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Reza S, Ugorski M, Suchański J. Glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide, small glycosphingolipids with significant impact on health and disease. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1416-1434. [PMID: 34080016 PMCID: PMC8684486 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical observations and exploitation of cellular and animal models indicate that glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and galactosylceramide (GalCer) are involved in many physiological and pathological phenomena. In many cases, the biological importance of these monohexosylcermides has been shown indirectly as the result of studies on enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. Under physiological conditions, GalCer plays a key role in the maintenance of proper structure and stability of myelin and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. On the other hand, GlcCer is necessary for the proper functions of epidermis. Such an important lysosomal storage disease as Gaucher disease (GD) and a neurodegenerative disorder as Parkinson’s disease are characterized by mutations in the GBA1 gene, decreased activity of lysosomal GBA1 glucosylceramidase and accumulation of GlcCer. In contrast, another lysosomal disease, Krabbe disease, is associated with mutations in the GALC gene, resulting in deficiency or decreased activity of lysosomal galactosylceramidase and accumulation of GalCer and galactosylsphingosine. Little is known about the role of both monohexosylceramides in tumor progression; however, numerous studies indicate that GlcCer and GalCer play important roles in the development of multidrug-resistance by cancer cells. It was shown that GlcCer is able to provoke immune reaction and acts as a self-antigen in GD. On the other hand, GalCer was recognized as an important cellular receptor for HIV-1. Altogether, these two molecules are excellent examples of how slight differences in chemical composition and molecular conformation contribute to profound differences in their physicochemical properties and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Reza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Suchański
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Lai M, La Rocca V, Amato R, Freer G, Pistello M. Sphingolipid/Ceramide Pathways and Autophagy in the Onset and Progression of Melanoma: Novel Therapeutic Targets and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143436. [PMID: 31336922 PMCID: PMC6678284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant tumor deriving from neoplastic transformation of melanocytes. The incidence of melanoma has increased dramatically over the last 50 years. It accounts for most cases of skin cancer deaths. Early diagnosis leads to remission in 90% of cases of melanoma; conversely, for melanoma at more advanced stages, prognosis becomes more unfavorable also because dvanced melanoma is often resistant to pharmacological and radiological therapies due to genetic plasticity, presence of cancer stem cells that regenerate the tumor, and efficient elimination of drugs. This review illustrates the role of autophagy in tumor progression and resistance to therapy, focusing on molecular targets for future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lai
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica La Rocca
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rachele Amato
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Bilal F, Montfort A, Gilhodes J, Garcia V, Riond J, Carpentier S, Filleron T, Colacios C, Levade T, Daher A, Meyer N, Andrieu-Abadie N, Ségui B. Sphingomyelin Synthase 1 (SMS1) Downregulation Is Associated With Sphingolipid Reprogramming and a Worse Prognosis in Melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:443. [PMID: 31114500 PMCID: PMC6503817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid (SL) metabolism alterations have been frequently reported in cancer including in melanoma, a bad-prognosis skin cancer. In normal cells, de novo synthesized ceramide is mainly converted to sphingomyelin (SM), the most abundant SL, by sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) and, albeit to a lesser extent, SMS2, encoded by the SGMS1 and SGMS2 genes, respectively. Alternatively, ceramide can be converted to glucosylceramide (GlcCer) by the GlcCer synthase (GCS), encoded by the UGCG gene. Herein, we provide evidence for the first time that SMS1 is frequently downregulated in various solid cancers, more particularly in melanoma. Accordingly, various human melanoma cells displayed a SL metabolism signature associated with (i) a robust and a low expression of UGCG and SGMS1/2, respectively, (ii) higher in situ enzyme activity of GCS than SMS, and (iii) higher intracellular levels of GlcCer than SM. SMS1 was expressed at low levels in most of the human melanoma biopsies. In addition, several mutations and increased CpG island methylation in the SGMS1 gene were identified that likely affect SMS1 expression. Finally, low SMS1 expression was associated with a worse prognosis in metastatic melanoma patients. Collectively, our study indicates that SMS1 downregulation in melanoma enhances GlcCer synthesis, triggering an imbalance in the SM/GlcCer homeostasis, which likely contributes to melanoma progression. Evaluating SMS1 expression level in tumor samples might serve as a biomarker to predict clinical outcome in advanced melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Bilal
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Ecole Doctorale de Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Montfort
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Virginie Garcia
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Joëlle Riond
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Carpentier
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Céline Colacios
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Levade
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Purpan, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Ahmad Daher
- Ecole Doctorale de Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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4
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A hybrid mathematical modeling approach of the metabolic fate of a fluorescent sphingolipid analogue to predict cancer chemosensitivity. Comput Biol Med 2018; 97:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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5
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Lee WK, Kolesnick RN. Sphingolipid abnormalities in cancer multidrug resistance: Chicken or egg? Cell Signal 2017; 38:134-145. [PMID: 28687494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype encompasses a myriad of molecular, genetic and cellular alterations resulting from progressive oncogenic transformation and selection. Drug efflux transporters, in particular the MDR P-glycoprotein ABCB1, play an important role in MDR but cannot confer the complete phenotype alone indicating parallel alterations are prerequisite. Sphingolipids are essential constituents of lipid raft domains and directly participate in functionalization of transmembrane proteins, including providing an optimal lipid microenvironment for multidrug transporters, and are also perturbed in cancer. Here we postulate that increased sphingomyelin content, developing early in some cancers, recruits and functionalizes plasma membrane ABCB1 conferring a state of partial MDR, which is completed by glycosphingolipid disturbance and the appearance of intracellular vesicular ABCB1. In this review, the independent and interdependent roles of sphingolipid alterations and ABCB1 upregulation during the transformation process and resultant conferment of partial and complete MDR phenotypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kee Lee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States; Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - Richard N Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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6
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Astudillo L, Therville N, Colacios C, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Levade T. Glucosylceramidases and malignancies in mammals. Biochimie 2016; 125:267-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Garcia V, Le Faouder P, Dupuy A, Levade T, Ballereau S, Génisson Y. A novel jaspine B-ceramide hybrid modulates sphingolipid metabolism. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:1115-25. [PMID: 26172331 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new sphingolipid hybrid molecule was designed to assemble, within a tail-to-tail double-chain structure, the ceramide hydrophilic moiety and the tetrahydrofuran pharmacophore of jaspine B, a natural product known to interfere with sphingolipid metabolism. This compound was prepared through acylation of sphingosine with a jaspine B derivative bearing a COOH group in the terminal position of the aliphatic backbone. This new hybrid molecule was evaluated for its capacities to affect melanoma cell viability and sphingolipid metabolism. While retaining the cytotoxicity of ceramide itself, this compound was shown to lower the sphingomyelin cellular levels and significantly enhance the production of sphingosine-1-phosphate, thus representing a novel sphingolipid metabolism modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Garcia
- INSERM UMR1037, CRCT (Centre de Recherches en Canćerolgie de Toulouse), Oncopole de Toulouse, 2, avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse cedex 1
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- Lipidomic Core Facility, MetaToul platform, UMR1048 INSERM-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, CHU Rangueil, BP, FR-84225, Toulouse
| | - Aude Dupuy
- Lipidomic Core Facility, MetaToul platform, UMR1048 INSERM-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, CHU Rangueil, BP, FR-84225, Toulouse
| | - Thierry Levade
- INSERM UMR1037, CRCT (Centre de Recherches en Canćerolgie de Toulouse), Oncopole de Toulouse, 2, avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse cedex 1
| | - Stéphanie Ballereau
- LSPCMIB, UMR-5068, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, FR-31062, Toulouse, (phone: +33-561-556299; fax: +33-561-556011).
| | - Yves Génisson
- LSPCMIB, UMR-5068, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, FR-31062, Toulouse, (phone: +33-561-556299; fax: +33-561-556011).
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8
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Kartal-Yandim M, Adan-Gokbulut A, Baran Y. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and its reversal in cancer. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:716-26. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1015957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melis Kartal-Yandim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey and
| | - Aysun Adan-Gokbulut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey and
| | - Yusuf Baran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey and
- Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
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9
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Barnes S, Xu YH, Zhang W, Liou B, Setchell KDR, Bao L, Grabowski GA, Sun Y. Ubiquitous transgene expression of the glucosylceramide-synthesizing enzyme accelerates glucosylceramide accumulation and storage cells in a Gaucher disease mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116023. [PMID: 25551612 PMCID: PMC4281226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by defective activity of acid β-glucosidase (GCase), which leads to the accumulation of its major substrates, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph) in many cells. To modulate cellular substrate concentration in viable mouse models of Gaucher disease (Gba1 mutants), a novel mouse model was created with enhanced glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. This was accomplished by cross-breeding Gba1 mutant mice with mice expressing a transgene (GCStg) containing the mouse glucosylceramide synthase (GCS, Ugcg) cDNA driven by the ROSA promoter, yielding GCStg/Gba1 mice. The GCStg rescued Ugcg null mice from embryonic lethality. GCStg/Gba1 mice showed 2-3 fold increases in tissue GCS activity as well as accelerated GlcCer accumulation and the appearance of lipid-laden CD68 positive macrophages in visceral organs. Although GlcCer/GlcSph concentrations were elevated in the brain, there was no neurodegenerative phenotype up to 1 yr of age conceivably due to the greater residual GCase hydrolytic activity in the brains than in the visceral tissues of 9V/null mice. These studies provide 'proof of principle' for threshold substrate flux that modifies phenotypic development in Gaucher disease and other lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Barnes
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - You-Hai Xu
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- The Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Liou
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. R. Setchell
- The Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liming Bao
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Grabowski
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Synageva BioPharma Corp., Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Liu YY, Hill RA, Li YT. Ceramide glycosylation catalyzed by glucosylceramide synthase and cancer drug resistance. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 117:59-89. [PMID: 23290777 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394274-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), converting ceramide to glucosylceramide, catalyzes the first reaction of ceramide glycosylation in sphingolipid metabolism. This glycosylation by GCS is a critical step regulating the modulation of cellular activities by controlling ceramide and glycosphingolipids (GSLs). An increase of ceramide in response to stresses, such as chemotherapy, drives cells to proliferation arrest and apoptosis or autophagy; however, ceramide glycosylation promptly eliminates ceramide and consequently, these induced processes, thus protecting cancer cells. Further, persistently enhanced ceramide glycosylation can increase GSLs, participating in selecting cancer cells to drug resistance. GCS is overexpressed in diverse drug-resistant cancer cells and in tumors of breast, colon, and leukemia that display poor response to chemotherapy. As ceramide glycosylation by GCS is a rate-limiting step in GSL synthesis, inhibition of GCS sensitizes cancer cells to anticancer drugs and eradicates cancer stem cells. Mechanistic studies indicate that uncoupling ceramide glycosylation can modulate gene expression, decreasing MDR1 through the cSrc/β-catenin pathway and restoring p53 expression via RNA splicing. These studies not only expand our knowledge in understanding how ceramide glycosylation affects cancer cells but also provide novel therapeutic approaches for targeting refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Liu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA.
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11
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Gramatzki D, Herrmann C, Happold C, Becker KA, Gulbins E, Weller M, Tabatabai G. Glioma cell death induced by irradiation or alkylating agent chemotherapy is independent of the intrinsic ceramide pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63527. [PMID: 23667632 PMCID: PMC3646759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Resistance to genotoxic therapy is a characteristic feature of glioma cells. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) catalyzes ceramide metabolism. Increased ceramide levels have been suggested to enhance chemotherapy-induced death of cancer cells. METHODS Microarray and clinical data for ASM and GCS in astrocytomas WHO grade II-IV were acquired from the Rembrandt database. Moreover, the glioblastoma database of the Cancer Genome Atlas network (TCGA) was used for survival data of glioblastoma patients. For in vitro studies, increases in ceramide levels were achieved either by ASM overexpression or by the GCS inhibitor DL-threo-1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP) in human glioma cell lines. Combinations of alkylating chemotherapy or irradiation and ASM overexpression, PPMP or exogenous ceramide were applied in parental cells. The anti-glioma effects were investigated by assessing proliferation, metabolic activity, viability and clonogenicity. Finally, viability and clonogenicity were assessed in temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant cells upon treatment with PPMP, exogenous ceramide, alkylating chemotherapy, irradiation or their combinations. RESULTS Interrogations from the Rembrandt and TCGA database showed a better survival of glioblastoma patients with low expression of ASM or GCS. ASM overexpression or PPMP treatment alone led to ceramide accumulation but did not enhance the anti-glioma activity of alkylating chemotherapy or irradiation. PPMP or exogenous ceramide induced acute cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells. Combined treatments with chemotherapy or irradiation led to additive, but not synergistic effects. Finally, no synergy was found when TMZ-resistant cells were treated with exogenous ceramide or PPMP alone or in combination with TMZ or irradiation. CONCLUSION Modulation of intrinsic glioma cell ceramide levels by ASM overexpression or GCS inhibition does not enhance the anti-glioma activity of alkylating chemotherapy or irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Gramatzki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Herrmann
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Happold
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Anne Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Salma Y, Ballereau S, Ladeira S, Lepetit C, Chauvin R, Andrieu-Abadie N, Génisson Y. Single- and double-chained truncated jaspine B analogues: asymmetric synthesis, biological evaluation and theoretical study of an unexpected 5-endo-dig process. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Apoptotic sphingolipid ceramide in cancer therapy. J Lipids 2011; 2011:565316. [PMID: 21490804 PMCID: PMC3066853 DOI: 10.1155/2011/565316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is physiologically and pathologically involved in cellular homeostasis. Escape of apoptotic signaling is a critical strategy commonly used for cancer tumorigenesis. Ceramide, a derivative of sphingolipid breakdown products, acts as second messenger for multiple extracellular stimuli including growth factors, chemical agents, and environmental stresses, such as hypoxia, and heat stress as well as irradiation. Also, ceramide acts as tumor-suppressor lipid because a variety of stress stimuli cause apoptosis by increasing intracellular ceramide to initiate apoptotic signaling. Defects on ceramide generation and sphingolipid metabolism are developed for cancer cell survival and cancer therapy resistance. Alternatively, targeting ceramide metabolism to correct these defects might provide opportunities to overcome cancer therapy resistance.
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14
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Spessott W, Uliana A, Maccioni HJF. Cog2 null mutant CHO cells show defective sphingomyelin synthesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41472-82. [PMID: 21047787 PMCID: PMC3009873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COG (conserved oligomeric Golgi complex) is a Golgi-associated tethering complex involved in retrograde trafficking of multiple Golgi enzymes. COG deficiencies lead to misorganization of the Golgi, defective trafficking of glycosylation enzymes, and abnormal N-, O- and ceramide-linked oligosaccharides. Here, we show that in Cog2 null mutant ldlC cells, the content of sphingomyelin (SM) is reduced to ∼25% of WT cells. Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) activity is essentially normal in ldlC cells, but in contrast with the typical Golgi localization in WT cells, in ldlC cells, transfected SMS1 localizes to vesicular structures scattered throughout the cytoplasm, which show almost no signal of co-transfected ceramide transfer protein (CERT). Cog2 transfection restores SM formation and the typical SMS1 Golgi localization phenotype. Adding exogenous N-6-[(7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl-4-d-erythro-sphingosine (C(6)-NBD-ceramide) to ldlC cell cultures results in normal SM formation. Endogenous ceramide levels were 3-fold higher in ldlC cells than in WT cells, indicating that Golgi misorganization caused by Cog2 deficiency affects the delivery of ceramide to sites of SM synthesis by SMS1. Considering the importance of SM as a structural component of membranes, this finding is also worth of consideration in relation to a possible contribution to the clinical phenotype of patients suffering congenital disorders of glycosylation type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Spessott
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000 HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Uliana
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000 HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo J. F. Maccioni
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000 HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Salma Y, Ballereau S, Maaliki C, Ladeira S, Andrieu-Abadie N, Génisson Y. Flexible and enantioselective access to jaspine B and biologically active chain-modified analogues thereof. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3227-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c004218h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Salma Y, Lafont E, Therville N, Carpentier S, Bonnafé MJ, Levade T, Génisson Y, Andrieu-Abadie N. The natural marine anhydrophytosphingosine, Jaspine B, induces apoptosis in melanoma cells by interfering with ceramide metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:477-85. [PMID: 19433071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Marine environment has frequently afforded a variety of biologically active compounds with strong anticancer and cytotoxic properties. In the present study, the mechanism of action of Jaspine B, an anhydrophytosphingosine derivative isolated from the marine sponge Jaspis sp., was investigated. Jaspine B was able to dose- and time-dependently decrease the viability of murine B16 and human SK-Mel28 melanoma cells. On these cells, Jaspine B treatment triggered cell death by typical apoptosis as illustrated by phosphatidylserine externalization, the release of cytochrome c and caspase processing. These effects were associated with increased intracellular ceramide levels owing to perturbed ceramide metabolism. Indeed, Jaspine B exposure strongly inhibited the activity of sphingomyelin synthase (SMS), an enzyme that converts de novo ceramide into the membrane lipid sphingomyelin. Moreover, whereas Jaspine B-induced cell death was enhanced in SMS1-depleted cells, it was strongly inhibited in cells that stably overexpress human SMS1. Finally, the cytotoxic effects of Jaspine B truncated analogs were also shown to be dependent on SMS activity. Altogether, Jaspine B is able to kill melanoma cells by acting on SMS activity and consequently on ceramide formation, and may represent a new class of cytotoxic compounds with potential applications in anticancer melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Salma
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm U858, Toulouse, France
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17
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Gerrard G, Butters TD, Ganeshaguru K, Mehta AB. Glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors sensitise CLL cells to cytotoxic agents without reversing P-gp functional activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 609:34-9. [PMID: 19285492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant B-cells from most chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients over-express MDR1 encoded P-glycoprotein (P-gp) multidrug efflux pump. Inhibition of glucosylceramide (GC) synthesis has been shown in cell lines to correlate with the expression and function of P-gp and sensitise cancer cells to cytotoxic agents. We investigated the hypothesis that reducing intracellular GC levels will reduce P-gp expression in malignant cells from CLL patients. We studied the ability of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitors N-butyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin (OGB-1) and N-nonyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin (OGB-2) to sensitise CLL cells to conventional cytotoxic drug 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) and the cytostatic drugs chlorambucil and fludarabine. The effect on P-gp activity was analysed using the calcein-AM accumulation assay where a multidrug activity factor (MAF) of >10 in the presence of a P-gp inhibitor denotes P-gp functional activity. The P-gp over-expressing cell line CEM-VLB showed a MAF value of 96.4 with the P-gp inhibitor Z.3HCL, which fell to 15.7 after co-incubation with OGB-1 and 45.9 with OGB-2. The IC(50) for vincristine fell from >10 microg/ml to 55.5 ng/ml in the presence of OGB-2. In P-gp(+ve) peripheral blood mononuclear cells from three normal volunteers, the mean MAF values for Z.3HCL, OGB-1 and OGB-2 were 23.86, 1.83 and 16.2 respectively. In 9/13 CLL samples the mean P-gp functional activity was 22.15 and P-gp was over-expressed in 12/13 samples. However, the MAF value with OGB-1 and OGB-2 was <10. Nevertheless, sensitisation in CLL cells was observed by a reduction in the IC(50) in the presence of OGB-1 and OGB-2 with the conventional drugs. We conclude that although GCS inhibitors sensitize CLL cells to cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs, they do not appear to have any effect on P-gp functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Gerrard
- Department of Haematology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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Abstract
In this chapter, roles of bioactive sphingolipids in the regulation of cancer pathogenesis and therapy will be reviewed. Sphingolipids have emerged as bioeffector molecules, which control various aspects of cell growth, proliferation, and anti-cancer therapeutics. Ceramide, the central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism, generally mediates anti-proliferative responses such as inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and/or modulation of senescence. On the other hand, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays opposing roles, and induces transformation, cancer cell growth, or angiogenesis. A network of metabolic enzymes regulates the generation of ceramide and S1P, and these enzymes serve as transducers of sphingolipid-mediated responses that are coupled to various exogenous or endogenous cellular signals. Consistent with their key roles in the regulation of cancer growth and therapy, attenuation of ceramide generation and/or increased S1P levels are implicated in the development of resistance to drug-induced apoptosis, and escape from cell death. These data strongly suggest that advances in the molecular and biochemical understanding of sphingolipid metabolism and function will lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against human cancers, which may also help overcome drug resistance.
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Crespo PM, Silvestre DC, Gil GA, Maccioni HJF, Daniotti JL, Caputto BL. c-Fos activates glucosylceramide synthase and glycolipid synthesis in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31163-71. [PMID: 18784083 PMCID: PMC2662181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709257200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that c-Fos has, in addition to its well recognized AP-1 transcription factor activity, the capacity to associate to the endoplasmic reticulum and activate key enzymes involved in the synthesis of phospholipids required for membrane biogenesis during cell growth and neurite formation. Because membrane genesis requires the coordinated supply of all its integral membrane components, the question emerges as to whether c-Fos also activates the synthesis of glycolipids, another ubiquitous membrane component. We show that c-Fos activates the metabolic labeling of glycolipids in differentiating PC12 cells. Specifically, c-Fos activates the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase (GlcCerS), the product of which, GlcCer, is the first glycosylated intermediate in the pathway of synthesis of glycolipids. By contrast, the activities of GlcCer galactosyltransferase 1 and lactosylceramide sialyltransferase 1 are essentially unaffected by c-Fos. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in cells co-transfected with c-Fos and a V5-tagged version of GlcCerS evidenced that both proteins participate in a physical association. c-Fos expression is tightly regulated by specific environmental cues. This strict regulation assures that lipid metabolism activation will occur as a response to cell requirements thus pointing to c-Fos as an important regulator of key membrane metabolisms in membrane biogenesis-demanding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar M Crespo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
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20
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Luque ME, Crespo PM, Mónaco ME, Aybar MJ, Daniotti JL, Sánchez SS. Cloning and functional characterization of two key enzymes of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:112-23. [PMID: 18095347 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are a subfamily of complex glycosphingolipids (GSLs) with important roles in many biological processes. In this study, we report the cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and the spatial and temporal expression of Xlcgt and Xlgd3 synthase during Xenopus laevis development. Xlcgt was expressed both maternally and zigotically persisting at least until stage 35. Maternal Xlgd3 synthase mRNA could not be detected and showed a steady-state expression from gastrula to late tailbud stage. Xlcgt is mainly present in involuted paraxial mesoderm, neural folds, and their derivatives. Xlgd3 synthase transcripts were detected in the dorsal blastoporal lip, in the presumptive neuroectoderm, and later in the head region, branchial arches, otic and optic primordia. We determined the effect of glycosphingolipid depletion with 1-phenyl-2-palmitoyl-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP) in mesodermal layer. PPMP-injected embryos showed altered expression domains in the mesodermal markers. Our results suggest that GSL are involved in convergent-extension movements during early development in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melchor E Luque
- CONICET, UNT, INSIBIO, Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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21
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Ogretmen B. Sphingolipids in cancer: Regulation of pathogenesis and therapy. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5467-76. [PMID: 16970943 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are known to play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, response to chemotherapeutic agents, and/or prevention of cancer. Recently, significant progress has been made in the identification of the enzymes and their biochemical functions involved in sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, development of new techniques for the quantitative analysis of sphingolipids at their physiological levels has facilitated studies to examine distinct functions of these bioactive sphingolipids in cancer pathogenesis and therapy. This review will focus on the recent developments regarding the roles of bioactive sphingolipids in the regulation of cell growth/proliferation, and anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, 29425, USA.
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22
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Llacuna L, Marí M, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Morales A. Critical role of acidic sphingomyelinase in murine hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatology 2006; 44:561-72. [PMID: 16941686 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage are incompletely understood. We investigated the role of ceramide in a murine model of warm hepatic I/R injury. This sphingolipid induces cell death and participates in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling. Hepatic ceramide levels transiently increased after the reperfusion phase of the ischemic liver in mice, because of an early activation of acidic sphingomyelinase (ASMase) followed by acid ceramidase stimulation. In vivo administration of an ASMase inhibitor, imipramine, or ASMase knockdown by siRNA decreased ceramide generation during I/R, and attenuated serum ALT levels, hepatocellular necrosis, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. ASMase-induced ceramide generation activated JNK resulting in BimL phosphorylation and translocation to mitochondria, as the inhibition of ASMase by imipramine prevented these events. In contrast, blockade of ceramide catabolism by N-oleyolethanolamine (NOE), a ceramidase inhibitor, enhanced ceramide levels and potentiated I/R injury compared with vehicle-treated mice. Pentoxifylline treatment prevented TNF upregulation and ASMase activation. Furthermore, 9 of 11 mice treated with imipramine survived 7 days after total liver ischemia, compared with 4 of 12 vehicle-treated mice, whereas 8 of 8 NOE-treated mice died within 2 days of total liver ischemia. In conclusion, ceramide generated from ASMase plays a key role in I/R-induced liver damage, and its modulation may be of therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llacuna
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and the Department of Experimental Pathology, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Gouaze-Andersson V, Cabot MC. Glycosphingolipids and drug resistance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:2096-103. [PMID: 17010304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance, an all too frequent characteristic of cancer, represents a serious barrier to successful treatment. Although many resistance mechanisms have been described, those that involve membrane-resident proteins belonging to the ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter superfamily are of particular interest. In addition to cancer, the ABC transporter proteins are active in diseases such as malaria and leishmaniasis. A recent renaissance in lipid metabolism, specifically ceramide and sphingolipids, has fueled research and provided insight into the role of glycosphingolipids in multidrug resistance. This article reviews current knowledge on ceramide, glucosylceramide synthase and cerebrosides, and the relationship of these lipids to cellular response to anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Gouaze-Andersson
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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24
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Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Jaffrézou JP, Benoist H, Levade T. Sphingolipids as modulators of cancer cell death: potential therapeutic targets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:2104-20. [PMID: 16925980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Through modifications in the fine membrane structure, cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, and/or modulation of intracellular signaling pathways, sphingolipids can affect the tumorigenic potential of numerous cell types. Whereas ceramide and its metabolites have been described as regulators of cell growth and apoptosis, these lipids as well as other sphingolipid molecules can modulate the ability of malignant cells to grow and resist anticancer treatments, and their susceptibility to non-apoptotic cell deaths. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the properties of sphingolipids in the regulation of cancer cell death and tumor development. It also provides an update on the potential perspectives of manipulating sphingolipid metabolism and using sphingolipid analogues in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ségui
- INSERM U.466, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Louis Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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25
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Dyatlovitskaya EV, Kandyba AG. Role of biologically active sphingolipids in tumor growth. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:10-7. [PMID: 16457613 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the literature on the effects of biologically active sphingolipids (sphingosine, ceramide, sphingomyelin, glucosylceramide, gangliosides GM1, GM2, GM3, GD3, etc.) on proliferation, apoptosis, metastases, and invasiveness of tumor cells and the putative role of sphingolipids in chemotherapy of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Dyatlovitskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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26
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Aouali N, Eddabra L, Macadré J, Morjani H. Immunosuppressors and reversion of multidrug-resistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 56:61-70. [PMID: 15978826 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is the major reason for failure of cancer therapy. When one drug elicits a response in tumour cells resulting in resistance to a large variety of chemically unrelated drugs, this is called multidrug-resistance (MDR). ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters contribute to drug resistance via ATP-dependent drug efflux. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) encoded by MDR1 gene, confers resistance to certain anticancer agents. The development of agents able to modulate MDR mediated by Pgp and ABC transporters remained a major goal for the past 10 years. Immunosuppressors, cyclosporin A (CSA) in particular, were shown to modulate Pgp activity in laboratory models and entered very early into clinical trials for reversal of MDR. The proof of reversing activity of CSA was found in phase II studies with myeloma and acute leukaemia. In phase III studies, the results were less convincing regarding the response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival were detected in advanced refractory myeloma. The non-immunosuppressive derivative PSC833 was then extensively studied. This compound shows 10-fold higher potency in reversal of MDR mediated by Pgp. Results from clinical trials with this modulator are still emerging and the notable finding was the need to reduce the dose of anticancer agent used in combination with it. Other effects of CSA and PSC833 on MDR have been described. These two molecules have been shown to have an action on the metabolism of ceramide which stands as second messenger of anticancer agents-induced apoptosis. PSC833 stimulates de novo ceramide synthesis and enhances cell death induced by anticancer agents, such as camptothecins and anthracyclines. In addition, ceramide glycosylation and storage in some cell lines have been described to play a crucial role in resistance to anticancer drugs. CSA is able to inhibit ceramide glucosylation and modulate MDR phenotype. The emergence of other modulators with several ABC protein targets like VX710 are of clinical interest in malignancies expressing several efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassera Aouali
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Genetique, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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27
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Hinrichs JWJ, Klappe K, Kok JW. Rafts as missing link between multidrug resistance and sphingolipid metabolism. J Membr Biol 2005; 203:57-64. [PMID: 15981711 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-004-0733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J W J Hinrichs
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Department of Membrane Cell Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Tamboli IY, Prager K, Barth E, Heneka M, Sandhoff K, Walter J. Inhibition of Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis Reduces Secretion of the β-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid β-Peptide*[boxs]. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28110-7. [PMID: 15923191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414525200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is associated with extracellular deposits of amyloid beta-peptides in the brain. Amyloid beta-peptides are generated by proteolytic processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein by beta- and gamma-secretases. The cleavage by secretases occurs predominantly in post-Golgi secretory and endocytic compartments and is influenced by cholesterol, indicating a role of the membrane lipid composition in proteolytic processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. To analyze the role of glycosphingolipids in these processes we inhibited glycosyl ceramide synthase, which catalyzes the first step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. The depletion of glycosphingolipids markedly reduced the secretion of endogenous beta-amyloid precursor protein in different cell types, including human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly, secretion of amyloid beta-peptides was also strongly decreased by inhibition of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Conversely, the addition of exogenous brain gangliosides to cultured cells reversed these effects. Biochemical and cell biological experiments demonstrate that the pharmacological reduction of cellular glycosphingolipid levels inhibited maturation and cell surface transport of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. In the glycosphingolipid-deficient cell line GM95, cellular levels and maturation of beta-amyloid precursor protein were also significantly reduced as compared with normal B16 cells. Together, these data demonstrate that glycosphingolipids are implicated in the regulation of the subcellular transport of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in the secretory pathway and its proteolytic processing. Thus, enzymes involved in glycosphingolipid metabolism might represent targets to inhibit the production of amyloid beta-peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Y Tamboli
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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29
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Morales A, Colell A, Mari M, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Glycosphingolipids and mitochondria: role in apoptosis and disease. Glycoconj J 2005; 20:579-88. [PMID: 15454696 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000043294.62504.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) comprise a class of lipids with important structural and signaling functions. Synthesized from ceramide in the Golgi, they are subsequently distributed to different compartments, most predominantly in the plasma membrane where they integrate signaling platforms. A recently characterized trafficking of ganglioside GD3 (GD3), a GSLs with two sialic-acid residues, to mitochondria has revealed a novel function of this lipid as a death effector. In addition to the interaction of GD3 with mitochondria recruiting these organelles to apoptotic pathways, GD3 disables survival paths dependent on NF-kappaB, thus favoring the balance towards cell death. The present review gathers the evidence documenting this emerging function of GSLs in cell death and their involvement in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Morales
- Liver Unit, Instituto de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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30
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Turzanski J, Grundy M, Shang S, Russell N, Pallis M. P-glycoprotein is implicated in the inhibition of ceramide-induced apoptosis in TF-1 acute myeloid leukemia cells by modulation of the glucosylceramide synthase pathway. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:62-72. [PMID: 15661399 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ceramide, an intermediate of apoptosis induction in response to chemotherapy, can be detoxified by glycosylation at the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi membrane. P-glycoprotein (p-gp) might augment ceramide glycosylation by translocating glucosylceramide (GC) across the Golgi membrane. We aimed to show that glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) activity is linked to p-gp expression and resistance to ceramide-induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Apoptosis and cell-cycle analysis were measured using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Fluorescent microscopy assessed p-gp expression in, and rhodamine 123 uptake by, the Golgi. P-gp interaction with GC was assessed by modulation of rhodamine accumulation. The GCS activity assay was based upon the transfer of UDP-(3)H-glucose to C8-ceramide to form radiolabeled GC, by rate-limiting cell-derived GCS. TLC and fluorimetry were used to measure the metabolites of fluorescent ceramide. Cell viability was measured using 7-amino-actinomycin D staining and flow cytometry with an internal standard for cell enumeration. RESULTS P-gp(+) cell lines (KG1a, TF-1) were resistant to C8-ceramide-induced apoptosis compared to p-gp(-) cell lines (HL-60, U937). P-gp inhibitors GF120918 and cyclosporin A enhanced ceramide-induced apoptosis in the p-gp expressing cells. P-gp expression was identified in the Golgi of these cells. Pgp's efflux function in TF-1 but not KG1a cells was inhibited by glucosylceramide. In the presence of p-gp inhibitors, R123 accumulation in the Golgi of TF-1 cells was lost, and GCS activity and lactosylceramide formation were downregulated. Intact cells were necessary for the involvement of p-gp in the regulation of GCS activity. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that ceramide induces apoptosis in AML cells and that p-gp confers resistance to ceramide-induced apoptosis, with modulation of the ceramide-glucosylceramide pathway making a marked contribution to this resistance in TF-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Turzanski
- Division of Haematology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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31
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Mimeault M, Bonenfant D, Batra SK. New advances on the functions of epidermal growth factor receptor and ceramides in skin cell differentiation, disorders and cancers. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 17:153-66. [PMID: 15258446 DOI: 10.1159/000078818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding of the biological functions of the epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-EGFR) system and ceramide production for the maintenance of skin integrity and barrier function are reported. In particular, the opposite roles of EGFR and ceramide cascades in epithelial keratinocyte proliferation, migration and terminal differentiation are described. Moreover, the functions of ceramides in the epidermal permeability barrier are reviewed. The alterations in EGFR signaling and ceramide metabolism, which might be involved in the etiopathogenesis of diverse skin disorders and cancers, are described. New progress in understanding of skin organization, which might provide the basis for the design of new transcutaneous drug delivery techniques as well as for the development of new therapies of skin disorders and cancers, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UNMC/Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4525, USA.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Hollings Cancer Center, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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33
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Norris-Cervetto E, Callaghan R, Platt FM, Dwek RA, Butters TD. Inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase does not reverse drug resistance in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:40412-8. [PMID: 15263008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404466200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines NCI/AdR(RES) and MES-SA/DX-5 have higher glycolipid levels and higher P-glycoprotein expression than the chemosensitive cell lines MCF7-wt and MES-SA. Inhibiting glycolipid biosynthesis by blocking glucosylceramide synthase has been proposed to reverse drug resistance in MDR cells by causing an increased accumulation of proapoptotic ceramide during treatment of cells with cytotoxic drugs. We treated both multidrug-resistant cell lines with the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors PDMP (d-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol), C9DGJ (N-nonyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin) or C4DGJ (N-butyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin). PDMP achieved a significant reversal of drug resistance in agreement with previous reports. However, the N-alkylated iminosugars C9DGJ and C4DGJ, which are more selective glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors than PDMP, failed to cause any reversal of drug resistance despite depleting glycolipids to the same extent as PDMP. Our results suggest that (a) inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase does not reverse multidrug resistance and (b) the chemosensitization achieved by PDMP cannot be caused by inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase alone.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Deoxynojirimycin/analogs & derivatives
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Ceramides/metabolism
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Glucosamine/analogs & derivatives
- Glucosamine/pharmacology
- Glucosylceramides/chemistry
- Glucosyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glucosyltransferases/chemistry
- Glycolipids/chemistry
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Humans
- Imino Sugars
- Lipids/chemistry
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Norris-Cervetto
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Alphonse G, Bionda C, Aloy MT, Ardail D, Rousson R, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C. Overcoming resistance to gamma-rays in squamous carcinoma cells by poly-drug elevation of ceramide levels. Oncogene 2004; 23:2703-15. [PMID: 15048093 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent strategies to sensitize radioresistant tumours are based on combining gamma-irradiation with inducers of apoptosis. We report that the combination of three inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism, DL-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol.HCl(DL-PDMP)+imipramine +/- D-erythro-2-(N-myristoylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol (D-MAPP), with 10-Gy irradiation triggers both mitotic and apoptotic killing in radioresistant SQ20B squamous carcinoma cells. In these cells, apoptosis is defective due to a lack of ceramide generation upstream, which cannot be explained by sphingomyelinase (neutral and acidic) deficiency or rapid derivation to the sphingolipid pathway. We present evidence of a functional transduction death pathway when ceramide generation is restored, which involves the mitochondrial-mediated pathway coupled to alterations in redox status and to executive caspases activation. The poly-drug treatment restored apoptosis to levels similar to those observed in radiosensitive SCC61 squamous carcinoma cells. Simultaneous exposure to gamma-irradiation and poly-drug treatment acted synergistically in SQ20B cells to produce a marked increase in both mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase cleavage, which led to a 7.8-fold increase in apoptosis within 48 h, relative to irradiated cells. Moreover, the results suggest that the ceramide released by irradiation or poly-drug treatment converges upon common cellular targets. Modulation of endogenous ceramide levels by inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism may represent a new cellular target for the sensitization of radioresistant tumours to gamma-ray therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gersende Alphonse
- Department of Biochemistry, INSERM U189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, BP12, 69921 Oullins Cedex, France
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