1
|
Mei L, Yu M, Liu Y, Weh E, Pawar M, Li L, Besirli CG, Schwendeman AA. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles delivering rapamycin for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 44:102571. [PMID: 35623563 PMCID: PMC10655893 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) and rapamycin (Rap) have both been shown to be potential treatments for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The low aqueous solubility of Rap, however, limits its therapeutic utility. Here we used an Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide and phospholipid-based sHDL for the intravitreal delivery of Rap. By incorporation of Rap in sHDL nanoparticles (sHDL-Rap), we achieve 125-fold increase in drug aqueous concentration. When applied in vitro to retinal pigment epithelium cells, sHDL-Rap exhibited the abilities to efflux cholesterol, neutralize endotoxin, and suppress NF-κB activation. As an mTOR inhibitor, Rap induced autophagy and inhibited NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling. Additionally, a greater reduction in lipofuscin accumulation and increased anti-inflammatory effects were achieved by sHDL-Rap relative to free drug or sHDL alone. In vivo studies demonstrated that sHDL reached the target retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layer following intravitreal administration in rats. These results suggest that sHDL-Rap holds potential as a treatment for AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipments of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Minzhi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Yayuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Eric Weh
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mercy Pawar
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Anna A Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohamed MA, Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM. Rapamycin golden jubilee and still the miraculous drug: a potent immunosuppressant, antitumor, rejuvenative agent, and potential contributor in COVID-19 treatment. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:65. [PMID: 35730039 PMCID: PMC9188914 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although celebrating its golden jubilee, rapamycin’s importance keeps increasing by the day. Starting as a promising antifungal agent, then as a potent immunosuppressant, strong anticancer drug, and now rapamycin is attracting serious attention as a rejuvenative agent and a possible contributor in treating this era pandemic, COVID-19. Due to its diverse biological activities and promising medical applications, we aimed in this review to put rapamycin under the spot and highlight its discovery, famous microbial producers, reported biological activities, chemical structure, famous analogues, and biosynthesis. Moreover, discuss some rapamycin production approaches including solid-state fermentation, and stressing out producing strain. On the other hand, describe its action mechanism and trials to use it in treatment of COVID-19. Additionally, we highlighted some of the side effects accompanying its use, and describe some approaches reported to minimize these undesired effects. Finally, we report the current status of rapamycin and its analogues in global market, and discuss future prospects of this potent drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Mohamed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St. Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Waill A Elkhateeb
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St. Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Ghoson M Daba
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St. Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marketou M, Kochiadakis GE, Giaouzaki A, Sfiridaki K, Petousis S, Maragoudakis F, Roufas K, Vougia D, Logakis J, Chlouverakis G, Vardas PE. Long-term serial changes in platelet activation indices following sirolimus elution and bare metal stent implantation in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Hellenic J Cardiol 2017; 58:43-48. [PMID: 28185978 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet activation is crucial in the development of stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We carried out a long-term assessment of multiple factors implicated in the thrombotic process and monitored markers of platelet activation after the implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Additionally, we compared these findings with those after bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation. METHODS A cohort of 47 consecutive patients, aged <70 years, with severe stenosis (>70% narrowing of the lumen) of one major epicardial coronary artery and stable CAD underwent successful elective PCI. Patients were randomly allocated to SES (n = 25) or BMS (n = 22). Venous blood was obtained 24 hours before and 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 month, and 6 months after PCI for measurements of plasma levels of sP-selectin, von Willebrand Factor (vWF), fibrinogen, d-dimer, sCD40, factor VIII, b-thromboglobulin (b-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF-4). RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of fibrinogen or d-dimers in peripheral blood. However, we observed a significant kinetic effect (p<0.001) and stent-effect (p<0.015) on vWF levels and a significant kinetic effect (p = 0.012) on factor VIII, sP-selectin (p = 0.04), b-TG (p<0.001), and PF4 (p = 0.016). A trend towards a significant stent effect on sCD40 was also detected (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS SES and BMS did not show significant differences in relationship to markers of platelet activation and coagulation in patients with stable CAD. Although some markers showed an increase after stent implantation, they returned to the initial levels 6 months later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marketou
- Cardiology Dept, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Despoina Vougia
- Cardiology Dept, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - John Logakis
- Cardiology Dept, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Panos E Vardas
- Cardiology Dept, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Demyanenko IA, Popova EN, Zakharova VV, Ilyinskaya OP, Vasilieva TV, Romashchenko VP, Fedorov AV, Manskikh VN, Skulachev MV, Zinovkin RA, Pletjushkina OY, Skulachev VP, Chernyak BV. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 improves impaired dermal wound healing in old mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:475-85. [PMID: 26187706 PMCID: PMC4543037 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The process of skin wound healing is delayed or impaired in aging animals. To investigate the possible role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in cutaneous wound healing of aged mice, we have applied the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1. The SkQ1 treatment resulted in accelerated resolution of the inflammatory phase, formation of granulation tissue, vascularization and epithelization of the wounds. The wounds of SkQ1-treated mice contained increased amount of myofibroblasts which produce extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors mediating granulation tissue formation. This effect resembled SkQ1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblast, observed earlier in vitro. The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ)produced by SkQ1-treated fibroblasts was found to stimulated motility of endothelial cells in vitro, an effect which may underlie pro-angiogenic action of SkQ1 in the wounds. In vitro experiments showed that SkQ1 prevented decomposition of VE-cadherin containing contacts and following increase in permeability of endothelial cells monolayer, induced by pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF. Prevention of excessive reaction of endothelium to the pro-inflammatory cytokine(s) might account for anti-inflammatory effect of SkQ1. Our findings point to an important role of mtROS in pathogenesis of age-related chronic wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Demyanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vlada V Zakharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P Ilyinskaya
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Valeria P Romashchenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Fedorov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily N Manskikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Zinovkin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Pletjushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Endothelial Repair and Regeneration Following Intimal Injury. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2016; 9:91-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-016-9677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang HM, Fu J, Hamilton R, Diaz V, Zhang Y. The mammalian target of rapamycin modulates the immunoproteasome system in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 86:158-67. [PMID: 26239133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in cardiac development and function. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin has been shown to attenuate pathological cardiac hypertrophy and improve the function of aging heart, accompanied by an inhibition of the cardiac proteasome activity. The current study aimed to determine the potential mechanism(s) by which mTOR inhibition modulates cardiac proteasome. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin was found to reduce primarily the immunoproteasome in both H9c2 cells in vitro and mouse heart in vivo, without significant effect on the constitutive proteasome and protein ubiquitination. Concurrent with the reduction of the immunoproteasome, rapamycin reduced two important inflammatory response pathways, the NF-κB and Stat3 signaling. In addition, rapamycin attenuated the induction of the immunoproteasome in H9c2 cells by inflammatory cytokines, including INFγ and TNFα, by suppressing NF-κB signaling. These data indicate that rapamycin indirectly modulated immunoproteasome through the suppression of inflammatory response pathways. Lastly, the role of the immunoproteasome during the development of cardiac hypertrophy was investigated. Administration of a specific inhibitor of the immunoproteasome ONX 0914 attenuated isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that the immunoproteasome may be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and therefore could be a therapeutic target. In conclusion, rapamycin inhibits the immunoproteasome through its effect on the inflammatory signaling pathways and the immunoproteasome could be a potential therapeutic target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryan Hamilton
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Vivian Diaz
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States; Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Critical Role of the mTOR/eIF2α Pathway in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130806. [PMID: 26120832 PMCID: PMC4487252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a key pathological component of vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Mammalian targeting of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling has been shown to play a role in protein translation and participate in the progression of pulmonary hypertension. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) is a key factor in regulation of cell growth and cell cycle, but its role in mTOR signaling and PASMCs proliferation remains unknown. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) rat model was established by hypoxia. Rapamycin was used to treat rats as an mTOR inhibitor. Proliferation of primarily cultured rat PASMCs was induced by hypoxia, rapamycin and siRNA of mTOR and eIF2α were used in loss-of-function studies. The expression and activation of eIF2α, mTOR and c-myc were analyzed. Results showed that mTOR/eIF2α signaling was significantly activated in pulmonary arteries from hypoxia exposed rats and PASMCs cultured under hypoxia condition. Treatment with mTOR inhibitor for 21 days attenuated vascular remodeling, suppressed mTOR and eIF2α activation, inhibited c-myc expression in HPH rats. In hypoxia-induced PASMCs, rapamycin and knockdown of mTOR and eIF2α by siRNA significantly abolished proliferation and increased c-myc expression. These results suggest a critical role of the mTOR/eIF2αpathway in hypoxic vascular remodeling and PASMCs proliferation of HPH.
Collapse
|
8
|
A review of therapies for diabetic macular oedema and rationale for combination therapy. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:1115-30. [PMID: 26113500 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is responsible for significant visual impairment in diabetic patients. The primary cause of DMO is fluid leakage resulting from increased vascular permeability through contributory anatomical and biochemical changes. These include endothelial cell (EC) death or dysfunction, pericyte loss or dysfunction, thickened basement membrane, loss or dysfunction of glial cells, and loss/change of EC Glycocalyx. The molecular changes include increased reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory changes: advanced glycation end products, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, Complement 5-9 deposition and cytokines, which result in increased paracellular permeability, tight junction disruption, and increased transcellular permeability. Laser photocoagulation has been the mainstay of treatment until recently when pharmacological treatments were introduced. The current treatments for DMO target reducing vascular leak in the macula once it has occurred, they do not attempt to treat the underlying pathology. These pharmacological treatments are aimed at antagonising vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or non-VEGF inflammatory pathways, and include intravitreal injections of anti-VEGFs (ranibizumab, aflibercept or bevacizumab) or steroids (fluocinolone, dexamethasone or triamcinolone) as single therapies. The available evidence suggests that each individual treatment modality in DMO does not result in a completely dry macula in most cases. The ideal treatment for DMO should improve vision and improve morphological changes in the macular (eg, reduce macular oedema) for a significant duration, reduced adverse events, reduced treatment burden and costs, and be well tolerated by patients. This review evaluates the individual treatments available as monotherapies, and discusses the rationale and potential for combination therapy in DMO. A comprehensive review of clinical trials related to DMO and their outcomes was completed. Where phase III randomised control trials were available, these were referenced, if not available, phase II trials have been included.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ibrahim MA, Sepah YJ, Watters A, Bittencourt M, Vigil EM, Do DV, Nguyen QD. One-Year Outcomes of the SAVE Study: Sirolimus as a Therapeutic Approach for UVEitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2015; 4:4. [PMID: 25774330 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.4.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and safety of repeated intravitreal and subconjunctival administrations of sirolimus in patients with noninfectious uveitis at 1 year in the Sirolimus as a Therapeutic Approach UVEitis (SAVE) Study. METHODS Open-label, prospective, and randomized interventional clinical trial in which 30 patients with noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis were randomized 1:1 to receive sirolimus 352-μg intravitreal or 1320-μg subconjunctival. Sirolimus was administered at days 0, 60, and 120. At month 6, all subjects were allowed to receive sirolimus at intervals greater than or equal to 2 months and until month 12. Changes in vitreous haze (VH), visual acuity (VA), and retinal thickness at month 12 were compared with baseline. RESULTS Of patients with active uveitis at baseline (n = 20), 70% showed greater than or equal to 2 steps reduction of VH at month 12 (P < 0.05), 88% (n = 7) of patients with inactive uveitis at baseline showed either no change or reduction of VH to no haze, 36% (n = 10) of all patients (n = 28) gained greater than or equal to one line of VA, 21% (n = 6) lost greater than or equal to 1 line, and 43% (n = 12) showed no change. At the end of 1 year, no statistical differences in efficacy were found between intravitreal and subconjunctival groups. No serious adverse events were determined to be secondary to sirolimus. CONCLUSIONS Repeated subconjunctival/intravitreal injections of sirolimus appear to be tolerated by patients with noninfectious uveitis over 12 months. Results from the index study suggest that sirolimus may provide benefits to patients with uveitis. Both intravitreal and subconjunctival routes demonstrate similar bioactivity/efficacy. The intravitreal route, however, was better tolerated. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The SAVE Study illustrates for the first time the application of local formulations of sirolimus in non-infectious intermediate, posterior, and pan-uveitis. Subconjunctival/Intravitreal sirolimus may help to control inflammation while offering better tolerability/safety profiles than systemic therapies, including immunosuppressants and corticosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yasir J Sepah
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anthony Watters
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Millena Bittencourt
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin M Vigil
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diana V Do
- Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Early changes of gene expression profiles in the rat model of arterial injury. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:789-796.e7. [PMID: 24508346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Restenosis caused by intimal hyperplasia (IH) remains a significant drawback for vascular interventions. It is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms that control activation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) after the injury in order to develop strategies to prevent IH. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the early alterations in arterial-wall gene expression after balloon injury in the rat carotid artery with focus on the induction of an inflammatory response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to injury of the left common carotid artery by using a 2-F Fogarty catheter. The arteries were harvested 5, 10, and 20 hours after injury. Uninjured arteries from an additional eight rats were used as controls. RNA was isolated and used for genome-wide microarray expression analysis, followed by validation of selected genes with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was performed on the cross-sectioned vessels. RESULTS Analysis of gene expression by microarrays showed that the most differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with inflammation, cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. As confirmed by qRT-PCR, microarray data showed a significant (P < .005) upregulation of cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, CCL2, CXCL1, AIMP1, and CD44) just 5 hours after injury. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CCL2 and the adhesion receptor CD44 were expressed by SMCs in the early response to injury and in the absence of leukocyte infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Arterial injury is followed by an early induction of inflammatory genes in the vessel wall that appears to be confined to SMCs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo M, Zhang Z, Li H, Qiao S, Liu Z, Fu L, Shen G, Luo Q. Multi-scale optical imaging of the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction attenuated by rapamycin. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:201-14. [PMID: 24465276 PMCID: PMC3900803 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages (MMs) play important roles in the development of cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). However, the dynamics of neutrophils and MMs during the DTH reaction and how the immunosuppressant rapamycin modulates their behavior in vivo are rarely reported. Here, we take advantage of multi-scale optical imaging techniques and a footpad DTH reaction model to non-invasively investigate the dynamic behavior and properties of immune cells from the whole field of the footpad to the cellular level. During the classic elicitation phase of the DTH reaction, both neutrophils and MMs obviously accumulated at inflammatory foci at 24 h post-challenge. Rapamycin treatment resulted in advanced neutrophil recruitment and vascular hyperpermeability at an early stage (4 h), the reduced accumulation of neutrophils (> 50% inhibition ratio) at 48 h, and the delayed involvement of MMs in inflammatory foci. The motility parameters of immune cells in the rapamycin-treated reaction at 4 h post-challenge displayed similar mean velocities, arrest durations, mean displacements, and confinements as the classic DTH reaction at 24 h. These results indicate that rapamycin treatment shortened the initial preparation stage of the DTH reaction and attenuated its intensity, which may be due to the involvement of T helper type 2 cells or regulatory T cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gasper WJ, Jimenez CA, Walker J, Conte MS, Seward K, Owens CD. Adventitial nab-rapamycin injection reduces porcine femoral artery luminal stenosis induced by balloon angioplasty via inhibition of medial proliferation and adventitial inflammation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6:701-9. [PMID: 24221390 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.113.000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endovascular interventions on peripheral arteries are limited by high rates of restenosis. Our hypothesis was that adventitial injection of rapamycin nanoparticles would be safe and reduce luminal stenosis in a porcine femoral artery balloon angioplasty model. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen juvenile male crossbred swine were included. Single-injury (40%-60% femoral artery balloon overstretch injury; n=2) and double-injury models (endothelial denudation injury 2 weeks before a 20%-30% overstretch injury; n=2) were compared. The double-injury model produced significantly more luminal stenosis at 28 days, P=0.002, and no difference in medial fibrosis or inflammation. Four pigs were randomized to the double-injury model and adventitial injection of saline (n=2) or 500 μg of nanoparticle albumin-bound rapamycin (nab-rapamycin; n=2) with an endovascular microinfusion catheter. There was 100% procedural success and no difference in endothelial regeneration. At 28 days, nab-rapamycin led to significant reductions in luminal stenosis, 17% (interquartile range, 12%-35%) versus 10% (interquartile range, 8.3%-14%), P=0.001, medial cell proliferation, P<0.001, and fibrosis, P<0.001. There were significantly fewer adventitial leukocytes at 3 days, P<0.001, but no difference at 28 days. Pharmacokinetic analysis (single-injury model) found rapamycin concentrations 1500× higher in perivascular tissues than in blood at 1 hour. Perivascular rapamycin persisted ≥8 days and was not detectable at 28 days. CONCLUSIONS Adventitial nab-rapamycin injection was safe and significantly reduced luminal stenosis in a porcine femoral artery balloon angioplasty model. Observed reductions in early adventitial leukocyte infiltration and late medial cell proliferation and fibrosis suggest an immunosuppressive and antiproliferative mechanism. An intraluminal microinfusion catheter for adventitial injection represents an alternative to stent- or balloon-based local drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Gasper
- From the Departments of Vascular Surgery (W.J.G., J.W., M.S.C., C.D.O.) and Pathology (C.A.J.), University of California, San Francisco; and Mercator MedSystems, Inc, San Leandro, California (K.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wong WT, Dresner S, Forooghian F, Glaser T, Doss L, Zhou M, Cunningham D, Shimel K, Harrington M, Hammel K, Cukras CA, Ferris FL, Chew EY. Treatment of geographic atrophy with subconjunctival sirolimus: results of a phase I/II clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2941-50. [PMID: 23548622 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety and effects of subconjunctival sirolimus, an mTOR inhibitor and immunosuppressive agent, for the treatment of geographic atrophy (GA). METHODS The study was a single-center, open-label phase II trial, enrolling 11 participants with bilateral GA; eight participants completed 24 months of follow-up. Sirolimus (440 μg) was administered every 3 months as a subconjunctival injection in only one randomly assigned eye in each participant for 24 months. Fellow eyes served as untreated controls. The primary efficacy outcome measure was the change in the total GA area at 24 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in visual acuity, macular sensitivity, central retinal thickness, and total drusen area. RESULTS The study drug was well tolerated with few symptoms and related adverse events. Study treatment in study eyes was not associated with structural or functional benefits relative to the control fellow eyes. At month 24, mean GA area increased by 54.5% and 39.7% in study and fellow eyes, respectively (P = 0.41), whereas mean visual acuity decreased by 21.0 letters and 3.0 letters in study and fellow eyes, respectively (P = 0.03). Substantial differences in mean changes in drusen area, central retinal thickness, and macular sensitivity were not detected for all analysis time points up to 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Repeated subconjunctival sirolimus was well-tolerated in patients with GA, although no positive anatomic or functional effects were identified. Subconjunctival sirolimus may not be beneficial in the prevention of GA progression, and may potentially be associated with effects detrimental to visual acuity. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00766649.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron–Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, Building 6, Room 215, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease. Nature 2013; 493:338-45. [PMID: 23325216 DOI: 10.1038/nature11861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many experts in the biology of ageing believe that pharmacological interventions to slow ageing are a matter of 'when' rather than 'if'. A leading target for such interventions is the nutrient response pathway defined by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Inhibition of this pathway extends lifespan in model organisms and confers protection against a growing list of age-related pathologies. Characterized inhibitors of this pathway are already clinically approved, and others are under development. Although adverse side effects currently preclude use in otherwise healthy individuals, drugs that target the mTOR pathway could one day become widely used to slow ageing and reduce age-related pathologies in humans.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nguyen QD, Ibrahim MA, Watters A, Bittencourt M, Yohannan J, Sepah YJ, Dunn JP, Naor J, Shams N, Shaikh O, Leder HA, Do DV. Ocular tolerability and efficacy of intravitreal and subconjunctival injections of sirolimus in patients with non-infectious uveitis: primary 6-month results of the SAVE Study. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013; 3:32. [PMID: 23514595 PMCID: PMC3610181 DOI: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ocular tolerability and efficacy of sirolimus administered as subconjunctival or intravitreal injections in patients with non-infectious uveitis. Sirolimus as a Therapeutic Approach for Uveitis (SAVE) is a prospective, randomized, open-label, interventional study. Thirty patients were enrolled and randomized in 1:1 ratio to receive either intravitreal injections of 352 μg sirolimus or subconjunctival injections of 1,320 μg at days 0, 60, and 120, with primary endpoint at month 6. RESULTS At month 6, all subjects with active uveitis at baseline showed reduction in vitreous haze of one or more steps. Forty percent of subjects showed reduction of two steps or more of vitreous haze (four in each group), and 60% showed a reduction of one-step vitreous haze (seven in group 1 and five in group 2). Changes in the inflammatory indices were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in both study groups. Thirty percent of patients gained one or more lines of visual acuity, 20% lost one or more lines, and 50% maintained the same visual acuity. There were no statistically significant differences between the two study groups at month 6. No serious adverse events were found to be related to the study drug. CONCLUSION Local administration of sirolimus, either intravitreally or subconjunctivally, appears to be safe and tolerable. No drug-related systemic adverse events or serious adverse events were noted. Sirolimus delivered as either an intravitreal or subconjunctival injection has demonstrated bioactivity as an immunomodulatory and corticosteroid-sparing agent in reducing vitreous haze and cells, improving visual acuity, and in decreasing the need for systemic corticosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Dong Nguyen
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Maumenee 745, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dugel PU, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA, Williams GA, Solley WA, Kleinman DM, Naor J. A Randomized, Dose-Escalation Study of Subconjunctival and Intravitreal Injections of Sirolimus in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
17
|
Salvianolic acid B inhibits SDF-1α-stimulated cell proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing CXCR4 receptor. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 56:98-105. [PMID: 22166584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a bioactive compound from Salvia miltiorrhiza, widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases, and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/CXCR4 pathway has been correlated with balloon angioplasty-induced neointimal formation. The purposes of the present study were to investigate whether Sal B can inhibit SDF-1α/CXCR4-mediated effects on the cell proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and to examine its possible molecular mechanisms. Under 0.5% FBS medium, all of the cellular studies were investigated on VSMCs (A10 cells) stimulated with 10 ng/ml SDF-1α alone or co-treated with 0.075 mg/ml Sal B. Our results showed that SDF-1α markedly stimulated the cell growth and migration of A10 cells, whose effects can be significantly reversed by co-incubation of Sal B. Similarly, Sal B also obviously down-regulated the SDF-1α-stimulated up-regulation of CXCR4 (total and cell-surface levels), Raf-1, MEK, ERK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2, FAK and phospho-FAK as well as an increase of the promoter activity of NF-κB. Besides, Sal B also effectively attenuated balloon angioplasty-induced neointimal hyperplasia. In conclusion, suppressing the expression levels of CXCR4 receptor and downstream molecules of SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis could possibly explain one of the pharmacological mechanisms of Sal B on prevention of cell proliferation, migration and subsequently neointimal hyperplasia.
Collapse
|
18
|
Joviliano EE, Piccinato CE, Dellalibera-Joviliano R, Moriya T, Évora PR. Inflammatory Markers and Restenosis in Peripheral Percutaneous Angioplasty With Intravascular Stenting: Current Concepts. Ann Vasc Surg 2011; 25:846-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Ozturk H, Terzi A, Ozturk H, Kukner A. Effect of sirolimus on renal injury induced by bile duct ligation in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 25:401-6. [PMID: 20877949 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502010000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of sirolimus (SRL) on renal injury in rats with bile duct ligation. METHODS A total of 21 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-260 g were used. Group 1 (Sham-control, n=7) rats were undergone laparotomy alone and bile duct was just dissected from the surrounding tissue. Group 2 rats (BDL/Untreated, n=7) were subjected to bile duct ligation and no drug was applied. Group 3 rats (BDL/SRL, n =7) received a daily dose of sirolimus (0.5 mg·day(-1) x kg(-1) dissolved 1 ml in saline) by orogastric tube for 14 days after BDL. At the end of the two-week period, biochemical and histological evaluation were processed. RESULTS AST, ALT, AP and TB levels values were decreased in group 3 when compared to group 2. There was no significant difference in serum levels of BUN and creatinine among all the experimental groups. Histological evaluation of the liver of BDL/Untreated group rats demonstrated marked portal fibrosis and signs of major bile duct obstruction with prominent portal and lobular inflammation. In BDL/SRL group, moderate damage was seen. Tubular injury scores were higher in the BDL subgroups; however, group 3 rats showed considerably fewer lesions in the tubules and interstitium compared to the group 2 rats. In group 2 animals, in the epithelial cells of proximal tubules presented vacuoles and hydropic changes, atrophy and inflammatory cell infiltrate in the medullar interstitium. CONCLUSIONS Sirolimus decreased tubulointerstitial lesions in kidney induced by bile duct ligation in rats. The improve effects of sirolimus on renal morphology can be due to improved liver function or due to direct action on the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Ozturk
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical School, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Z, Shi XY, Yin J, Zuo G, Zhang J, Chen G. Role of autophagy in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:192-202. [PMID: 21728063 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process and it plays a housekeeping role in removing misfolded or aggregated proteins, clearing damaged organelles, and eliminating intracellular pathogens. Previous studies have demonstrated that autophagy pathway was activated in brain after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) following SAH remains unknown. Experiment 1 aimed to investigate the time-course of the autophagy in the cortex following SAH. In experiment 2, we chose the maximum time point of autophagy activation and assessed the effects of rapamycin (RAP, autophagy activator) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) on regulation of EBI. All SAH animals were subjected to injection of 0.3 ml fresh arterial, nonheparinized blood into prechiasmatic cistern in 20 s. As a result, microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 (LC3), a biomarker of autophagosome, and beclin-1, a Bcl-2-interacting protein required for autophagy, were significantly increased at the early stage of SAH and their expressions peaked at 24 h after SAH. In RAP-treated group, the early brain damage such as brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, cortical apoptosis, and clinical behavior scale was significantly ameliorated in comparison with vehicle-treated SAH rats. Conversely, 3-MA decreased expression of LC3 and beclin-1, increased the average value of brain edema and BBB disfunction, and aggravated neurological deficits. Our results suggest that autophagy pathway is activated in the brain after SAH and may play a beneficial role to EBI development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rosa W, Campos A, Lima V. Effect of oral sirolimus therapy on inflammatory biomarkers following coronary stenting. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:786-93. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W.C.M. Rosa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brasil
| | | | - V.C. Lima
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Therapeutic role of sirolimus in non-transplant kidney disease. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:187-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
23
|
Langwieser N, Schwarz JBK, Reichenbächer C, Stemmer B, Massberg S, Langwieser NN, Zohlnhöfer D. Role of bone marrow-derived cells in the genetic control of restenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1551-7. [PMID: 19644054 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.188326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiographic indexes of restenosis after coronary stent placement in patients show a bimodal pattern suggesting the existence of two populations with different risk of restenosis. This is reflected in the arterial remodeling response of inbred mouse strains arguing for a genetic control of the mechanisms leading to lumen narrowing. As bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) contribute to vascular healing after arterial injury, we investigated the role of BMCs in the genetic control of restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS 129X1/SvJ mice developed significantly more neointima and late lumen loss compared to C57BL/6 mice. Gene expression analysis of intimal tissue revealed major differences in the expression of inflammatory and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell-associated genes in response to arterial injury. In 129X1/SvJ mice stronger mobilization of lin(-)sca-1(+)CXCR4(+) cells was observed after vascular injury. Bone marrow transplantation identified the extent of neointima formation as clearly dependent on the genetic background of BMCs (ie, mice with 129X1/SvJ BMCs developed more intimal hyperplasia). The inflammatory response and the recruitment of BMCs to the site of arterial injury were significantly increased in mice with 129X1/SvJ BMCs. CONCLUSIONS The genetically controlled mechanisms leading to lumen narrowing in vascular remodeling are dependent on mobilization and recruitment capacities of particular BMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Langwieser
- Med. Klinik II-Kardiologie und Pulmologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ogawa A, Firth AL, Yao W, Madani MM, Kerr KM, Auger WR, Jamieson SW, Thistlethwaite PA, Yuan JXJ. Inhibition of mTOR attenuates store-operated Ca2+ entry in cells from endarterectomized tissues of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L666-76. [PMID: 19633069 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90548.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling occurs in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). One factor contributing to this vascular wall thickening is the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in PASMC are known to be important in cell proliferation and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. Rapamycin is widely known for its antiproliferative effects in injured coronary arteries. Although several reports have suggested favorable effects of rapamycin in animal models of pulmonary hypertension, no reports have been published to date in human tissues. Here we report that rapamycin has an inhibitory effect on SOCE and an antiproliferative effect on PASMC derived from endarterectomized tissues of CTEPH patients. Cells were isolated from endarterectomized tissues obtained from patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated high deposition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in tissue sections from PTE tissues and increased PDGF receptor expression. PDGF transiently phosphorylated Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6 kinase in CTEPH cells from CTEPH patients. Acute treatment (30 min) with rapamycin (10 nM) slightly increased cyclopiazonic acid (10 microM)-induced Ca(2+) mobilization and significantly reduced SOCE. Chronic treatment (24 h) with rapamycin reduced Ca(2+) mobilization and markedly inhibited SOCE. The inhibitory effects of rapamycin on SOCE were less prominent in control cells. Rapamycin also significantly reduced PDGF-stimulated cell proliferation. In conclusion, the data from this study indicate the importance of the mTOR pathway in the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling in CTEPH and suggest a potential therapeutic benefit of rapamycin (or inhibition of mTOR) in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Ogawa
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Comparison of neointimal hyperplasia with drug-eluting stents versus bare metal stents in patients undergoing intracoronary bone-marrow mononuclear cell transplantation following acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103:1651-6. [PMID: 19539071 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the safety of drug-eluting stent (DES) use and to compare the incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and neointimal hyperplasia formation according to the type of stent implanted (DES vs bare-metal stents [BMS]) in patients who underwent intracoronary bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation after acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Fifty-nine patients with successfully revascularized ST elevation myocardial infarction (37 using BMS and 22 using DES) underwent paired angiographic examinations at baseline and 6 to 9 months after the intracoronary injection of 91 million +/- 56 million autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells. A subgroup of 30 patients also underwent serial intravascular ultrasound examinations. Off-line angiographic assessment showed 4 cases of binary ISR, primarily in BMS (3 cases), and no major adverse cardiac events were associated with stent type (mean follow-up period 41 +/- 10 months). At follow-up, angiographic late luminal loss was significantly lower in patients with DES than in those patients with BMS (0.35 +/- 0.66 vs 0.71 +/- 0.38 mm, p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis identified the use of DES (beta = -0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.57 to -0.26, p = 0.03) and a smaller baseline reference vessel diameter (beta = 0.29, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.54, p = 0.02) as independent predictors of lower late loss. Moreover, intravascular ultrasound showed a significant reduction of in-stent neointimal hyperplasia formation related to DES use compared with BMS use (Delta neointimal hyperplasia volume 5.4 mm(3) [95% CI 2.7 to 28.1] vs 35.9 mm(3) [95% CI 22.0 to 43.6], p = 0.035). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the use of DES is safe and may prevent ISR and neointimal hyperplasia formation in patients who undergo intracoronary bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation after a successfully revascularized ST elevation myocardial infarction.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sako H, Miura SI, Saku K. Significance of changes in plasma adiponectin concentration after the implantation of stents in patients with stable angina. J Cardiol 2008; 52:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
27
|
Olive M, Mellad JA, Beltran LE, Ma M, Cimato T, Noguchi AC, San H, Childs R, Kovacic JC, Boehm M. p21Cip1 modulates arterial wound repair through the stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 axis in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2050-61. [PMID: 18464929 DOI: 10.1172/jci31244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, including p21Cip1, are implicated in cell turnover and are active players in cardiovascular wound repair. Here, we show that p21Cip1 orchestrates the complex interactions between local vascular and circulating immune cells during vascular wound repair. In response to femoral artery mechanical injury, mice with homozygous deletion of p21Cip1 displayed accelerated proliferation of VSMCs and increased immune cell infiltration. BM transplantation experiments indicated that local p21Cip1 plays a pivotal role in restraining excessive proliferation during vascular wound repair. Increased local vascular stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) levels were observed after femoral artery injury in p21+/+ and p21-/- mice, although this was significantly greater in p21-/- animals. In addition, disruption of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling inhibited the proliferative response during vascular remodeling in both p21+/+ and p21-/- mice. We provide evidence that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is an important regulator of vascular SDF-1 levels and that p21Cip1 inhibits STAT3 binding to the STAT-binding site within the murine SDF-1 promoter. Collectively, these results suggest that p21Cip1 activity is essential for the regulation of cell proliferation and inflammation after arterial injury in local vascular cells and that the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling system is a key mediator of vascular proliferation in response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Olive
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cryoplasty for the Prevention of Arterial Restenosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31:1050-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-008-9364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Sako H, Miura SI, Iwata A, Nishikawa H, Kawamura A, Matsuo K, Shirai K, Saku K. Changes in CCR2 chemokine receptor expression and plasma MCP-1 concentration after the implantation of bare metal stents versus sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with stable angina. Intern Med 2008; 47:7-13. [PMID: 18175998 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although restenosis after successful coronary stenting is associated with changes in adhesion molecules and chemokines, it is unclear whether the differential effects of these molecules between a bare metal stent (BMS) and sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) may help to prevent coronary restenosis. The aim of this clinical study was to compare the expression levels of those molecules after elective placement of either a BMS or SES. METHODS AND RESULTS The subjects included 32 consecutive patients with stable angina who had undergone successful coronary stenting and who randomly received either a BMS (n=16) or SES (n=16). Quantitative angiographic analysis 6 months after stenting showed that the minimal lumen diameter was significantly greater in the SES as compared to the BMS group, while the percent diameter stenosis and in-stent lumen loss were significantly lower. Plasma monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) increased significantly after 14 days and 6 months and monocyte CCR2 expression increased 24 hr and 48 hr after stenting in the BMS but not the SES group. Changes in plasma MCP-1 (DeltaMCP-1) within 6 months after stenting correlated significantly with in-stent lumen loss. The DeltaMCP-1 (between 6 months and baseline) was significantly related only to the lumen loss (r=0.443, p=0.023), which suggests that the reduction of MCP-1 is the best contributor to decreased lumen loss. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that reduction in MCP-1 production by SES may be one mechanism to prevent restenosis after coronary stenting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Sako
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Authors' Reply. Transplantation 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000260425.37209.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
32
|
Voisard R, Zellmann S, Müller F, Fahlisch F, von Müller L, Baur R, Braun J, Gschwendt J, Kountides M, Hombach V, Kamenz J. Sirolimus inhibits key events of restenosis in vitro/ex vivo: evaluation of the clinical relevance of the data by SI/MPL- and SI/DES-ratios. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2007; 7:15. [PMID: 17498286 PMCID: PMC1878500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sirolimus (SRL, Rapamycin) has been used successfully to inhibit restenosis both in drug eluting stents (DES) and after systemic application. The current study reports on the effects of SRL in various human in vitro/ex vivo models and evaluates the theoretical clinical relevance of the data by SI/MPL- and SI/DES-ratio's. Methods Definition of the SI/MPL-ratio: relation between significant inhibitory effects in vitro/ex vivo and the maximal plasma level after systemic administration in vivo (6.4 ng/ml for SRL). Definition of the SI/DES-ratio: relation between significant inhibitory effects in vitro/ex vivo and the drug concentration in DES (7.5 mg/ml in the ISAR drug-eluting stent platform). Part I of the study investigated in cytoflow studies the effect of SRL (0.01–1000 ng/ml) on TNF-α induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in human coronary endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCMSMC). Part II of the study analysed the effect of SRL (0.01–1000 ng/ml) on cell migration of HCMSMC. In part III, IV, and V of the study ex vivo angioplasty (9 bar) was carried out in a human organ culture model (HOC-model). SRL (50 ng/ml) was added for a period of 21 days, after 21 and 56 days cell proliferation, apoptosis, and neointimal hyperplasia was studied. Results Expression of ICAM-1 was significantly inhibited both in HCAEC (SRL ≥ 0.01 ng/ml) and HCMSMC (SRL ≥ 10 ng/ml). SRL in concentrations ≥ 0.1 ng/ml significantly inhibited migration of HCMSMC. Cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia was inhibited at day 21 and day 56, significance (p < 0.01) was achieved for the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in the media at day 21. The number of apoptotic cells was always below 1%. Conclusion SI/MPL-ratio's ≤ 1 (ICAM-1 expression, cell migration) characterize inhibitory effects of SRL that can be theoretically expected both after systemic and local high dose administration, a SI/MPL-ratio of 7.81 (cell proliferation) represents an effect that was achieved with drug concentrations 7.81-times the MPL. SI/DES-ratio's between 10-6 and 10-8 indicate that the described inhibitory effects of SRL have been detected with micro to nano parts of the SRL concentration in the ISAR drug-eluting stent platform. Drug concentrations in DES will be a central issue in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Voisard
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Svenja Zellmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Felicitas Fahlisch
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz von Müller
- Department of Virology, Institute of Mikrobiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Regine Baur
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Braun
- Department of Urology, Klinik Biberach, Ziegelhausstraße 50, D-88400 Biberach, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gschwendt
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, D-89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Margaratis Kountides
- Department of Urology, Klinik Heidenheim, Schlosshaustraße 100, D-89522 Heidenheim, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Hombach
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kamenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li JJ, Li J, Nan JL, Li Z, Zhen X, Mu CW, Dai J, Zhang CY. Coronary restenotic reduction of drug-eluting stenting may be due to its anti-inflammatory effects. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:1004-9. [PMID: 17499449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of coronary stent has revolutionized the field of interventional cardiology by reducing the incidence of restenosis after balloon angioplasty. However, the stent has still associated with a serious complication, namely, in-stent restenosis. Although, restenosis following coronary stenting has long been attributed to neointimal proliferation, thrombosis, and negative remodeling, the inflammation may be a trigger for those vascular reactions following coronary stenting. Both experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated a marked activation of local and systemic inflammatory response following stent implantation, suggesting that inflammation may play an important role in determining in-stent restenosis via neointimal proliferation. The key role of inflammation in vascular healing and in-stent retsenosis has also been increasingly well understood. Recently, drug-eluting stents (DESs) have been shown to decrease in-stent restenosis in a large number of clinical studies. In addition to their anti-proliferative activity, DESs have been considered to possess an anti-inflammatory property, especially for sirolimus-eluting stent compared with bare metal stent. Moreover, the benefit of the anti-inflammatory therapy during the peri-procedural period and long-term follow-up by means of drug administration is also dependent on the inflammatory status during percutaneous coronary intervention. Measurement of cytokine and acute phase proteins, such as C-reactive protein, therefore, may be important to identify high-risk subjects and develop specific treatment tailored to the individual patients with stent restenosis. Thus, therapeutic approach should be further directed toward increasing local resistance to proliferative inflammatory stimuli by means of anti-proliferative, locally delivered drugs and reducing the magnitude and persistence of systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Meier P, Zbinden R, Togni M, Wenaweser P, Windecker S, Meier B, Seiler C. Coronary collateral function long after drug-eluting stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 49:15-20. [PMID: 17207716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to compare coronary collateral function in patients after bare-metal stent (BMS) or drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. BACKGROUND Drug-eluting stents have an inhibitory effect on the production of cytokines, chemotactic proteins, and growth factors, and may therefore negatively affect coronary collateral growth. METHODS A total of 120 patients with long-term stable coronary artery disease (CAD) after stent implantation were included. Both the BMS group and the DES group comprised 60 patients matched for in-stent stenosis severity of the vessel undergoing collateral flow index (CFI) measurement at follow-up and for the duration of follow-up. The primary end point of the investigation was invasively determined coronary collateral function 6 months after stent implantation. Collateral function was assessed by simultaneous aortic, coronary wedge, and central venous pressure measurements (yielding CFI) and by intracoronary electrocardiogram during balloon occlusion. RESULTS There were no differences between the groups regarding age, gender, body mass index, frequency of cardiovascular risk factors, use of cardiovascular drugs, severity of CAD, or site of coronary artery stenoses. Despite equal in-stent stenosis severity (46 +/- 34% and 45 +/- 36%) and equal follow-up duration (6.2 +/- 10 months and 6.5 +/- 5.4 months), CFI was diminished in the DES versus BMS group (0.154 +/- 0.097 vs. 0.224 +/- 0.142; p = 0.0049), and the rate of collaterals insufficient to prevent ischemia during occlusion (intracoronary electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation > or =0.1 mV) was higher with 50 of 60 patients in the DES group and 33 of 60 patients in the BMS group (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Collateral function long after coronary stenting is impaired with DES (sirolimus and paclitaxel) when compared with BMS. Considering the protective nature of collateral vessels, this could lead to more serious cardiac events in the presence of an abrupt coronary occlusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Meier
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
van Horssen R, Eggermont AMM, ten Hagen TLM. Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II and its functions in (patho)physiological processes. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006; 17:339-48. [PMID: 16945568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with anti-angiogenic properties. Its precursor, proEMAP, is identical to the p43 auxiliary component of the tRNA multisynthetase complex and therefore involved in protein translation. Although most of the activities have been ascribed to the active form EMAP-II, also p43 has reported cytokine properties. ProEMAP/p43 and EMAP-II act on many levels and on many cell types including endothelial cells, immune cells and fibroblasts. In this review we summarize all available data on isolation, expression and functions of EMAP-II both in physiological processes as well as in pathological settings, like cancer. We also discuss the different reported mechanisms for processing of proEMAP/p43 into EMAP-II. Finally, we speculate on the possible applications of this cytokine for (cancer) therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remco van Horssen
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus University MC - Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Voisard R, Höb J, Baur R, Herter T, Hannekum A, Hombach V. Edge restenosis: impact of low dose irradiation on cell proliferation and ICAM-1 expression. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2006; 6:32. [PMID: 16827927 PMCID: PMC1526455 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-6-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low dose irradiation (LDI) of uninjured segments is the consequence of the suggestion of many authors to extend the irradiation area in vascular brachytherapy to minimize the edge effect. Atherosclerosis is a general disease and the uninjured segment close to the intervention area is often atherosclerotic as well, consisting of neointimal smooth muscle cells (SMC) and quiescent monocytes (MC). The current study imitates this complex situation in vitro and investigates the effect of LDI on proliferation of SMC and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in MC. METHODS Plaque tissue from advanced primary stenosing lesions of human coronary arteries (9 patients, age: 61 +/- 7 years) was extracted by local or extensive thrombendarterectomy. SMC were isolated and identified by positive reaction with smooth muscle alpha-actin. MC were isolated from buffy coat leukocytes using the MACS cell isolation kit. For identification of MC flow-cytometry analysis of FITC-conjugated CD68 and CD14 (FACScan) was applied. SMC and MC were irradiated using megavoltage photon irradiation (CLINAC2300 C/D, VARIAN, USA) of 6 mV at a focus-surface distance of 100 cm and a dose rate of 6 Gy min-1 with single doses of 1 Gy, 4 Gy, and 10 Gy. The effect on proliferation of SMC was analysed at day 10, 15, and 20. Secondly, total RNA of MC was isolated 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h after irradiation and 5 microg of RNA was used in standard Northern blot analysis with ICAM-1 cDNA-probes. RESULTS Both inhibitory and stimulatory effects were detected after irradiation of SMC with a dose of 1 Gy. At day 10 and 15 a significant antiproliferative effect was found; at day 20 after irradiation cell proliferation was significantly stimulated. Irradiation with 4 Gy and 10 Gy caused dose dependent inhibitory effects at day 10, 15, and 20. Expression of ICAM-1 in human MC was neihter inhibited nor stimulated by LDI. CONCLUSION Thus, the stimulatory effect of LDI on SMC proliferation at day 20 days after irradiation may be the in vitro equivalent of a beginning edge effect. Extending the irradiation area in vascular brachytherapy in vivo may therefore merely postpone and not inhibit the edge effect. The data do not indicate that expression of ICAM-1 in quiescent MC is involved in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Voisard
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Höb
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Regine Baur
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tina Herter
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hannekum
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 9, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Hombach
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Massberg S, Konrad I, Schürzinger K, Lorenz M, Schneider S, Zohlnhoefer D, Hoppe K, Schiemann M, Kennerknecht E, Sauer S, Schulz C, Kerstan S, Rudelius M, Seidl S, Sorge F, Langer H, Peluso M, Goyal P, Vestweber D, Emambokus NR, Busch DH, Frampton J, Gawaz M. Platelets secrete stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha and recruit bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to arterial thrombi in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1221-33. [PMID: 16618794 PMCID: PMC2121205 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of smooth muscle and endothelial cells is essential for remodeling and repair of injured blood vessel walls. Bone marrow–derived progenitor cells have been implicated in vascular repair and remodeling; however, the mechanisms underlying their recruitment to the site of injury remain elusive. Here, using real-time in vivo fluorescence microscopy, we show that platelets provide the critical signal that recruits CD34+ bone marrow cells and c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin− bone marrow–derived progenitor cells to sites of vascular injury. Correspondingly, specific inhibition of platelet adhesion virtually abrogated the accumulation of both CD34+ and c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin− bone marrow–derived progenitor cells at sites of endothelial disruption. Binding of bone marrow cells to platelets involves both P-selectin and GPIIb integrin on platelets. Unexpectedly, we found that activated platelets secrete the chemokine SDF-1α, thereby supporting further primary adhesion and migration of progenitor cells. These findings establish the platelet as a major player in the initiation of vascular remodeling, a process of fundamental importance for vascular repair and pathological remodeling after vascular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Massberg
- Deutsches Herzzentrum and Medizinische Klinik, Technical University of Munich, D-80636 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Giordano A, Avellino R, Ferraro P, Romano S, Corcione N, Romano MF. Rapamycin antagonizes NF-kappaB nuclear translocation activated by TNF-alpha in primary vascular smooth muscle cells and enhances apoptosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290:H2459-65. [PMID: 16428340 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00750.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support the view that rapamycin inhibits NF-kappaB. TNF-alpha, a potent inducer of NF-kappaB, is released after artery injury (e.g., balloon angioplasty) and plays an important role in inflammation and restenosis. We investigated the effect of rapamycin on NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated with TNF-alpha. Using EMSA, we found that TNF-alpha caused NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in VSMCs after 1 h of incubation. Rapamycin inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation, thereby preventing nuclear translocation. Activation of NF-kappaB was accompanied by an increase of Bcl-xL and Bfl-1/A1 proteins, detected by Western blot assay, whereas rapamycin prevented the TNF-alpha-induced enhancement of these antiapoptotic proteins. The extent of apoptosis of VSMCs exposed to TNF-alpha was significantly enhanced by rapamycin. The effect of rapamycin appeared to be independent of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-protein kinase B survival pathway, because the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin neither prevented IkappaBalpha degradation nor increased apoptosis of cells incubated with TNF-alpha. Finally, we demonstrate that the large immunophilin FK-506 binding protein FKBP51 is essential for TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation in VSMCs. Our findings show that rapamycin inhibits NF-kappaB activation and acts in concert with TNF-alpha in induction of VSMC apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lerman A, Eeckhout E. Coronary endothelial dysfunction following sirolimus-eluting stent placement: should we worry about it?The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the Editors of the European Heart Journal or of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 27:125-6. [PMID: 16278231 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
40
|
Pakala R, Stabile E, Jang GJ, Clavijo L, Waksman R. Rapamycin Attenuates Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 46:481-6. [PMID: 16160601 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000177985.14305.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin has been shown to reduce neointimal thickening in the setting of balloon angioplasty and chronic graft vessel disease. This study was designed to test the effect of oral rapamycin on atherosclerotic plaque progression and the possible mechanism involved. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout mice were fed either a diet supplemented with cholesterol or with cholesterol and rapamycin. At 4 and 8 weeks, quantitative analyses of plaque area and macrophage numbers were determined. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and whole-blood rapamycin levels were measured. Rapamycin could be detected in the blood of mice (117+/-7 pg/mL). In mice fed with rapamycin, atherosclerotic lesions covered 22% of the aortic arch as compared with 41% in cholesterol-fed mice. The macrophage count was significantly lower in the rapamycin-fed mice as compared with cholesterol-fed mice. Rapamycin, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited monocyte chemotaxis elicited by stromal cell-derived factor-1. Lesions in the cholesterol-fed mice had complex atherosclerotic plaque with acellular core, cholesterol clefts, and an abundant collection of monocytes/macrophages. Lesions in the rapamycin-fed mice were mainly composed of monocytes/macrophages. Oral rapamycin is effective in slowing the progression of atherosclerosis. Along with its multitude actions, attenuation of monocyte chemotaxis may be one more way by which rapamycin attenuates plaque progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajbabu Pakala
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|