1
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Gou Y, Zhao A, Qin T, Yang B. Identification of the Neointimal Hyperplasia-Related LncRNA-mRNA-Immune Cell Regulatory Network in a Rat Carotid Artery Balloon Injury Model. Int Heart J 2024; 65:945-955. [PMID: 39261031 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.24-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Excessive neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) of coronary vessels in patients is the main cause of restenosis (RS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study aimed to identify the regulatory genes related to NIH in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model.We established a rat model and performed RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) and differentially expressed message RNAs (DEmRNAs). Immune cells were analyzed using a murine Microenvironment Cell Population counter. The Pearson correlation between DEmRNAs, DElncRNAs, and immune cells was analyzed, followed by function enrichment analysis. Core DEmRNA was identified using Cytoscape. Next, a core lncRNAs-mRNAs-immune cell regulatory network was constructed. NIH-related gene sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus and GeneCards databases were used for validation.A total of 2,165 DEmRNAs and 705 DElncRNAs were identified in rat carotid artery tissue. Four key immune cells were screened out, including mast cells, vessels, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Based on the Pearson correlation between DEmRNAs, DElncRNAs and 4 key immune cells, 246 DEmRNAs and 93 DElncRNAs were obtained. DEmRNAs that interact with lncRNAs were mainly involved in the cell cycle, MAPK signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. A core lncRNA-mRNA-immune cell regulatory network was constructed, including 9 mRNAs, 4 lncRNAs, and fibroblasts. External datasets validation confirmed the significant correlation of both these mRNAs and lncRNAs with NIH.In this study, an lncRNA-mRNA-immune cell regulatory network related to NIH was constructed, which provided clues for exploring the potential mechanism of RS in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining Medical University Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
| | - Anli Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining Medical University Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
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2
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Role of smooth muscle progenitor cells in vascular mechanical injury and repair. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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Yang J, Sun M, Cheng R, Tan H, Liu C, Chen R, Zhang J, Yang Y, Gao X, Huang L. Pitavastatin activates mitophagy to protect EPC proliferation through a calcium-dependent CAMK1-PINK1 pathway in atherosclerotic mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:124. [PMID: 35145192 PMCID: PMC8831604 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins play a major role in reducing circulating cholesterol levels and are widely used to prevent coronary artery disease. Although they are recently confirmed to up-regulate mitophagy, little is known about the molecular mechanisms and its effect on endothelial progenitor cell (EPC). Here, we explore the role and mechanism underlying statin (pitavastatin, PTV)-activated mitophagy in EPC proliferation. ApoE−/− mice are fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. In these mice, EPC proliferation decreases and is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy impairment via the PINK1-PARK2 pathway. PTV reverses mitophagy and reduction in proliferation. Pink1 knockout or silencing Atg7 blocks PTV-induced proliferation improvement, suggesting that mitophagy contributes to the EPC proliferation increase. PTV elicits mitochondrial calcium release into the cytoplasm and further phosphorylates CAMK1. Phosphorylated CAMK1 contributes to PINK1 phosphorylation as well as mitophagy and mitochondrial function recover in EPCs. Together, our findings describe a molecular mechanism of mitophagy activation, where mitochondrial calcium release promotes CAMK1 phosphorylation of threonine177 before phosphorylation of PINK1 at serine228, which recruits PARK2 and phosphorylates its serine65 to activate mitophagy. Our results further account for the pleiotropic effects of statins on the cardiovascular system and provide a promising and potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Endothelial progenitor cell (EPCs) proliferation decreased, accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy impairment via the PINK1-PARK2 pathway in atherosclerosis. Statins induce mitophagy to protect EPCs by mitochondrial calcium release and CAMK1-mediated PINK1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjia Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Tan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Renzheng Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jihang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanqi Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xubin Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China. .,Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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4
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Sakihama H, Lee GR, Chin BY, Csizmadia E, Gallo D, Qi Y, Gagliani N, Wang H, Bach FH, Otterbein LE. Carbon Monoxide Suppresses Neointima Formation in Transplant Arteriosclerosis by Inhibiting Vascular Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1915-1927. [PMID: 33853347 PMCID: PMC8159904 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/transplantation
- Arteriosclerosis/enzymology
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/prevention & control
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Carbon Monoxide/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heme Oxygenase-1/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase-1/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/enzymology
- Stem Cells/pathology
- Transplantation Chimera
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyasu Sakihama
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ghee Rye Lee
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215
| | | | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - David Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Yilin Qi
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Germany
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Fritz H. Bach
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Leo E. Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215
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5
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Xia LZ, Tao J, Chen YJ, Liang LL, Luo GF, Cai ZM, Wang Z. Factors Affecting the Re-Endothelialization of Endothelial Progenitor Cell. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1009-1025. [PMID: 34061680 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium, which plays an essential role in maintaining the normal shape and function of blood vessels, is a natural barrier between the circulating blood and the vascular wall tissue. The endothelial damage can cause vascular lesions, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. After the vascular intima injury, the body starts the endothelial repair (re-endothelialization) to inhibit the neointimal hyperplasia. Endothelial progenitor cell is the precursor of endothelial cells and plays an important role in the vascular re-endothelialization. However, re-endothelialization is inevitably affected in vivo and in vitro by factors, which can be divided into two types, namely, promotion and inhibition, and act on different links of the vascular re-endothelialization. This article reviews these factors and related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Zhen Xia
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ling-Li Liang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Gui-Fang Luo
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ze-Min Cai
- Pediatrics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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6
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Duddu S, Chakrabarti R, Ghosh A, Shukla PC. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transcription Factors in Cardiovascular Pathology. Front Genet 2020; 11:588602. [PMID: 33193725 PMCID: PMC7596349 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.588602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors as multifaceted modulators of gene expression that play a central role in cell proliferation, differentiation, lineage commitment, and disease progression. They interact among themselves and create complex spatiotemporal gene regulatory networks that modulate hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and conditional differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into cells of cardiovascular lineage. Additionally, bone marrow-derived stem cells potentially contribute to the cardiovascular cell population and have shown potential as a therapeutic approach to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are currently debatable. This review focuses on some key transcription factors and associated epigenetic modifications that modulate the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells. In addition to this, we aim to summarize different potential clinical therapeutic approaches in cardiac regeneration therapy and recent discoveries in stem cell-based transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Praphulla Chandra Shukla
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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7
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Buglak NE, Bahnson ESM. A Rat Carotid Artery Pressure-Controlled Segmental Balloon Injury with Periadventitial Therapeutic Application. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32716387 DOI: 10.3791/60473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, in part due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque narrows the luminal surface area in arteries thereby reducing adequate blood flow to organs and distal tissues. Clinically, revascularization procedures such as balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement aim to restore blood flow. Although these procedures reestablish blood flow by reducing plaque burden, they damage the vessel wall, which initiates the arterial healing response. The prolonged healing response causes arterial restenosis, or re-narrowing, ultimately limiting the long-term success of these revascularization procedures. Therefore, preclinical animal models are integral for analyzing the pathophysiological mechanisms driving restenosis, and provide the opportunity to test novel therapeutic strategies. Murine models are cheaper and easier to operate on than large animal models. Balloon or wire injury are the two commonly accepted injury modalities used in murine models. Balloon injury models in particular mimic the clinical angioplasty procedure and cause adequate damage to the artery for the development of restenosis. Herein we describe the surgical details for performing and histologically analyzing the modified, pressure-controlled rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Additionally, this protocol highlights how local periadventitial application of therapeutics can be used to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Lastly, we present light sheet fluorescence microscopy as a novel approach for imaging and visualizing the arterial injury in three-dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Buglak
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Edward S M Bahnson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
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8
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A Novel High-Throughput Screening Platform Identifies Itaconate Derivatives from Marine Penicillium antarcticum as Inhibitors of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040192. [PMID: 32260516 PMCID: PMC7230868 DOI: 10.3390/md18040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide diffused diseases such as osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis or chronic kidney disease are associated with a tissue calcification process which may involve unexpected local stem cell differentiation. Current pharmacological treatments for such musculoskeletal conditions are weakly effective, sometimes extremely expensive and often absent. The potential to develop new therapies is represented by the discovery of small molecules modulating resident progenitor cell differentiation to prevent aberrant tissue calcification. The marine environment is a rich reserve of compounds with pharmaceutical potential and many novel molecules are isolated from macro and microorganisms annually. The potential of small molecules synthetized by marine filamentous fungi to influence the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) was investigated using a novel, high-throughput automated screening platform. Metabolites synthetized by the marine-derived fungus Penicillium antarcticum were evaluated on the platform. Itaconic acid derivatives were identified as inhibitors of calcium elaboration into the matrix of osteogenically differentiated hMSCs and also inhibited hMSC chondrogenic differentiation, highlighting their capacity to impair ectopic calcification. Bioactive small molecule discovery is critical to address ectopic tissue calcification and the use of biologically relevant assays to identify naturally occurring metabolites from marine sources represents a strategy that can contribute to this effort.
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9
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Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3549312. [PMID: 30405738 PMCID: PMC6201497 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3549312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are used widely for preventing intimal hyperplasia (IH), a common cardiovascular disease. Four different cells initiate and progress IH, namely, vascular smooth muscle, adventitial and endothelial cells, and circulation or bone marrow-derived cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a critical role in initiation and development of intimal thickening and formation of neointimal hyperplasia. In this review, we describe the different originating cells involved in vascular IH and emphasize the effect of different natural products on inhibiting abnormal cellular functions, such as VSMC proliferation and migration. We further present a classification for the different natural products like phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids that suppress VSMC growth. Abnormal VSMC physiology involves disturbance in MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, JAK-STAT, FAK, and NF-κB signal pathways. Most of the natural isolate studies have revealed G1/S phase of cell cycle arrest, decreased ROS production, induced cell apoptosis, restrained migration, and downregulated collagen deposition. It is necessary to screen optimal drugs from natural sources that preferentially inhibit VSMC rather than vascular endothelial cell growth to prevent early IH, restenosis following graft implantation, and atherosclerotic diseases.
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10
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Leszczynska A, Murphy JM. Vascular Calcification: Is it rather a Stem/Progenitor Cells Driven Phenomenon? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:10. [PMID: 29479528 PMCID: PMC5811524 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) has witnessed a surge of interest. Vasculature is virtually an omnipresent organ and has a notably high capacity for repair throughout embryonic and adult life. Of the vascular diseases, atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality on account of ectopic cartilage and bone formation. Despite the identification of a number of risk factors, all the current theories explaining pathogenesis of VC in atherosclerosis are far from complete. The most widely accepted response to injury theory and smooth muscle transdifferentiation to explain the VC observed in atherosclerosis is being challenged. Recent focus on circulating and resident progenitor cells in the vasculature and their role in atherogenesis and VC has been the driving force behind this review. This review discusses intrinsic cellular players contributing to fate determination of cells and tissues to form ectopic cartilage and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leszczynska
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - J Mary Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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11
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Deficiency of TLR4 homologue RP105 aggravates outward remodeling in a murine model of arteriovenous fistula failure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10269. [PMID: 28860634 PMCID: PMC5578984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous access dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity for hemodialysis patients. The pathophysiology of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation failure is associated with inflammation, impaired outward remodeling (OR) and intimal hyperplasia. RP105 is a critical physiologic regulator of TLR4 signaling in numerous cell types. In the present study, we investigated the impact of RP105 on AVF maturation, and defined cell-specific effects of RP105 on macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Overall, RP105−/− mice displayed a 26% decrease in venous OR. The inflammatory response in RP105−/− mice was characterized by accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages, a 76% decrease in pro- inflammatory macrophages, a 70% reduction in T-cells and a 50% decrease in MMP-activity. In vitro, anti-inflammatory macrophages from RP105−/− mice displayed increased IL10 production, while MCP1 and IL6 levels secreted by pro-inflammatory macrophages were elevated. VSMC content in RP105−/− AVFs was markedly decreased. In vitro, RP105−/− venous VSMCs proliferation was 50% lower, whereas arterial VSMCs displayed a 50% decrease in migration, relative to WT. In conclusion, the impaired venous OR in RP105−/− mice could result from of a shift in both macrophages and VSMCs towards a regenerative phenotype, identifying a novel relationship between inflammation and VSMC function in AVF maturation.
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12
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Richards J, Ogoe HA, Li W, Babayewa O, Xu W, Bythwood T, Garcia-Barrios M, Ma L, Song Q. DNA Methylation Signature of Post-injury Neointimal Cells During Vascular Remodeling in the Rat Balloon Injury Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 27857867 PMCID: PMC5110257 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9547.1000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) accumulation in the neointimal is a common feature in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, transplant arteriosclerosis and restenosis. In this study, we isolated the neointimal cells and uninjured residential vascular smooth muscle cells by laser micro dissection and carried out single-cell whole-genome methylation sequencing. We also sequenced the bisulfite converted genome of circulating bone-marrow-derived cells such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC). We found totally 2,360 differential methylation sites (DMS) annotated to 1,127 gene regions. The majority of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were located in intergenic regions, outside those CpG islands and island shores. Interestingly, exons have less DMRs than promotors and introns, and CpG islands contain more DMRs than islands shores. Pearson correlation analysis showed a clear clustering of neointimal cells with PBMC/BMMC. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially methylated CpG sites revealed that many genes were important for regulation of VSMC differentiation and stem cell maintenance. In conclusion, our results showed that neointimal cells are more similar to the progenitor cells in methylation profile than the residential VSMCs at the 30th day after the vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jendai Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Henry Ato Ogoe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Oguljahan Babayewa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tameka Bythwood
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrios
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 4DGenome Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qing Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 4DGenome Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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13
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Chen PY, Qin L, Li G, Tellides G, Simons M. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-dependent smooth muscle cell phenotype modulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33407. [PMID: 27634335 PMCID: PMC5025753 DOI: 10.1038/srep33407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in normal blood vessels exist in a highly differentiate state characterized by expression of SMC-specific contractile proteins ("contractile phenotype"). Following blood vessel injury in vivo or when cultured in vitro in the presence of multiple growth factors, SMC undergo a phenotype switch characterized by the loss of contractile markers and appearance of expression of non-muscle proteins ("proliferative phenotype"). While a number of factors have been reported to modulate this process, its regulation remains uncertain. Here we show that induction of SMC FGF signaling inhibits TGFβ signaling and converts contractile SMCs to the proliferative phenotype. Conversely, inhibition of SMC FGF signaling induces TGFβ signaling converting proliferating SMCs to the contractile phenotype, even in the presence of various growth factors in vitro or vascular injury in vivo. The importance of this signaling cross-talk is supported by in vivo data that show that an SMC deletion of a pan-FGF receptor adaptor Frs2α (fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 alpha) in mice profoundly reduces neointima formation and vascular remodelling following carotid artery ligation. These results demonstrate that FGF-TGFβ signaling antagonism is the primary regulator of the SMC phenotype switch. Manipulation of this cross-talk may be an effective strategy for treatment of SMC-proliferation related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guangxin Li
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, China
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Chen PY, Qin L, Li G, Tellides G, Simons M. Smooth muscle FGF/TGFβ cross talk regulates atherosclerosis progression. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:712-28. [PMID: 27189169 PMCID: PMC4931287 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from contractile to proliferative phenotype is thought to play an important role in atherosclerosis. However, the contribution of this process to plaque growth has never been fully defined. In this study, we show that activation of SMC TGFβ signaling, achieved by suppression of SMC fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling input, induces their conversion to a contractile phenotype and dramatically reduces atherosclerotic plaque size. The FGF/TGFβ signaling cross talk was observed in vitro and in vivo In vitro, inhibition of FGF signaling increased TGFβ activity, thereby promoting smooth muscle differentiation and decreasing proliferation. In vivo, smooth muscle-specific knockout of an FGF receptor adaptor Frs2α led to a profound inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque growth when these animals were crossed on Apoe(-/-) background and subjected to a high-fat diet. In particular, there was a significant reduction in plaque cellularity, increase in fibrous cap area, and decrease in necrotic core size. In agreement with these findings, examination of human coronary arteries with various degrees of atherosclerosis revealed a strong correlation between the activation of FGF signaling, loss of TGFβ activity, and increased disease severity. These results identify SMC FGF/TGFβ signaling cross talk as an important regulator of SMC phenotype switch and document a major contribution of medial SMC proliferation to atherosclerotic plaque growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guangxin Li
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Lin C, Yuan Y, Courtman DW. Differentiation of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells Is Regulated by PDGF-BB and Collagen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156935. [PMID: 27258003 PMCID: PMC4892566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are key regulators of vascular disease and circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells may play important roles in vascular repair or remodelling. We developed enhanced protocols to derive smooth muscle progenitors from murine bone marrow and tested whether factors that are increased in atherosclerotic plaques, namely platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and monomeric collagen, can influence the smooth muscle specific differentiation, proliferation, and survival of mouse bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. During a 21 day period of culture, bone marrow cells underwent a marked increase in expression of the SMC markers α-SMA (1.93 ± 0.15 vs. 0.0008 ± 0.0003 (ng/ng GAPDH) at 0 d), SM22-α (1.50 ± 0.27 vs. 0.005 ± 0.001 (ng/ng GAPDH) at 0 d) and SM-MHC (0.017 ± 0.004 vs. 0.001 ± 0.001 (ng/ng GAPDH) at 0 d). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation experiments showed that in early culture, the smooth muscle progenitor subpopulation could be identified by high proliferative rates prior to the expression of smooth muscle specific markers. Culture of fresh bone marrow or smooth muscle progenitor cells with PDGF-BB suppressed the expression of α-SMA and SM22-α, in a rapidly reversible manner requiring PDGF receptor kinase activity. Progenitors cultured on polymerized collagen gels demonstrated expression of SMC markers, rates of proliferation and apoptosis similar to that of cells on tissue culture plastic; in contrast, cells grown on monomeric collagen gels displayed lower SMC marker expression, lower growth rates (319 ± 36 vs. 635 ± 97 cells/mm2), and increased apoptosis (5.3 ± 1.6% vs. 1.0 ± 0.5% (Annexin 5 staining)). Our data shows that the differentiation and survival of smooth muscle progenitors are critically affected by PDGF-BB and as well as the substrate collagen structure.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Becaplermin
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/ultrastructure
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/pharmacology
- Female
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/ultrastructure
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/pharmacology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lin
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yifan Yuan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W. Courtman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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RhoA determines lineage fate of mesenchymal stem cells by modulating CTGF-VEGF complex in extracellular matrix. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11455. [PMID: 27126736 PMCID: PMC4855537 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) participate in the repair/remodelling of many tissues, where MSCs commit to different lineages dependent on the cues in the local microenvironment. Here we show that TGFβ-activated RhoA/ROCK signalling functions as a molecular switch regarding the fate of MSCs in arterial repair/remodelling after injury. MSCs differentiate into myofibroblasts when RhoA/ROCK is turned on, endothelial cells when turned off. The former is pathophysiologic resulting in intimal hyperplasia, whereas the latter is physiological leading to endothelial repair. Further analysis revealed that MSC RhoA activation promotes formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) complex consisting of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inactivation of RhoA/ROCK in MSCs induces matrix metalloproteinase-3-mediated CTGF cleavage, resulting in VEGF release and MSC endothelial differentiation. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which cell–ECM interactions determine stem cell lineage specificity and offer additional molecular targets to manipulate MSC-involved tissue repair/regeneration. It is unclear what regulates the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in arterial repair following injury. Here, the authors show that MSC differentiation following injury is triggered by RhoA which in turn stimulates the release of connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.
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17
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Migration of smooth muscle cells from the arterial anastomosis of arteriovenous fistulas requires Notch activation to form neointima. Kidney Int 2015; 88:490-502. [PMID: 25786100 PMCID: PMC4677993 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A major factor contributing to failure of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) is migration of smooth muscle cells into the forming neointima. To identify the source of smooth muscle cells in neointima, we created end-to-end AVFs by anastomosing the common carotid artery to the jugular vein and studied neural crest-derived smooth muscle cells from the carotid artery which are Wnt1-positive during development. In Wnt1-cre-GFP mice, smooth muscle cells in the carotid artery but not the jugular vein are labeled with GFP. About half of the cells were GFP-positive in the neointima indicating their migration from the carotid artery to the jugular vein in AVFs created in these mice. Since fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1) regulates smooth muscle cell migration, we examined FSP-1 in failed AVFs and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts from patients with ESRD or from AVFs in mice with chronic kidney disease. In smooth muscle cells of AVFs or PTFE grafts, FSP-1 and activation of Notch1 are present. In smooth muscle cells, Notch1 increased RBP-Jκ transcription factor activity and RBP-Jκ stimulated FSP-1 expression. Conditional knockout of RBP-Jκ in smooth muscle cells or general knockout of FSP-1, suppressed neointima formation in AVFs in mice. Thus, the artery of AVFs is the major source of smooth muscle cells during neointima formation. Knockout of RBP-Jκ or FSP-1 ameliorates neointima formation and might improve AVF patency during long-term follow up.
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18
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Abstract
Microgliosis is an intense reaction of CNS microglia to pathogenic insults. One of the characteristic features of microgliosis is an increase in the number of activated microglia at the site of lesion. Ontogenically, microglia are considered to be of mesodermal lineage in the adult CNS, but the origin of the accumulated microglia in pathological conditions remains controversial. Some studies indicate that circulating cells from the bloodstream can infiltrate the CNS and contribute to microglial pool, but some studies suggest that local expansion of reactive microglia is the sole source for parenchymal microglia. Recent data suggest that latent progenitors may also exist in the CNS. Available evidence suggests that multiple sources of microglia may exist under various neurological conditions. In this review, we compare the prevalent views and supporting evidence from different experimental models and provide an overview on the origins of microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Liang M, Liang A, Wang Y, Jiang J, Cheng J. Smooth muscle cells from the anastomosed artery are the major precursors for neointima formation in both artery and vein grafts. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:431. [PMID: 25107324 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) results in neointima formation in injured vessels. Two graft models consisting of vein and artery grafts were created by anastomosing common carotid arteries to donor vessels. To identify the origin of the neointima cells from anastomosed arteries, we use Wnt1-Cre/reporter mice to label and track SMCs in the common carotid artery. The contribution of SMCs in the neighboring arteries to neointima formation was studied. On evaluating the artery grafts after 1 month, >90 % of the labeled neointima cells were found to have originated from the anastomosing host arteries. Most of the neointima cells were also smooth muscle α-actin positive (SMA-α(+)) and expressed the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), the SMC terminal differentiation marker. In vein grafts, about 60 % SMA-α-positive cells were from anastomosing arteries. Bone marrow cells did not contribute to neointima SMCs in vein grafts, but did co-stain with markers of inflammatory cells. Wnt1 expression was not detected in the neointima cells in the vein or artery grafts, or the injured femoral arteries. Neointima SMCs showed the synthetic phenotype and were positively labeled with BrdU in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with the IGF-1 receptor inhibitor suppressed SMC proliferation and neointima formation in vein grafts. Our results indicate that SMCs from the neighboring artery are predominantly present in the neointima formed in both vein and artery grafts and that Wnt1-Cre mice can be used to explore the role of SMCs originating from neighboring vessels in vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Smirnova NF, Gayral S, Pedros C, Loirand G, Vaillant N, Malet N, Kassem S, Calise D, Goudounèche D, Wymann MP, Hirsch E, Gadeau AP, Martinez LO, Saoudi A, Laffargue M. Targeting PI3Kγ activity decreases vascular trauma-induced intimal hyperplasia through modulation of the Th1 response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1779-92. [PMID: 25073791 PMCID: PMC4144742 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interventional strategies to treat atherosclerosis, such as transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation, often cause vascular injury. This leads to intimal hyperplasia (IH) formation that induces inflammatory and fibroproliferative processes and ultimately restenosis. We show that phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is a key player in IH formation and is a valid therapeutic target in its prevention/treatment. PI3Kγ-deficient mice and mice expressing catalytically inactive PI3Kγ (PI3Kγ KD) showed reduced arterial occlusion and accumulation of monocytes and T cells around sites of vascular lesion. The transfer of PI3Kγ KD CD4(+) T cells into Rag2-deficient mice greatly reduced vascular occlusion compared with WT cells, clearly demonstrating the involvement of PI3Kγ in CD4(+) T cells during IH formation. In addition we found that IH is associated with increased levels of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. A specific decrease in the Th1 response was observed in the absence of PI3Kγ activity, leading to decreased CXCL10 and RANTES production by smooth muscle cells. Finally, we show that treatment with the PI3Kγ inhibitor AS-605240 is sufficient to decrease IH in both mouse and rat models, reinforcing the therapeutic potential of PI3Kγ inhibition. Altogether, these findings demonstrate a new role for PI3Kγ activity in Th1-controlled IH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia F Smirnova
- INSERM, UMR1048, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Gayral
- INSERM, UMR1048, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Pedros
- INSERM, UMR1043, F-31300 Toulouse, France UMR CNRS, U5282, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, UMR1087, F-44007 Nantes, France CNRS 6291, F-44007 Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Vaillant
- INSERM, UMR1087, F-44007 Nantes, France CNRS 6291, F-44007 Nantes, France
| | - Nicole Malet
- INSERM, UMR1048, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- INSERM, UMR1043, F-31300 Toulouse, France UMR CNRS, U5282, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Calise
- INSERM, UMR1048, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Goudounèche
- Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, F-31300 Toulouse, France CMEAB, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Matthias P Wymann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Laurent O Martinez
- INSERM, UMR1048, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- INSERM, UMR1043, F-31300 Toulouse, France UMR CNRS, U5282, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- INSERM, UMR1048, F-31300 Toulouse, France Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, F-31300 Toulouse, France
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21
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Wingate K, Floren M, Tan Y, Tseng PON, Tan W. Synergism of matrix stiffness and vascular endothelial growth factor on mesenchymal stem cells for vascular endothelial regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2503-12. [PMID: 24702044 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold tremendous potential for vascular tissue regeneration. Research has demonstrated that individual factors in the cell microenvironment such as matrix elasticity and growth factors regulate MSC differentiation to vascular lineage. However, it is not well understood how matrix elasticity and growth factors combine to direct the MSC fate. This study examines the combined effects of matrix elasticity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on both MSC differentiation into endothelial lineage and MSC paracrine signaling. MSCs were seeded in soft nanofibrous matrices with or without VEGF, and in Petri dishes with or without VEGF. Only MSCs seeded in three-dimensional soft matrices with VEGF showed significant increases in the expression of endothelial markers (vWF, eNOS, Flt-1, and Flk-1), while eliminating the expression of smooth muscle marker (SM-α-actin). MSCs cultured in VEGF alone on two-dimensional dishes showed increased expression of both early-stage endothelial and smooth muscle markers, indicating immature vascular differentiation. Furthermore, MSCs cultured in soft matrices with VEGF showed faster upregulation of endothelial markers compared with MSCs cultured in VEGF alone. Paracrine signaling studies found that endothelial cells cultured in the conditioned media from MSCs differentiated in the soft matrix and VEGF condition exhibited increased migration and formation of capillary-like structures. These results demonstrate that VEGF and soft matrix elasticity act synergistically to guide MSC differentiation into mature endothelial phenotype while enhancing paracrine signaling. Therefore, it is critical to control both mechanical and biochemical factors to safely regenerate vascular tissues with MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wingate
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
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22
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Deb PP, Ramamurthi A. Spatiotemporal mapping of matrix remodelling and evidence of in situ elastogenesis in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:231-245. [PMID: 24799390 DOI: 10.1002/term.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) were studied within abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) generated in rats via elastase infusion. At 7, 14 and 21 days post-induction, AAA tissues were divided into proximal, mid- and distal regions, based on their location relative to the renal arteries and the region of maximal aortic diameter. Wall thicknesses differed significantly between the AAA spatial regions, initially increasing due to positive matrix remodelling and then decreasing due to wall thinning and compaction of matrix as the disease progressed. Histological images analysed using custom segmentation tools indicated significant differences in ECM composition and structure vs healthy tissue, and in the extent and nature of matrix remodelling between the AAA spatial regions. Histology and immunofluorescence (IF) labelling provided evidence of neointimal AAA remodelling, characterized by presence of elastin-containing fibres. This remodelling was effected by smooth muscle α-actin-positive neointimal cells, which transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed to differ morphologically from medial SMCs. TEM of the neointima further showed the presence of elongated deposits of amorphous elastin and the presence of nascent, but not mature, elastic fibres. These structures appeared to be deficient in at least one microfibrillar component, fibrillin-1, which is critical to mature elastic fibre assembly. The substantial production of elastin and elastic fibre-like structures that we observed in the AAA neointima, which was not observed elsewhere within AAA tissues, provides a unique opportunity to capitalize on this autoregenerative phenomenon and direct it from the standpoint of matrix organization towards restoring healthy aortic matrix structure, mechanics and function. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Deb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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23
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Shi X, DiRenzo D, Guo LW, Franco SR, Wang B, Seedial S, Kent KC. TGF-β/Smad3 stimulates stem cell/developmental gene expression and vascular smooth muscle cell de-differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93995. [PMID: 24718260 PMCID: PMC3981734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic-associated diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States. Despite recent progress, interventional treatments for atherosclerosis can be complicated by restenosis resulting from neo-intimal hyperplasia. We have previously demonstrated that TGF-β and its downstream signaling protein Smad3∶1) are up-regulated following vascular injury, 2) together drive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration and 3) enhance the development of intimal hyperplasia. In order to determine a mechanism through which TGF-β/Smad3 promote these effects, Affymetrix gene expression arrays were performed on primary rat SMCs infected with Smad3 and stimulated with TGF-β or infected with GFP alone. More than 200 genes were differentially expressed (>2.0 fold change, p<0.05) in TGF-β/Smad3 stimulated SMCs. We then performed GO term enrichment analysis using the DAVID bioinformatics database and found that TGF-β/Smad3 activated the expression of multiple genes related to either development or cell differentiation, several of which have been shown to be associated with multipotent stem or progenitor cells. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed up-regulation of several developmental genes including FGF1, NGF, and Wnt11 (by 2.5, 6 and 7 fold, respectively) as well as stem/progenitor cell associated genes CD34 and CXCR4 (by 10 and 45 fold, respectively). In addition, up-regulation of these factors at protein levels were also confirmed by Western blotting, or by immunocytochemistry (performed for CXCR4 and NGF). Finally, TGF-β/Smad3 down regulated transcription of SMC contractile genes as well as protein production of smooth muscle alpha actin, calponin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. These combined results suggest that TGF-β/Smad3 stimulation drives SMCs to a phenotypically altered state of de-differentiation through the up-regulation of developmental related genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta
- Cell Dedifferentiation/genetics
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Smad3 Protein
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transcriptome
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel DiRenzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LWG); (KCK)
| | - Sarah R. Franco
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stephen Seedial
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - K. Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LWG); (KCK)
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24
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Wang W, Li C, Pang L, Shi C, Guo F, Chen A, Cao X, Wan M. Mesenchymal stem cells recruited by active TGFβ contribute to osteogenic vascular calcification. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1392-404. [PMID: 24512598 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is an actively regulated process that culminates in organized extracellular matrix mineral deposition by osteoblast-like cells. The origins of the osteoblastic cells involved in this process and the underlying mechanisms remain to be defined. We previously revealed that active transforming growth factor (TGFβ) released from the injured arteries mobilizes mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the blood stream and recruits the cells to the injured vessels for neointima formation. In this study, we used a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mouse model (ldlr(-/-)), which develop progressive arterial calcification after having fed high-fat western diets (HFD), to examine whether TGFβ is involved in the mobilization of MSCs during vascular calcification. Nestin(+)/Sca1(+) cells were recruited to the diseased aorta at earlier time points, and osteocalcin(+) osteoblasts and the aortic calcification were seen at later time point in these mice. Importantly, we generated parabiotic pairs with shared blood circulation by crossing ldlr(-/-)mice fed HFD with transgenic mice, in which all the MSC-derived cells were fluorescently labeled. The labeled cells were detected not only in the peripheral blood but also in the arterial lesions in ldlr(-/-) mouse partners, and these blood circulation-originated cells gave rise to Ocn(+) osteoblastic cells at the arterial lesions. Both active TGFβ1 levels and MSCs in circulating blood were upregulated at the same time points when these cells appeared at the aortic tissue. Further, conditioned medium prepared by incubating the aortae from ldlr(-/-)mice fed HFD stimulated the migration of MSCs in the ex vivo transwell assays, and either TGFβ neutralizing antibody or the inhibitor of TGFβ Receptor I kinase (TβRI) antagonized this effect. Importantly, treatment of the mice with TβRI inhibitor blocked elevated blood MSC numbers and their recruitment to the arterial lesions. These findings suggest that TGFβ-recruited MSCs to the diseased vasculature contribute to the development of osteogenic vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Wang
- 1 Shihezi Medical Collage, Shihezi Univeristy , Xinjiang, China
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25
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Williams MWY, Guiffre AK, Fletcher JP. Platelets and smooth muscle cells affecting the differentiation of monocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88172. [PMID: 24551082 PMCID: PMC3925135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is characterised by the formation of plaques. Monocytes play a pivotal role in plaque development as they differentiate into foam cells, a component of the lipid core whilst smooth muscle cells (SMC) are the principal cell identified in the cap. Recently, the ability of monocytes to differentiate into a myriad of other cell types has been reported. In lieu of these findings the ability of monocytes to differentiate into SMCs/smooth muscle (SM)-like cells was investigated. Method and Results Human monocytes were co-cultured with platelets or human coronary aortic SMCs and then analysed to assess their differentiation into SMCs/SM-like cells. The differentiated cells expressed a number of SMC markers and genes as determined by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). CD array analysis identified marker expression profiles that discriminated them from monocytes, macrophages and foam cells as well as the expression of markers which overlapped with fibroblast and mesenchymal cells. Electron microscopy studies identified microfilaments and increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum indicative of the SM- like cells, fibroblasts. Conclusions In the appropriate environmental conditions, monocytes can differentiate into SM-like cells potentially contributing to cap formation and plaque stability. Thus, monocytes may play a dual role in the development of plaque formation and ultimately atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W. Y. Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann K. Guiffre
- Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John P. Fletcher
- Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Kizuka-Shibuya F, Tokuda N, Takagi K, Adachi Y, Lee L, Tamura I, Maekawa R, Tamura H, Suzuki T, Owada Y, Sugino N. Locally existing endothelial cells and pericytes in ovarian stroma, but not bone marrow-derived vascular progenitor cells, play a central role in neovascularization during follicular development in mice. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:10. [PMID: 24444000 PMCID: PMC3905919 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neovascularization is necessary for follicular growth. Vascularization is first observed in preantral follicles, and thereafter the vasculature markedly increases in follicles undergoing development. Neovascularization includes angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Vasculogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels by bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. It is unclear whether vasculogenesis occurs during follicular growth. Blood vessels must be mature to be functional blood vessels. Mature blood vessels are characterized by the recruitment of pericytes. However, it is unclear where pericytes come from and whether they contribute to neovascularization in the follicle during follicular growth. In this study, we investigated whether bone marrow-derived progenitor cells that differentiate into vascular endothelial cells or pericytes contribute to neovascularization during follicular growth. Methods A parabiosis model was used in this study. Six-week-old wild-type and transgenic female mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were conjoined between the lateral abdominal regions to create a shared circulatory system. After 6 weeks, the ovaries were obtained and immunostained for CD31/CD34 (a vascular endothelial cell marker), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) (a pericyte marker), and GFP (a bone marrow-derived cell marker). Results Cells that were positive for CD34 and PDGFR-β were observed in the stroma adjacent to the primary or early preantral follicles and in the theca cell layer of the follicles from the late preantral stage to the preovulatory stage. CD31/CD34 and GFP double-positive cells were observed in the theca cell layer of the follicle from the antral stage to the preovulatory stage while the number of double-positive cells in the preovulatory follicles did not increase. PDGFR-β and GFP double-positive cells were observed in the theca cell layer of the preovulatory follicle but not in the smaller follicle. Conclusions Locally existing endothelial cells and pericytes in the stroma play a central role in the neovascularization during follicular growth, while bone marrow-derived endothelial cells and pericytes partially contribute to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norihiro Sugino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
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Cheng M, Guan X, Li H, Cui X, Zhang X, Li X, Jing X, Wu H, Avsar E. Shear stress regulates late EPC differentiation via mechanosensitive molecule-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67675. [PMID: 23844056 PMCID: PMC3699607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), in particular late EPCs, play important roles in endothelial maintenance and repair. Recent evidence has revealed shear stress as a key regulator for EPC differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the shear stress–induced EPC differentiation have not been understood completely. The present study was undertaken to further investigate the effects of shear stress on the late EPC differentiation, and to elucidate the signal mechanism involved. Methodology/Principal Finding In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that cytoskeletal remodeling was involved in the shear stress-upregulated expression of endothelial markers vWF and CD31 in late EPCs, with subsequently increased in vivo reendothelialization after arterial injury. Moreover, shear stress activated several mechanosensitive molecules including integrin β1, Ras, ERK1/2, paxillin and FAK, which were all involved in both cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell differentiation in response to shear stress in late EPCs. Conclusions/Significance Shear stress is a key regulator for late EPC differentiation into endothelial cells, which is important for vascular repair, and the cytoskeletal rearrangement mediated by the activation of the cascade of integrin β1, Ras, ERK1/2, paxillin and FAK is crucial in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Medicine Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, P R China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tang
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
| | - Aijun Wang
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
| | - Dong Wang
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
| | - Song Li
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA (Z.T., D.W., S.L.); Department of Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA (A.W.); and SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China (Z.T.)
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Meng Y, Zhang F, Blair T, Gu H, Feng H, Wang J, Yuan C, Zhang Z, Qiu B, Yang X. MRI of auto-transplantation of bone marrow-derived stem-progenitor cells for potential repair of injured arteries. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31137. [PMID: 22363566 PMCID: PMC3281926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was to validate the feasibility of using clinical 3.0T MRI to monitor the migration of autotransplanted bone marrow (BM)-derived stem-progenitor cells (SPC) to the injured arteries of near-human sized swine for potential cell-based arterial repair. Methodology The study was divided into two phases. For in vitro evaluation, BM cells were extracted from the iliac crests of 13 domestic pigs and then labeled with a T2 contrast agent, Feridex, and/or a fluorescent tissue marker, PKH26. The viability, the proliferation efficiency and the efficacies of Feridex and/or PKH26 labeling were determined. For in vivo validation, the 13 pigs underwent endovascular balloon-mediated intimal damages of the iliofemoral arteries. The labeled or un-labeled BM cells were autotransplanted back to the same pig from which the BM cells were extracted. Approximately three weeks post-cell transplantation, 3.0T T2-weighted MRI was performed to detect Feridex-created signal voids of the transplanted BM cells in the injured iliofemoral arteries, which was confirmed by subsequent histologic correlation. Principal Findings Of the in vitro study, the viability of dual-labeled BM cells was 95–98%. The proliferation efficiencies of dual-labeled BM cells were not significantly different compared to those of non-labeled cells. The efficacies of Feridex- and PKH26 labeling were 90% and 100%, respectively. Of the in vivo study, 3.0T MRI detected the auto-transplanted BM cells migrated to the injured arteries, which was confirmed by histologic examinations. Conclusion This study demonstrates the capability of using clinical 3.0T MRI to monitor the auto-transplantation of BM cells that migrate to the injured arteries of large animals, which may provide a useful MRI technique to monitor cell-based arterial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Meng
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Blair
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Huidong Gu
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hongqing Feng
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jinnan Wang
- Clinical Sites Research Program, Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, New York, United States of America
| | - Chun Yuan
- Vascular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Interventions Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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An essential role for the Id1/PI3K/Akt/NFkB/survivin signalling pathway in promoting the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:135-45. [PMID: 22139302 PMCID: PMC3289789 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of re-endothelialisation is a critical therapeutic option for repairing injured blood vessels. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the major source of cells that participate in endothelium repair and contribute to re-endothelialisation by reducing neointima formation after vascular injury. The over-expression of the inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding 1 (Id1) significantly improved EPC proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Id1 on the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)/survivin signalling pathway and its significance in promoting EPC proliferation in vitro. Spleen-derived EPCs were cultured as previously described. Id1 was presented at low levels in EPCs, and was rapidly up-regulated by stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor. We demonstrated that transient transfection of Id1 into EPCs activated the PI3K/Akt/NFκB/survivin signalling pathway and promoted EPC proliferation. The proliferation of EPCs was extensively inhibited by silencing of endogenous Id1, and knockdown of Id1 expression led to suppression of PI3K/Akt/NFκB/survivin signalling pathway in EPCs. In addition, blockade by the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002, Akt inhibitor, the NFκB inhibitor BAY 11-7082, the survivin inhibitor Curcumin, or the survivin inhibitor YM155 reduced the effects of Id1 transfection. These results suggest that the Id1/PI3K/Akt/NFκB/survivin signalling pathway plays a critical role in EPC proliferation. The Id1/PI3K/Akt/NFκB/survivin signalling pathway may represent a novel therapeutic target in the prevention of restenosis after vascular injury.
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Yu H, Stoneman V, Clarke M, Figg N, Xin HB, Kotlikoff M, Littlewood T, Bennett M. Bone marrow-derived smooth muscle-like cells are infrequent in advanced primary atherosclerotic plaques but promote atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1291-9. [PMID: 21372299 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.218578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) provide the major structural integrity of atherosclerotic plaques, their origin has been questioned. In particular, although some studies identified plaque VSMCs originating from bone marrow or peripheral blood, their frequency is controversial and their function unknown. We used genetic tracking of cell fate through smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific LacZ reporter activity and VSMC-selective apoptosis to investigate the frequency, distribution, and role of marrow-derived VSMCs in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured mouse bone marrow-derived smooth muscle-like cells expressed SMC markers and functional SMC promoter-driven transgenes over time. Transplantation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)(-/-) mice with smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-Cre/ROSA26R/ApoE(-/-) marrow showed that 0.7±0.14% cells expressed LacZ in atherosclerotic plaques, located superficially in early plaques, and in necrotic cores but not fibrous caps of advanced lesions. Cells expressing both progenitor and SMC markers showed a similar distribution and frequency. Apoptosis of marrow-derived SMC-like cells transplanted from SM22α-human diphtheria toxin receptor/ApoE(-/-) mice retarded atherogenesis, with reduced plaque macrophage content. Cultured marrow-derived SMC-like cells secreted proinflammatory cytokines and promoted macrophage migration, VSMC proliferation, and collagen synthesis. CONCLUSION Bone marrow-derived SMC-like cells are infrequent in advanced primary atherosclerotic plaques and absent in fibrous caps. However, these cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines and mitogens and promote atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Pal SN, Golledge J. Osteo-progenitors in vascular calcification: a circulating cell theory. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:551-9. [PMID: 21551961 DOI: 10.5551/jat.8656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification has been associated with the incidence of cardiovascular events and thus there has been interest in better understanding its pathogenesis. Early theories considered vascular calcification to be a passive process which occurred as a non-specific response to tissue injury or necrosis. More recent theories propose vascular calcification results from loss of molecular inhibitors or via an active cell mediated process. The origin of the cells responsible for vascular calcification is controversial and may vary in different sites and patients. Calcification has been reported as result of apoptosis or death of vascular smooth muscle cells for example. One novel source of cells controlling vascular calcification is from the bone marrow. A circulating immature bone marrow derived population has been identified and a small subset of this bone marrow population has been reported to possess bone forming properties in vitro and hence termed osteo-progenitors. This article reviews evidence supporting the contribution of these naive bone marrow derived circulating osteo-progenitor cells in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad Nagesh Pal
- Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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33
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Kahn MB, Yuldasheva NY, Cubbon RM, Smith J, Rashid ST, Viswambharan H, Imrie H, Abbas A, Rajwani A, Aziz A, Baliga V, Sukumar P, Gage M, Kearney MT, Wheatcroft SB. Insulin resistance impairs circulating angiogenic progenitor cell function and delays endothelial regeneration. Diabetes 2011; 60:1295-303. [PMID: 21317296 PMCID: PMC3064103 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating angiogenic progenitor cells (APCs) participate in endothelial repair after arterial injury. Type 2 diabetes is associated with fewer circulating APCs, APC dysfunction, and impaired endothelial repair. We set out to determine whether insulin resistance adversely affects APCs and endothelial regeneration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We quantified APCs and assessed APC mobilization and function in mice hemizygous for knockout of the insulin receptor (IRKO) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls. Endothelial regeneration after femoral artery wire injury was also quantified after APC transfusion. RESULTS IRKO mice, although glucose tolerant, had fewer circulating Sca-1(+)/Flk-1(+) APCs than WT mice. Culture of mononuclear cells demonstrated that IRKO mice had fewer APCs in peripheral blood, but not in bone marrow or spleen, suggestive of a mobilization defect. Defective vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated APC mobilization was confirmed in IRKO mice, consistent with reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in bone marrow and impaired vascular eNOS activity. Paracrine angiogenic activity of APCs from IRKO mice was impaired compared with those from WT animals. Endothelial regeneration of the femoral artery after denuding wire injury was delayed in IRKO mice compared with WT. Transfusion of mononuclear cells from WT mice normalized the impaired endothelial regeneration in IRKO mice. Transfusion of c-kit(+) bone marrow cells from WT mice also restored endothelial regeneration in IRKO mice. However, transfusion of c-kit(+) cells from IRKO mice was less effective at improving endothelial repair. CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance impairs APC function and delays endothelial regeneration after arterial injury. These findings support the hypothesis that insulin resistance per se is sufficient to jeopardize endogenous vascular repair. Defective endothelial repair may be normalized by transfusion of APCs from insulin-sensitive animals but not from insulin-resistant animals.
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Daniel JM, Sedding DG. Circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells in arterial remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 50:273-9. [PMID: 21047514 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from the media toward the intimal layer are key components in vascular proliferative diseases. In addition, the differentiation of circulating bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMCs) into SMCs has been described to contribute to lesion progression in experimental models of atherosclerosis, transplant arteriosclerosis, and neointima formation. In vitro, CD14(+) BMMCs from peripheral blood acquire a spindle-shaped phenotype and express specific SMC markers in response to platelet-derived growth factor-BB. However, the 'trans-differentiation' capacity of BMMCs into definitive SMCs in vivo remains a highly controversial issue. Whereas SMCs within atherosclerotic plaques have been demonstrated to be exclusively of local origin, more severe injury models have shown a wide diversity of SMCs or smooth muscle-like cells derived from BMMCs. In hindsight, these discrepancies may be attributed to methodological differences, e.g., the use of high-resolution microscopy or the specificity of the SMC marker proteins. In fact, the analysis of mouse strains that express marker genes under the control of a highly specific smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) promoter and a time-course analysis on the dynamic process of neointima formation have recently shown that BMMCs temporarily express α-smooth muscle actin, not SM-MHC. Additionally, BM-derived cells disappear from the neointimal lesion after the inflammatory response to the injury has subsided. Although CD14(+)/CD68(+) have important paracrine effects on arterial lesion progression, BMMCs account for more of the 'SMC-like macrophages' than the highly 'trans-differentiated' and definitive SMCs in vivo. This article is part of a special issue entitled, "Cardiovascular Stem Cells Revisited".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marcus Daniel
- Department of Cardiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Song L, Wang L, Shah PK, Chaux A, Sharifi BG. Bioengineered vascular graft grown in the mouse peritoneal cavity. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:994-1002, 1002.e1-2. [PMID: 20692791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that the mouse peritoneum can function like a bioreactor to generate directed bio-engineered tissues such as those used for bypass grafting. Additionally, we reasoned that the mouse animal model would allow us to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the generation of tissue in peritoneal cavity. METHODS Plastic tubes (two tubes/mouse) were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of three strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and MRL). The tubes were harvested, tissue capsule surrounding the tubes was removed, and analyzed by immunostaining (five capsules/five mice/strain) and microarray (three capsules/three mice/strain). In addition, the tissue capsules that were harvested from MRL mice (n = 21) were grafted into abdominal aorta of the same mice as autografts. The patency of all grafts was monitored by micro-ultrasound, and their functionality was assessed by laser Doppler imaging of blood flow in femoral arteries. Venous (n = 13) and arterial isografts (n = 11) were used as positive controls. In a negative control group (five mice/strain), the abdominal aorta was occluded by double ligation with 9-0 silk. RESULTS The implanted plastic tubes required at least 8 weeks of incubation in the peritoneum of the three strains of mice in order to generate useful grafts. No vascular cells were found in the tissue capsules. Microarray analysis of tissue capsules revealed that the capsular cells express a gene expression program that is vastly shared among the three strains of mice, and the cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity. The micro-ultrasound analysis of the grafts showed that 62% of autografts remained patent compared with 77% of venous isografts and 91% of arterial isografts. The laser Doppler imaging analysis showed that blood flow dropped by 40% and 35% in the autografts and vein isografts, respectively, 1 day after surgery. The flow, however, rebounded to the level of arterial isografts 1 month post-surgery and remained unchanged among all grafts for the next 4 months. Immunostaining of the autografts showed a thick vessel wall with endothelial cells that lined the lumen and smooth muscle cells that constituted the graft wall. CONCLUSION The mouse peritoneal cavity of mice has the ability to function like a bioreactor to generate bio-engineered tissues. The tissue capsules harvested from peritoneal cavity of a mouse are composed of nonvascular cells that display phenotype of progenitor cells. After grafting, however, the capsule autografts become arterialized and remained patent for at least 4 months after surgery, similar to venous or arterial isografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Heart Institute, USA
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Orlandi A, Bennett M. Progenitor cell-derived smooth muscle cells in vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1706-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Albiero M, Menegazzo L, Fadini GP. Circulating Smooth Muscle Progenitors and Atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2010; 20:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Goligorsky MS, Yasuda K, Ratliff B. Dysfunctional endothelial progenitor cells in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:911-9. [PMID: 20395371 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Putative endothelial progenitor cells play a role in organ regeneration, and their incompetence may be important in the development of chronic kidney disease. The mechanisms of this incompetence are broad and range from poor mobilization, viability, and engraftment to impaired differentiation into mature endothelial cells. By contrasting the role of endothelial progenitor cells in tissue regeneration with their developing incompetence in chronic kidney disease, we emphasize the importance of designing rational pharmacologic strategies to tackle such incompetence in the broader search for therapies to attenuate chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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A role for TGF-beta in transforming endothelial progenitor cells into neointimal smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:32-5. [PMID: 20427045 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells in atherosclerosis and plaque rupture: Current perspective and methods of analysis. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 52:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Goligorsky MS, Kuo MC, Patschan D, Verhaar MC. Review article: endothelial progenitor cells in renal disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14:291-7. [PMID: 19444962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2009.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This brief overview is intended to provide basic information about endothelial progenitors, their definition and consensus markers used for their detection, describe the pathways of their mobilization and homing and highlight the mechanisms and manifestations of their incompetence that occurs in some chronic kidney diseases. Discussion is geared towards the potential role of endothelial progenitor cells in organ regeneration, in particular, in kidney regeneration. The concept we attempted to promote attributes to the incompetence of endothelial progenitor cells in failed regeneration and ensuing progression of chronic kidney disease. This field of inquiry remains insufficiently explored, especially in renal diseases. Promising areas for future exploration are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Goligorsky
- Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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van Oostrom O, Fledderus JO, de Kleijn D, Pasterkamp G, Verhaar MC. Smooth muscle progenitor cells: friend or foe in vascular disease? Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2009; 4:131-40. [PMID: 19442197 PMCID: PMC3182076 DOI: 10.2174/157488809788167454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The origin of vascular smooth muscle cells that accumulate in the neointima in vascular diseases such as transplant arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis and restenosis remains subject to much debate. Smooth muscle cells are a highly heterogeneous cell population with different characteristics and markers, and distinct phenotypes in physiological and pathological conditions. Several studies have reported a role for bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in vascular maintenance and repair. Moreover, bone marrow-derived smooth muscle progenitor cells have been detected in human atherosclerotic tissue as well as in in vivo mouse models of vascular disease. However, it is not clear whether smooth muscle progenitor cells can be regarded as a 'friend' or 'foe' in neointima formation. In this review we will discuss the heterogeneity of smooth muscle cells, the role of smooth muscle progenitor cells in vascular disease, potential mechanisms that could regulate smooth muscle progenitor cell contribution and the implications this may have on designing novel therapeutic tools to prevent development and progression of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia van Oostrom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tkachuk VA, Plekhanova OS, Parfyonova YV. Regulation of arterial remodeling and angiogenesis by urokinase-type plasminogen activatorThis article is one of a selection of papers from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Translational Knowledge for Heart Health (published in part 2 of a 2-part Special Issue). Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:231-51. [DOI: 10.1139/y08-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of disorders are associated with an imbalance in the plasminogen activator system, including inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, the response mechanism to vascular injury, and restenosis. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a multifunctional protein that in addition to its fibrinolytic and matrix degradation capabilities also affects growth factor bioavailability, cytokine modulation, receptor shedding, cell migration and proliferation, phenotypic modulation, protein expression, and cascade activation of proteases, inhibitors, receptors, and modulators. uPA is the crucial protein for neointimal growth and vascular remodeling. Moreover, it was recently shown to be implicated in the stimulation of angiogenesis, which makes it a promising multipurpose therapeutic target. This review is focused on the mechanisms by which uPA can regulate arterial remodeling, angiogenesis, and cell migration and proliferation after arterial injury and the means by which it modulates gene expression in vascular cells. The role of domain specificity of urokinase in these processes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod A. Tkachuk
- Cardiology Research Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Medical School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S. Plekhanova
- Cardiology Research Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Medical School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yelena V. Parfyonova
- Cardiology Research Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Medical School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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44
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Lee MY, San Martin A, Mehta PK, Dikalova AE, Garrido AM, Datla SR, Lyons E, Krause KH, Banfi B, Lambeth JD, Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) contribution to injury-induced neointimal formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:480-7. [PMID: 19150879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.181925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular NADPH oxidases (Noxes) have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases; however, the importance of individual Nox homologues remains unclear. Here, the role of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) Nox1 in neointima formation was studied using genetically modified animal models. METHODS AND RESULTS Wire injury-induced neointima formation in the femoral artery, along with proliferation and apoptosis, was reduced in Nox1(y/-) mice, but there was little difference in Tg(SMCnox1) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Proliferation and migration were reduced in cultured Nox1(y/-) VSMCs and increased in Tg(SMCnox1) cells. Tg(SMCnox1) cells exhibited increased fibronectin secretion, but neither collagen I production nor cell adhesion was affected by alteration of Nox1. Using antibody microarray and Western blotting analysis, increased cofilin phosphorylation and mDia1 expression and decreased PAK1 expression were detected in Nox1(y/-) cells. Overexpression of S3A, a constitutively active cofilin mutant, partially recovered reduced migration of Nox1(y/-) cells, suggesting that reduction in cofilin activity contributes to impaired migration of Nox1(y/-) VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Nox1 plays a critical role in neointima formation by mediating VSMC migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production, and that cofilin is a major effector of Nox1-mediated migration. Inhibition of Nox1 may be an efficient strategy to suppress neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Yeol Lee
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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45
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Tsai S, Butler J, Rafii S, Liu B, Kent KC. The role of progenitor cells in the development of intimal hyperplasia. J Vasc Surg 2008; 49:502-10. [PMID: 18945574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that bone marrow derived progenitor cells may contribute to the development of intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury, a process that classically has been believed to involve extracellular matrix deposition and the migration and proliferation of cells within the arterial wall. The first studies demonstrating the existence of bone marrow derived cells in the neointima employed mouse models of arterial injury in conjunction with whole bone marrow transplant. Later studies have shown specifically that bone marrow derived hematopoietic or mesenchymal stem cells can be recruited to the neointima and differentiate into smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells. Although the data vary widely depending on different animal models of arterial injury and methods of labeling bone marrow derived cells, it appears that progenitor cells do indeed contribute to intimal hyperplasia, at least in mouse models of arterial injury. To date, signaling molecules such as c-kit and c-kit ligand, and stromal derived factor-1alpha, in addition to matrix metalloproteinase-9, have emerged as critical factors that recruit progenitor cells to sites of arterial injury. While much progress has been made, several tasks remain, including the need for a more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying progenitor cell recruitment, characterization of the involved progenitor cells, and finally validation that the observations made in these mouse models of disease are also applicable to human arterial restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Majka SM, Skokan M, Wheeler L, Harral J, Gladson S, Burnham E, Loyd JE, Stenmark KR, Varella-Garcia M, West J. Evidence for cell fusion is absent in vascular lesions associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L1028-39. [PMID: 18931051 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90449.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease associated with severe remodeling of the large and small pulmonary arteries. Increased accumulation of inflammatory cells and apoptosis-resistant cells are contributing factors. Proliferative apoptosis-resistant cells expressing CD133 are increased in the circulation of PAH patients. Circulating cells can contribute to tissue repair via cell fusion and heterokaryon formation. We therefore hypothesized that in the presence of increased leukocytes and CD133-positive (CD133(pos)) cells in PAH lung tissue, cell fusion and resulting genomic instability could account for abnormal cell proliferation and the genesis of vascular lesions. We performed analyses of CD45/CD133 localization, cell fusion, and proliferation during late-stage PAH in human lung tissue from control subjects and subjects with idiopathic (IPAH) and familial (FPAH) PAH. Localization, proliferation, and quantitation of cell populations in individual patients were performed by immunolocalization. The occurrence of cellular fusion in vascular lesions was analyzed in lung tissue by fluorescence in situ hybridization. We found the accumulation of CD45(pos) leukocytic cells in the tissue parenchyma and perivascular regions in PAH patients and less frequently observed myeloid cells (CD45/CD11b). CD133(pos) cells were detected in occlusive lesions and perivascular areas in those with PAH and were more numerous in those with IPAH lesions than in FPAH lesions. Cells coexpressing CD133 and smooth muscle alpha-actin were occasionally observed in occlusive lesions and perivascular areas. Proliferating cells were more prominent in IPAH lesions and colocalized with CD45 or CD133. We found no evidence of increased ploidy to suggest cell fusion. Taken together, these data suggest that abnormal lesion formation in PAH occurs in the absence of cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Majka
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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47
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Tanaka K, Sata M. Contribution of circulating vascular progenitors in lesion formation and vascular healing: lessons from animal models. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:498-504. [PMID: 18769231 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32830dd566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is a widely accepted view that vascular repair results from migration and proliferation of adjacent cells in animal models. On the contrary, accumulating evidence suggests that bone marrow can give rise to endothelial-like cells and smooth muscle like cells that potentially contribute to vascular healing, remodeling, and lesion formation under physiological and pathological conditions. The aim of this article is to review recent findings obtained from animal models of vascular diseases regarding bone marrow derived progenitor cells. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using chimeric animals revealed that bone marrow derived cells exist at the sites of vascular healing and lesion formation after injury. High-resolution histological analyses revealed that those bone marrow derived cells do express some markers for endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells. Peripheral mononuclear cells could differentiate into endothelial-like cells or smooth muscle like cells in vitro according to the culture conditions. SUMMARY Circulating progenitors significantly contribute to vascular repair and lesion formation. These findings provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies that involve targeting the mobilization, homing, differentiation, and proliferation of bone marrow- derived vascular progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:525-35. [PMID: 18769235 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328312bffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Murayama H, Takahashi M, Takamoto M, Shiba Y, Ise H, Koyama J, Tagawa YI, Iwakura Y, Ikeda U. Deficiency of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in bone marrow cells synergistically inhibits neointimal formation following vascular injury. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:175-80. [PMID: 18791204 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neointimal formation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), termed restenosis, limits therapeutic revascularization. Since it is now known that vascular injury involves an inflammatory response, we examined the role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the neointimal formation after injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Control (BALB/c), TNF-alpha-deficient (Tnf(-/-)), IFN-gamma-deficient (Ifng(-/-)), or double-deficient (Tnf(-/-)Ifng(-/-)) mice were subjected to wire-mediated vascular injury of the right femoral artery. Neointimal formation after injury was significantly reduced after the injury in the Tnf(-/-)Ifng(-/-) mice, compared to that in the control, Tnf(-/-), and Ifng(-/-) mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were expressed in neointimal lesions in the control mice, but not in mice with deficiency of the corresponding cytokine. No significant difference in re-endothelialization was observed among these groups. The number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the neointimal lesions was significantly decreased in the Tnf(-/-)Ifng(-/-) mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that deficiency of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma specifically in bone marrow cells significantly inhibited neointimal formation after vascular injury. CONCLUSION The absence of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in bone marrow cells synergistically inhibits neointimal formation following vascular injury, and thus, may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying restenosis after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Murayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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Yajima N, Takahashi M, Morimoto H, Shiba Y, Takahashi Y, Masumoto J, Ise H, Sagara J, Nakayama J, Taniguchi S, Ikeda U. Critical role of bone marrow apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, an inflammasome adaptor molecule, in neointimal formation after vascular injury in mice. Circulation 2008; 117:3079-87. [PMID: 18541743 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.746453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-18 play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is an adaptor protein that regulates caspase-1-dependent IL-1 beta and IL-18 generation; however, the role of ASC in vascular injury remains undefined. Here, we investigated the contribution of ASC to neointimal formation after vascular injury in ASC-deficient (ASC(-/-)) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Wire-mediated vascular injury was produced in the femoral artery of ASC(-/-) and wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ASC was markedly expressed at the site of vascular injury. Neointimal formation was significantly attenuated in ASC(-/-) mice after injury. IL-1 beta and IL-18 were expressed in the neointimal lesion in wild-type mice but showed decreased expression in the lesion of ASC(-/-) mice. To investigate the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells, we developed bone marrow-transplanted mice and found that neointimal formation was significantly decreased in wild-type mice in which bone marrow was replaced with ASC(-/-) bone marrow cells. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that the proliferation activity of ASC(-/-) vascular smooth muscle cells was not impaired. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that bone marrow-derived ASC is critical for neointimal formation after vascular injury and identify ASC as a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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