1
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Fleischer S, Nash TR, Tamargo MA, Lock RI, Venturini G, Morsink M, Graney PL, Li V, Lamberti MJ, Liberman M, Kim Y, Tavakol DN, Zhuang RZ, Whitehead J, Friedman RA, Soni RK, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Geraldino-Pardilla L, Winchester R, Vunjak-Novakovic G. An engineered human cardiac tissue model reveals contributions of systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies to myocardial injury. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2024:10.1038/s44161-024-00525-w. [PMID: 39195859 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-024-00525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogenous autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, including the heart. The mechanisms of myocardial injury in SLE remain poorly understood. In this study, we engineered human cardiac tissues and cultured them with IgG from patients with SLE, with and without myocardial involvement. IgG from patients with elevated myocardial inflammation exhibited increased binding to apoptotic cells within cardiac tissues subjected to stress, whereas IgG from patients with systolic dysfunction exhibited enhanced binding to the surface of live cardiomyocytes. Functional assays and RNA sequencing revealed that, in the absence of immune cells, IgG from patients with systolic dysfunction altered cellular composition, respiration and calcium handling. Phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-seq) confirmed distinctive IgG profiles between patient subgroups. Coupling IgG profiling with cell surfaceome analysis identified four potential pathogenic autoantibodies that may directly affect the myocardium. Overall, these insights may improve patient risk stratification and inform the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Fleischer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trevor R Nash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel A Tamargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberta I Lock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Margaretha Morsink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela L Graney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morgan J Lamberti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Liberman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youngbin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel N Tavakol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Z Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaron Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert Winchester
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Vicenzetto C, Giordani AS, Menghi C, Baritussio A, Peloso Cattini MG, Pontara E, Bison E, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, Basso C, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Marcolongo R, Caforio ALP. The Role of the Immune System in Pathobiology and Therapy of Myocarditis: A Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1156. [PMID: 38927363 PMCID: PMC11200507 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in myocarditis onset and progression involves a range of complex cellular and molecular pathways. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to myocarditis pathogenesis, regardless of its infectious or non-infectious nature and across different histological and clinical subtypes. The heterogeneity of myocarditis etiologies and molecular effectors is one of the determinants of its clinical variability, manifesting as a spectrum of disease phenotype and progression. This spectrum ranges from a fulminant presentation with spontaneous recovery to a slowly progressing, refractory heart failure with ventricular dysfunction, to arrhythmic storm and sudden cardiac death. In this review, we first examine the updated definition and classification of myocarditis at clinical, biomolecular and histopathological levels. We then discuss recent insights on the role of specific immune cell populations in myocarditis pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on established or potential therapeutic applications. Besides the well-known immunosuppressive agents, whose efficacy has been already demonstrated in human clinical trials, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of other drugs commonly used in clinical practice for myocarditis management. The immunological complexity of myocarditis, while presenting a challenge to simplistic understanding, also represents an opportunity for the development of different therapeutic approaches with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vicenzetto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrea Silvio Giordani
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Caterina Menghi
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Anna Baritussio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Maria Grazia Peloso Cattini
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elena Pontara
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Bison
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Monica De Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Renzo Marcolongo
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Alida Linda Patrizia Caforio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
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3
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Fleischer S, Nash TR, Tamargo MA, Lock RI, Venturini G, Morsink M, Li V, Lamberti MJ, Graney PL, Liberman M, Kim Y, Zhuang RZ, Whitehead J, Friedman RA, Soni RK, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Geraldino-Pardilla L, Winchester R, Vunjak-Novakovic G. An engineered human cardiac tissue model reveals contributions of systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies to myocardial injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583787. [PMID: 38559188 PMCID: PMC10979865 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogenous autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, including the heart. The mechanisms by which myocardial injury develops in SLE, however, remain poorly understood. Here we engineered human cardiac tissues and cultured them with IgG fractions containing autoantibodies from SLE patients with and without myocardial involvement. We observed unique binding patterns of IgG from two patient subgroups: (i) patients with severe myocardial inflammation exhibited enhanced binding to apoptotic cells within cardiac tissues subjected to stress, and (ii) patients with systolic dysfunction exhibited enhanced binding to the surfaces of viable cardiomyocytes. Functional assays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that IgGs from patients with systolic dysfunction exerted direct effects on engineered tissues in the absence of immune cells, altering tissue cellular composition, respiration and calcium handling. Autoantibody target characterization by phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-seq) confirmed distinctive IgG profiles between patient subgroups. By coupling IgG profiling with cell surface protein analyses, we identified four pathogenic autoantibody candidates that may directly alter the function of cells within the myocardium. Taken together, these observations provide insights into the cellular processes of myocardial injury in SLE that have the potential to improve patient risk stratification and inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Fleischer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trevor R Nash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel A Tamargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberta I Lock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Margaretha Morsink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morgan J Lamberti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela L Graney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Liberman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youngbin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Z Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaron Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert Winchester
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Tang WW, Naga Prasad SV. Autoantibodies and Cardiomyopathy: Focus on Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptor Autoantibodies. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:354-363. [PMID: 35323150 PMCID: PMC9452444 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Antibody response to self-antigens leads to autoimmune response that plays a determinant role in cardiovascular disease outcomes including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Although the origins of the self-reactive endogenous autoantibodies are not well-characterized, it is believed to be triggered by tissue injury or dysregulated humoral response. Autoantibodies that recognize G protein-coupled receptors are considered consequential because they act as modulators of downstream receptor signaling displaying a wide range of unique pharmacological properties. These wide range of pharmacological properties exhibited by autoantibodies has cellular consequences that is associated with progression of disease including DCM. Increase in autoantibodies recognizing beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β1AR), a G protein-coupled receptor critical for cardiac function, is observed in patients with DCM. Cellular and animal model studies have indicated pathological roles for the β1AR autoantibodies but less is understood about the molecular basis of their modulatory effects. Despite the recognition that β1AR autoantibodies could mediate deleterious outcomes, emerging evidence suggests that not all β1AR autoantibodies are deleterious. Recent clinical studies show that β1AR autoantibodies belonging to the IgG3 subclass is associated with beneficial cardiac outcomes in patients. This suggests that our understanding on the roles the β1AR autoantibodies play in mediating outcomes is not well-understood. Technological advances including structural determinants of antibody binding could provide insights on the modulatory capabilities of β1AR autoantibodies in turn, reflecting their diversity in mediating β1AR signaling response. In this study, we discuss the significance of the diversity in signaling and its implications in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sathyamangla V. Naga Prasad
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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5
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García-Rivas G, Castillo EC, Gonzalez-Gil AM, Maravillas-Montero JL, Brunck M, Torres-Quintanilla A, Elizondo-Montemayor L, Torre-Amione G. The role of B cells in heart failure and implications for future immunomodulatory treatment strategies. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:1387-1399. [PMID: 32533765 PMCID: PMC7373901 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous demonstrations that the immune system is activated in heart failure, negatively affecting patients' outcomes, no definitive treatment strategy exists directed to modulate the immune system. In this review, we present the evidence that B cells contribute to the development of hypertrophy, inflammation, and maladaptive tissue remodelling. B cells produce antibodies that interfere with cardiomyocyte function, which culminates as the result of recruitment and activation of a variety of innate and structural cell populations, including neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and T cells. As B cells appear as active players in heart failure, we propose here novel immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that target B cells and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-Rivas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elena Cristina Castillo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Adrian M Gonzalez-Gil
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Luis Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marion Brunck
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, FEMSA Biotechnology Center, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Torres-Quintanilla
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Wang J, Duan Y, Sluijter JPG, Xiao J. Lymphocytic subsets play distinct roles in heart diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:4030-4046. [PMID: 31281530 PMCID: PMC6592175 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are one of the leading causes of death for humans in the world. Increasing evidence has shown that myocardial injury induced innate and adaptive immune responses upon early cellular damage but also during chronic phases post-injury. The immune cells can not only aggravate the injury but also play an essential role in the induction of wound healing responses, which means they play a complex role throughout the acute inflammatory response and reparative response after cardiac injury. This review will summarize the current experimental and clinical evidence of lymphocytes, one of the major types of immune cells, participate in heart diseases and try to explain the possible role of these immune cells following cardiac injury.
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7
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Lethal immunoglobulins: Autoantibodies and sudden cardiac death. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:415-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Activation of T Lymphocytes as a Novel Mechanism in Beta1-Adrenergic Receptor Autoantibody-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019; 33:149-161. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-019-06856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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O'Donohoe TJ, Schrale RG, Sikder S, Surve N, Rudd D, Ketheesan N. Significance of Anti-Myosin Antibody Formation in Patients With Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Observational Study. Heart Lung Circ 2018; 28:583-590. [PMID: 29653839 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-myosin antibodies (AMAs) are often formed in response to myocardial infarction (MI) and have been implicated in maladaptive cardiac remodelling. We aimed to: (1) compare AMA formation in patients with Non-ST-Elevation MI (NSTEMI) and ST-Elevation MI (STEMI); (2) evaluate factors predicting autoantibody formation; and, (3) explore their functional significance. METHODS Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) AMA titres were determined in serum samples collected at admission, 3 and 6 months post MI. The relationship between demographic and clinical data, and antibody formation, was investigated to determine factors predicting antibody formation and functional significance. RESULTS Forty-three (43) patients were consecutively recruited; 74.4% were positive for IgM at admission, compared with 23.3% for IgG. Mean IgG levels increased by 1.24% (±0.28) at 3 months, and 13.55% (±0.13) at 6 months post MI. Mean antibody levels were significantly higher in the NSTEMI cohort at both follow-up time points for IgG (p<0.001, p<0.0001), but not IgM (p=0.910, p=0.066). A moderately positive correlation between infarct size and increase in mean IgM concentration was observed at 3 months (r(98)=0.455; p=0.015). Anti-myosin antibody formation was not associated with an unfavourable outcome at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Anti-myosin antibodies are formed in a significant proportion of patients following MI, particularly among those with NSTEMI. While IgM levels fall after infarction, IgG levels increase and persist beyond 6 months of follow-up. This raises the possibility that they may contribute to long-term myocardial damage and dysfunction. Future research should focus on the specific epitopes that are targeted by these antibodies, and their functional significance. This may result in the emergence of novel therapies to attenuate cardiac dysfunction in MI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J O'Donohoe
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - Ryan G Schrale
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; Cardiac Services, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Suchandan Sikder
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Surve
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Donna Rudd
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; University of New England, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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10
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Cardiomyopathy - An approach to the autoimmune background. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:269-286. [PMID: 28163240 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is increasingly accepted as the origin or amplifier of various diseases. In contrast to classic autoantibodies (AABs), which induce immune responses resulting in the destruction of the affected tissue, an additional class of AABs is directed against G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; GPCR-AABs). GPCR-AABs functionally affect their related GPCRs for activation of receptor mediated signal cascades. Diseases which are characterized by the presence of GPCR-AABs with evidence for disease-specific pathogenic activity could be named "functional autoantibody disease". We briefly summarize here the historical view on autoimmunity in cardiomyopathy, followed by an approach to the mechanistic autoimmunity background. Furthermore, autoantibodies with outstanding importance for cardiomyopathies as a functional autoantibody disease, such as GPCR-AABs, and mainly those directed against the beta1-adrenergic and muscarinic 2 receptor autoantibodies, are introduced. Anti-cardiac myosin and anti-cardiac troponin autoantibodies, as further potential players in autoimmune cardiomyopathy, are additionally taken into account. The basic view on the autoantibodies, their related receptor interactions and pathogenic consequences are presented. Focused specifically on GPCR-AABs, "pros and cons" of assays such as indirect assays (functional changes of cell preparations are monitored after GPCR-AAB receptor binding) and direct assays based on the ELISA technologies (GPCR epitope mimics for GPCR-AAB binding) are critically discussed. Last but not least, treatment strategies for "functional autoantibody disease", such as for GPCR-AAB removal (therapeutic plasma exchange, immunoadsorption) and in vivo GPCR-AAB attack such as intravenous IgG treatment (IVIG), B-cell depletion and GPCR-AAB binding and neutralization, are critically reflected with respect to their patient benefits.
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11
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Lymphocytes at the Heart of Wound Healing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:225-250. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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O'Donohoe TJ, Schrale RG, Ketheesan N. The role of anti-myosin antibodies in perpetuating cardiac damage following myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2016; 209:226-33. [PMID: 26897075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvements in the medical and surgical management of myocardial infarction mean that many patients are now surviving with greater impairment of cardiac function. Despite appropriate management, some of these patients subsequently develop pathological ventricular remodelling, which compounds their contractile dysfunction and can lead to congestive cardiac failure (CCF). The pathophysiological mechanism underpinning this process remains incompletely understood. One hypothesis suggests that a post-infarction autoimmune response, directed against constituents of cardiac myocytes, including cardiac myosin, may make an important contribution. Our review summarises the current literature related to the formation and clinical relevance of anti-myosin antibodies (AMAs) in patients with myocardial infarction. This discussion is supplemented with reference to a number of important animal studies, which provide evidence of the potential mechanisms underlying AMA formation and autoantibody mediated cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J O'Donohoe
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Department of Cardiology, The Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Ryan G Schrale
- Department of Cardiology, The Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
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13
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Abstract
There has been a long history of the exploration into autoimmunity as a possible pathogenic factor of cardiovascular diseases from unknown cause represented by dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Autoantibodies (AAbs) have emerged either as humoral responses provoked by the release of "self-antigens" due to tissue damage or dysregulated humoral immunity itself. The pathogenic roles of some AAbs have been suggested by the findings from basic research using in vitro and in vivo disease models as well as clinical studies including immunoadsorption studies removing AAbs from patients with DCM. In this context, the importance of AAbs belonging to IgG3 subclass has also been implicated. In this review article, we summarize the findings accumulated to date regarding AAbs which have been considered to be involved in the pathology of DCM or pregnancy-related cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we discuss the significance of AAbs as a possible cause of DCM and their potential roles as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagatomo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida L P Caforio
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Renzo Marcolongo
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Caforio AL, Angelini A, Blank M, Shani A, Kivity S, Goddard G, Doria A, Schiavo A, Testolina M, Bottaro S, Marcolongo R, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Shoenfeld Y. Passive transfer of affinity-purified anti-heart autoantibodies (AHA) from sera of patients with myocarditis induces experimental myocarditis in mice. Int J Cardiol 2015; 179:166-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Cantarini L, Lopalco G, Selmi C, Napodano S, De Rosa G, Caso F, Costa L, Iannone F, Rigante D. Autoimmunity and autoinflammation as the yin and yang of idiopathic recurrent acute pericarditis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 14:90-7. [PMID: 25308531 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity and autoinflammation are generally considered as mutually exclusive mechanisms of diseases but may concur to specific syndromes. Idiopathic recurrent acute pericarditis (IRAP) is defined as the recurrence of pericardial symptoms at any point following the prior cessation of acute pericarditis, and the latency is generally 6 weeks. Manifestations of pericarditis such as pericardial friction rub, electrocardiographic changes, and pericardial effusion are less frequent in the subsequent episodes compared to the index attack, and in some cases the only clinical sign is represented by a suggestive chest pain. Several autoimmune diseases may manifest with pericarditis which is often related to viral infections, while postviral pericarditis may in turn display a nonspecific autoimmune background. Similarly, autoinflammatory syndromes such as familial Mediterranean fever and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome are characterized by self-limiting pericardial symptoms. Corticosteroids are generally effective, thus supporting the autoimmune nature of IRAP, but dramatic results are obtained with interleukin-1 blocking agents in corticosteroid-dependent cases, pointing to a pathogenic role for the inflammasome. Based on these observations, we submit that IRAP represents a paradigmatic example of the putative coexistence of autoimmunity and autoinflammation: the main aim of this review is to critically discuss the hypothesis as well as the current understanding of this enigmatic clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cantarini
- Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella De Rosa
- Institute of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Caso
- Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luisa Costa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Florenzo Iannone
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Institute of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Youker KA, Assad-Kottner C, Cordero-Reyes AM, Trevino AR, Flores-Arredondo JH, Barrios R, Fernandez-Sada E, Estep JD, Bhimaraj A, Torre-Amione G. High proportion of patients with end-stage heart failure regardless of aetiology demonstrates anti-cardiac antibody deposition in failing myocardium: humoral activation, a potential contributor of disease progression. Eur Heart J 2013; 35:1061-8. [PMID: 24375073 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Various reports have raised the possibility of humoral immune responses as contributors for the progression of heart failure. Previous studies, however, have focused on the analysis of serum and documented circulating antibodies against a variety of cardiac proteins. However, there is little evidence on whether anti-cardiac antibodies are deposited in end-stage failing myocardium. Our objective was to determine whether or not there was evidence of deposition of anti-cardiac antibodies and/or activated complement components in end-stage failing human myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Myocardial samples were obtained from 100 end-stage heart failure patients and 40 donor control biopsies. Sections were cut and stained using standard fluorescent immunohistochemistry techniques with anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG3, and C3c. Gel electrophoresis and protein identification by mass spectrometry were used to confirm the presence of IgG and its antigen. Immunoglobulin G was localized to the sarcolemma in 71% of patients, 48% of those being positive for the subtype IgG3. The proportion of patients with ischaemic heart disease that was positive for IgG was 65% and among those with non-ischaemic aetiologies was 76%. In a subgroup analysis, the presence of IgG and its subunits were confirmed by mass spectrometry and adenosine triphosphate synthase β subunit identified as an antigen. Complement was activated in 31% of all patients. The presence of IgG, IgG3, and C3c was directly correlated with the length of disease (r = 0.451, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Evidence of anti-cardiac antibodies and complement activation was found in a large number of patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy regardless of the aetiology. Adenosine triphosphate synthase appears to be a new prominent antigenic stimulus; but more interestingly, the simultaneous co-existence of activated complement components suggests that this humoral mechanism may participate in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Youker
- The Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite 1901, Houston, TX 77494, USA
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Cordero-Reyes AM, Youker KA, Torre-Amione G. The role of B-cells in heart failure. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2013; 9:15-9. [PMID: 23519014 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-9-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex disease that has great impact on morbidity and mortality in the general population. No recent therapies have proven to be effective; however, the discovery of new potential pathophysiological mechanisms involved in heart failure expression and progression could offer novel therapeutic strategies. A number of studies have shown that the immune system may be a central mediator in the development and progression of heart failure, and here we describe how the B-cell and B-cell-mediated pathways play specific roles in the heart failure state. Therapies aimed at B-cells, either blocking antibody production or inactivating B-cell function, may suggest potential new treatment strategies.
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Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Heliö T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss HP, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:2636-48, 2648a-2648d. [PMID: 23824828 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2060] [Impact Index Per Article: 187.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this position statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases an expert consensus group reviews the current knowledge on clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis, and proposes new diagnostic criteria for clinically suspected myocarditis and its distinct biopsy-proven pathogenetic forms. The aims are to bridge the gap between clinical and tissue-based diagnosis, to improve management and provide a common reference point for future registries and multicentre randomised controlled trials of aetiology-driven treatment in inflammatory heart muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida L P Caforio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
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Caforio ALP, Marcolongo R, Jahns R, Fu M, Felix SB, Iliceto S. Immune-mediated and autoimmune myocarditis: clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Heart Fail Rev 2012; 18:715-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-012-9364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Human heart failure is a disease with multifactorial causes, considerable morbidity, and high mortality. Several circulating autoantibodies, some of them being heart-specific, play a crucial role in the progression and induction of heart failure. However the precise mechanisms on how these autoantibodies perpetuate or even induce an organ specific autoimmune response are not yet fully understood. Also it is being a matter of current research to elucidate a potential pathophysiological role of the innate immune system in generating auto-reactive antibodies. In this review we will summarize the current available literature on circulating autoantibodies which are related to human heart failure. We will present clinical and animal studies that demonstrate the occurrence and pathophysiological relevance of several autoantibodies in heart failure, as well as point out biological mechanisms on molecular and cellular level. Finally the beneficial therapeutic effects of numerous clinical studies that target the humoral arm of the immune system by using either intravenous immunoglobulins and/or immunoadsorption will be critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Kaya
- From the Department of Internal Medicine III (Z.K., C.L., H.A.K.), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Leib
- From the Department of Internal Medicine III (Z.K., C.L., H.A.K.), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A. Katus
- From the Department of Internal Medicine III (Z.K., C.L., H.A.K.), University of Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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The Clinical and Diagnostic Significance of Anti-myosin Autoantibodies in Cardiac Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 44:98-108. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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23
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Induction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis by anti-cardiac myosin heavy chain antibodies in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:582-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mocumbi AO, Latif N, Yacoub MH. Presence of circulating anti-myosin antibodies in endomyocardial fibrosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e661. [PMID: 20422043 PMCID: PMC2857887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endomyocardial Fibrosis (EMF) is a tropical restrictive cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, for which it is unclear whether the primary target of injury is the endocardial endothelium, the subendocardial fibroblast, the coronary microcirculation or the myocyte. In an attempt to explore the possibility of endocardial lesions being a result of an immune response against the myocyte we assessed the presence and frequency of circulating anti-myocardial antibodies in EMF patients. Methodology/Principal Findings EMF classification, assessment of severity and staging was based on echocardiography. We used sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of myocardial proteins followed by western blotting to screen serum samples for antiheart antibodies G and M classes. The degree of serum reactivity was correlated with the severity and activity of EMF. We studied 56 EMF patients and 10 healthy controls. IgG reactivity against myocardial proteins was stronger and more frequent in patients with EMF when compared to controls (30/56; 53.6% vs. 1/10; 10%, respectively). IgM reactivity was weak in both groups, although higher in EMF patients (11/56; 19.6%) when compared to controls (n = 0). EMF patients showed greater frequency and reactivity of IgG antibodies against myocardial proteins of molecular weights 35 kD, 42 kD and 70 kD (p values <0.01, <0.01 and <0.05 respectively). Conclusions The presence of antibodies against myocardial proteins was demonstrated in a subset of EMF patients. These immune markers seem to be related with activity and might provide an adjunct tool for diagnosis and classification of EMF, therefore improving its management by identifying patients who may benefit from immunosuppressive therapy. Further research is needed to clarify the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of EMF. Endomyocardial Fibrosis is a tropical disease in which the heart cannot open properly to receive blood due to a scar that covers its inner layer. It affects mainly children and adolescents, and has a poor prognosis because the cause and mechanisms of scarring are unknown. The conventional treatment is frustrating and does not alter the natural history of the disease. Despite affecting several million people worldwide there has been little investigation on the mechanisms of the disease or drug development to improve its prognosis. In this study we investigate the presence of antibodies against the myocardial cells of African patients with severe and advanced EMF aiming at uncovering new pathways for the disease. Our results reveal that EMF patients have anti-myocardial antibodies in their blood. The reaction of these antibodies with the heart may be one of the mechanisms involved in the genesis of the fibrotic lesions. This knowledge may help in diagnosing the condition and provide alternatives for its management, using drugs that reduce the impact of the circulating antibodies in the cardiac tissue. The significance of these results needs confirmation on studies involving larger number of subjects due to frequent finding of antiheart antibodies in African populations with heart failure of any cause.
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Miljkovic D, Scorei RI, Cimpoiaşu VM, Scorei ID. Calcium Fructoborate: Plant-Based Dietary Boron for Human Nutrition. J Diet Suppl 2009; 6:211-26. [DOI: 10.1080/19390210903070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Caforio ALP, Vinci A, Iliceto S. Anti-heart autoantibodies in familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Autoimmunity 2008; 41:462-9. [PMID: 18781472 DOI: 10.1080/08916930802031546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Familial aggregation is a feature of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Myocarditis, a clinically polymorphic inflammatory disease of the myocardium, is diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and may lead to DCM. Mutations in several genes encoding myocyte structural proteins are known monogenic DCM causes, but because of high etiologic and genetic heterogeneity, the gene defects identified so far account for a minority of cases. In the last decade, it has been discovered that autoimmunity plays a pivotal role in myocarditis and DCM that are thought to represent different stages of an organ-specific autoimmune disease in genetically predisposed individuals. None of the available genetic studies in familial DCM has taken into account the autoimmune phenotype markers in the characterization of index patients and relatives, thus it is not known whether or not the described gene defects are involved in the autoimmune form of the disease. In animal models autoimmune myocarditis/DCM can be induced by viral infection, immunization with heart-specific autoantigens, or develop spontaneously in genetically predisposed strains. It may be cell or antibody-mediated; susceptibility is based upon multiple MHC and non-MHC genes. In patients, the diagnosis of autoimmune myocarditis/DCM requires exclusion of viral genome on EMB and detection of serum heart-reactive autoantibodies. They are found in index patients and relatives from about 60% of both familial and non-familial pedigrees and predict DCM development among healthy relatives. Some antibodies have functional effects on cardiac myocytes in vitro, in animal models and possibly in a DCM subset without inflammation, responsive to extracorporeal immunoadsorption. Cardiac-specific autoantibodies, which are shown to be disease-specific for myocarditis/DCM, can be used as biomarkers for identifying patients in whom, in the absence of active infection of the myocardium, immunosuppression and/or immunomodulation may be beneficial and their relatives at risk. Future studies should clarify genetic basis of human autoimmune myocarditis/DCM as well as genotype/immune phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida L P Caforio
- Department of Cardiological, Division of Cardiology, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myocarditis is a clinically heterogeneous myocardial inflammatory disease, diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy; it may be idiopathic, infectious, or autoimmune and may lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy represent different stages of an organ-specific autoimmune disease in genetically predisposed individuals. RECENT FINDINGS In animal models, cell-mediated or antibody-mediated autoimmune myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy can be induced by viral infection or immunization with heart-specific autoantigens, or can develop spontaneously in genetically predisposed strains. Susceptibility is based on multiple major histocompatibility complex and nonmajor histocompatibility complex genes. In patients the diagnosis of autoimmune myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy requires exclusion of viral genome on endomyocardial biopsy and detection of serum heart-reactive autoantibodies. They are directed against multiple antigens that are found in patients and relatives from about 60% of familial and nonfamilial pedigrees. They predict dilated cardiomyopathy development among relatives, years before disease. Some antibodies have functional effects on cardiac myocytes in vitro, in animals and possibly in a dilated cardiomyopathy subset, responsive to extracorporeal immunoadsorption. SUMMARY In myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac-specific and disease-specific antibodies of IgG class are potential biomarkers for identifying 'at risk' relatives as well as those patients in whom, in the absence of active infection of the myocardium, immunosuppression, and/or immunomodulation may be beneficial. Future studies should better define the genetic basis of human autoimmune myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy.
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28
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Buse C, Altmann F, Amann B, Hauck SM, Poulsen Nautrup C, Ueffing M, Stangassinger M, Deeg CA. Discovering novel targets for autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1325-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Caforio ALP, Tona F, Bottaro S, Vinci A, Dequal G, Daliento L, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Clinical implications of anti-heart autoantibodies in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Autoimmunity 2008; 41:35-45. [PMID: 18176863 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701619235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a leading cause of heart failure and heart transplantation in younger adults, is characterized by dilatation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles; it may be idiopathic, familial/genetic (20-30%), viral, and/or immune. On endomyocardial biopsy there is chronic inflammation in 30-40% of cases. Mutations in genes encoding myocyte structural proteins, cardiotoxic noxae and infectious agents are known causes; due to high aetiologic and genetic heterogeneity, the gene defects identified so far account for a tiny proportion of the familial cases. In at least two thirds of patients, DCM remains idiopathic. Myocarditis may be idiopathic, infectious or autoimmune and may heal or lead to DCM. Circulating heart-reactive autoantibodies are found in myocarditis/DCM patients and symptom-free relatives at higher frequency than in normal or noninflammatory heart disease control groups. These autoantibodies are directed against multiple antigens, some of which are expressed only in the heart (organ-specific); some autoantibodies have functional effects on cardiac myocytes in vitro as well as in animal models. Depletion of nonantigen-specific antibodies by extracorporeal immunoadsorption is associated with improved ventricular function and reduced cardiac symptoms in some DCM patients, suggesting that autoantibodies may also have a functional role in humans. Immunosuppression seems beneficial in patients who are virus-negative and cardiac autoantibody positive. Prospective family studies have shown that cardiac-specific autoantibodies are present in at least 60% of both familial and non familial pedigrees and predict DCM development among asymptomatic relatives, years before clinical and echocardiographic evidence of disease. Animal models have shown that autoimmune myocarditis/DCM can be induced by virus as well as reproduced by immunization with a well-characterized autoantigen, cardiac myosin. Thus, in a substantial proportion of patients, myocarditis and DCM represent different stages of an organ-specific autoimmune disease, that represents the final common pathogenetic pathway of infectious and noninfectious myocardial injuries in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida L P Caforio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Lavastre V, Binet F, Moisan E, Chiasson S, Girard D. Viscum album agglutinin-I induces degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in leukaemia PLB-985 cells differentiated toward neutrophils: cleavage of non-muscle myosin heavy chain-IIA by caspases. Br J Haematol 2007; 138:545-54. [PMID: 17659056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of the anti-cancer agent Viscum album agglutinin-I (VAA-I) in leukaemia PLB-985 cells differentiated toward a neutrophil-like phenotype by dimethylsulphoxide (PLB-985D) has never been studied. This study investigated whether or not VAA-I can induce cytoskeletal breakdown in PLB-985D cells, as previously observed in undifferentiated PLB-985 cells. VAA-I was found to induce apoptosis in PLB-985D cells, as assessed by cytology and by degradation of gelsolin, an event known to occur via caspase-3 activation. VAA-I induced cytoskeletal breakdown based on the disruption of the F-actin network and cleavage of paxillin, vimentin and lamin B(1). In addition, we demonstrated, for the first time, that non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA) was cleaved by VAA-I treatment. Degradation of NMHC-IIA was reversed by the pan caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk in PLB-985D cells and neutrophils. However, unlike lamin B(1), no NMHC-IIA was detected on the cell surface of apoptotic neutrophils. In conclusion, PLB-985D cells responded in a similar manner to neutrophils regarding the degradation of the tested cytoskeletal. Therefore, PLB-985D cells may provide a suitable substitute for neutrophils in screening experiments, preventing extensive neutrophil cell isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Lavastre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada
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