982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors are a group of proteins that bind to the promotor region of the adenovirus E2 gene. E2F1, the first family member to be cloned, is linked to functions including cell proliferation and apoptosis, DNA repair, cell senescence and metabolism. We recently performed a deep sequencing study of micro-RNA changes in whole blood following ECT. Two micro-RNAs (miR-126-3p and miR-106a-5p) were identified and gene targeting analysis identified E2F1 as a shared target of these miRNAs. To our knowledge, no studies have examined E2F1 mRNA levels in patients with depression. Peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA levels were therefore examined in patients with depression, compared to healthy controls, and the effects of a course of ECT on peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA was investigated. Depressed patient and healthy control groups were balanced on the basis of age and sex. E2F1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in depressed patients in comparison to controls (p = .009) but did not change with ECT. There was no relationship between baseline E2F1 levels and depression severity, response to treatment, presence of psychosis or polarity of depression. There were no significant correlations between E2F1 levels and mood scores based on the HAM-D24. These results indicate that reduced peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA could be a trait feature of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McGrory
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Erik Kolshus
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Craddock TJA, Michalovicz LT, Kelly KA, Rice MA, Miller DB, Klimas NG, Morris M, O'Callaghan JP, Broderick G. A Logic Model of Neuronal-Glial Interaction Suggests Altered Homeostatic Regulation in the Perpetuation of Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:336. [PMID: 30374291 PMCID: PMC6196274 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant inflammatory signaling between neuronal and glial cells can develop into a persistent sickness behavior-related disorders, negatively impacting learning, memory, and neurogenesis. While there is an abundance of literature describing these interactions, there still lacks a comprehensive mathematical model describing the complex feed-forward and feedback mechanisms of neural-glial interaction. Here we compile molecular and cellular signaling information from various studies and reviews in the literature to create a logically-consistent, theoretical model of neural-glial interaction in the brain to explore the role of neuron-glia homeostatic regulation in the perpetuation of neuroinflammation. Logic rules are applied to this connectivity diagram to predict the system's homeostatic behavior. We validate our model predicted homeostatic profiles against RNAseq gene expression profiles in a mouse model of stress primed neuroinflammation. A meta-analysis was used to calculate the significance of similarity between the inflammatory profiles of mice exposed to diisopropyl fluorophostphate (DFP) [with and without prior priming by the glucocorticoid stress hormone corticosterone (CORT)], with the equilibrium states predicted by the model, and to provide estimates of the degree of the neuroinflammatory response. Beyond normal homeostatic regulation, our model predicts an alternate self-perpetuating condition consistent with chronic neuroinflammation. RNAseq gene expression profiles from the cortex of mice exposed to DFP and CORT+DFP align with this predicted state of neuroinflammation, whereas the alignment to CORT alone was negligible. Simulations of putative treatment strategies post-exposure were shown to be theoretically capable of returning the system to a state of typically healthy regulation with broad-acting anti-inflammatory agents showing the highest probability of success. The results support a role for the brain's own homeostatic drive in perpetuating the chronic neuroinflammation associated with exposure to the organophosphate DFP, with and without CORT priming. The deviation of illness profiles from exact model predictions suggests the presence of additional factors or of lasting changes to the brain's regulatory circuitry specific to each exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J A Craddock
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Lindsay T Michalovicz
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mark A Rice
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Diane B Miller
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
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Levy MJF, Boulle F, Steinbusch HW, van den Hove DLA, Kenis G, Lanfumey L. Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity pathways in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2195-2220. [PMID: 29961124 PMCID: PMC6061771 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a major health problem with a high prevalence and a heavy socioeconomic burden in western societies. It is associated with atrophy and impaired functioning of cortico-limbic regions involved in mood and emotion regulation. It has been suggested that alterations in neurotrophins underlie impaired neuroplasticity, which may be causally related to the development and course of depression. Accordingly, mounting evidence suggests that antidepressant treatment may exert its beneficial effects by enhancing trophic signaling on neuronal and synaptic plasticity. However, current antidepressants still show a delayed onset of action, as well as lack of efficacy. Hence, a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of depression, as well as in the action of antidepressants, might provide further insight to drive the development of novel fast-acting and more effective therapies. Here, we summarize the current literature on the involvement of neurotrophic factors in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Further, we advocate that future development of antidepressants should be based on the neurotrophin theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J F Levy
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabien Boulle
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël L A van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France.
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Eriocalyxin B, a natural diterpenoid, inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis and diminished angiogenesis-dependent breast tumor growth by suppressing VEGFR-2 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82820-82835. [PMID: 27756875 PMCID: PMC5347735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eriocalyxin B (EriB), a natural ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from the plant Isodon eriocalyx var. laxiflora, has emerged as a promising anticancer agent. The effects of EriB on angiogenesis were explored in the present study. Here we demonstrated that the subintestinal vein formation was significantly inhibited by EriB treatment (10, 15 μM) in zebrafish embryos, which was resulted from the alteration of various angiogenic genes as shown in transcriptome profiling. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, EriB treatment (50, 100 nM) could significantly block vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-induced cell proliferation, tube formation, cell migration and cell invasion. Furthermore, EriB also caused G1 phase cell cycle arrest which was correlated with the down-regulation of the cyclin D1 and CDK4 leading to the inhibition of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein expression. Investigation of the signal transduction revealed that EriB inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 via the interaction with the ATP-binding sites according to the molecular docking simulations. The suppression of VEGFR-2 downstream signal transduction cascades was also observed. EriB was showed to inhibit new blood vessel formation in Matrigel plug model and mouse 4T1 breast tumor model. EriB (5 mg/kg/day) treatment was able to decrease tumor vascularization and suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis. Taken together, our findings suggested that EriB is a novel inhibitor of angiogenesis through modulating VEGFR-2 signaling pathway, which could be developed as a promising anti-angiogenic agent for treatment of angiogenesis-related human diseases, such as cancer.
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Voronova A, Yuzwa SA, Wang BS, Zahr S, Syal C, Wang J, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Migrating Interneurons Secrete Fractalkine to Promote Oligodendrocyte Formation in the Developing Mammalian Brain. Neuron 2017; 94:500-516.e9. [PMID: 28472653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During development, newborn interneurons migrate throughout the embryonic brain. Here, we provide evidence that these interneurons act in a paracrine fashion to regulate developmental oligodendrocyte formation. Specifically, we show that medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) interneurons secrete factors that promote genesis of oligodendrocytes from glially biased cortical precursors in culture. Moreover, when MGE interneurons are genetically ablated in vivo prior to their migration, this causes a deficit in cortical oligodendrogenesis. Modeling of the interneuron-precursor paracrine interaction using transcriptome data identifies the cytokine fractalkine as responsible for the pro-oligodendrocyte effect in culture. This paracrine interaction is important in vivo, since knockdown of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 in embryonic cortical precursors, or constitutive knockout of CX3CR1, causes decreased numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocytes in the postnatal cortex. Thus, in addition to their role in regulating neuronal excitability, interneurons act in a paracrine fashion to promote the developmental genesis of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Voronova
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Scott A Yuzwa
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Beatrix S Wang
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Siraj Zahr
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Charvi Syal
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jing Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada.
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11
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Li L, Shi B, Chen J, Li C, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhu G. An E2F1/MiR-17-92 Negative Feedback Loop mediates proliferation of Mouse Palatal Mesenchymal Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5148. [PMID: 28698574 PMCID: PMC5506009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal cell cycle progression and proliferation of palatal mesenchymal cells are important for palatal development. As targets of miR-17-92, E2F transcription factors family has been suggested to induce the transcription of miR-17-92 in several cell types. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether this negative feedback loop exists in mouse PMCs and what the function of this negative feedback loop would be in palatal mesenchymal cells. Using GeneMANIA, we revealed that the most important function of experimentally verified targets of miR-17-92 is cell cycle regulation. E2F1 and E2F3, but not E2F2, were extensively expressed in mouse palate. Over-expression of E2F1 significantly increased the expression of all the members of miR-17-92. After increased by E2F1, miR-17 and miR-20a may negatively target E2F1, and thereby prevent the cells from excessive proliferation. We suggest that the negative feedback loop between E2F1 and miR-17-92 may contribute to palatal development by regulating the proliferation and cell cycle of palatal mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cleft lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoxin Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guiquan Zhu
- Department of stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China. .,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Physical exercise rescues defective neural stem cells and neurogenesis in the adult subventricular zone of Btg1 knockout mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2855-2876. [PMID: 28247022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ), where glia-like stem cells generate new neurons. Voluntary running is a powerful neurogenic stimulus triggering the proliferation of progenitor cells in the DG but, apparently, not in the SVZ. The antiproliferative gene Btg1 maintains the quiescence of DG and SVZ stem cells. Its ablation causes intense proliferation of DG and SVZ stem/progenitor cells in young mice, followed, during adulthood, by progressive decrease of the proliferative capacity. We have previously observed that running can rescue the deficit of DG Btg1-null neurogenesis. Here, we show that in adult Btg1-null SVZ stem and neuroblast cells, the reduction of proliferation is associated with a longer cell cycle and a more frequent entry into quiescence. Notably, running increases proliferation in Btg1-null SVZ stem cells highly above the levels of sedentary wild-type mice and restores normal values of cell cycle length and quiescence in stem and neuroblast cells, without affecting wild-type cells. Btg1-null SVZ neuroblasts show also increased migration throughout the rostral migratory stream and a deficiency of differentiated neurons in the olfactory bulb, possibly a consequence of premature exit from the cycle; running, however, normalizes migration and differentiation, increasing newborn neurons recruited to the olfactory circuitry. Furthermore, running increases the self-renewal of Btg1-null SVZ-derived neurospheres and, remarkably, in aged Btg1-null mice almost doubles the proliferating SVZ stem cells. Altogether, this reveals that SVZ stem cells are endowed with a hidden supply of self-renewal capacity, coupled to cell cycle acceleration and emerging after ablation of the quiescence-maintaining Btg1 gene and following exercise.
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13
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Schultz LE, Solin SL, Wierson WA, Lovan JM, Syrkin-Nikolau J, Lincow DE, Severin AJ, Sakaguchi DS, McGrail M. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Leptin Expression Associated with Ectopic Proliferation and Retinal Dysplasia in Zebrafish Optic Pathway Tumors. Zebrafish 2017; 14:343-356. [PMID: 28192065 PMCID: PMC5549800 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system injury induces cellular reprogramming and progenitor proliferation, but the molecular mechanisms that limit regeneration and prevent tumorigenesis are not completely understood. We previously described a zebrafish optic pathway tumor model in which transgenic Tg(flk1:RFP)is18/+ adults develop nonmalignant retinal tumors. Key pathways driving injury-induced glial reprogramming and regeneration contributed to tumor formation. In this study, we examine a time course of proliferation and present new analyses of the Tg(flk1:RFP)is18/+ dysplastic retina and tumor transcriptomes. Retinal dysplasia was first detected in 3-month-old adults, but was not limited to a specific stem cell or progenitor niche. Pathway analyses suggested a decrease in cellular respiration and increased expression of components of Hif1-α, VEGF, mTOR, NFκβ, and multiple interleukin pathways are associated with early retinal dysplasia. Hif-α targets VEGFA (vegfab) and Leptin (lepb) were both highly upregulated in dysplastic retina; however, each showed distinct expression patterns in neurons and glia, respectively. Phospho-S6 immunolabeling indicated that mTOR signaling is activated in multiple cell populations in wild-type retina and in the dysplastic retina and advanced tumor. Our results suggest that multiple pathways may contribute to the continuous proliferation of retinal progenitors and tumor growth in this optic pathway tumor model. Further investigation of these signaling pathways may yield insight into potential mechanisms to control the proliferative response during regeneration in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Schultz
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Staci L Solin
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Wesley A Wierson
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Janna M Lovan
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Judith Syrkin-Nikolau
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Deborah E Lincow
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Andrew J Severin
- 2 Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Maura McGrail
- 1 Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
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14
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Herrfurth L, Theis V, Matschke V, May C, Marcus K, Theiss C. Morphological Plasticity of Emerging Purkinje Cells in Response to Exogenous VEGF. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:2. [PMID: 28194096 PMCID: PMC5276996 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is well known as the growth factor with wide-ranging functions even in the central nervous system (CNS). Presently, most attention is given to the investigation of its role in neuronal protection, growth and maturation processes, whereby most effects are mediated through VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). The purpose of our current study is to provide new insights into the impact of VEGF on immature and mature Purkinje cells (PCs) in accordance with maturity and related receptor expression. Therefore, to expand our knowledge of VEGF effects in PCs development and associated VEGFR-2 expression, we used cultivated organotypic cerebellar slice cultures in immunohistochemical or microinjection studies, followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and morphometric analysis. Additionally, we incorporated in our study the method of laser microdissection, followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). For the first time we could show the age-dependent VEGF sensitivity of PCs with the largest promoting effects being on dendritic length and cell soma size in neonatal and juvenile stages. Once mature, PCs were no longer susceptible to VEGF stimulation. Analysis of VEGFR-2 expression revealed its presence in PCs throughout development, which underlined its mediating functions in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Herrfurth
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Anatomie, Abteilung für Cytologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Verena Theis
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Anatomie, Abteilung für Cytologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Anatomie, Abteilung für Cytologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Abteilung für Medizinische Proteomik/Bioanalytik, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Abteilung für Medizinische Proteomik/Bioanalytik, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Anatomie, Abteilung für Cytologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
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15
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Orexin-A promotes Glu uptake by OX1R/PKCα/ERK1/2/GLT-1 pathway in astrocytes and protects co-cultured astrocytes and neurons against apoptosis in anoxia/hypoglycemic injury in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 425:103-112. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Shimozaki K. Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 and 2 Confer Overlapping Transcriptional Programs for the Proliferation of Cultured Adult Neural Stem Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:995-1008. [PMID: 27778125 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis originates from neural stem cells (NSCs) in specific regions of the adult brain. The molecular mechanisms that control the self-renewal and multipotency of NSCs have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, emerging evidence has revealed that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family DNA dioxygenases TET1 and TET2 play important roles in the central nervous system. Here, I present evidence that Tet1 and Tet2 are expressed in cultured NSCs derived from adult mouse brain and play an important role in the proliferative self-renewal of NSCs in an undifferentiated state. The investigation of intracellular molecular networks involving both Tet1 and Tet2 by gene knockdown and comprehensive genetic analyses showed that overlapping molecular mechanisms involving TET1 and TET2 regulate the expression of at least 16 genes required for DNA replication and cell cycle control. Interestingly, transcriptional regulation of the selected gene through TET1 and TET2 did not correlate with direct CpG demethylation of the gene promoter. These findings suggest that TET1 and TET2 play an important role in the proliferation of NSCs in the adult mouse brain by specifically regulating common genes for DNA replication and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shimozaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Life Science Support Center, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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17
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Kwon S, Bosmans F, Kaas Q, Cheneval O, Conibear AC, Rosengren KJ, Wang CK, Schroeder CI, Craik DJ. Efficient enzymatic cyclization of an inhibitory cystine knot-containing peptide. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2202-12. [PMID: 27093300 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides isolated from cone snails are of great interest as drug leads due to their high specificity and potency toward therapeutically relevant ion channels and receptors. They commonly contain the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif comprising three disulfide bonds forming a knotted core. Here we report the successful enzymatic backbone cyclization of an ICK-containing peptide κ-PVIIA, a 27-amino acid conopeptide from Conus purpurascens, using a mutated version of the bacterial transpeptidase, sortase A. Although a slight loss of activity was observed compared to native κ-PVIIA, cyclic κ-PVIIA is a functional peptide that inhibits the Shaker voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel. Molecular modeling suggests that the decrease in potency may be related to the loss of crucial, but previously unidentified electrostatic interactions between the N-terminus of the peptide and the Shaker channel. This hypothesis was confirmed by testing an N-terminally acetylated κ-PVIIA, which shows a similar decrease in activity. We also investigated the conformational dynamics and hydrogen bond network of cyc-PVIIA, both of which are important factors to be considered for successful cyclization of peptides. We found that cyc-PVIIA has the same conformational dynamics, but different hydrogen bond network compared to those of κ-PVIIA. The ability to efficiently cyclize ICK peptides using sortase A will enable future protein engineering for this class of peptides and may help in the development of novel therapeutic molecules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2202-2212. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kwon
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Department of Physiology and Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Quentin Kaas
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Anne C Conibear
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - David J Craik
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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18
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Tskitishvili E, Pequeux C, Munaut C, Viellevoye R, Nisolle M, Noël A, Foidart JM. Use of estetrol with other steroids for attenuation of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: to combine or not to combine? Oncotarget 2016; 7:33722-43. [PMID: 27231853 PMCID: PMC5085115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estetrol (E4), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) have important antioxidative and neuroprotective effects in neuronal system. We aimed to study the consequence of combined steroid therapy in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). In vitro the effect of E4 combined with other steroids on oxidative stress and the cell viability in primary hippocampal cultures was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase and cell survival assays. In vivo neuroprotective and therapeutic efficacy of E4 combined with other steroids was studied in HIE model of immature rats. The rat pups rectal temperature, body and brain weights were evaluated.The hippocampus and the cortex were investigated by histo/immunohistochemistry: intact cell number counting, expressions of markers for early gray matter lose, neuro- and angiogenesis were studied. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was evaluated by ELISA in blood samples. In vitro E4 and combinations of high doses of E4 with P4 and/or E2 significantly diminished the LDH activity and upregulated the cell survival.In vivopretreatment or treatment by different combinations of E4 with other steroids had unalike effects on body and brain weight, neuro- and angiogenesis, and GFAP expression in blood. The combined use of E4 with other steroids has no benefit over the single use of E4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterine Tskitishvili
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Christel Pequeux
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Renaud Viellevoye
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liege, Liege1, Belgium
| | - Agnes Noël
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
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19
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Undheim EAB, Mobli M, King GF. Toxin structures as evolutionary tools: Using conserved 3D folds to study the evolution of rapidly evolving peptides. Bioessays 2016; 38:539-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eivind A. B. Undheim
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced ImagingUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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20
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Koh SH, Park HH. Neurogenesis in Stroke Recovery. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:3-13. [PMID: 26987852 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke, resulting from limited blood flow to the brain, is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stroke is classified as ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, or hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Because 87 % of strokes are classified as ischemic, this type will be the predominant focus of this review. Except for thrombolytic therapy, there is no established treatment to reduce the neurological deficits caused by ischemic stroke. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies designed to improve neurological functions after ischemic stroke. Recently, therapies to enhance neurogenesis after ischemic stroke have been investigated. However, these approaches have not led to successful clinical outcomes. This review addresses the pathophysiology of stroke, neurogenesis after stroke, and how to stimulate these processes based on the current literature. Finally, ongoing clinical trials to improve neurological functions after stroke by enhancing neurogenesis are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 249-1 Guri Hospital, Gyomun-dong, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 471-701, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 249-1 Guri Hospital, Gyomun-dong, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 471-701, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ertosun MG, Hapil FZ, Osman Nidai O. E2F1 transcription factor and its impact on growth factor and cytokine signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:17-25. [PMID: 26947516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
E2F1 is a transcription factor involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. The transactivation capacity of E2F1 is regulated by pRb. In its hypophosphorylated form, pRb binds and inactivates DNA binding and transactivating functions of E2F1. The growth factor stimulation of cells leads to activation of CDKs (cyclin dependent kinases), which in turn phosphorylate Rb and hyperphosphorylated Rb is released from E2F1 or E2F1/DP complex, and free E2F1 can induce transcription of several genes involved in cell cycle entry, induction or inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, growth factors and cytokines generally utilize E2F1 to direct cells to either fate. Furthermore, E2F1 regulates expressions of various cytokines and growth factor receptors, establishing positive or negative feedback mechanisms. This review focuses on the relationship between E2F1 transcription factor and cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, TGF-beta, G-CSF, LIF), growth factors (EGF, KGF, VEGF, IGF, FGF, PDGF, HGF, NGF), and interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gokhan Ertosun
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetic, Kampus, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Fatma Zehra Hapil
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetic, Kampus, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Ozes Osman Nidai
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetic, Kampus, Antalya 07070, Turkey.
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22
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Pramparo T, Lombardo MV, Campbell K, Barnes CC, Marinero S, Solso S, Young J, Mayo M, Dale A, Ahrens-Barbeau C, Murray SS, Lopez L, Lewis N, Pierce K, Courchesne E. Cell cycle networks link gene expression dysregulation, mutation, and brain maldevelopment in autistic toddlers. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:841. [PMID: 26668231 PMCID: PMC4704485 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms underlying abnormal early neural development in toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remain uncertain due to the impossibility of direct brain gene expression measurement during critical periods of early development. Recent findings from a multi‐tissue study demonstrated high expression of many of the same gene networks between blood and brain tissues, in particular with cell cycle functions. We explored relationships between blood gene expression and total brain volume (TBV) in 142 ASD and control male toddlers. In control toddlers, TBV variation significantly correlated with cell cycle and protein folding gene networks, potentially impacting neuron number and synapse development. In ASD toddlers, their correlations with brain size were lost as a result of considerable changes in network organization, while cell adhesion gene networks significantly correlated with TBV variation. Cell cycle networks detected in blood are highly preserved in the human brain and are upregulated during prenatal states of development. Overall, alterations were more pronounced in bigger brains. We identified 23 candidate genes for brain maldevelopment linked to 32 genes frequently mutated in ASD. The integrated network includes genes that are dysregulated in leukocyte and/or postmortem brain tissue of ASD subjects and belong to signaling pathways regulating cell cycle G1/S and G2/M phase transition. Finally, analyses of the CHD8 subnetwork and altered transcript levels from an independent study of CHD8 suppression further confirmed the central role of genes regulating neurogenesis and cell adhesion processes in ASD brain maldevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Pramparo
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathleen Campbell
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Carter Barnes
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven Marinero
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Solso
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia Young
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maisi Mayo
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clelia Ahrens-Barbeau
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine & The Scripps Translational Sciences Institute (STSI), La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda Lopez
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Lewis
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the UCSD School of Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Courchesne
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego Autism Center, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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23
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Landi A, Broadhurst D, Vernon SD, Tyrrell DLJ, Houghton M. Reductions in circulating levels of IL-16, IL-7 and VEGF-A in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Cytokine 2015; 78:27-36. [PMID: 26615570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, differences in the levels of various chemokines and cytokines were reported in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) as compared with controls. Moreover, the analyte profile differed between chronic ME/CFS patients of long duration versus patients with disease of less than 3years. In the current study, we measured the plasma levels of 34 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in 100 chronic ME/CFS patients of long duration and in 79 gender and age-matched controls. We observed highly significant reductions in the concentration of circulating interleukin (IL)-16, IL-7, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) in ME/CFS patients. All three biomarkers were significantly correlated in a multivariate cluster analysis. In addition, we identified significant reductions in the concentrations of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and monokine-induced-by-IFN-γ (MIG; CXCL9) along with increases in the concentrations of eotaxin 2 (CCL24) in ME/CFS patients. Our data recapitulates previous data from another USA ME/CFS cohort in which circulating levels of IL-7 were reduced. Also, a reduced level of VEGF-A was reported previously in sera of patients with Gulf War Illness as well as in cerebral spinal fluid samples from a different cohort of USA ME/CFS patients. To our knowledge, we are the first to test for levels of IL-16 in ME/CFS patients. In combination with previous data, our work suggests that the clustered reduction of IL-7, IL-16 and VEGF-A may have physiological relevance to ME/CFS disease. This profile is ME/CFS-specific since measurement of the same analytes present in chronic infectious and autoimmune liver diseases, where persistent fatigue is also a major symptom, failed to demonstrate the same changes. Further studies of other ME/CFS and overlapping disease cohorts are warranted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolamir Landi
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canada.
| | - David Broadhurst
- Department of Medicine, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Suzanne D Vernon
- Bateman Horne Center, 1002 E. South Temple, Suite 408, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA
| | - D Lorne J Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canada.
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Kuhn HG. Control of Cell Survival in Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:cshperspect.a018895. [PMID: 26511628 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fact that continuous proliferation of stem cells and progenitors, as well as the production of new neurons, occurs in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) raises several basic questions concerning the number of neurons required in a particular system. Can we observe continued growth of brain regions that sustain neurogenesis? Or does an elimination mechanism exist to maintain a constant number of cells? If so, are old neurons replaced, or are the new neurons competing for limited network access among each other? What signals support their survival and integration and what factors are responsible for their elimination? This review will address these and other questions regarding regulatory mechanisms that control cell-death and cell-survival mechanisms during neurogenesis in the intact adult mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
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25
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Koh SH, Lo EH. The Role of the PI3K Pathway in the Regeneration of the Damaged Brain by Neural Stem Cells after Cerebral Infarction. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11:297-304. [PMID: 26320845 PMCID: PMC4596106 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic deficits resulting from stroke remain largely intractable, which has prompted thousands of studies aimed at developing methods for treating these neurologic sequelae. Endogenous neurogenesis is also known to occur after brain damage, including that due to cerebral infarction. Focusing on this process may provide a solution for treating neurologic deficits caused by cerebral infarction. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is known to play important roles in cell survival, and many studies have focused on use of the PI3K pathway to treat brain injury after stroke. Furthermore, since the PI3K pathway may also play key roles in the physiology of neural stem cells (NSCs), eliciting the appropriate activation of the PI3K pathway in NSCs may help to improve the sequelae of cerebral infarction. This review describes the PI3K pathway, its roles in the brain and NSCs after cerebral infarction, and the therapeutic possibility of activating the pathway to improve neurologic deficits after cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Koh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Evaluating the SERCA2 and VEGF mRNAs as Potential Molecular Biomarkers of the Onset and Progression in Huntington's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125259. [PMID: 25915065 PMCID: PMC4411078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and signalling as well as the down-regulation of neurotrophic factors in several areas of the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues are hallmarks of Huntington’s disease (HD). As there is no therapy for this hereditary, neurodegenerative fatal disease, further effort should be made to slow the progression of neurodegeneration in patients through the definition of early therapeutic interventions. For this purpose, molecular biomarker(s) for monitoring disease onset and/or progression and response to treatment need to be identified. In the attempt to contribute to the research of peripheral candidate biomarkers in HD, we adopted a multiplex real-time PCR approach to analyse the mRNA level of targeted genes involved in the control of cellular calcium homeostasis and in neuroprotection. For this purpose we recruited a total of 110 subjects possessing the HD mutation at different clinical stages of the disease and 54 sex- and age-matched controls. This study provides evidence of reduced transcript levels of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum-associated ATP2A2 calcium pump (SERCA2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of manifest and pre-manifest HD subjects. Our results provide a potentially new candidate molecular biomarker for monitoring the progression of this disease and contribute to understanding some early events that might have a role in triggering cellular dysfunctions in HD.
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Wang LY, Liu J, Li Y, Li B, Zhang YY, Jing ZW, Yu YN, Li HX, Guo SS, Zhao YJ, Wang Z, Wang YY. Time-dependent variation of pathways and networks in a 24-hour window after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:11. [PMID: 25884595 PMCID: PMC4355473 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury may simultaneously result in functional variation of multiple genes/pathways. However, most prior time-sequence studies on its pathomechanism only focused on a single gene or pathway. Our study aimed to systematically analyze the time-dependent variation in the expression of multiple pathways and networks within 24 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Results By uploading 374 ischemia-related genes into the MetaCore software, the variation in the expression of multiple pathways and networks in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury had been analyzed. The conserved TNFR1-signaling pathway, among the top 10 pathways, was consistently enriched in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups. Three overlapping pathways were found between 3 h and 12 h groups; 2 between 12 h and 24 h groups; and 1 between 3 h and 24 h groups. Five, 4, and 6 non-overlapping pathways were observed in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups, respectively. Apart from pathways reported by earlier studies, we identified a novel pathway related to the time-dependent development of cerebral ischemia pathogenesis. The process of apoptosis stimulation by external signals, among the top 10 processes, was consistently enriched in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups; 2, 1, and 2 processes overlapped between 3 h and 12 h groups, 12 h and 24 h groups, and 3 h and 24 h groups, respectively. Four, 5, and 5 non-overlapping processes were found in 3 h, 12 h and 24 h groups, respectively. The presence of apoptotic processes was observed in all the 3 groups; while anti-apoptotic processes only existed in 3 h and 12 h groups. Additionally, according to node degree, network comparison identified 1, 8,and 5 important genes or proteins (e.g. Pyk2, PKC, E2F1, and VEGF-A) in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups, respectively. The Jaccard similarity index revealed a higher level of similarity between 12 h and 24 h groups than that between 3 h and 12 h groups. Conclusion Time-dependent treatment can be utilized to reduce apoptosis, which may activate anti-apoptotic pathways within 12 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Pathway and network analyses may help identify novel pathways and genes implicated in disease pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0152-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 East Road, North of 3rd Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Jing
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hai-Xia Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of China Medical Sciences, No.5 Beixiange, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yi-Jun Zhao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yong-Yan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimennei Nanxiaojie 16#, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Vascular endothelial growth factors A and C are induced in the SVZ following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and exert different effects on neonatal glial progenitors. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 4:158-70. [PMID: 23565129 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) are strongly associated with cerebral palsy and a wide spectrum of other neurological deficits in children. Two key processes required to repair damaged organs are to amplify the number of precursors capable of regenerating damaged cells and to direct their differentiation towards the cell types that need to be replaced. Since hypoxia induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, it is logical to predict that VEGFs are key mediators of tissue repair after H-I injury. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that certain VEGF isoforms increase during recovery from neonatal H-I and that they would differentially affect the proliferation and differentiation of subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors. During the acute recovery period from H-I both VEGF-A and VEGF-C were transiently induced in the SVZ, which correlated with an increase in SVZ blood vessel diameter. These growth factors were produced by glial progenitors, astrocytes and to a lesser extent, microglia. VEGF-A promoted the production of astrocytes from SVZ glial progenitors while VEGF-C stimulated the proliferation of both early and late oligodendrocyte progenitors, which was abolished by blocking the VEGFR-3. Altogether, these results provide new insights into the signals that coordinate the reactive responses of the progenitors in the SVZ to neonatal H-I. Our studies further suggest that therapeutics that extend VEGF-C production and/or agonists that stimulate the VEGFR-3 will promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell development to enhance myelination after perinatal brain injury.
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29
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Merson TD, Bourne JA. Endogenous neurogenesis following ischaemic brain injury: insights for therapeutic strategies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:4-19. [PMID: 25128862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is among the most common yet most intractable types of central nervous system (CNS) injury in the adult human population. In the acute stages of disease, neurons in the ischaemic lesion rapidly die and other neuronal populations in the ischaemic penumbra are vulnerable to secondary injury. Multiple parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebral ischaemia initiates an endogenous regenerative response within the adult brain that potentiates adult neurogenesis from populations of neural stem and progenitor cells. A major research focus has been to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the potentiation of adult neurogenesis and to appreciate how interventions designed to modulate these processes could enhance neural regeneration in the post-ischaemic brain. In this review, we highlight recent advances over the last 5 years that help unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms that potentiate endogenous neurogenesis following cerebral ischaemia and are dissecting the functional importance of this regenerative mechanism following brain injury. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Merson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Level 1 North STRIP 1, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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30
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Tskitishvili E, Nisolle M, Munaut C, Pequeux C, Gerard C, Noel A, Foidart JM. Estetrol attenuates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:298-307. [PMID: 25079370 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estetrol (E4) is a recently described natural estrogen with four hydroxyl-groups that is synthesized exclusively during pregnancy by the human fetal liver. It has important antioxidative activity. The aim of the present study was to define the importance of E4 in the attenuation of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Antioxidative effect of 650μM, 3.25mM and 6.5mM E4 on primary hippocampal cell cultures was studied before/after H202-induced oxidative stress. To examine oxidative stress and cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase activity and cell proliferation colorimetric assays were performed. To study the neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of E4 in vivo neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model of 7-day-old newborn rat pups was used. The neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of estetrol before/after hypoxic-ischemic insult was studied in 1mg/kg/day, 5mg/kg/day, 10mg/kg/day, 50mg/kg/day E4 pretreated/treated groups and compared with the sham and the vehicle treated groups. The body temperature of the rat pups was examined along with their body and brain weights. Brains were studied at the level of the hippocampus and cortex. Intact cell counting and expressions of microtubule-associated protein-2, doublecortin and vascular-endothelial growth factor were evaluated by histo- and immunohistochemistry. ELISAs were performed on blood samples to detect concentrations of S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein as brain damage markers. This work reveals for the first time that E4 significantly decreases LDH activity and enhances cell proliferation in primary hippocampal neuronal cell cultures in vitro, and decreases the early gray matter loss and promotes neuro- and angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterine Tskitishvili
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liege, CHR de la CITADELLE, Boulevard du 12ème de Ligne, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Christel Pequeux
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Celine Gerard
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Agnes Noel
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
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Vijayalakshmi K, Ostwal P, Sumitha R, Shruthi S, Varghese AM, Mishra P, Manohari SG, Sagar BC, Sathyaprabha TN, Nalini A, Raju TR, Alladi PA. Role of VEGF and VEGFR2 Receptor in Reversal of ALS-CSF Induced Degeneration of NSC-34 Motor Neuron Cell Line. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:995-1007. [PMID: 24880751 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the well-known angiogenic factor is both neurotrophic and neuroprotective. Altered VEGF signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal degenerative disease of motor neurons. We have shown earlier that VEGF protects NSC-34 motor neuronal cell line, when exposed to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from sporadic ALS patients (ALS-CSF). Here, we have investigated the consequences of ALS-CSF and VEGF supplementation on the VEGFR2 receptor and endogenous VEGF expression. ALS-CSF caused significant down-regulation of VEGFR2 as well as the Calbindin-D28K levels, but not endogenous VEGF. Exogenous supplementation restored the depletion of VEGFR2 and Calbindin-D28K with a concomitant up-regulation of endogenous VEGF. The up-regulated caspase 3 in the ALS-CSF group was reinstated to basal levels along with a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Electron photomicrographs of ALS-CSF-exposed cells divulged presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles alongside severe damage to organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Substantial recovery of most of the damaged organelles was noted in response to VEGF supplementation. While the enhancement in endogenous VEGF levels highlights the autocrine functions, the up-regulation of VEGFR2 receptor emphasizes the paracrine functions of VEGF in modulating its neuroprotective effect against ALS-CSF. The revival of cellular organellar structure, increased calbindin expression and enhanced survival in response to VEGF supplementation consolidates the opinion that VEGF indeed has a therapeutic potential in sporadic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029, India
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Abstract
Nociception is the process whereby primary afferent nerve fibers of the somatosensory system detect noxious stimuli. Pungent irritants from pepper, mint, and mustard plants have served as powerful pharmacological tools for identifying molecules and mechanisms underlying this initial step of pain sensation. These natural products have revealed three members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family--TRPV1, TRPM8, and TRPA1--as molecular detectors of thermal and chemical stimuli that activate sensory neurons to produce acute or persistent pain. Analysis of TRP channel function and expression has validated the existence of nociceptors as a specialized group of somatosensory neurons devoted to the detection of noxious stimuli. These studies are also providing insight into the coding logic of nociception and how specification of nociceptor subtypes underlies behavioral discrimination of noxious thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli. Biophysical and pharmacological characterization of these channels has provided the intellectual and technical foundation for developing new classes of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julius
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158;
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33
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Cain JT, Berosik MA, Snyder SD, Crawford NF, Nour SI, Schaubhut GJ, Darland DC. Shifts in the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms result in transcriptome changes correlated with early neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse forebrain. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:63-81. [PMID: 24124161 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) fate decisions is critical during the transition from a multicellular mammalian forebrain neuroepithelium to the multilayered neocortex. Forebrain development requires coordinated vascular investment alongside NSC differentiation. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegf) has proven to be a pleiotrophic gene whose multiple protein isoforms regulate a broad range of effects in neurovascular systems. To test the hypothesis that the Vegf isoforms (120, 164, and 188) are required for normal forebrain development, we analyzed the forebrain transcriptome of mice expressing specific Vegf isoforms, Vegf120, VegfF188, or a combination of Vegf120/188. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes in embryonic day (E) 9.5 forebrain, a time point preceding dramatic neuroepithelial expansion and vascular investment in the telencephalon. Meta-analysis identified gene pathways linked to chromosome-level modifications, cell fate regulation, and neurogenesis that were altered in Vegf isoform mice. Based on these gene network shifts, we predicted that NSC populations would be affected in later stages of forebrain development. In the E11.5 telencephalon, we quantified mitotic cells [Phospho-Histone H3 (pHH3)-positive] and intermediate progenitor cells (Tbr2/Eomes-positive), observing quantitative and qualitative shifts in these populations. We observed qualitative shifts in cortical layering at P0, particularly with Ctip2-positive cells in layer V. The results identify a suite of genes and functional gene networks that can be used to further dissect the role of Vegf in regulating NSC differentiation and downstream consequences for NSC fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Cain
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Wu XJ, Zhu JW, Jing J, Xue D, Liu H, Zheng M, Lu ZF. VEGF165 modulates proliferation, adhesion, migration and differentiation of cultured human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium through VEGFR-2 activation in vitro. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 73:152-60. [PMID: 24296159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional state of vasculature is tightly controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Recent studies revealed that VEGFR-2 is expressed on hair follicle keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE We proposed to investigate its effect on proliferation, adhesion and migration of cultured human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium. METHODS These studies were undertaken in vitro using human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium, immunohistochemistry analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, western blot analysis, MTT, trans well analysis, and RT-PCR. RESULTS Our results show that VEGFR-2 is expressed in these cells in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, proliferation and migration of cultured human outer root sheath cells from central hair follicle epithelium is increased by VEGF165, while homotypic adhesion is decreased but heterotypic adhesion is increased. VEGF165 upregulates integrin β1 but dowregulates lgr6 expression. In addition, phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, Erk1/2, c-Jun and p38, are increased following VEGF165 treatment and these effects are reversed by a VEGFR-2 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role of VEGF/VEGFR-2 beyond angiogenesis in hair follicle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jie Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong-Fa Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Cheffer A, Tárnok A, Ulrich H. Cell Cycle Regulation During Neurogenesis in the Embryonic and Adult Brain. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:794-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Deng YB, Ye WB, Hu ZZ, Yan Y, Wang Y, Takon BF, Zhou GQ, Zhou YF. Intravenously administered BMSCs reduce neuronal apoptosis and promote neuronal proliferation through the release of VEGF after stroke in rats. Neurol Res 2013; 32:148-56. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x414434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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37
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Pan Z, Fukuoka S, Karagianni N, Guaiquil VH, Rosenblatt MI. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes anatomical and functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves in the avascular cornea. FASEB J 2013; 27:2756-67. [PMID: 23568776 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a major neurological disorder that can cause severe motor and sensory dysfunction. Neurogenic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been found in the central nervous system, and we examined whether VEGF could promote anatomical and functional recovery of peripheral nerves after injury using an avascular corneal nerve injury model. We found that VEGF enhanced neurite elongation in isolated trigeminal ganglion neurons in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was suppressed by neutralizing antibodies for VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 and 2 or neuropilin receptor 1 or by VEGFR2 inhibitors (SU 1498 and Ki 8751). In vivo, mice receiving sustained VEGF via implanted pellets showed increased corneal nerve regeneration after superficial injury compared with those receiving vehicle. VEGF injected subconjunctivally at the time of injury accelerated reinnervation, the recovery of mechanosensation, and epithelial wound healing. Endogenous VEGF expression was up-regulated in the corneal epithelium and stroma after wounding. Thus, VEGF can mediate peripheral neuron growth but requires the activation of multiple VEGF receptor types. In addition, VEGF can accelerate the return of sensory and trophic functions of damaged peripheral nerves. Wounding induces the expression of VEFG, which may modulate physiological nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Pan
- Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
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Wittko-Schneider IM, Schneider FT, Plate KH. Brain homeostasis: VEGF receptor 1 and 2-two unequal brothers in mind. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1705-25. [PMID: 23475067 PMCID: PMC3632714 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), initially thought to act specifically on the vascular system, exert trophic effects on neural cells during development and adulthood. Therefore, the VEGF system serves as a promising therapeutic target for brain pathologies, but its simultaneous action on vascular cells paves the way for harmful side effects. To circumvent these deleterious effects, many studies have aimed to clarify whether VEGFs directly affect neural cells or if the effects are mediated secondarily via other cell types, like vascular cells. A great number of reports have shown the expression and function of VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), mainly VEGFR-1 and -2, in neural cells, where VEGFR-2 has been described as the major mediator of VEGF-A signals. This review aims to summarize and compare the divergent roles of VEGFR-1 and -2 during CNS development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina M Wittko-Schneider
- Neuroscience Center, Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Heinrich-Hoffmann Strasse 7, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Abstract
Neurogenesis during embryonic and adult life is tightly regulated by a network of transcriptional, growth and hormonal factors. Emerging evidence indicates that activation of the stress response, via the associated glucocorticoid increase, reduces neurogenesis and contributes to the development of adult diseases.As corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) or factor is the major mediator of adaptive response to stressors, we sought to investigate its involvement in this process. Accordingly, we found that CRH could reverse the damaging effects of glucocorticoid on neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs), while its genetic deficiency results in compromised proliferation and enhanced apoptosis during neurogenesis. Analyses in fetal and adult mouse brain revealed significant expression of CRH receptors in proliferating neuronal progenitors. Furthermore, by using primary cultures of NS/PCs, we characterized the molecular mechanisms and identified CRH receptor-1 as the receptor mediating the neuroprotective effects of CRH. Finally, we demonstrate the expression of CRH receptors in human fetal brain from early gestational age, in areas of active neuronal proliferation. These observations raise the intriguing possibility for CRH-mediated pharmacological applications in diseases characterized by altered neuronal homeostasis, including depression, dementia, neurodegenerative diseases, brain traumas and obesity.
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Pereira Lopes FR, Martin PKM, Frattini F, Biancalana A, Almeida FM, Tomaz MA, Melo PA, Borojevic R, Han SW, Martinez AMB. Double gene therapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and vascular endothelial growth factor acts synergistically to improve nerve regeneration and functional outcome after sciatic nerve injury in mice. Neuroscience 2012; 230:184-97. [PMID: 23103791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral-nerve injuries are a common clinical problem and often result in long-term functional deficits. Reconstruction of peripheral-nerve defects is currently undertaken with nerve autografts. However, there is a limited availability of nerves that can be sacrificed and the functional recovery is never 100% satisfactory. We have previously shown that gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) significantly improved nerve regeneration, neuronal survival, and muscle activity. Our hypothesis is that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) synergizes with VEGF to improve the functional outcome after sciatic nerve transection. The left sciatic nerves and the adjacent muscle groups of adult mice were exposed, and 50 or 100 μg (in 50 μl PBS) of VEGF and/or G-CSF genes was injected locally, just below the sciatic nerve, and transferred by electroporation. The sciatic nerves were transected and placed in an empty polycaprolactone (PCL) nerve guide, leaving a 3-mm gap to challenge nerve regeneration. After 6 weeks, the mice were perfused and the sciatic nerve, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), the spinal cord and the gastrocnemius muscle were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Treated animals showed significant improvement in functional and histological analyses compared with the control group. However, the best results were obtained with the G-CSF+VEGF-treated animals: quantitative analysis of regenerated nerves showed a significant increase in the number of myelinated fibers and blood vessels, and the number of neurons in the DRG and motoneurons in the spinal cord was significantly higher. Motor function also showed that functional recovery occurred earlier in animals receiving G-CSF+VEGF-treatment. The gastrocnemius muscle showed an increase in weight and in the levels of creatine phosphokinase, suggesting an improvement of reinnervation and muscle activity. These results suggest that these two factors acted synergistically and optimized the nerve repair potential, improving regeneration after a transection lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Pereira Lopes
- Programa de Neurociência Básica e Clínica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Porlan E, Perez-Villalba A, Delgado AC, Ferrón SR. Paracrine regulation of neural stem cells in the subependymal zone. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 534:11-9. [PMID: 23073070 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells maintain their self-renewal and multipotency capacities through a self-organizing network of transcription factors and intracellular pathways activated by extracellular signaling from the microenvironment or "niche" in which they reside in vivo. In the adult mammalian brain new neurons continue to be generated throughout life of the organisms and this lifelong process of neurogenesis is supported by a reservoir of neural stem cells in the germinal regions. The discovery of adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain has sparked great interest in defining the conditions that guide neural stem cell (NSC) maintenance and differentiation into the great variety of neuronal and glial subtypes. Here we review current knowledge regarding the paracrine regulation provided by the components of the niche and its function, focusing on the main germinal region of the adult central nervous system (CNS), the subependymal zone (SEZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Porlan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
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Olbrich L, Foehring D, Happel P, Brand-Saberi B, Theiss C. Fast rearrangement of the neuronal growth cone's actin cytoskeleton following VEGF stimulation. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:431-45. [PMID: 23052841 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal growth cone plays a crucial role in the development of the nervous system. This highly motile structure leads the axon to its final destination by translating guidance cues into cytoskeletal rearrangements. Recently, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is essential for angiogenesis and vascular sprouting, has been found to exert a trophic activity also on neurons, leading to an increased axonal outgrowth, similar to the well-known nerve growth factor (NGF). The neurotrophic properties of VEGF are likely to be promoted via the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1). In the long term, VEGF attracts and influences the growth cone velocity and leads to growth cone enlargement. The present study focuses on immediate VEGF effects using RFP-actin and GFP-NF-M microinjected chicken dorsal root ganglia for live cell imaging of the neuronal growth cone. We analyzed actin and neurofilament dynamics following VEGF and NGF treatment and compared the effects. Furthermore, key signaling pathways of VEGF were investigated by specific blocking of VEGFR-2 or NRP-1. With the aid of confocal laser scanning microscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy, we show for the first time that VEGF has a quick effect on the actin-cytoskeleton, since actin rearrangements were identifiable within a few minutes, leading to a dramatically increased motion. Moreover, these effects were strongly enhanced by adding both VEGF and NGF. Most notably, the effects were inhibited by blocking VEGFR-2, therefore we propose that the immediate effects of VEGF on the actin-cytoskeleton are mediated through VEGFR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Olbrich
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Cui W, Zhang Z, Li W, Mak S, Hu S, Zhang H, Yuan S, Rong J, Choi TC, Lee SMY, Han Y. Unexpected neuronal protection of SU5416 against 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced toxicity via inhibiting neuronal nitric oxide synthase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46253. [PMID: 23049997 PMCID: PMC3457988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SU5416 was originally designed as a potent and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) for cancer therapy. In this study, we have found for the first time that SU5416 unexpectedly prevented 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced neuronal apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons, and decreased 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons and impairment of swimming behavior in zebrafish in a concentration-dependent manner. However, VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitor II, another specific VEGFR-2 inhibitor, failed to reverse neurotoxicity at the concentration exhibiting anti-angiogenic activity, strongly suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of SU5416 is independent from its anti-angiogenic action. SU5416 potently reversed MPP(+)-increased intracellular nitric oxide level with an efficacy similar to 7-nitroindazole, a specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor. Western blotting analysis showed that SU5416 reduced the elevation of nNOS protein expression induced by MPP(+). Furthermore, SU5416 directly inhibited the enzyme activity of rat cerebellum nNOS with an IC(50) value of 22.7 µM. In addition, knock-down of nNOS expression using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) abolished the neuroprotective effects of SU5416 against MPP(+)-induced neuronal loss. Our results strongly demonstrate that SU5416 might exert its unexpected neuroprotective effects by concurrently reducing nNOS protein expression and directly inhibiting nNOS enzyme activity. In view of the capability of SU5416 to cross the blood-brain barrier and the safety for human use, our findings further indicate that SU5416 might be a novel drug candidate for neurodegenerative disorders, particularly those associated with NO-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Institute of New Drug Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guang Zhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shinghung Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony Chunglit Choi
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon M. Y. Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Schwartz EF, Mourão CBF, Moreira KG, Camargos TS, Mortari MR. Arthropod venoms: A vast arsenal of insecticidal neuropeptides. Biopolymers 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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VEGF receptor-2 (Flk-1) overexpression in mice counteracts focal epileptic seizures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40535. [PMID: 22808185 PMCID: PMC3395684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was first described as an angiogenic agent, but has recently also been shown to exert various neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in the nervous system. These effects of VEGF are mainly mediated by its receptor, VEGFR-2, which is also referred to as the fetal liver kinase receptor 1 (Flk-1). VEGF is up-regulated in neurons and glial cells after epileptic seizures and counteracts seizure-induced neurodegeneration. In vitro, VEGF administration suppresses ictal and interictal epileptiform activity caused by AP4 and 0 Mg2+ via Flk-1 receptor. We therefore explored whether increased VEGF signaling through Flk-1 overexpression may regulate epileptogenesis and ictogenesis in vivo. To this extent, we used transgenic mice overexpressing Flk-1 postnatally in neurons. Intriguingly, Flk-1 overexpressing mice were characterized by an elevated threshold for seizure induction and a decreased duration of focal afterdischarges, indicating anti-ictal action. On the other hand, the kindling progression in these mice was similar to wild-type controls. No significant effects on blood vessels or glia cells, as assessed by Glut1 and GFAP immunohistochemistry, were detected. These results suggest that increased VEGF signaling via overexpression of Flk-1 receptors may directly affect seizure activity even without altering angiogenesis. Thus, Flk-1 could be considered as a novel target for developing future gene therapy strategies against ictal epileptic activity.
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NK cells modulate the inflammatory response to corneal epithelial abrasion and thereby support wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:452-62. [PMID: 22728064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that have crucial cytotoxic and regulatory roles in adaptive immunity and inflammation. Herein, we consider a role for these cells in corneal wound healing. After a 2-mm central epithelial abrasion of the mouse cornea, a subset of classic NK cells migrated into the limbus and corneal stroma, peaking at 24 hours with an eightfold increase over baseline. Depletion of γδ T cells significantly reduced NK cell accumulation (>70%; P < 0.01); however, in neutrophil-depleted animals, NK cell influx was normal. Isolated spleen NK cells migrated to the wounded cornea, and this migration was reduced by greater than 60% (P < 0.01) by ex vivo antibody blocking of NK cell CXCR3 or CCR2. Antibody-induced depletion of NK cells significantly altered the inflammatory reaction to corneal wounding, as evidenced by a 114% increase (P < 0.01) in neutrophil influx at a time when acute inflammation is normally waning. Functional blocking of NKG2D, an activating receptor for NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion, did not inhibit NK cell immigration, but significantly increased neutrophil influx. Consistent with excessive neutrophil accumulation, NK depletion and blocking of NKG2D also inhibited corneal nerve regeneration and epithelial healing (P < 0.01). Findings of this study suggest that NK cells are actively involved in corneal healing by limiting the innate acute inflammatory reaction to corneal wounding.
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Ma Y, Zechariah A, Qu Y, Hermann DM. Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1873-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jin K, Mao X, Xie L, Greenberg DA. Interactions between vascular endothelial growth factor and neuroglobin. Neurosci Lett 2012; 519:47-50. [PMID: 22583764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and neuroglobin (Ngb) participate in neuronal responses to hypoxia and ischemia, but the relationship between their effects, if any, is unknown. To address this issue, we measured Ngb levels in VEGF-treated mouse cerebrocortical cultures and VEGF levels in cerebrocortical cultures from Ngb-overexpressing transgenic mice. VEGF stimulated Ngb expression in a VEGFR2/Flk1 receptor-dependent manner, whereas Ngb overexpression suppressed expression of VEGF. These findings provide further insight into hypoxia-stimulated neuronal signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Jin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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49
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Fournier NM, Lee B, Banasr M, Elsayed M, Duman RS. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates adult hippocampal cell proliferation through MEK/ERK- and PI3K/Akt-dependent signaling. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:642-52. [PMID: 22580375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hypoxia-induced angiogenic protein that exhibits a broad range of neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. Given that neurogenesis occurs in close proximity to blood vessels, increasing evidence has suggested that VEGF may constitute an important link between neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Although it is known that VEGF can directly stimulate the proliferation of neuronal progenitors, the underlying signaling pathways responsible in this process are not fully understood. Thus, in the present study, we set out to examine the requirement of two downstream targets of the VEGF/Flk-1 signaling network, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, in producing the mitogenic effects of VEGF. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that a single treatment of VEGF activated Erk1/2 and Akt signaling pathways in the adult rat hippocampus and in cultured hippocampal neuronal progenitor cells. This effect was blocked with the VEGF/Flk-1 inhibitor SU5416. Importantly, microinfusion of VEGF into the rat brain also induced pCREB expression in the dentate gyrus and increased the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate subgranular zone. Double immunofluorescence labeling revealed that a large proportion of BrdU-labeled cells expressed activated forms of Flk-1, Erk1/2, and Akt. Interestingly, treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine, which is well known to stimulate neurogenesis and VEGF-signaling, also produced a similar expression pattern of Erk1/2 and Akt in proliferating cells. Finally, pharmacological experiments showed that administration of inhibitors of either MAPK/ERK (U0126) or PI3K (LY294002) blocked VEGF-stimulation of hippocampal cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the proliferative actions of VEGF require activation of both ERK and Akt signaling cascades and that these intracellular pathways are stimulated almost exclusively in actively proliferating neuronal progenitor cells of the adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Fournier
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
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Beukelaers P, Vandenbosch R, Caron N, Nguyen L, Moonen G, Malgrange B. Cycling or not cycling: cell cycle regulatory molecules and adult neurogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1493-503. [PMID: 22068613 PMCID: PMC11114951 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain most probably reaches its highest degree of plasticity with the lifelong generation and integration of new neurons in the hippocampus and olfactory system. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) residing both in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles continuously generate neurons that populate the dentate gyrus and the olfactory bulb, respectively. The regulation of NPC proliferation in the adult brain has been widely investigated in the past few years. Yet, the intrinsic cell cycle machinery underlying NPC proliferation remains largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the cell cycle components that are involved in the regulation of NPC proliferation in both neurogenic areas of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Beukelaers
- GIGA- Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital, 1 Bâtiment C.H.U B36, +1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- GIGA- Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital, 1 Bâtiment C.H.U B36, +1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Present Address: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Nicolas Caron
- GIGA- Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital, 1 Bâtiment C.H.U B36, +1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA- Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital, 1 Bâtiment C.H.U B36, +1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Gustave Moonen
- GIGA- Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital, 1 Bâtiment C.H.U B36, +1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, B35, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA- Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital, 1 Bâtiment C.H.U B36, +1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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