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Cristodoro M, Messa M, Tossetta G, Marzioni D, Dell’Avanzo M, Inversetti A, Di Simone N. First Trimester Placental Biomarkers for Pregnancy Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6136. [PMID: 38892323 PMCID: PMC11172712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The placenta plays a key role in several adverse obstetrical outcomes, such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and gestational diabetes mellitus. The early identification of at-risk pregnancies could significantly improve the management, therapy and prognosis of these pregnancies, especially if these at-risk pregnancies are identified in the first trimester. The aim of this review was to summarize the possible biomarkers that can be used to diagnose early placental dysfunction and, consequently, at-risk pregnancies. We divided the biomarkers into proteins and non-proteins. Among the protein biomarkers, some are already used in clinical practice, such as the sFLT1/PLGF ratio or PAPP-A; others are not yet validated, such as HTRA1, Gal-3 and CD93. In the literature, many studies analyzed the role of several protein biomarkers, but their results are contrasting. On the other hand, some non-protein biomarkers, such as miR-125b, miR-518b and miR-628-3p, seem to be linked to an increased risk of complicated pregnancy. Thus, a first trimester heterogeneous biomarkers panel containing protein and non-protein biomarkers may be more appropriate to identify and discriminate several complications that can affect pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cristodoro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy; (M.C.)
| | - Martina Messa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy; (M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Inversetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy; (M.C.)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy; (M.C.)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Kabodmehri R, Ghanami Gashti N, Zahiri Sorouri Z, Sharami SH, Milani F, Hasanpour M, Eslami‐Kenarsari H, Rafiei Sorouri Z. Levels of serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin after embryo transfer and subsequent miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2015. [PMID: 38665152 PMCID: PMC11043496 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to examine maternal serum concentration of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) on Day 16 after embryo transfer and risk of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods In this study, we evaluated 125 pregnancies following in vitro fertilization (IVF). β-hCG concentrations were measured on the morning of Day 16 after embryo transfer. Baseline characteristics of the study participants were also recorded. Results Concentrations of β-hCG on Day 16 after embryo transfer were inversely associated with the higher risk of miscarriage (p < 0.001), but did not with pre-eclampsia and IUGR (p > 0.05). Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a reverse and significant association between β-hCG and higher risk of miscarriage (σ = 0.531 and p < 0.001). There was a significant association between frozen embryo transfer and the risk of IUGR and pre-eclampsia (p = 0.005 and p = 0.023, respectively). Conclusions Maternal serum concentrations of β-hCG on Day 16 after IVF/embryo transfer were associated with the higher risk of miscarriage, but not pre-eclampsia and IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kabodmehri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al‐Zahra Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Nasrin Ghanami Gashti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al‐Zahra Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Ziba Zahiri Sorouri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al‐Zahra Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
- Mehr Fertility Research CenterGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Seyedeh Hajar Sharami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al‐Zahra Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Forozan Milani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al‐Zahra Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Marziyeh Hasanpour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al‐Zahra Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Habib Eslami‐Kenarsari
- Vice‐Chancellorship of Research and TechnologyGuilan University of Medical ScienceRashtIran
| | - Zahra Rafiei Sorouri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Health Research Center, Al‐Zahra Hospital, School of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
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Podinic T, Limoges L, Monaco C, MacAndrew A, Minhas M, Nederveen J, Raha S. Cannabidiol Disrupts Mitochondrial Respiration and Metabolism and Dysregulates Trophoblast Cell Differentiation. Cells 2024; 13:486. [PMID: 38534330 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast differentiation is a crucial process in the formation of the placenta where cytotrophoblasts (CTs) differentiate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblast (ST). The bioactive components of cannabis, such as Δ9-THC, are known to disrupt trophoblast differentiation and fusion, as well as mitochondrial dynamics and respiration. However, less is known about the impact of cannabidiol (CBD) on trophoblast differentiation. Due to the central role of mitochondria in stem cell differentiation, we evaluated the impact of CBD on trophoblast mitochondrial function and differentiation. Using BeWo b30 cells, we observed decreased levels of mRNA for markers of syncytialization (GCM1, ERVW1, hCG) following 20 µM CBD treatment during differentiation. In CTs, CBD elevated transcript levels for the mitochondrial and cellular stress markers HSP60 and HSP70, respectively. Furthermore, CBD treatment also increased the lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage marker 4-hydroxynonenal. Mitochondrial membrane potential, basal respiration and ATP production were diminished with the 20 µM CBD treatment in both sub-lineages. mRNA levels for endocannabinoid system (ECS) components (FAAH, NAPEPLD, TRPV1, CB1, CB2, PPARγ) were altered differentially by CBD in CTs and STs. Overall, we demonstrate that CBD impairs trophoblast differentiation and fusion, as well as mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Podinic
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Louise Limoges
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Cristina Monaco
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andie MacAndrew
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mahek Minhas
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Joshua Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Peris M, Crompton K, Shepherd DA, Amor DJ. The association between human chorionic gonadotropin and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:118-184. [PMID: 37572838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association between human chorionic gonadotropin and adverse pregnancy outcomes. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane were searched in November 2021 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and relevant key words. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This analysis included published full-text studies of pregnant women with serum human chorionic gonadotropin testing between 8 and 28 weeks of gestation, investigating fetal outcomes (fetal death in utero, small for gestational age, preterm birth) or maternal factors (hypertension in pregnancy: preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, gestational diabetes mellitus). METHODS Studies were extracted using REDCap software. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess for risk of bias. Final meta-analyses underwent further quality assessment using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) method. RESULTS A total of 185 studies were included in the final review, including the outcomes of fetal death in utero (45), small for gestational age (79), preterm delivery (62), hypertension in pregnancy (107), gestational diabetes mellitus (29), placental abruption (17), and HELLP syndrome (2). Data were analyzed separately on the basis of categorical measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin measured on a continuous scale. Eligible studies underwent meta-analysis to generate a pooled odds ratio (categorical human chorionic gonadotropin level) or difference in medians (human chorionic gonadotropin continuous scale) between outcome groups. First-trimester low human chorionic gonadotropin levels were associated with preeclampsia and fetal death in utero, whereas high human chorionic gonadotropin levels were associated with preeclampsia. Second-trimester high human chorionic gonadotropin levels were associated with fetal death in utero and preeclampsia. CONCLUSION Human chorionic gonadotropin levels are associated with placenta-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes. Both high and low human chorionic gonadotropin levels in the first trimester of pregnancy can be early warning signs of adverse outcomes. Further analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin subtypes and pregnancy outcomes is required to determine the diagnostic utility of these findings in reference to specific cutoff values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Peris
- Neurodisability and Rehabilitation Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Neurodevelopment and Disability, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kylie Crompton
- Neurodisability and Rehabilitation Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Neurodevelopment and Disability, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daisy A Shepherd
- Neurodisability and Rehabilitation Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Neurodisability and Rehabilitation Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Neurodevelopment and Disability, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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5
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Li X, Huang Y, Shi Z, Shi J, Li N. Intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin as luteal phase support in artificial cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer does not improve clinical outcomes: a parallel, open-label randomized trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1283197. [PMID: 38260168 PMCID: PMC10801214 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1283197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as one of the first signals secreted by the embryo to the mother may have a direct effect on the endometrium at implantation. The current study was aim to compare the clinical outcomes after frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) treated with artificial cycles (AC) between women who were administered intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as luteal phase support and the routine group. Methods A randomized controlled trial of 245 women was conducted at the Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China from January 2019 to January 2020. Women <40 years of age undergoing their first FET treated with AC were included. Patients were randomly allocated into either: (1) the hCG treatment group, who received intramuscular injection of hCG since the third day of progesterone administration, at a dose of 2000 IU once every two days, for a total of four times, (2) the control group, receiving routine protocol without placebo on these four days. Clinical outcomes of the two groups were analyzed. Results The primary outcome ongoing pregnancy rate in the hCG treatment group versus the control group was 73/124 (58.87%) versus 75/121 (61.98%), respectively (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.88, 0.53-1.47, P = 0.619). Secondary clinical outcomes including biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, early pregnancy loss, multiple pregnancy, live birth and preterm birth were also comparable between the two groups through the univariate analysis and multivariable regression analysis (P > 0.05). Conclusion In women undergoing AC-FET, there was no significant difference in the clinical outcomes between the hCG treatment group and the control group. Clinicians should be cautious about adding IM-hCG as luteal phase support to improve the clinical outcome after AC-FET. Clinical trial registration http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=32511, identifier ChiCTR1800020342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zan Shi
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juanzi Shi
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Butler T, Tey SR, Galvin JE, Perry G, Bowen RL, Atwood CS. Endocrine Dyscrasia in the Etiology and Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 101:705-713. [PMID: 39240636 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The increase in the incidence of dementia over the last century correlates strongly with the increases in post-reproductive lifespan during this time. As post-reproductive lifespan continues to increase it is likely that the incidence of dementia will also increase unless therapies are developed to prevent, slow or cure dementia. A growing body of evidence implicates age-related endocrine dyscrasia and the length of time that the brain is subjected to this endocrine dyscrasia, as a key causal event leading to the cognitive decline associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major form of dementia in our society. In particular, the elevations in circulating gonadotropins, resulting from the loss of gonadal sex hormone production with menopause and andropause, appear central to the development of AD neuropathology and cognitive decline. This is supported by numerous cell biology, preclinical animal, and epidemiological studies, as well as human clinical studies where suppression of circulating luteinizing hormone and/or follicle-stimulating hormone with either gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, or via physiological hormone replacement therapy, has been demonstrated to halt or significantly slow cognitive decline in those with AD. This review provides an overview of past and present studies demonstrating the importance of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormone balance for normal cognitive functioning, and how targeting age-related endocrine dyscrasia with hormone rebalancing strategies provides an alternative treatment route for those with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Butler
- Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sin-Ruow Tey
- JangoBio, LLC, Division of Cell Biology, Fitchburg, WI, USA
| | - James E Galvin
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neuroscience, Development and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Craig S Atwood
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Yang S, Jia Y, Wu Z, Fu B, Zhou S, Pires LV, Cheng JC, Fang L. Activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor stimulates placental human chorionic gonadotropin expression through PKA-CREB signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112033. [PMID: 37506871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The placenta-secreted human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that plays a critical role in inducing ovarian progesterone production, which is required for maintaining normal pregnancy. The bioavailability of hCG depends on the expression of the beta-subunit of hCG (hCG-β) which is encoded by the chorionic gonadotropin beta (CGB) gene. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a membrane estrogen receptor involved in non-genomic estrogen signaling. Estradiol (E2) has been shown to stimulate hCG production. However, the role of the GPER in regulating CGB expression remains unknown. In the present study, our results revealed that treatment with G1 upregulated CGB expression in two human choriocarcinoma cell lines, BeWo and JEG-3, and primary human cytotrophoblast cells. In addition, G1 treatment activated the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Using a pharmacological inhibitor and siRNA-mediated knockdown approach, we showed that the stimulatory effect of G1 on CGB expression is mediated by the protein kinase A (PKA)-CREB signaling pathway. This study increases the understanding of the role of GPER in the human placenta. In addition, our results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms that mediate hCG expression, which may lead to the development of alternative therapeutic approaches for treating placental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhu Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingxin Fu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leticia Vicosa Pires
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Lund M, Pearson AC, Sage MAG, Duffy DM. Luteinizing hormone receptor promotes angiogenesis in ovarian endothelial cells of Macaca fascicularis and Homo sapiens†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:258-268. [PMID: 36214501 PMCID: PMC9930396 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis within the ovarian follicle is an important component of ovulation. New capillary growth is initiated by the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), and angiogenesis is well underway at the time of follicle rupture. LH-stimulated follicular production of vascular growth factors has been shown to promote new capillary formation in the ovulatory follicle. The possibility that LH acts directly on ovarian endothelial cells to promote ovulatory angiogenesis has not been addressed. For these studies, ovaries containing ovulatory follicles were obtained from cynomolgus macaques and used for histological examination of ovarian vascular endothelial cells, and monkey ovarian microvascular endothelial cells (mOMECs) were enriched from ovulatory follicles for in vitro studies. mOMECs expressed LHCGR mRNA and protein, and immunostaining confirmed LHCGR protein in endothelial cells of ovulatory follicles in vivo. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a ligand for LHCGR, increased mOMEC proliferation, migration and capillary-like sprout formation in vitro. Treatment of mOMECs with hCG increased cAMP, a common intracellular signal generated by LHCGR activation. The cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP increased mOMEC proliferation in the absence of hCG. Both the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 and the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 blocked hCG-stimulated mOMEC proliferation, suggesting that multiple G-proteins may mediate LHCGR action. Human ovarian microvascular endothelial cells (hOMECs) enriched from ovarian aspirates obtained from healthy oocyte donors also expressed LHCGR. hOMECs also migrated and proliferated in response to hCG. Overall, these findings indicate that the LH surge may directly activate ovarian endothelial cells to stimulate angiogenesis of the ovulatory follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Lund
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew C Pearson
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Megan A G Sage
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Diane M Duffy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Matta RA, Farrage HM, Saedii AA, Abdelrahman MM. Male subclinical hypogonadism and late-onset hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism: mechanisms, endothelial function, and interplay between reproductive hormones, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and endothelial dysfunction. Aging Male 2022; 25:72-87. [PMID: 35291927 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2022.2049744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis and endothelial function in subclinical hypogonadism (SCH) remain unclear. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) participates in atherosclerosis and reproduction. We explored the underlying mechanisms and interplay of endothelial dysfunction, unOC and reproductive hormones in SCH and primary late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS In the SCH, LOH, and healthy eugonadal male groups, we measured serum unOC, calculated luteinizing hormone/testosterone (LH/T), LH.T product, and estradiol/T (E/T) as indicators of impaired Leydig cells, androgen sensitivity index (ASI), and aromatase activity, respectively (LH set-point regulators), and assessed flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD%), carotid-intima media thickness (CIMT), and aortic stiffness (AS). RESULTS ↑LH/T, ↑ASI, ↓aromatase activity, normal T, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, ↑unOC, and enhanced atherosclerotic markers (↓FMD%, ↑CIMT, ↑AS) are characteristics of SCH. Testosterone was positively correlated with FMD% in SCH. The independent predictors were: SHBG and LH for FMD% and CIMT, respectively, and LH/T, ucOC, FSH, estradiol, and E/T ratio for AS in the LOH group; and LH for FMD% & AS and LH and LH/T for CIMT in all study subjects. CONCLUSIONS SCH is a distinct clinical entity characterized by impaired androgen sensitivity and aromatase activity, compensatory elevated unOC, endothelial dysfunction, and anti-atherogenic role of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa Abedelshaheed Matta
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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10
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Mann ON, Kong CS, Lucas ES, Brosens JJ, Hanyaloglu AC, Brighton PJ. Expression and function of the luteinizing hormone choriogonadotropin receptor in human endometrial stromal cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8624. [PMID: 35597810 PMCID: PMC9124191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human luteinising hormone choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) is a G-protein coupled receptor activated by both human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and luteinizing hormone (LH), two structurally related gonadotropins with essential roles in ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum. LHCGR expression predominates in ovarian tissues where it elicits functional responses through cyclic adenosine mononucleotide (cAMP), Ca2+ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling. LHCGR expression has also been localized to the human endometrium, with purported roles in decidualization and implantation. However, these observations are contentious. In this investigation, transcripts encoding LHCGR were undetectable in bulk RNA sequencing datasets from whole cycling endometrial tissue and cultured human endometrial stromal cells (EnSC). However, analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed cell-to-cell transcriptional heterogeneity, and we identified a small subpopulation of stromal cells with detectable LHCGR transcripts. In HEK-293 cells expressing recombinant LHCGR, both hCG and LH elicited robust cAMP, Ca2+ and ERK signals that were absent in wild-type HEK-293 cells. However, none of these responses were recapitulated in primary EnSC cultures. In addition, proliferation, viability and decidual transformation of EnSC were refractory to both hCG and LH, irrespective of treatment to induce differentiation. Although we challenge the assertion that LHCGR is expressed at a functionally active level in the human endometrium, the discovery of a discrete subpopulation of EnSC that express LHCGR transcripts may plausibly account for the conflicting evidence in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- O N Mann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - C-S Kong
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - E S Lucas
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.,Centre for Early Life, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - J J Brosens
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.,Centre for Early Life, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - A C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - P J Brighton
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Early Embryogenesis: Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031380. [PMID: 35163303 PMCID: PMC8835849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has four major isoforms: classical hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, free β subunit, and sulphated hCG. Classical hCG is the first molecule synthesized by the embryo. Its RNA is transcribed as early as the eight-cell stage and the blastocyst produces the protein before its implantation. This review synthetizes everything currently known on this multi-effect hormone: hCG levels, angiogenetic activity, immunological actions, and effects on miscarriages and thyroid function.
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Becsek A, Tzanidakis N, Blanco M, Schmicke M, Bollwein H. Transrectal three-dimensional fetal volumetry in early pregnant mares: Relationships between maternal factors and equine fetal volume measurements. Theriogenology 2021; 174:20-26. [PMID: 34416560 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal, hormonal, and fetal factors on early fetal volume (FV) measurements in mares obtained by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound. Furthermore, postpartum parameters were explored in regard to their association with early FV. For this purpose, 149 German warmblood mares that were artificially inseminated and confirmed to be pregnant between days 14-16 of gestation, were examined transrectally at day 45 ± 1 of gestation with the portable 3D ultrasound device Voluson® i (GE, Zipf, Austria). FV was calculated by using the extension software Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL™). Two different mixed linear models were used to analyze associations between the investigated maternal and fetal factors and the FV. Explanatory variables investigated in the first model were: maternal age, parity, maternal weight, and body condition score, type of pregnancy (recipient or biological mother), barren status (lactating or non-lactating), fetal sex, progesterone (P4) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) concentrations; and in the second model outcome variables such as gestational length, birth weight, placental weight, fetal sex, and abortion were included in the analysis. The final models revealed a significant relation between FV and eCG (b = 0.011, P = 0.030), as well as with P4 (b = -0.053, P = 0.016), but interestingly P4 was negatively related to FV. Fetal sex showed the most prominent effect on FV (b = -0.256, P = 0.039), with female fetuses being smaller than male fetuses. In the second model none of the investigated parameters were related to early FV except for fetal sex (b = -0.328, P = 0.047), again with female fetuses being smaller. In summary, it was found that FV is related with eCG, P4 and fetal sex, but was no suitable predicting factor for the investigated outcome parameters. Furthermore, the findings suggest that sex specific growth differences exist already in early gestation. The detailed biological mechanism by which P4 and eCG affect fetal size has to be investigated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Becsek
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolaos Tzanidakis
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Gestüt Lewitz, PS Pferdehaltung GmbH, Lewitzhof 1, 19306 Neustadt-Glewe, Germany.
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Gestüt Lewitz, PS Pferdehaltung GmbH, Lewitzhof 1, 19306 Neustadt-Glewe, Germany.
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Rattila S, Kleefeldt F, Ballesteros A, Beltrame JS, L Ribeiro M, Ergün S, Dveksler G. Pro-angiogenic effects of pregnancy-specific glycoproteins in endothelial and extravillous trophoblast cells. Reproduction 2021; 160:737-750. [PMID: 33065549 DOI: 10.1530/rep-20-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that binding to heparan sulfate (HS) is required for the ability of the placentally secreted pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 1 (PSG1) to induce endothelial tubulogenesis. PSG1 is composed of four immunoglobulin-like domains but which domains of the protein bind to HS remains unknown. To analyze the interaction of PSG1 with HS, we generated several recombinant proteins, including the individual domains, chimeric proteins between two PSG1 domains, and mutants. Using flow cytometric and surface plasmon resonance studies, we determined that the B2 domain of PSG1 binds to HS and that the positively charged amino acids encompassed between amino acids 43-59 are required for this interaction. Furthermore, we showed that the B2 domain of PSG1 is required for the increase in the formation of tubes by endothelial cells (EC) including a human endometrial EC line and two extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell lines and for the pro-angiogenic activity of PSG1 observed in an aortic ring assay. PSG1 enhanced the migration of ECs while it increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in EVTs, indicating that the pro-angiogenic effect of PSG1 on these two cell types may be mediated by different mechanisms. Despite differences in amino acid sequence, we observed that all human PSGs bound to HS proteoglycans and confirmed that at least two other members of the family, PSG6 and PSG9, induce tube formation. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pro-angiogenic activity of human PSGs and strongly suggest conservation of this function among all PSG family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemona Rattila
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Florian Kleefeldt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Ballesteros
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimena S Beltrame
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CONICET - School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria L Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CONICET - School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Fang L, Wang S, Han X, Gao Y, Li Y, Cheng JC, Sun YP. Amphiregulin stimulates human chorionic gonadotropin expression by inducing ERK1/2-mediated ID3 expression in trophoblast cells. Placenta 2021; 112:73-80. [PMID: 34329970 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.07.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a dimer consisting of an α subunit and a β subunit which is encoded by the CGB gene and is unique to hCG. hCG is a hormone mainly synthesized by syncytiotrophoblast cells in the placenta, plays a critical role in stimulating progesterone production that is necessary for maintaining normal pregnancy in the early stage. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family which has been shown to regulate various physiological and pathological events. In human chorionic villi and amniotic fluid, amphiregulin (AREG) is reported to be the most abundant EGFR ligand and can stimulate hCG expression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. METHODS We use BeWo cells, the commonly used cell model for the hCG production of trophoblast cells, as an in vitro model. The effects of AREG on CGB expression and hCG secretion as well as the underlying mechanisms were explored by a series of in vitro experiments. RESULTS We show that treatment with AREG stimulates CGB expression and hCG secretion. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we show that the stimulatory effects of AREG on CGB expression and hCG secretion are mediated by the EGFR-activated ERK1/2 signaling pathways. In addition, the expression of inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 3 (ID3) is upregulated by AREG. Knockdown of ID3 attenuates the AREG-induced upregulation of CGB expression and hCG secretion. DISCUSSION This study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms that mediate AREG-induced upregulation of hCG production in human trophoblast cells which may lead to the development of alternative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of placental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Boldeanu L, Dijmărescu AL, Radu M, Siloşi CA, Popescu-Drigă MV, Poenariu IS, Siloşi I, Boldeanu MV, Novac MB, Novac LV. The role of mediating factors involved in angiogenesis during implantation. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:665-672. [PMID: 33817707 PMCID: PMC8112745 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.3.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical component of normal implantation and placentation and underlines the importance of vascularization in early pregnancy. Differentiated expression of angiogenesis factors in different decision tissues during different stages of implantation, indicates their involvement in the regulation of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. Disorders in vascular development may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent abortions. The success of implantation, placentation and subsequent pregnancy evolution requires coordination of vascular development and adaptations at both sides of the maternal–fetal interface. The human implantation process is a continuous process, which begins with the apposition and attachment of the blastocyst to the apical surface of the luminal endometrial epithelium and continues throughout the first trimester of pregnancy until the extravillous trophoblast invades and remodels maternal vascularization. Numerous regulatory molecules play functional roles in many processes, including preparation of the endometrial stroma (decidualization), epithelium for implantation, control of trophoblastic adhesion and invasion. These regulatory molecules include cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, many of which are expressed by different cell types, having slightly different functions as the implant progresses
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Boldeanu
- Department of Immunology, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; , ,
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Motomura K, Romero R, Galaz J, Miller D, Done B, Arenas-Hernandez M, Garcia-Flores V, Tao L, Tarca AL, Gomez-Lopez N. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Modulates the Transcriptome of the Myometrium and Cervix in Late Gestation. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2246-2260. [PMID: 33650091 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a critical hormone for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. hCG administration prevents the onset of preterm labor in mice; yet, the transcriptomic changes associated with this tocolytic effect that take place in the myometrium and cervix have not been elucidated. Herein, we implemented both discovery and targeted approaches to investigate the transcriptome of the myometrium and cervix after hCG administration. Pregnant mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 IU of hCG on 13.0, 15.0, and 17.0 days post coitum, and the myometrium and cervix were collected. RNA sequencing was performed to determine differentially expressed genes, enriched biological processes, and impacted KEGG pathways. Multiplex qRT-PCR was performed to investigate the expression of targeted contractility- and inflammation-associated transcripts. hCG administration caused the differential expression of 720 genes in the myometrium. Among the downregulated genes, enriched biological processes were primarily associated with regulation of transcription. hCG administration downregulated key contractility genes, Gja1 and Oxtr, but upregulated the prostaglandin-related genes Ptgfr and Ptgs2 and altered the expression of inflammation-related genes in the myometrium. In the cervix, hCG administration caused differential expression of 3348 genes that were related to inflammation and host defense, among others. The downregulation of key contractility genes and upregulation of prostaglandin-related genes were also observed in the cervix. Thus, hCG exerts tocolytic and immunomodulatory effects in late gestation by altering biological processes in the myometrium and cervix, which should be taken into account when considering hCG as a potential treatment to prevent the premature onset of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bogdan Done
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Hasija A, Balyan K, Debnath E, V R, Kumar M. Prediction of hypertension in pregnancy in high risk women using maternal factors and serial placental profile in second and third trimester. Placenta 2021; 104:236-242. [PMID: 33450643 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the role of placental profile markers in second and third trimester of pregnancy in predicting hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in women at high risk of preeclampsia. METHOD Women who were at high risk of preeclampsia underwent βhCG, ultrasound assessment of placental length, thickness and its ratio, uterine artery Doppler at 20-24 weeks and 28-32 weeks of gestation, the outcome at delivery was noted. Those who developed HDP were cases and those with normal outcome were controls. The placental profile markers among cases and controls were compared. RESULTS Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was seen in 72/160 (45%) high risk women The serum β hCG levels at 20-24 weeks (p = 0.001) and 28-32 weeks (p = 0.018) was significantly high in women who had preeclampsia. Placental thickness was found to be less in among all subgroups of HDP, for preeclampsia, it was significantly low at 20-24 weeks (AUC- 0.743; sensitivity- 75%, specificity- 66.3%) and 28 weeks (AUC -0.764, sensitivity - 75.0% specificity - 78.7%). Uterine artery S/D ratio was considerable high in women with chronic hypertension (AUC -0.765), gestational hypertension (AUC -0.771) and preeclampsia (AUC -0.726) at 20-24 weeks. In preeclampsia group, uterine artery PI was highest and the best marker at 20-24 weeks (AUC -0.935, sensitivity - 100.0%, specificity - 87.6%). DISCUSSION The placental profile markers may be used to provide closer follow up in high risk pregnancies with abnormal placental profile levels, while less intense follow up in those with normal levels, thus channelizing the resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Hasija
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LHMC, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Balyan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LHMC, New Delhi, India
| | - Ekta Debnath
- Department of Biochemistry, LHMC, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi V
- Department of Statistics, LSR, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LHMC, New Delhi, India.
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Sayers NS, Anujan P, Yu HN, Palmer SS, Nautiyal J, Franks S, Hanyaloglu AC. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Induces Lipid Droplets via Gαi/o and β-Arrestin in an Endometrial Cancer Cell Line. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:798866. [PMID: 35185785 PMCID: PMC8850301 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.798866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and its G protein-coupled receptor, FSHR, represents a paradigm for receptor signaling systems that activate multiple and complex pathways. Classically, FSHR activates Gαs to increase intracellular levels of cAMP, but its ability to activate other G proteins, and β-arrestin-mediated signaling is well documented in many different cell systems. The pleiotropic signal capacity of FSHR offers a mechanism for how FSH drives multiple and dynamic downstream functions in both gonadal and non-gonadal cell types, including distinct diseases, and how signal bias may be achieved at a pharmacological and cell system-specific manner. In this study, we identify an additional mechanism of FSH-mediated signaling and downstream function in the endometrial adenocarcinoma Ishikawa cell line. While FSH did not induce increases in cAMP levels, this hormone potently activated pertussis toxin sensitive Gαi/o signaling. A selective allosteric FSHR ligand, B3, also activated Gαi/o signaling in these cells, supporting a role for receptor-mediated activation despite the low levels of FSHR mRNA. The low expression levels may attribute to the lack of Gαs/cAMP signaling as increasing FSHR expression resulted in FSH-mediated activation of the Gαs pathway. Unlike prior reports for FSH-mediated Gαs/cAMP signaling, FSH-mediated Gαi/o signaling was not affected by inhibition of dynamin-dependent receptor internalization. While chronic FSH did not alter cell viability, FSH was able to increase lipid droplet size. The β-arrestins are key adaptor proteins known to regulate FSHR signaling. Indeed, a rapid, FSH-dependent increase in interactions between β-arrestin1 and Gαi1 was observed via NanoBiT complementation in Ishikawa cells. Furthermore, both inhibition of Gαi/o signaling and siRNA knockdown of β-arrestin 1/2 significantly reduced FSH-induced lipid droplet accumulation, implying a role for a Gαi/o/β-arrestin complex in FSH functions in this cell type. As FSH/FSHR has been implicated in distinct hormone-dependent cancers, including endometrial cancer, analysis of the cancer genome database from 575 human endometrial adenocarcinoma tumors revealed that a subpopulation of samples expressed FSHR. Overall, this study highlights a novel mechanism for FSHR signal pleiotropy that may be exploited for future personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh S. Sayers
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Anujan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry N. Yu
- CanWell Pharma Inc., Wellesley, MA, United States
| | - Stephen S. Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jaya Nautiyal
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Franks
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aylin C. Hanyaloglu
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aylin C. Hanyaloglu,
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In Vitro Study on the Regulation of Annexin IV and VEGF by hCG in the Human Endometrium. Biochem Res Int 2020; 2020:8892930. [PMID: 33149950 PMCID: PMC7603560 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8892930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Whether changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and annexin IV during implantation are regulated through the LH/hCG-R needs further research. To investigate the mechanism of hCG on the expression of annexin IV and VEGF in human endometrial cells. Methods Endometrial cells were isolated and identified from human specimens. The proportion of glandular and epithelial cells was analyzed. Annexin IV and VEGF were analyzed by qRT-PCR (mRNA), western blot (proteins), and immunohistochemistry (proteins). Protein location was identified by immunohistochemistry. The cells were cultured with hCG, hCG/PD98059 (a MAPK inhibitor), or no treatment (control). Results The proportions between the glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells at inoculation and when adding hCG were 25.8 ± 0.2% and 27.8 ± 0.04%, respectively (P > 0.05). LH/hCG-R, annexin IV, and VEGF were found in the cytoplasm of endometrial cells. After 2, 6, 12, and 24 h of hCG treatment, compared with 1 h, VEGF mRNA was increased by 1.25-fold, 3.19-fold, 4.21-fold, and 4.86-fold and annexin IV by 2.23-fold, 3.37-fold, 5.14-fold, and 5.02-fold. Compared with the control group, annexin IV mRNA and protein were increased in the hCG and hCG/PD98059 groups (mRNA/protein: 1.99-fold/1.80-fold and 2.33-fold/1.93-fold, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, VEGF mRNA and protein were increased in the hCG group (mRNA/protein: 2.30-fold/1.86-fold), but not in the hCG/PD98059 group. Conclusion hCG could upregulate the mRNA and protein expression of annexin IV and VEGF. The upregulation of annexin IV by hCG could not be inhibited by PD98059, but the upregulation of VEGF by hCG could.
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Jing G, Yao J, Dang Y, Liang W, Xie L, Chen J, Li Z. The role of β-HCG and VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway in villi angiogenesis in patients with missed abortion. Placenta 2020; 103:16-23. [PMID: 33068962 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin beta (β-hCG) and the VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway on villi angiogenesis in early missed abortion. METHODS A total of 12 cases of women with missed abortion and 12 cases of women who had induced abortion voluntarily without any disease were included in the present study. The age, pregnancy time and gestation period in the control group corresponded to the missed abortion group. Wes Simple Western system and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway related proteins and genes in villous. Radioimmunoassay and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect β-hCG and VEGF levels in serum. The microvascular density (MVD) in villous tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The levels of β-hCG and VEGF in serum, the expression of VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway and MVD in villous tissue of the missed abortion group were lower than those of the control group. In addition, compared with the control group, the layers of trophoblasts of the villous tissue in the missed abortion group became thinner significantly, the number of cells reduced, the cell structures were disorganized, and parts of the trophoblast cells were absent. Correlational analysis showed that the protein expression of ERK1/2 was positively correlated with MVD in missed abortion group. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that decreased production of β-hCG in early pregnant women could down-regulate the expression of VEGF-MEK/ERK signal pathway, then reduce angiogenesis and eventually leading to the abnormal angiogenesis of villous, which may be an important mechanism of missed abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhuang Jing
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianling Yao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jingning Country, Lanzhou, 743400, China
| | - Yuhui Dang
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weitao Liang
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li'ao Xie
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhilan Li
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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21
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Corona G, Rastrelli G, Dicuio M, Concetti S, Minnetti M, Pivonello R, Isidori A, Sforza A, Maggi M. Subclinical male hypogonadism. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2020; 46:252-261. [PMID: 32969626 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of subclinical or compensated male hypogonadism (SHG), characterized by increased gonadotropins and normal testosterone levels is emerging. However, its real clinical significance is still conflicting. The aim of the present study was to summarize and discuss the available evidence related to the possible definition of SHG and the possible advantages of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive systematic Medline, Embase and Cochrane search was performed. Publications from January 1, 1969 up to February 29, 2020 were included. The search was restricted to English-language articles and studies of human participants. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Two main clinical forms of SHG can be described. The first identifies young patients who have a positive medical history for testis damage occurring before puberty onset. The second form can occur as a consequence of an age-dependent decline of T. Whereas the former can be the consequence of several congenital or acquired diseases, also possible causes of primary hypogonadism, the real significance of the latter is still debatable. Available evidence indicates that age-related SHG is quite a common phenomenon, occurring in 9.4% of aging men from the general population. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data have documented that it is associated with poor health and can be a sign of forthcoming increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. CONCLUSIONS Although available evidence suggests that in aging populations SHG can be considered a particular condition associated with an increased CV risk, it is still unknown if treatment with T can improve any outcomes in these subjects. Hence, further interventional studies are advisable to better understand the characteristics of SHG and the possible advantages of an early TRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Medical Department, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy -
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Dicuio
- Urology Unit, Surgical Department, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Sergio Concetti
- Urology Unit, Surgical Department, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Minnetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Unit of Andrology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Andrology, Reproductive Medicine and Male and Female Sexuality (FERTISEXCARES) Center, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sforza
- Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Medical Department, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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Cain A, Kost E, Hall K, Bell K, Mankus E, Murray A, McCann G. Pulmonary arterial venous malformations as primary manifestation of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2020; 34:100635. [PMID: 32984494 PMCID: PMC7493034 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2020.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique initial presentation of GTN as pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Metastatic GTN presenting as multiple visceral AVMs in the brain, liver, and lungs. Management of metastatic GTN with brain metastases with induction chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Cain
- University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center Long School of Medicine. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Edward Kost
- University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center Long School of Medicine. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Kevin Hall
- University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center Long School of Medicine. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Keeley Bell
- University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center Long School of Medicine. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Erin Mankus
- University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center Long School of Medicine. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Amanda Murray
- University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center Long School of Medicine. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Georgia McCann
- University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center Long School of Medicine. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
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23
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Biskup K, Blanchard V, Castillo-Binder P, Alexander H, Engeland K, Schug S. N- and O-glycosylation patterns and functional testing of CGB7 versus CGB3/5/8 variants of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) beta subunit. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:599-610. [PMID: 32767150 PMCID: PMC7501100 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classical function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is its role in supporting pregnancy. hCG is a dimer consisting of two highly glycosylated subunits, alpha (CGA) and beta (CGB). The beta-hCG protein is encoded by CGB3, CGB5, CGB7 and CGB8 genes. CGB3, 5 and 8 code for an identical protein, CGB3/5/8, whereas CGB7 differs in three amino acids from CGB3/5/8. We had observed earlier that CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 display very distinct tissue expression patterns and that the tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 can activate expression of CGB7 but not of CGB3/5/8 genes. Here, we investigate the glycan structures and possible functional differences of the two CGB variants. To this end, we established a system to produce and isolate recombinant CGA, CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 proteins. We found that N- and O-glycosylation patterns of CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 are quite similar. Functional assays were performed by testing activation of the ERK1/2 pathway and demonstrated that CGB7 and CGB5/5/8 appear to be functionally redundant isoforms, although a slight difference in the kinetics of ERK1/2 pathway activation was observed. This is the first time that biological activity of CGB7 is shown. In summary, the results lead to the hypothesis that CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 do not hold significant functional differences but that timing and cell type of their expression is the key for understanding their divergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Biskup
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paola Castillo-Binder
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Alexander
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sindy Schug
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Drwal E, Rak A, Tworzydło W, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. “Real life” polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures modulate hCG, hPL and hPLGF levels and disrupt the physiological ratio of MMP-2 to MMP-9 and VEGF expression in human placenta cell lines. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 95:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Gridelet V, Perrier d'Hauterive S, Polese B, Foidart JM, Nisolle M, Geenen V. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin: New Pleiotropic Functions for an "Old" Hormone During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:343. [PMID: 32231662 PMCID: PMC7083149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is the first specific molecule synthesized by the embryo. hCG RNA is transcribed as early as the eight-cell stage, and the blastocyst produces the protein before its implantation. hCG in the uterine microenvironment binds with its cognate receptor, luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), on the endometrial surface. This binding stimulates leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) production and inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by epithelial cells of the endometrium. These effects ensure essential help in the preparation of the endometrium for initial embryo implantation. hCG also effects angiogenic and immunomodulatory actions as reported in many articles by our laboratories and other ones. By stimulating angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, hCG provides the placenta with an adequate maternal blood supply and optimal embryo nutrition during the invasion of the uterine endometrium. The immunomodulatory properties of hCG are numerous and important for programming maternal immune tolerance toward the embryo. The reported effects of hCG on uterine NK, Treg, and B cells, three major cell populations for the maintenance of pregnancy, demonstrate the role of this embryonic signal as a crucial immune regulator in the course of pregnancy. Human embryo rejection for hCG-related immunological reasons has been studied in different ways, and a sufficient dose of hCG seems to be necessary to maintain maternal tolerance. Different teams have studied the addition of hCG in patients suffering from recurrent miscarriages or implantation failures. hCG could also have a beneficial or a negative impact on autoimmune diseases during pregnancy. In this review, we will discuss the immunological impacts of hCG during pregnancy and if this hormone might be used therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gridelet
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Assisted Medical Procreation, University of Liège, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Perrier d'Hauterive
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Assisted Medical Procreation, University of Liège, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Barbara Polese
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Center for Assisted Medical Procreation, University of Liège, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHR Citadelle, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Geenen
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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26
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Gallardo V, González M, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Role of heme oxygenase 1 and human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy associated diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Ohki Y, Yamada H, Taira Y, Kudaka W, Aoki Y. Methotrexate-induced hemothorax in a woman with low-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2019; 30:100517. [PMID: 31788529 PMCID: PMC6880130 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2019.100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
•Patients with invasive mole have a risk of bleeding to fragility and vascularity of the tumor.•Some patients may experience life-threatening bleeding.•Chemotherapy of patients with invasive/metastatic mole may induce bleeding.•In our patient with pulmonary metastatic mole, massive hemorrhage occurred 2 h after the first dose of MTX.•Our patient was successfully treated with partial resection of the bleeding tumor and additional 2 cycles of MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ohki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hisako Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yusuke Taira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Wataru Kudaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoichi Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Pregnancy, a challenging physiological state, requires shuffling of conventional immune work-sets. Strategies to tolerate the semi-allogenic fetus in normal human pregnancy are multivariate with perfect modulation of the immune cells. Pregnancy is marked by B cell lymphocytopenia accompanied by reduced responsiveness to infectious agents. Besides this old age concept, plenty of research confirms that B cells have other crucial roles in pregnancy and undergo a wide range of modifications in terms of its proliferation, switching between its subtypes, variation in antibody productions, shifting the tides of cytokines as well as regulating other immune cells. B cells establish tolerant environment in pregnancy by producing protective antibodies to encounter the foreign paternal antigens. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) have adopted anti-inflammatory characteristics to sustain normal pregnancy. Moreover, the colossal physiological alterations during human pregnancy also include synchronized changes in the cross-talks between the pregnancy hormones and B cells. These aspects of pregnancy from the view point of B cell functions have so far appeared individually in discrete reports. This review finds its novelty in concisely presenting every facet of association of B cell with human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Dutta
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Nazmul Haque
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
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29
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Abstract
Embryonic signals can affect the spatiotemporal-specific expression of the uterus to establish a successful pregnancy. Our previous study has found that talin1 underwent dynamic changes in the mouse endometrium during peri-implantation period. However, whether talin1 is affected by the embryo signals is not clear. In order to investigate the effect of embryonic signals, especially human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on talin1, we have designed mouse models of pseudopregnancy, delayed implantation and activation, and HCG treatment. Using these models, the expression of talin1 in the mouse endometrium was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. In the pseudopregnancy model, an increased expression of talin1 was found from day 3 to day 5, whereas the talin1 protein was decreased on day 5 in the normal pregnant mice. In the delayed implantation model, a strong cytoplasmic staining of talin1 was found, especially in stromal cells. However, after activation of the implantation, the expression of talin1 decreased (P < .05). Furthermore, a significantly lower expression of talin1 was found at the implantation site when compared to the interimplantation sites (P < .05). In the HCG treatment model, an intrauterine perfusion of 10u HCG significantly reduced the expression of talin1 in both stromal and epithelial cells in pseudopregnant mice (P < .05), although further increase in the HCG concentration did not have additional effect on expression of talin1. Taken together, our data suggest that the presence of embryos can affect expression of talin1 in the mouse endometrium, and a certain concentration of HCG can regulate its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- 1 Department of Reproductive Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- 2 Department of Gynecology, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, China
| | - Aiping Qin
- 1 Department of Reproductive Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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30
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Schug S, Baunacke A, Goeckenjan M, Horn LC, Pretzsch G, Zimmermann G, Alexander H. Endometrial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) expression is a marker for adequate secretory transformation of the endometrium. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 299:1727-1736. [PMID: 30955059 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful embryo implantation into the endometrium depends on embryonic characteristics and proper endometrial development. Reproductive medicine often focuses on embryo quality, whereas reliable diagnostic tests for endometrial receptivity are still needed. We previously found that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), one of the earliest proteins secreted by the embryo, was also expressed by the luteal phase endometrium around the implantation window. Here, we tested our hypothesis of endometrial hCG as an implantation marker. METHODS Endometrial biopsies and serum samples were taken from patients undergoing routine infertility diagnostics. Correlations of immunohistochemically detected endometrial hCG expression with adequate endometrial secretory transformation, the infiltration of CD45-positive leukocytes, clinical diagnostic parameters, and endometrial thickness were analyzed. RESULTS A highly significant correlation between the endometrial score, as a measurement for regular secretory transformation, and the intensity of hCG staining was found. The invasion of CD45-positive leukocytes increased with progressing endometrial secretory transformation and rising endometrial hCG expression. In addition, serum progesterone concentrations correlated with hCG expression by the endometrial glands. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest endometrial hCG as a possible diagnostic parameter characterizing the endometrial secretory transformation and, thus, possibly also its implantation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Schug
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Baunacke
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Goeckenjan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars-Christian Horn
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Breast, Gynecological and Perinatal Pathology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 24, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pretzsch
- Women's Hospital, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerolf Zimmermann
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Alexander
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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31
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Zhang T, Chen X, Wang CC, Li TC, Kwak-Kim J. Intrauterine infusion of human chorionic gonadotropin before embryo transfer in IVF/ET cycle: The critical review. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13077. [PMID: 30589989 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infusion of human chorionic gonadotropin (IUI-hCG) has been proposed to improve the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET), since it plays a critical role in synchronizing endometrial and fetal development. As the early mediator from embryo, hCG promotes the decidualization, angiogenesis, maternal immune tolerance, and trophoblast invasion, favoring successful implantation of embryo. Although multiple clinical trials have been conducted to verify the efficacy of IUI-hCG on IVF-ET outcome in recent years, the findings remained controversial. The difference in study design and population might be the cause to the different consequences after administration of hCG. More importantly, the endometrial receptivity, which might affect the efficacy of IUI-hCG, has not been assessed in women receiving this intervention. Selecting the right population suitable for IUI-hCG based on known etiology would be crucial in enhancing its efficacy and minimize any possible complications. Investigation of optimal indications for IUI-hCG should be highlighted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Shenzhen Youshare Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi-Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong
| | - Tin Chiu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois.,Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, Illinois
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32
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Duran CL, Abbey CA, Bayless KJ. Establishment of a three-dimensional model to study human uterine angiogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:74-93. [PMID: 29329415 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can primary human uterine microvascular endothelial cells (UtMVECs) be used as a model to study uterine angiogenic responses in vitro that are relevant in pregnancy? SUMMARY ANSWER UtMVECs demonstrated angiogenic responses when stimulated with proangiogenic factors, including sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), physiological levels of wall shear stress (WSS), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and various combinations of estrogen and progesterone. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY During sprouting angiogenesis, signaling from growth factors and cytokines induces a monolayer of quiescent endothelial cells (ECs) lining the vasculature to degrade the extracellular matrix and invade the surrounding tissue to form new capillaries. During pregnancy and the female reproductive cycle, the uterine endothelium becomes activated and undergoes sprouting angiogenesis to increase the size and number of blood vessels in the endometrium. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study was designed to examine the angiogenic potential of primary human UtMVECs using the well-characterized human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) line as a control to compare angiogenic potential. ECs were seeded onto three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrices, supplemented with known proangiogenic stimuli relevant to pregnancy and allowed to invade for 24 h. Sprouting responses were analyzed using manual and automated methods for quantification. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunostaining were used to characterize UtMVECs. Angiogenic responses were examined using 3D invasion assays. Western blotting was used to confirm signaling responses after proangiogenic lipid, pharmacological inhibitor, and recombinant lentiviral treatments. All experiments were repeated at least three times. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE After ensuring that UtMVECs expressed the proper endothelial markers, we found that UtMVECs invade 3D collagen matrices dose-dependently in response to known proangiogenic stimuli (e.g. S1P, VEGF, bFGF, hCG, estrogen, progesterone and WSS) present during early pregnancy. Invasion responses were positively correlated with phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK). Inhibition of these second messengers significantly impaired sprouting (P < 0.01). Gene silencing of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase using multiple approaches completely abrogated sprouting (P < 0.001). Finally, UtMVECs displayed a unique ability to undergo sprouting in response to hCG, and combined estrogen and progesterone treatment. LARGE SCALE DATA Not applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The study of uterine angiogenesis in vitro has limitations and any findings many not fully represent the in vivo state. However, these experiments do provide evidence for the ability of UtMVECs to be used in functional sprouting assays in a 3D environment, stimulated by physiological factors that are produced locally within the uterus during early pregnancy. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We show that UtMVECs can be used reliably to investigate how growth factors, hormones, lipids and other factors, such as flow, affect angiogenesis in the uterus. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by NIH award HL095786 to K.J.B. The authors have no conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 440 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 2128, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Colette A Abbey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 440 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 440 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 2128, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Interdisciplinary Faculty of Reproductive Biology, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 2471, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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33
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Lower rate of early pregnancy loss in patients experiencing early-onset low LH in GnRH antagonist cycles supplemented with menotropin. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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35
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Napso T, Yong HEJ, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1091. [PMID: 30174608 PMCID: PMC6108594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and metabolic systems of the mother. Failure to appropriately adjust maternal physiology to the pregnant state may result in pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes and abnormal birth weight, which can further lead to a range of medically significant complications for the mother and baby. The placenta, which forms the functional interface separating the maternal and fetal circulations, is important for mediating adaptations in maternal physiology. It secretes a plethora of hormones into the maternal circulation which modulate her physiology and transfers the oxygen and nutrients available to the fetus for growth. Among these placental hormones, the prolactin-growth hormone family, steroids and neuropeptides play critical roles in driving maternal physiological adaptations during pregnancy. This review examines the changes that occur in maternal physiology in response to pregnancy and the significance of placental hormone production in mediating such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Napso
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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36
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Chauhan M, Behera C, Madireddi S, Mandal S, Khanna SK. Sudden death due to an invasive mole in a young primigravida: Precipitous presentation masquerading the natural manner. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2018; 58:189-193. [PMID: 29969941 DOI: 10.1177/0025802418786120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary metastasis is a well-known complication of an invasive mole. However, sudden death due to haemoptysis resulting from a metastatic invasive mole is extremely rare. We report the sudden unexpected death of an 18-year-old primigravida following a molar pregnancy. The death event was complicated within a few days of presentation by a clinically unsuspected mole invading the lung vasculature with associated widespread metastatic calcifications in the liver and brain. Death was due to haemorrhagic shock as a result of massive haemoptysis resulting from the invasive mole metastasising to the pulmonary vasculature. This was substantiated with a post-mortem computed tomography and gross and histopathological findings at autopsy. This case highlights the need for a high index of suspicion about potentially life-threatening pulmonary metastasis in women with trophoblastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chauhan
- 1 Department of Forensic Medicine, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Haryana, India
| | - Chittaranjan Behera
- 2 Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreenivas Madireddi
- 3 Department of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Shramana Mandal
- 4 Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khanna
- 3 Department of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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37
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Rizov M, Andreeva P, Dimova I. Molecular regulation and role of angiogenesis in reproduction. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 56:127-132. [PMID: 28420494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for proper functioning of the female reproductive system and for successful pregnancy realization. The multitude of factors required for physiological angiogenesis and the complexity of regulation of their temporal-spatial activities contribute to aberrations in human fertilization and pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we reviewed the current knowledge of the temporal expression patterns, functions, and regulatory mechanisms of angiogenic factors during foliculogenesis, early implantation/placentation and embryo development, as well as recurrent spontaneous abortions. Angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factors and angiopoietins have documented roles in the development of primordial follicles into mature antral follicles. They also participate in decidualization, which is accompanied by the creation of an extensive network of vessels in the stromal bed that support the growth of the embryo and the placenta, and maintain early pregnancy. During placentation angiogenic and angiomodulatory cytokines, T and B lymphocytes and macrophages affect angiogenesis in a context-dependent manner. Defects in angiogenesis at the maternal-fetal interface contribute to miscarriage in humans. The establishment of more polymorphisms in the genes involved in angiogenesis/vasculogenesis, and their pathological phenotype and expression could give opportunities for prediction, creating a therapeutic strategy, and treatment of diseases related to female reproductive health and problematic conception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivanka Dimova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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38
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Tanik S, Zengin K, Albayrak S, Gurel A, Atar M, Sahin S, Tuzcu N, Tuzcu M, Imamoglu MA, Gurdal M. Assessment of therapeutic effect of human choriogonadotropin in a chemical cystitis model. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:229-235. [PMID: 28433069 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, female rats induced with chemical cystitis were administered the hormone human choriogonadotropin (HCG), and it was aimed to reveal the usefulness of HCG in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. The materials for this study were 32 Wistar albino female rats. The study groups were formed as follows: the cystitis group (Group 1), the cystitis + HCG protection group (Group 2), the cystitis + HCG treatment group (Group 3), and the control group (Group 4), with eight rats in each group. In this study, blood and urine samples were taken from the rats, they were euthanized, and their bladders were removed for glutathione, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma measurements. It was observed that tissue damage in Group 2 was lower than that in the other two groups. Glutathione levels in Groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher than in Groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.01). Malondialdehyde levels of Groups 2 and 4 were significantly lower than the values in Groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.001). When the cystitis groups were compared in terms of their interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, the lowest interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were detected in Group 3. It was found that HCG has positive effects on experimental cystitis in rats. This study revealed that HCG should be researched as a therapeutic agent and formed a step for studies to be carried out on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Tanik
- Department of Urology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | - Kürsad Zengin
- Department of Urology, Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyon, Turkey
| | | | - Abdullah Gurel
- Department of Urology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Atar
- Department of Urology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Sahin
- Department of Pathology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Nevin Tuzcu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Pathology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Mesut Gurdal
- Department of Urology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
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39
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Atwood CS, Hayashi K, Meethal SV, Gonzales T, Bowen RL. Does the degree of endocrine dyscrasia post-reproduction dictate post-reproductive lifespan? Lessons from semelparous and iteroparous species. GeroScience 2017; 39:103-116. [PMID: 28271270 PMCID: PMC5352586 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-reproductive lifespan varies greatly among species; human post-reproductive lifespan comprises ~30-50% of their total longevity, while semelparous salmon and dasyurid marsupials post-reproductive lifespan comprises <4% of their total longevity. To examine if the magnitude of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dyscrasia at the time of reproductive senescence determines post-reproductive lifespan, we examined the difference between pre- and post-reproductive (1) circulating sex hormones and (2) the ratio of sex steroids to gonadotropins (e.g., 17β-estradiol/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)), an index of the dysregulation of the HPG axis and the level of dyotic (death) signaling post-reproduction. Animals with a shorter post-reproductive lifespan (<4% total longevity) had a more marked decline in circulating sex steroids and corresponding elevation in gonadotropins compared to animals with a longer post-reproductive lifespan (30-60% total longevity). In semelparous female salmon of short post-reproductive lifespan (1%), these divergent changes in circulating hormone concentration post-reproduction equated to a 711-fold decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH between the reproductive and post-reproductive periods. In contrast, the decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH in iteroparous female mammals with long post-reproductive lifespan was significantly less (1.7-34-fold) post-reproduction. Likewise, in male semelparous salmon, the decrease in the ratio of testosterone/FSH (82-fold) was considerably larger than for iteroparous species (1.3-11-fold). These results suggest that (1) organisms with greater reproductive endocrine dyscrasia more rapidly undergo senescence and die, and (2) the contribution post-reproduction by non-gonadal (and perhaps gonadal) tissues to circulating sex hormones dictates post-reproductive tissue health and longevity. In this way, reproduction and longevity are coupled, with the degree of non-gonadal tissue hormone production dictating the rate of somatic tissue demise post-reproduction and the differences in post-reproductive lifespans between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Sivan Vadakkadath Meethal
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Tina Gonzales
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Richard L Bowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Chambers A, Fairbairn C, Gaudoin M, Mills W, Banerjee S. Premature and multiple births in IVF are associated with pretreatment circulating LH/hCG receptor concentration. HUM FERTIL 2016; 20:279-284. [DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2016.1260169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chambers
- Origin Biomarkers, Biocity Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Fairbairn
- GCRM Glasgow Centre For Reproductive Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Gaudoin
- GCRM Glasgow Centre For Reproductive Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Mills
- Origin Biomarkers, Biocity Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
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41
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Su M, Xu X, Wei W, Gao S, Wang X, Chen C, Zhang Y. Involvement of human chorionic gonadotropin in regulating vasculogenic mimicry and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:50. [PMID: 27346985 PMCID: PMC4919850 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can play a crucial role in angiogenesis. In the present study, we focused on hCG to gain insight into its potential effects on vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS Ovarian cancer OVCAR-3 cells were incubated with different concentrations of recombinant hCG in 3-dimensional cultures. VM was identified by morphological observations and vascular endothelial cell marker detection in OVCAR-3 cells. Expression of hCG, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and the endothelial cell markers CD31, VEGF, and factor VIII were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The effect of hCG on endothelial cell-marker expression in ovarian cancer cells was further explored using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and plasmid-based approaches. RESULTS Incubation of OVCAR-3 cells with recombinant hCG induced vessel-like network formation, which was accompanied by significant elevation of vascular marker expression. Attenuation of hCG expression by siRNA in OVCAR-3 cells suppressed the expression of endothelial cell markers and HIF-1α by tumour cells. Overexpression of hCG in OVCAR-3 cells resulted in increased expression of endothelial cell markers and HIF-1α. CONCLUSIONS HCG was crucial for changing the phenotype of OVCAR-3 cells to endothelial-like cells. The effect of hCG induction on VM in ovarian cancer cells is potentially associated with HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Rd, Nantong, 226001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Rd, Nantong, 226001 People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Rd, Nantong, 226001 People's Republic of China.,Changzhou 2nd People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Sainan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Rd, Nantong, 226001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- The Immunology Laboratory of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Caoyi Chen
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Rd, Nantong, 226001 People's Republic of China
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Furcron AE, Romero R, Mial TN, Balancio A, Panaitescu B, Hassan SS, Sahi A, Nord C, Gomez-Lopez N. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects at the Maternal-Fetal Interface and Prevents Endotoxin-Induced Preterm Birth, but Causes Dystocia and Fetal Compromise in Mice. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:136. [PMID: 27146032 PMCID: PMC4946806 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.139345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is implicated in the maintenance of uterine quiescence by down-regulating myometrial gap junctions during pregnancy, and it was considered as a strategy to prevent preterm birth after the occurrence of preterm labor. However, the effect of hCG on innate and adaptive immune cells implicated in parturition is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the immune effects of hCG at the maternal-fetal interface during late gestation, and whether this hormone can safely prevent endotoxin-induced preterm birth. Using immunophenotyping, we demonstrated that hCG has immune effects at the maternal-fetal interface (decidual tissues) by: 1) increasing the proportion of regulatory T cells; 2) reducing the proportion of macrophages and neutrophils; 3) inducing an M1 → M2 macrophage polarization; and 4) increasing the proportion of T helper 17 cells. Next, ELISAs were used to determine whether the local immune changes were associated with systemic concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and/or cytokines (IFNgamma, IL1beta, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12p70, KC/GRO, and TNFalpha). Plasma concentrations of IL1beta, but not progesterone, estradiol, or any other cytokine, were increased following hCG administration. Pretreatment with hCG prevented endotoxin-induced preterm birth by 44%, proving the effectiveness of this hormone as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, hCG administration alone caused dystocia and fetal compromise, as proven by Doppler ultrasound. These results provide insight into the mechanisms whereby hCG induces an anti-inflammatory microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface during late gestation, and demonstrate its effectiveness in preventing preterm labor/birth. However, the deleterious effects of this hormone on mothers and fetuses warrant caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy-Eunice Furcron
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Center for Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tara N Mial
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Amapola Balancio
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Aashna Sahi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Claire Nord
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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43
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Gao S, Fan C, Huang H, Zhu C, Su M, Zhang Y. Effects of HCG on human epithelial ovarian cancer vasculogenic mimicry formation in vivo. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:459-466. [PMID: 27347165 PMCID: PMC4907296 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality due to gynecological malignancy, and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation is correlated with poor prognosis. In a previous study, the present authors observed that human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) could promote VM formation in three-dimensional OVCAR-3 cell cultures. In order to investigate whether HCG could promote VM formation in ovarian cancer in vivo, the role of OVCAR-3 cells overexpressing or depleted of chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 5 (CGB5, which is the fifth subunit of β-HCG and was identified as the key part of HCG) were injected into nude mice in the present study, while BeWo cells were used as a positive control. The results demonstrated that overexpressed CGB5 promoted xenografts tumor formation in nude mice, and the results of hematoxylin and eosin and cluster of differentiation (CD)34-periodic acid-Schiff dual staining revealed that CGB5 promoted VM formation. Furthermore, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunochemistry staining demonstrated that the expression of the vascular markers CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor and factor VIII was also upregulated in the CGB5-overexpressing xenografts tumors. In addition, the expression of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), the receptor of CGB5, was increased in CGB5-overexpressing cells. In conclusion, CGB5 may promote tumor growth and VM formation via activation of the LHR signal transduction pathway, which may support a novel strategy for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Changlai Zhu
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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44
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Fournier T. Human chorionic gonadotropin: Different glycoforms and biological activity depending on its source of production. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:75-81. [PMID: 27177499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the first hormonal message from the placenta to the mother. It is detectable in maternal blood two days after implantation and behaves like a super LH agonist stimulating progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. In addition to maintaining the production of progesterone until the placenta itself produces it, hCG also has a role in myometrial quiescence and local immune tolerance. Specific to humans, hCG is a complex glycoprotein composed of two highly glycosylated subunits. The α-subunit is identical to the pituitary gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH, TSH), contains two N-glycosylation sites, and is encoded by a single gene (CGA). By contrast, the β-subunits are distinct for each hormones and confer both receptor and biological specificity, although LH and hCG bind to the same receptor (LH/CG-R). The hCG ß-subunit is encoded by a cluster of genes (CGB) and contains two sites of N-glycosylation and four sites of O-glycosylation. The hCG glycosylation state varies with the stage of pregnancy, its source of production and in the pathology. It is well established that hCG is mainly secreted into maternal blood, where it peaks at 8-10weeks of gestation (WG), by the syncytiotrophoblast (ST), which represents the endocrine tissue of the human placenta. The invasive extravillous trophoblast (iEVT) also secretes hCG, and in particular hyperglycosylated forms of hCG (hCG-H) also produced by choriocarcinoma cells. In maternal blood, hCG-H is elevated during early first trimester corresponding to the trophoblastic cell invasion process and then decreases. In addition to its endocrine role, hCG has autocrine and paracrine roles. It promotes formation of the ST and angiogenesis through LH/CG-R but has no effect on trophoblast invasion in vitro. By contrast, hCG-H stimulates trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis by interacting with the TGFß receptor in a LH/CG-R independent signalling pathway. hCG is largely used in antenatal screening and hCG-H might represent a serum marker of implantation and early trophoblast invasion. In conclusion, hCG is the major pregnancy glycoprotein hormone, whose maternal concentration and glycan structure change all along pregnancy. Depending on its source of production, glycoforms of hCG display different biological activities and functions that are essential for pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fournier
- Inserm, U1139, PremUp Foundation, université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU "Risk & pregnancy", 75006 Paris, France.
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Rao CV. Therapeutic Potential of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Against Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1451-1458. [PMID: 27004802 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116639139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis is a debilitating chronic bladder disease that primarily affects women. The disease is due to a damage of urothelial cell lining. As a result, potassium particles and other toxic substances in urine can leak into bladder mucosa, causing the symptoms of lower abdominal/pelvic discomfort, pain, increased urination frequency, urgency, nocturia, and so on, all of which can substantially reduce the quality of daily life. There are multiple symptom reliving therapies. Among them, only pentosan polysulfate sodium, sold under the brand name of Elmiron, has been approved for oral use by US Food and Drug Administration. It provides the relief after several months of use. Based on the scientific leads presented in this article, we propose that human chorionic gonadotropin has a therapeutic potential that is worth investigating for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Rao
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproduction and Development Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Chanawanno K, Kondeti V, Caporoso J, Paruchuri S, Leeper TC, Herrick RS, Ziegler CJ. Facile rhenium-peptide conjugate synthesis using a one-pot derived Re(CO)3 reagent. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:4729-35. [PMID: 26863280 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04694g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized two Re(CO)3-modified lysine complexes (1 and 2), where the metal is attached to the amino acid at the Nε position, via a one-pot Schiff base formation reaction. These compounds can be used in the solid phase synthesis of peptides, and to date we have produced four conjugate systems incorporating neurotensin, bombesin, leutenizing hormone releasing hormone, and a nuclear localization sequence. We observed uptake into human umbilical vascular endothelial cells as well as differential uptake depending on peptide sequence identity, as characterized by fluorescence and rhenium elemental analysis.
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Amand M, Erpicum C, Gilles C, Noël A, Rahmouni S. Functional Analysis of Dual-Specificity Protein Phosphatases in Angiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1447:331-49. [PMID: 27514814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3746-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic perspectives targeting angiogenesis in cancer stimulated an intense investigation of the mechanisms triggering and governing angiogenic processes. Several publications have highlighted the importance of typical dual-specificity phosphatases (DSPs) or MKPs in endothelial cells and their role in controlling different biological functions implicated in angiogenesis such as migration, proliferation, apoptosis, tubulogenesis, and cell adhesion. However, among atypical DSPs, the only one investigated in angiogenesis was DUSP3. We recently identified this DSP as a new key player in endothelial cells and angiogenesis. In this chapter we provide with detailed protocols and models used to investigate the role of DUSP3 in endothelial cells and angiogenesis. We start the chapter with an overview of the role of several DSPs in angiogenesis. We continue with providing a full description of a highly efficient transfection protocol to deplete DUSP3 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We next describe the major assays used to investigate different processes involved in angiogenesis such as tube formation assay, proliferation assay and spheroids sprouting assay. We finish the chapter by validating our results in DUSP3-knockout mice using in vivo angiogenesis assays such as Matrigel plug and Lewis lung carcinoma cell subcutaneous xenograft model followed by anti-CD31 immunofluorescence and ex vivo aortic ring assay. All methods described can be adapted to other phosphatases and signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Amand
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, 1, Avenue de l'hôpital, B34., 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Erpicum
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Gilles
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Souad Rahmouni
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, 1, Avenue de l'hôpital, B34., 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Sahoo S, Singh P, Kalha B, Singh O, Pal R. Gonadotropin-mediated chemoresistance: Delineation of molecular pathways and targets. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:931. [PMID: 26608647 PMCID: PMC4660813 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has essential roles in pregnancy. Reports linking hCG in non-trophoblastic tumors with poor patient prognosis has spurred interest in patho-physiological roles the hormone might play. Methods The ability of hCG to prevent tumor cell death and sustain viability in the presence of chemotherapeutic drugs was assessed and potential synergies with TLR ligands explored. hCG-induced up-modulation of genes involved in chemoresistance was documented and targets validated by siRNA knock-down. Whether hCG could drive collaboration between tumor cells and macrophages in the production of IL-6 and consequent chemoresistance was assessed. The effects of concurrent anti-hCG immunization and chemotherapy on the growth of syngeneic murine tumors were evaluated. Results hCG maintained basal levels of cytokine secretion by tumor cells exposed to chemotherapeutic drugs, and enhanced viability and proliferation; pre-treatment with hCG also decreased apoptosis, as assessed by Annexin-V binding and the cleavage of caspase 3. While co-incubation with hCG along with several TLR ligands mediated heightened chemo-resistance, TLR-2/6 and TLR-9 ligands increased the phosphorylation of JNK, and TLR-2 and TLR-8 ligands the phosphorylation of ERK in presence of hCG and curcumin, providing evidence of tri-molecular synergy. The hormone increased the transcription and/or expression of molecular intermediates (SURVIVIN, HIF-1α, PARP-1, Bcl-2, c-FLIP, KLK-10, XIAP, c-IAP-1) associated with chemo-resistance and increased levels of stress modulators (PON2, HO-1, HSP27 and NRF-2). siRNAs to SURVIVIN, NRF-2, HO-1 and HIF-1α attenuated hCG-mediated chemo-resistance. hCG-conditioned tumor cell supernatants induced heightened secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from peripheral blood adherent cells and secreted IL-6 imparted chemo-resistance to naïve tumor cells. Co-administration of curcumin along with an anti-hCG vaccine (hCGβ conjugated to Tetanus Toxoid (TT)) to mice carrying syngeneic tumors resulted in significantly enhanced benefits on animal survival; synergy was demonstrated between anti-hCG antibodies and curcumin in the reduction of tumor cell viability. Conclusions The data suggest that hCG, via direct as well as collaborative effects with TLR ligands and accessory cell-secreted cytokines, mediates chemo-resistance in gonadotropin-sensitive tumors and outlines the potential benefits of combination therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1938-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Sahoo
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi, Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Poonam Singh
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi, Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Beneeta Kalha
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi, Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Om Singh
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi, Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Rahul Pal
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi, Delhi-110067, India.
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. The endocrine dyscrasia that accompanies menopause and andropause induces aberrant cell cycle signaling that triggers re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle, neurodysfunction, neurodegeneration and cognitive disease. Horm Behav 2015; 76:63-80. [PMID: 26188949 PMCID: PMC4807861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Sex hormones are physiological factors that promote neurogenesis during embryonic and fetal development. During childhood and adulthood these hormones support the maintenance of brain structure and function via neurogenesis and the formation of dendritic spines, axons and synapses required for the capture, processing and retrieval of information (memories). Not surprisingly, changes in these reproductive hormones that occur with menopause and during andropause are strongly correlated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In this connection, much evidence now indicates that Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical, neuropathological and cognitive changes observed with disease progression. Intriguingly, a recent animal study has demonstrated that induction of adult neurogenesis results in the loss of previously encoded memories while decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation during infancy mitigated forgetting. Here we review the biochemical, epidemiological and clinical evidence that alterations in sex hormone signaling associated with menopause and andropause drive the aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into an abortive cell cycle that leads to neurite retraction, neuron dysfunction and neuron death. When the reproductive axis is in balance, gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH), and its fetal homolog, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), promote pluripotent human and totipotent murine embryonic stem cell and neuron proliferation. However, strong evidence supports menopausal/andropausal elevations in the LH:sex steroid ratio as driving aberrant mitotic events. These include the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor; amyloid-β precursor protein processing towards the production of mitogenic Aβ; and the activation of Cdk5, a key regulator of cell cycle progression and tau phosphorylation (a cardinal feature of both neurogenesis and neurodegeneration). Cognitive and biochemical studies confirm the negative consequences of a high LH:sex steroid ratio on dendritic spine density and human cognitive performance. Prospective epidemiological and clinical evidence in humans supports the premise that rebalancing the ratio of circulating gonadotropins:sex steroids reduces the incidence of AD. Together, these data support endocrine dyscrasia and the subsequent loss of cell cycle control as an important etiological event in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including AD, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia.
| | - Richard L Bowen
- OTB Research, 217 Calhoun St, Unit 1, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Costa MA. The endocrine function of human placenta: an overview. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 32:14-43. [PMID: 26615903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the placenta is one of these critical pregnancy events. This organ plays essential roles during gestation, including fetal nourishment, support and protection, gas exchange and production of several hormones and other mediators. Placental hormones are mainly secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast, in a highly and tightly regulated way. These hormones are important for pregnancy establishment and maintenance, exerting autocrine and paracrine effects that regulate decidualization, placental development, angiogenesis, endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, immunotolerance and fetal development. In addition, because they are released into maternal circulation, the profile of their blood levels throughout pregnancy has been the target of intense research towards finding potential robust and reliable biomarkers to predict and diagnose pregnancy-associated complications. In fact, altered levels of these hormones have been associated with some pathologies, such as chromosomal anomalies or pre-eclampsia. This review proposes to revise and update the main pregnancy-related hormones, addressing their major characteristics, molecular targets, function throughout pregnancy, regulators of their expression and their potential clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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