1
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Uchańska A, Morytko A, Kwiecień K, Oleszycka E, Grygier B, Cichy J, Kwiecińska P. Lazy neutrophils - a lack of DGAT1 reduces the chemotactic activity of mouse neutrophils. Inflamm Res 2024:10.1007/s00011-024-01920-6. [PMID: 39043892 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are key players in the innate immune system, actively migrating to sites of inflammation in the highly energetic process of chemotaxis. In this study, we focus on the role of acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of triglycerides, the major form of stored energy, in neutrophil chemotaxis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a mouse model of psoriasis, we show that DGAT1-deficiency reduces energy-demanding neutrophil infiltration to the site of inflammation, but this inhibition is not caused by decreased glycolysis and reduced ATP production by neutrophils lacking DGAT1. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrate that DGAT1 also does not influence lipid accumulation in lipid droplets during inflammation. Interestingly, as has been shown previously, a lack of DGAT1 leads to an increase in the concentration of retinoic acid, and here, using real-time PCR and publicly-available next-generation RNA sequencing datasets, we show the upregulation of retinoic acid-responsive genes in Dgat1KO neutrophils. Furthermore, supplementation of WT neutrophils with exogenous retinoic acid mimics DGAT1-deficiency in the inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis in in vitro transwell assay. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that impaired skin infiltration by neutrophils in Dgat1KO mice is a result of the inhibitory action of an increased concentration of retinoic acid, rather than impaired lipid metabolism in DGAT1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Uchańska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
- Selvita S.A, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Morytko
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kwiecień
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Oleszycka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kwiecińska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
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2
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Yin X, Yan Y, Li J, Cao Z, Shen S, Chang Q, Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang P. Nuclear receptors for epidermal lipid barrier: Advances in mechanisms and applications. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15107. [PMID: 38840418 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The skin plays an essential role in preventing the entry of external environmental threats and the loss of internal substances, depending on the epidermal permeability barrier. Nuclear receptors (NRs), present in various tissues and organs including full-thickness skin, have been demonstrated to exert significant effects on the epidermal lipid barrier. Formation of the lipid lamellar membrane and the normal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (KCs) are crucial for the development of the epidermal permeability barrier and is regulated by specific NRs such as PPAR, LXR, VDR, RAR/RXR, AHR, PXR and FXR. These receptors play a key role in regulating KC differentiation and the entire process of epidermal lipid synthesis, processing and secretion. Lipids derived from sebaceous glands are influenced by NRs as well and participate in regulation of the epidermal lipid barrier. Furthermore, intricate interplay exists between these receptors. Disturbance of barrier function leads to a range of diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and acne. Targeting these NRs with agonists or antagonists modulate pathways involved in lipid synthesis and cell differentiation, suggesting potential therapeutic approaches for dermatosis associated with barrier damage. This review focuses on the regulatory role of NRs in the maintenance and processing of the epidermal lipid barrier through their effects on skin lipid synthesis and KC differentiation, providing novel insights for drug targets to facilitate precision medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidie Yin
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiandan Li
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhan Shen
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihang Chang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiru Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Bohn T, Hellman-Regen J, de Lera AR, Böhm V, Rühl R. Human nutritional relevance and suggested nutritional guidelines for vitamin A5/X and provitamin A5/X. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:34. [PMID: 37582723 PMCID: PMC10426203 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last century, vitamin A was identified that included the nutritional relevant vitamin A1 / provitamin A1, as well as the vitamin A2 pathway concept. Globally, nutritional guidelines have focused on vitamin A1 with simplified recommendations and calculations based solely on vitamin A. The vitamin A / provitamin A terminology described vitamin A with respect to acting as a precursor of 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore of the visual pigment, as well as retinoic acid(s), being ligand(s) of the nuclear hormone receptors retinoic acid receptors (RARs) α, β and γ. All-trans-retinoic acid was conclusively shown to be the endogenous RAR ligand, while the concept of its isomer 9-cis-retinoic acid, being "the" endogenous ligand of the retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), remained inconclusive. Recently, 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid was conclusively reported as an endogenous RXR ligand, and a direct nutritional precursor was postulated in 2018 and further confirmed by Rühl, Krezel and de Lera in 2021. This was further termed vitamin A5/X / provitamin A5/X. In this review, a new vitamin A5/X / provitamin A5/X concept is conceptualized in parallel to the vitamin A(1) / provitamin A(1) concept for daily dietary intake and towards dietary guidelines, with a focus on the existing national and international regulations for the physiological and nutritional relevance of vitamin A5/X. The aim of this review is to summarize available evidence and to emphasize gaps of knowledge regarding vitamin A5/X, based on new and older studies and proposed future directions as well as to stimulate and propose adapted nutritional regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute and Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Julian Hellman-Regen
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Section Neurobiology, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- CISCAREX UG, Transvaalstr. 27c, 13351, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Jiang JL, Qian JF, Xiao DH, Liu X, Zhu F, Wang J, Xing ZX, Xu DL, Xue Y, He YH. Relationship of familial cytochrome P450 4V2 gene mutation with liver cirrhosis: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:10346-10357. [PMID: 36246827 PMCID: PMC9561572 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i28.10346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many genetic and metabolic diseases affect the liver, but diagnosis can be difficult because these diseases may have complex clinical manifestations and diverse clinical patterns. There is also incomplete clinical knowledge of these many different diseases and limitations of current testing methods.
CASE SUMMARY We report a 53-year-old female from a rural area in China who was hospitalized for lower limb edema, abdominal distension, cirrhosis, and hypothyroidism. We excluded the common causes of liver disease (drinking alcohol, using traditional Chinese medicines, hepatitis virus infection, autoimmunity, and hepatolenticular degeneration). When she was 23-years-old, she developed night-blindness that worsened to complete blindness, with no obvious cause. Her parents were first cousins, and both were alive. Analysis of the patient’s family history indicated that all 5 siblings had night blindness and impaired vision; one sister was completely blind; and another sister had night-blindness complicated with cirrhosis and subclinical hypothyroidism. Entire exome sequencing showed that the patient, parents, and siblings all had mutations in the cytochrome P450 4V2 gene (CYP4V2). The CYP4V2 mutations of the parents and two sisters were heterozygous, and the others were homozygous. Two siblings also had heterozygous dual oxidase activator 2 (DUOXA2) mutations.
CONCLUSION Mutations in the CYP4V2 gene may affect lipid metabolism and lead to chronic liver injury, fibrosis, and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lian Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiang-Fu Qian
- Department of Digestion, Dafang County People’s Hospital, Bijie 551600, Guizhou Province, China
| | - De-Hui Xiao
- Department of Digestion, Dafang County People’s Hospital, Bijie 551600, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Digestion, Dafang County People’s Hospital, Bijie 551600, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhou-Xiong Xing
- Department of Intensive Care, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - De-Lin Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Liver Diseases, the Third People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Huai He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
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5
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Vaivoda R, Vaine C, Boerstler C, Galloway K, Christmas P. CYP4F18-Deficient Neutrophils Exhibit Increased Chemotaxis to Complement Component C5a. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:250456. [PMID: 26613087 PMCID: PMC4647059 DOI: 10.1155/2015/250456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP4Fs were first identified as enzymes that catalyze hydroxylation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). CYP4F18 has an unusual expression in neutrophils and was predicted to play a role in regulating LTB4-dependent inflammation. We compared chemotaxis of wild-type and Cyp4f18 knockout neutrophils using an in vitro assay. There was no significant difference in the chemotactic response to LTB4, but the response to complement component C5a increased 1.9-2.25-fold in knockout cells compared to wild-type (P < 0.01). This increase was still observed when neutrophils were treated with inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis. There were no changes in expression of other CYP4 enzymes in knockout neutrophils that might compensate for loss of CYP4F18 or lead to differences in activity. A mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate colitis was used to investigate the consequences of increased C5a-dependent chemotaxis in vivo, but there was no significant difference in weight loss, disease activity, or colonic tissue myeloperoxidase between wild-type and Cyp4f18 knockout mice. This study demonstrates the limitations of inferring CYP4F function based on an ability to use LTB4 as a substrate, points to expanding roles for CYP4F enzymes in immune regulation, and underscores the in vivo challenges of CYP knockout studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Vaivoda
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christine Vaine
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Kristy Galloway
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142, USA
| | - Peter Christmas
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142, USA
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6
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Johnson AL, Edson KZ, Totah RA, Rettie AE. Cytochrome P450 ω-Hydroxylases in Inflammation and Cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2015; 74:223-62. [PMID: 26233909 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-dependent ω-hydroxylation is a prototypic metabolic reaction of CYP4 family members that is important for the elimination and bioactivation of not only therapeutic drugs, but also endogenous compounds, principally fatty acids. Eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, are key substrates in the latter category. Human CYP4 enzymes, mainly CYP4A11, CYP4F2, and CYP4F3B, hydroxylate arachidonic acid at the omega position to form 20-HETE, which has important effects in tumor progression and on angiogenesis and blood pressure regulation in the vasculature and kidney. CYP4F3A in myeloid tissue catalyzes the ω-hydroxylation of leukotriene B4 to 20-hydroxy leukotriene B4, an inactivation process that is critical for the regulation of the inflammatory response. Here, we review the enzymology, tissue distribution, and substrate selectivity of human CYP4 ω-hydroxylases and their roles as catalysts for the formation and termination of the biological effects of key eicosanoid metabolites in inflammation and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katheryne Z Edson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Rheem A Totah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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7
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Christmas P. Role of Cytochrome P450s in Inflammation. CYTOCHROME P450 FUNCTION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLES IN INFLAMMATION AND CANCER 2015; 74:163-92. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Longitudinal muscle gene expression patterns associated with differential intramuscular fat in cattle. Animal 2015; 9:650-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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9
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Wang Y, Bell JC, Keeney DS, Strobel HW. Gene regulation of CYP4F11 in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:100-7. [PMID: 19812349 PMCID: PMC2802424 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating CYP4F genes remain under investigation, although characterization of CYP4F regulatory modalities would facilitate the discovery of new drug targets. This present study shows that all-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acids can inhibit CYP4F11 expression in human keratinocyte-derived HaCaT cells. Transrepression of many genes by retinoic acids is mediated by interactions between retinoid receptors and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex. Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1beta, which can activate the AP-1 complex, induce CYP4F11 transcription in HaCaT cells. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-specific inhibitor 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone (SP600125) blocked the induction of CYP4F11 by both cytokines, indicating involvement of the JNK pathway. Furthermore, TNF-alpha failed to induce CYP4F11 transcription when HaCaT cells were preincubated with retinoic acids. Retinoic acids are ligands for the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). The RXR agonist 6-(1(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)cyclopropyl) nicotinic acid (LG268) greatly induced CYP4F11 transcription, whereas the RAR agonist 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid (TTNPB) markedly inhibited CYP4F11 transcription, indicating that down-regulation of CYP4F11 transcription by retinoic acid is mediated by RARs and may also be related to ligand competition for RXRs. Thus, the CYP4F11 gene is positively regulated by multiple signaling pathways in HaCaT keratinocytes, including RXR and JNK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of
Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Y.W., J.C.B., H.W.S.); and Departments
of Biochemistry and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
(D.S.K.)
| | - Jordan C. Bell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of
Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Y.W., J.C.B., H.W.S.); and Departments
of Biochemistry and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
(D.S.K.)
| | - Diane S. Keeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of
Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Y.W., J.C.B., H.W.S.); and Departments
of Biochemistry and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
(D.S.K.)
| | - Henry W. Strobel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of
Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas (Y.W., J.C.B., H.W.S.); and Departments
of Biochemistry and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
(D.S.K.)
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10
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Bhatavadekar NB, Williams RC. New directions in host modulation for the management of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:124-6. [PMID: 19207887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New strategies for periodontal disease management have been emerging as more is learned about the role of the host response. Our increasing understanding of inflammation and its resolution has opened the door to the study of new periodontal treatment strategies. This commentary examines periodontal disease in light of a new understanding of the role of inflammation in disease expression, thus setting the stage for the development of new prevention and treatment strategies of a widespread disease. METHODS We examined current publications and focused on articles relating to anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution mechanisms in periodontal disease. RESULTS Recent research has examined the inflammatory and resolution cascade in greater detail while looking at endogenous and exogenous mediators that can be utilized to achieve therapeutic end-points. The possible introduction of "resolution indices" for drug testing warrants a new look at pharmacologic agents that might have been overlooked for their beneficial effects in periodontal disease treatment. CONCLUSION The emerging awareness of inflammation and its control in periodontal disease management underscores the importance of exploring inflammatory pathways and mediators, thus exploring new ways to control inflammation. This direction of research promises a new era in drug discovery and therapeutics for periodontal disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel B Bhatavadekar
- Department of Periodontology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Du L, Yin H, Morrow JD, Strobel HW, Keeney DS. 20-Hydroxylation is the CYP-dependent and retinoid-inducible leukotriene B4 inactivation pathway in human and mouse skin cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 484:80-6. [PMID: 19467632 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inactivation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is an innate mechanism to resolve tissue inflammation. We studied the nine Cyp4f genes in the mouse genome, measuring cutaneous transcript levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and LTB4 metabolism in mouse and human skin. Transcripts arising from Cyp4f13 and 4f16 ranked most abundant, Cyp4f14, 4f17, and 4f37 ranked least abundant, and Cyp4f18 and 4f39 ranked intermediate. Those from Cyp4f15 and Cyp4f40 were highly variable or too low to measure in some animals. Retinoic acid exposure induced microsomal LTB4 hydroxylation activities in mouse and human skin cells. Two NADPH-dependent LTB4 metabolites eluted identically with 20-OH and 20-COOH LTB4 reference standards. Collision induced dissociation of the precursor ion m/z 351 confirmed that LTB4 products from CYP4F3A and human epidermal keratinocytes are identical structurally to 20-OH LTB4. We conclude 20-hydroxylation is the major CYP-dependent LTB4 inactivation pathway in skin; this retinoid-inducible metabolic pathway has capacity to modulate tissue levels of pro-inflammatory lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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12
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Hardwick JP. Cytochrome P450 omega hydroxylase (CYP4) function in fatty acid metabolism and metabolic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:2263-75. [PMID: 18433732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 gene 4 family (CYP4) consists of a group of over 63 members that omega-hydroxylate the terminal carbon of fatty acids. In mammals, six subfamilies have been identified and three of these subfamily members show a preference in the metabolism of short (C7-C10)-CYP4B, medium (C10-C16)-CYP4A, and long (C16-C26)-CYP4F, saturated, unsaturated and branched chain fatty acids. These omega-hydroxylated fatty acids are converted to dicarboxylic acids, which are preferentially metabolized by the peroxisome beta-oxidation system to shorter chain fatty acids that are transported to the mitochondria for complete oxidation or used either to supply energy for peripheral tissues during starvation or in lipid synthesis. The differential regulation of the CYP4A and CYP4F genes during fasting, by peroxisome proliferators and in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) suggests different roles in lipid metabolism. The omega-hydroxylation and inactivation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids by members of the CYP4F subfamily and the association of the CYP4F2 and CYP4F3 genes with inflammatory celiac disease indicate an important role in the resolution of inflammation. Several human diseases have been genetically linked to the expression CYP4 gene polymorphic variants, which may link human susceptibility to diseases of lipid metabolism and the activation and resolution phases of inflammation. Understanding how the CYP4 genes are regulated during the fasting and feeding cycles and by endogenous lipids will provide therapeutic avenues in the treatment of metabolic disorders of lipid metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hardwick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine and Pharmacy (NEOUCOM/NEOUCOP), 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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