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Park S, Kim S, Lim K, Shin Y, Song K, Kang GH, Kim DY, Shin HC, Cho SG. Thermostable Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Enhances the Production and Activity of Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16460. [PMID: 38003648 PMCID: PMC10671285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell (WJ-MSC)-derived exosomes contain a diverse cargo and exhibit remarkable biological activity, rendering them suitable for regenerative and immune-modulating functions. However, the quantity of secretion is insufficient. A large body of prior work has investigated the use of various growth factors to enhance MSC-derived exosome production. In this study, we evaluated the utilization of thermostable basic fibroblast growth factor (TS-bFGF) with MSC culture and exosome production. MSCs cultured with TS-bFGF displayed superior proliferation, as evidenced by cell cycle analysis, compared with wild-type bFGF (WT-bFGF). Stemness was assessed through mRNA expression level and colony-forming unit (CFU) assays. Furthermore, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) measurements revealed that MSCs cultured with TS-bFGF produced a greater quantity of exosomes, particularly under three-dimensional culture conditions. These produced exosomes demonstrated substantial anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects, as confirmed by nitric oxide (NO) assays and scratch assays. Taken together, we demonstrate that utilization of TS-bFGF for WJ-MSC-derived exosome production not only increases exosome yield but also enhances the potential for various applications in inflammation regulation and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangRok Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (S.K.); (K.L.); (Y.S.); (K.S.); (G.-H.K.)
| | - SeJong Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (S.K.); (K.L.); (Y.S.); (K.S.); (G.-H.K.)
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd., 307 KU Technology Innovation Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - KyungMin Lim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (S.K.); (K.L.); (Y.S.); (K.S.); (G.-H.K.)
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd., 307 KU Technology Innovation Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - YeoKyung Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (S.K.); (K.L.); (Y.S.); (K.S.); (G.-H.K.)
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd., 307 KU Technology Innovation Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonwoo Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (S.K.); (K.L.); (Y.S.); (K.S.); (G.-H.K.)
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd., 307 KU Technology Innovation Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Ho Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (S.K.); (K.L.); (Y.S.); (K.S.); (G.-H.K.)
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd., 307 KU Technology Innovation Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- PnP Biopharm Co., Ltd., 1304, Acetechnotower 8-cha, 11 Digital-ro 33-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul 08380, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.K.); (H.-C.S.)
| | - Hang-Cheol Shin
- PnP Biopharm Co., Ltd., 1304, Acetechnotower 8-cha, 11 Digital-ro 33-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul 08380, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.K.); (H.-C.S.)
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.P.); (S.K.); (K.L.); (Y.S.); (K.S.); (G.-H.K.)
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd., 307 KU Technology Innovation Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Modulation of Endothelial Function by TMAO, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065806. [PMID: 36982880 PMCID: PMC10054148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial function is essential in the maintenance of systemic homeostasis, whose modulation strictly depends on the proper activity of tissue-specific angiocrine factors on the physiopathological mechanisms acting at both single and multi-organ levels. Several angiocrine factors take part in the vascular function itself by modulating vascular tone, inflammatory response, and thrombotic state. Recent evidence has outlined a strong relationship between endothelial factors and gut microbiota-derived molecules. In particular, the direct involvement of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the development of endothelial dysfunction and its derived pathological outcomes, such as atherosclerosis, has come to light. Indeed, the role of TMAO in the modulation of factors strictly related to the development of endothelial dysfunction, such as nitric oxide, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and selectins), and IL-6, has been widely accepted. The aim of this review is to present the latest studies that describe a direct role of TMAO in the modulation of angiocrine factors primarily involved in the development of vascular pathologies.
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Tanaka S, Ito S, Shimamoto C, Matsumura H, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Nitric oxide synthesis stimulated by arachidonic acid accumulation via PPARα in acetylcholine-stimulated gastric mucous cells. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1939-1949. [PMID: 34216172 DOI: 10.1113/ep089517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Arachidonic acid (AA) stimulates NO production in antral mucous cells without any increase in [Ca2+ ]i . Given that the intracellular AA concentration is too low to measure, the relationship between AA accumulation and NO production remains uncertain. Is AA accumulation a key step for NO production? What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that AA accumulation is a key step for NO production. The amount of AA released could be measured using fluorescence-HPLC. The intracellular AA concentration was maintained at < 1 μM. Nitric oxide is produced by AA accumulation in antral mucous cells, not as a direct effect of [Ca2+ ]i . ABSTRACT In the present study, we demonstrate that NO production is stimulated by an accumulation of arachidonic acid (AA) mediated via peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor α (PPARα) and that the NO produced enhances Ca2+ -regulated exocytosis in ACh-stimulated antral mucous cells. The amount of AA released from the antral mucosa, measured by fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography (F-HPLC), was increased by addition of ionomycin (10 μM) or ACh, suggesting that AA accumulation is stimulated by an increase in [Ca2+ ]i . The AA production was inhibited by an inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2-inhα). GW6471 (a PPARα inhibitor) and cPLA2-inhα inhibited NO synthesis stimulated by ACh. Moreover, indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, stimulated AA accumulation and NO production. However, acetylsalicylic acid did not stimulate AA production and NO synthesis. An analogue of AA (AACOCF3) alone stimulated NO synthesis, which was inhibited by GW6471. In antral mucous cells, indomethacin enhanced Ca2+ -regulated exocytosis by increasing NO via PPARα, and the enhancement was abolished by GW6471 and cPLA2-inhα. Thus, AA produced via PLA2 activation is the key step for NO synthesis in ACh-stimulated antral mucous cells and plays important roles in maintaining antral mucous secretion, especially in Ca2+ -regulated exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Tanaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Shigenori Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Chikao Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Arachidonic Acid Evokes an Increase in Intracellular Ca 2+ Concentration and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial Cells from Human Brain Microcirculation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070689. [PMID: 31323976 PMCID: PMC6678502 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that the conditionally essential polyunsaturated arachidonic acid (AA) regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF) through its metabolites prostaglandin E2 and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, which act on vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes to vasorelax cerebral microvessels. However, AA may also elicit endothelial nitric oxide (NO) release through an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Herein, we adopted Ca2+ and NO imaging, combined with immunoblotting, to assess whether AA induces intracellular Ca2+ signals and NO release in the human brain microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. AA caused a dose-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i that was mimicked by the not-metabolizable analogue, eicosatetraynoic acid. The Ca2+ response to AA was patterned by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release through type 3 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, lysosomal Ca2+ mobilization through two-pore channels 1 and 2 (TPC1-2), and extracellular Ca2+ influx through transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). In addition, AA-evoked Ca2+ signals resulted in robust NO release, but this signal was considerably delayed as compared to the accompanying Ca2+ wave and was essentially mediated by TPC1-2 and TRPV4. Overall, these data provide the first evidence that AA elicits Ca2+-dependent NO release from a human cerebrovascular endothelial cell line, but they seemingly rule out the possibility that this NO signal could acutely modulate neurovascular coupling.
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Guerra G, Lucariello A, Perna A, Botta L, De Luca A, Moccia F. The Role of Endothelial Ca 2+ Signaling in Neurovascular Coupling: A View from the Lumen. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E938. [PMID: 29561829 PMCID: PMC5979341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is the mechanism whereby an increase in neuronal activity (NA) leads to local elevation in cerebral blood flow (CBF) to match the metabolic requirements of firing neurons. Following synaptic activity, an increase in neuronal and/or astrocyte Ca2+ concentration leads to the synthesis of multiple vasoactive messengers. Curiously, the role of endothelial Ca2+ signaling in NVC has been rather neglected, although endothelial cells are known to control the vascular tone in a Ca2+-dependent manner throughout peripheral vasculature. METHODS We analyzed the literature in search of the most recent updates on the potential role of endothelial Ca2+ signaling in NVC. RESULTS We found that several neurotransmitters (i.e., glutamate and acetylcholine) and neuromodulators (e.g., ATP) can induce dilation of cerebral vessels by inducing an increase in endothelial Ca2+ concentration. This, in turn, results in nitric oxide or prostaglandin E2 release or activate intermediate and small-conductance Ca2+-activated K⁺ channels, which are responsible for endothelial-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH). In addition, brain endothelial cells express multiple transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (i.e., TRPC3, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1), which induce vasodilation by activating EDH. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to conclude that endothelial Ca2+ signaling is an emerging pathway in the control of NVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, via F. De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, via F. De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Laura Botta
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Zuccolo E, Dragoni S, Poletto V, Catarsi P, Guido D, Rappa A, Reforgiato M, Lodola F, Lim D, Rosti V, Guerra G, Moccia F. Arachidonic acid-evoked Ca 2+ signals promote nitric oxide release and proliferation in human endothelial colony forming cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:159-171. [PMID: 27634591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) stimulates endothelial cell (EC) proliferation through an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), that, in turn, promotes nitric oxide (NO) release. AA-evoked Ca2+ signals are mainly mediated by Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels. Circulating endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) represent the only established precursors of ECs. In the present study, we, therefore, sought to elucidate whether AA promotes human ECFC (hECFC) proliferation through an increase in [Ca2+]i and the following activation of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). AA induced a dose-dependent [Ca2+]i raise that was mimicked by its non-metabolizable analogue eicosatetraynoic acid. AA-evoked Ca2+ signals required both intracellular Ca2+ release and external Ca2+ inflow. AA-induced Ca2+ release was mediated by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors from the endoplasmic reticulum and by two pore channel 1 from the acidic stores of the endolysosomal system. AA-evoked Ca2+ entry was, in turn, mediated by TRPV4, while it did not involve store-operated Ca2+ entry. Moreover, AA caused an increase in NO levels which was blocked by preventing the concomitant increase in [Ca2+]i and by inhibiting eNOS activity with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Finally, AA per se did not stimulate hECFC growth, but potentiated growth factors-induced hECFC proliferation in a Ca2+- and NO-dependent manner. Therefore, AA-evoked Ca2+ signals emerge as an additional target to prevent cancer vascularisation, which may be sustained by ECFC recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella Zuccolo
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Dragoni
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Poletto
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Catarsi
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Guido
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rappa
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Reforgiato
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom.
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Moccia F, Guerra G. Ca2+Signalling in Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Friend or Foe? J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:314-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology; Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”; University of Molise; Campobasso Italy
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Scianna M, Bell C, Preziosi L. A review of mathematical models for the formation of vascular networks. J Theor Biol 2013; 333:174-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Munaron L, Scianna M. Multilevel complexity of calcium signaling: Modeling angiogenesis. World J Biol Chem 2012; 3:121-6. [PMID: 22905290 PMCID: PMC3421110 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v3.i6.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling is a universal, evolutionary conserved and versatile regulator of cell biochemistry. The complexity of calcium signaling and related cell machinery can be investigated by the use of experimental strategies, as well as by computational approaches. Vascular endothelium is a fascinating model to study the specific properties and roles of calcium signals at multiple biological levels. During the past 20 years, live cell imaging, patch clamp and other techniques have allowed us to detect and interfere with calcium signaling in endothelial cells (ECs), providing a huge amount of information on the regulation of vascularization (angiogenesis) in normal and tumoral tissues. These data range from the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcium within different cell microcompartments to those in entire multicellular and organized EC networks. Beside experimental strategies, in silico endothelial models, specifically designed for simulating calcium signaling, are contributing to our knowledge of vascular physiology and pathology. They help to investigate and predict the quantitative features of proangiogenic events moving through subcellular, cellular and supracellular levels. This review focuses on some recent developments of computational approaches for proangiogenic endothelial calcium signaling. In particular, we discuss the creation of hybrid simulation environments, which combine and integrate discrete Cellular Potts Models. They are able to capture the phenomenological mechanisms of cell morphological reorganization, migration, and intercellular adhesion, with single-cell spatiotemporal models, based on reaction-diffusion equations that describe the agonist-induced intracellular calcium events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Munaron
- Luca Munaron, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Centre for Complex Systems in Molecular Biology and Medicine, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
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Zhang H, Zhou L, Shi W, Song N, Yu K, Gu Y. A mechanism underlying the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on breast cancer. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:487-94. [PMID: 22692672 PMCID: PMC3573739 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Evidence suggests that the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affect breast cancer proliferation, differentiation and prognosis. However, the mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, the expression of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)3 was detected throughout the cell cytoplasm and at the cell surface of MCF-7 cells. Ca2+ entry was induced in these cells via activated TRPC3 by either the diacylglycerol analogue (OAG) or by intracellular Ca2+ store depletion. TRPC-mediated Ca2+ entry was inhibited by PUFAs including arachidonic acid (AA) and linolenic acid (LA) but not saturated fatty acids. Overexpression of the PUFA degradation enzyme, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), enhanced capacitative Ca2+ entry. In addition, inhibition of COX2 reduced [Ca2+]i. Nevertheless, inhibition of TRPC reduced the cell cycle S phase and cell migration, implicating a functional role for TRP-mediated Ca2+ entry in cell proliferation and invasion. Exogenous PUFA as well as a TRPC3 antagonist consistently attenuated breast cancer cell proliferation and migration, suggesting a mechanism in which PUFA restrains the breast cancer partly via its inhibition of TRPC channels. Additionally, our results also suggest that TRPC3 appears as a new mediator of breast cancer cell migration/invasion and represents a potential target for a new class of anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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Scianna M. A Multiscale Hybrid Model for Pro-angiogenic Calcium Signals in a Vascular Endothelial Cell. Bull Math Biol 2011; 74:1253-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-011-9695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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A multiscale hybrid approach for vasculogenesis and related potential blocking therapies. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 106:450-62. [PMID: 21300081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors must recruit and form new blood vessels for maintenance, growth and detachments of metastases. Discovering drugs that block malignant angiogenesis is thus an important approach in cancer treatment and has given rise to multiple in vitro and in silico models. The present hybrid individual cell-based model incorporates some underlying biochemical events relating more closely the classical Cellular Potts Model (CPM) parameters to subcellular mechanisms and to the activation of specific signaling pathways. The model spans the three fundamental biological levels: at the extracellular level a continuous model describes secretion, diffusion, uptake and decay of the autocrine VEGF; at the cellular level, an extended lattice CPM, based on a system energy reduction, reproduces cell dynamics such as migration, adhesion and chemotaxis; at the subcellular level, a set of reaction-diffusion equations describes a simplified VEGF-induced calcium-dependent intracellular pathway. The results agree with the known interplay between calcium signals and VEGF dynamics and with their role in malignant vasculogenesis. Moreover, the analysis of the link between the microscopic subcellular dynamics and the macroscopic cell behaviors confirms the efficiency of some pharmacological interventions that are currently in use and, more interestingly, proposes some new therapeutic approaches, that are counter-intuitive but potentially effective.
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Scianna M, Munaron L. Multiscale model of tumor-derived capillary-like network formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3934/nhm.2011.6.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Fiorio Pla A, Genova T, Pupo E, Tomatis C, Genazzani A, Zaninetti R, Munaron L. Multiple roles of protein kinase a in arachidonic acid-mediated Ca2+ entry and tumor-derived human endothelial cell migration. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1466-76. [PMID: 20870737 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that arachidonic acid (AA) triggers calcium signals in endothelial cells derived from human breast carcinoma (B-TEC). In particular, AA-dependent Ca(2+) entry is involved in the early steps of tumor angiogenesis in vitro. Here, we investigated the multiple roles of the nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathways in AA-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in the same cells. B-TEC stimulation with 5 μmol/L AA resulted in endothelial NO synthase (NOS) phosphorylation at Ser(1177), and NO release was measured with the fluorescent NO-sensitive probe DAR4M-AM. PKA inhibition by the use of the membrane-permeable PKA inhibitory peptide myristoylated PKI(14-22) completely prevented both AA- and NO-induced calcium entry and abolished B-TEC migration promoted by AA. AA-dependent calcium entry and cell migration were significantly affected by both the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and the NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide, suggesting that NO release is functionally involved in the signaling dependent on AA. Moreover, pretreatment with carboxyamidotriazole, an antiangiogenic compound that interferes with agonist-activated calcium entry, prevented AA-dependent B-TEC motility. Interestingly, even in the absence of AA, enhancement of the cyclic AMP/PKA pathway with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin evoked a calcium entry dependent on NOS recruitment and NO release. The functional relevance of AA-induced calcium entry could be restricted to tumor-derived endothelial cells (EC) because AA evoked a smaller calcium entry in normal human microvascular ECs compared with B-TECs, and even more importantly, it was unable to promote cell motility in wound healing assay. This evidence opens an intriguing opportunity for differential pharmacologic treatment between normal and tumor-derived human ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
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15
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Wong CO, Sukumar P, Beech DJ, Yao X. Nitric oxide lacks direct effect on TRPC5 channels but suppresses endogenous TRPC5-containing channels in endothelial cells. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:121-30. [PMID: 20390293 PMCID: PMC3622007 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
TRPC5 is a member of the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) family of proteins that forms cationic channels either through homomultimeric assembly or heteromultimeric coordination with other TRPC proteins. It is expressed in a variety of cells including central neurones and endothelial cells and has susceptibility to stimulation by multiple factors. Here we investigated if TRPC5 is sensitive to nitric oxide. Mouse TRPC5 or human TRPC5 was over-expressed in HEK293 cells, and TRPC5 activity was determined by measuring the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration with an indicator dye or by recording membrane current under voltage clamp. TRPC5 activity could be evoked by carbachol acting at muscarinic receptors, lanthanum, or a reducing agent. However, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and diethylamine NONOate (DEA-NONOate) failed to stimulate or inhibit TRPC5 at concentrations that generated nitric oxide, caused vasorelaxation, or suppressed activity of TRPC6 via protein kinase G. At high concentrations, SNAP (but not DEA-NONOate) occasionally stimulated TRPC5 but the effect was confounded by background TRPC5-independent Ca2+ signals. Endogenous Ca2+-entry in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) was suppressed by SNAP; TRPC5 blocking antibody or dominant-negative mutant TRPC5 suppressed this Ca2+ entry and occluded the effect of SNAP. The data suggest that nitric oxide is not a direct modulator of homomeric TRPC5 channels but may inhibit endogenous BAEC channels that contain TRPC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-On Wong
- />Li Ka Shing Insitute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong People’s Republic of China
| | - Piruthivi Sukumar
- />Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - David J. Beech
- />Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- />Li Ka Shing Insitute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong People’s Republic of China
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16
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Ladage D, Brixius K, Steingen C, Mehlhorn U, Schwinger RHG, Bloch W, Schmidt A. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Endothelial Activation via Paracine Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:53-63. [PMID: 17497361 DOI: 10.1080/10623320701343319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are bone marrow-derived, pluripotent cells that possess the ability to transdifferentiate into various mesenchymal tissues such as bone, endothelium, and (heart) muscle. Therefore, these cells may provide a therapeutic tool, especially for the treatment of myocardial infarction. The interaction of the MSCs with the endothelial barrier and their ability to ultimately leave blood vessels after application are crucial in this context. In this study, the authors focused on the soluble factors produced by MSCs and their effect on the intracellular signal transduction of endothelial cells. The authors performed immunohistochemical measurements on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with conditioned stem cell medium and took measurements of the intracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels and calcium changes. After application of conditioned stem cell medium, the authors detected an increase in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity by translocation (Ca(2+)) and by phosphorylation (increase of pAKT and peNOS1177). Additionally, the authors observed an upregulation of pERK within the same time. The phosphorylated eNOS forms are linked to these findings and the increase of intracellular NO in the DAF measurements. Moreover, conditioned medium also increased intracellular calcium levels in endothelial cells. Concluding, the authors postulate that MSCs emit soluble factors that alter the NO and calcium levels of endothelial cells and may be important for facilitate crossing the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ladage
- Laboratory for Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Department III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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17
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Steinert JR, Kopp-Scheinpflug C, Baker C, Challiss RAJ, Mistry R, Haustein MD, Griffin SJ, Tong H, Graham BP, Forsythe ID. Nitric oxide is a volume transmitter regulating postsynaptic excitability at a glutamatergic synapse. Neuron 2009; 60:642-56. [PMID: 19038221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is broadly expressed in the brain and associated with synaptic plasticity through NMDAR-mediated calcium influx. However, its physiological activation and the mechanisms by which nitric oxide (NO) influences synaptic transmission have proved elusive. Here, we exploit the unique input-specificity of the calyx of Held to characterize NO modulation at this glutamatergic synapse in the auditory pathway. NO is generated in an activity-dependent manner by MNTB principal neurons receiving a calyceal synaptic input. It acts in the target neuron and adjacent inactive neurons to modulate excitability and synaptic efficacy, inhibiting postsynaptic Kv3 potassium currents (via phosphorylation), reducing EPSCs and so increasing action potential duration and reducing transmission fidelity. We conclude that NO serves as a volume transmitter and slow dynamic modulator, integrating spontaneous and evoked neuronal firing, thereby providing an index of global activity and regulating information transmission across a population of active and inactive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern R Steinert
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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18
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Boittin FX, Gribi F, Serir K, Bény JL. Ca2+-independent PLA2 controls endothelial store-operated Ca2+ entry and vascular tone in intact aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2466-74. [PMID: 18952717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00639.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During an agonist stimulation of endothelial cells, the sustained Ca2+ entry occurring through store-operated channels has been shown to significantly contribute to smooth muscle relaxation through the release of relaxing factors such as nitric oxide (NO). However, the mechanisms linking Ca2+ stores depletion to the opening of such channels are still elusive. We have used Ca2+ and tension measurements in intact aortic strips to investigate the role of the Ca2+-independent isoform of phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) in endothelial store-operated Ca2+ entry and endothelium-dependent relaxation of smooth muscle. We provide evidence that iPLA2 is involved in the activation of endothelial store-operated Ca2+ entry when Ca2+ stores are artificially depleted. We also show that the sustained store-operated Ca2+ entry occurring during physiological stimulation of endothelial cells with the circulating hormone ATP is due to iPLA2 activation and significantly contributes to the amplitude and duration of ATP-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation. Consistently, both iPLA2 metabolites arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine were found to stimulate Ca2+ entry in native endothelial cells. However, only the latter triggered endothelium-dependent relaxation through NO release, suggesting that lysophosphatidylcholine produced by iPLA2 upon Ca2+ stores depletion may act as an intracellular messenger that stimulates store-operated Ca2+ entry and subsequent NO production in endothelial cells. Finally, we found that ACh-induced endothelium relaxation also depends on iPLA2 activation, suggesting that the iPLA2-dependent control of endothelial store-operated Ca2+ entry is a key physiological mechanism regulating arterial tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Boittin
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Laboratory of Vascular Cell Physiology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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19
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Munaron L, Tomatis C, Fiorio Pla A. The secret marriage between calcium and tumor angiogenesis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008; 7:335-9. [PMID: 18642972 DOI: 10.1177/153303460800700408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell biochemistry and responsiveness to a wide variety of external stimula is regulated by intracellular calcium concentration. During the last twenty years, electrophysiology and functional imaging based on the use of fluorescent probes provided several informations about the dynamics and role of calcium at the single cell level: highly diverse extracellular agonists, such as proangiogenic growth factors and vasoactive compounds, trigger increases in intracellular calcium and specific informations are transduced for proliferation, differentiation, death, movement in physiological and pathological conditions. Obviously, the investigation at multicellular and tissutal levels is much more complex. In this review we discuss the potential specific roles of calcium signaling in tumor angiogenesis progression trying to address two key questions: (i) how can this ion play specific roles in the angiogenesis regulation; and (ii) could it be used as a target to interfere with or prevent tumor vascularization?
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Munaron
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Italy.
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20
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TRPC channels and diacylglycerol dependent calcium signaling in rat sensory neurons. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:655-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Fiorio Pla A, Grange C, Antoniotti S, Tomatis C, Merlino A, Bussolati B, Munaron L. Arachidonic acid-induced Ca2+ entry is involved in early steps of tumor angiogenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:535-45. [PMID: 18403634 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor-induced intracellular calcium signals in endothelial cells regulate cytosolic and nuclear events involved in the angiogenic process. Among the intracellular messengers released after proangiogenic stimulation, arachidonic acid (AA) plays a key role and its effects are strictly related to calcium homeostasis and cell proliferation. Here, we studied AA-induced intracellular calcium signals in endothelial cells derived from human breast carcinomas (B-TEC). AA promotes B-TEC proliferation and organization of vessel-like structures in vitro. The effect is directly mediated by the fatty acid without a significant contribution of its metabolites. AA induces Ca(2+)(i) signals in the entire capillary-like structure during the early phases of tubulogenesis in vitro. No such responses are detectable in B-TECs organized in more structured tubules. In B-TECs growing in monolayer, AA induces two different signals: a Ca(2+)(i) increase due to Ca(2+) entry and an inhibition of store-dependent Ca(2+) entry induced by thapsigargin or ATP. An inhibitor of Ca(2+) entry and angiogenesis, carboxyamidotriazole, significantly and specifically decreases AA-induced B-TEC tubulogenesis, as well as AA-induced Ca(2+) signals in B-TECs. We conclude that (a) AA-activated Ca(2+) entry is associated with the progression through the early phases of angiogenesis, mainly involving proliferation and tubulogenesis, and it is down-regulated during the reorganization of tumor-derived endothelial cells in capillary-like structures; and (b) inhibition of AA-induced Ca(2+) entry may contribute to the antiangiogenic action of carboxyamidotriazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid with four double bonds, has multiple actions on living cells. Many of these effects are mediated by an action of AA or its metabolites on ion channels. During the last 10 years, new types of ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) channels and non-SOCE channels have been studied. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the effects of AA on TRP and non-SOCE channels as well as classical ion channels. It aims to distinguish between effects of AA itself and effects of AA metabolites. Lipid mediators are of clinical interest because some of them (for example, leukotrienes) play a role in various diseases, others (such as prostaglandins) are targets for pharmacological therapeutic intervention.
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Retamal MA, Schalper KA, Shoji KF, Orellana JA, Bennett MVL, Sáez JC. Possible involvement of different connexin43 domains in plasma membrane permeabilization induced by ischemia-reperfusion. J Membr Biol 2007; 218:49-63. [PMID: 17705051 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-007-9043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies support the involvement of connexin 43-based cell-cell channels and hemichannels in cell death propagation induced by ischemia-reperfusion. In this context, open connexin hemichannels in the plasma membrane have been proposed to act as accelerators of cell death. Progress on the mechanisms underlying the cell permeabilization induced by ischemia-reperfusion reveals the involvement of several factors leading to an augmented open probability and increased number of hemichannels on the cell surface. While open probability can be increased by a reduction in extracellular concentration of divalent cations and changes in covalent modifications of connexin 43 (oxidation and phosphorylation), increase in number of hemichannels requires an elevation of the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration. Reversal of connexin 43 redox changes and membrane permeabilization can be induced by intracellular, but not extracellular, reducing agents, suggesting a cytoplasmic localization of the redox sensor(s). In agreement, hemichannels formed by connexin 45, which lacks cytoplasmic cysteines, or by connexin 43 with its C-terminal domain truncated to remove its cysteines are insensitive to reducing agents. Although further studies are required for a precise localization of the redox sensor of connexin 43 hemichannels, modulation of the redox potential is proposed as a target for the design of pharmacological tools to reduce cell death induced by ischemia-reperfusion in connexin 43-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Retamal
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Marrelli SP, O'neil RG, Brown RC, Bryan RM. PLA2 and TRPV4 channels regulate endothelial calcium in cerebral arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H1390-7. [PMID: 17071727 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01006.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated dilations in cerebral arteries are significantly reduced by inhibitors of PLA(2). In this study we examined possible mechanisms by which PLA(2) regulates endothelium-dependent dilation, specifically whether PLA(2) is involved in endothelial Ca(2+) regulation through stimulation of TRPV4 channels. Studies were carried out with middle cerebral arteries (MCA) or freshly isolated MCA endothelial cells (EC) of male Long-Evans rats. Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and indomethacin were present throughout. In pressurized MCA, luminally delivered UTP produced increased EC intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and MCA dilation. Incubation with PACOCF(3), a PLA(2) inhibitor, significantly reduced both EC [Ca(2+)](i) and dilation responses to UTP. EC [Ca(2+)](i) was also partially reduced by a transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channel blocker, ruthenium red. Manganese quenching experiments demonstrated Ca(2+) influx across the luminal and abluminal face of the endothelium in response to UTP. Interestingly, PLA(2)-sensitive Ca(2+) influx occurred primarily across the abluminal face. Luminal application of arachidonic acid, the primary product of PLA(2) and a demonstrated activator of certain TRPV channels, increased both EC [Ca(2+)](i) and MCA diameter. TRPV4 mRNA and protein was demonstrated in the endothelium by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. Finally, application of 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alphaPDD), a TRPV4 channel activator, produced an increase in EC [Ca(2+)](i) that was significantly reduced in the presence of ruthenium red. We conclude that PLA(2) is involved in EC Ca(2+) regulation through its regulation of TRPV4 channels. Furthermore, the PLA(2)-sensitive component of Ca(2+) influx may be polarized to the abluminal face of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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